Prestressed Modal Analysis Using Finite Element Package ANSYS

R. Bedri and M.O. Al-Nais

College of Technology at Hail, P.O. Box. 1690 Hail, Saudi Arabia Tel: +966 531 7705 ext 240 Fax: +966 531 7704 r bedri@yahoo.com Abstract. It is customary to perform modal analysis on mechanical systems without due regards to their stress state. This approach is of course well accepted in general but can prove inadequate when dealing with cases like spinning blade turbines or stretched strings, to name but these two examples. It is believed that the stress stiening can change the response frequencies of a system which impacts both modal and transient dynamic responses of the system. This is explained by the fact that the stress state would inuence the values of the stiness matrix. Some other examples can be inspired directly from our daily life, i.e., nay guitar player or pianist would explain that tuning of his playing instrument is intimately related to the amount of tension put on its cords. It is also expected that the same bridge would have dierent dynamic responses at night and day in places where daily temperature uctuations are severe. These issues are unfortunately no suciently well addressed in vibration textbooks when not totally ignored. In this contribution, it is intended to investigate the eect of prestress on the vibration behavior of simple structures using nite element package ANSYS. This is achieved by rst performing a structural analysis on a loaded structure then make us of the resulting stress eld to proceed on a modal analysis. Keywords: Pre-stress, Modal analysis, Vibrations, Finite elements, ANSYS.

Scope

In this investigation, we are concerned by the eect of pressure loads on the dynamic response of shell structures. A modal analysis is rst undertaken to ascertain for the eigen-solutions for an unloaded annulus shell using a commercial nite element package ANSYS ([1]). In the second phase, a structural analysis is performed on the shell. Different pressure loads are applied and the resulting stress and strain elds are determined.
Z. Li et al. (Eds.): NAA 2004, LNCS 3401, pp. 171178, 2005. c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2005

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In the third phase, these elds are then used as pre-stress and new modal analyses are performed on the pre-loaded shell. The details on geometry, boundary conditions, and loading conditions are depicted in the procedure section.

Theory

The equation of motion ([3]) for a body is given in tensorial notation by . + f = 2u t2 (1)

where represents the second order stress tensor, f the body force vector, the density and u the displacement eld. Expressed in indicial notation (1) can be recast as ji,j + fi = i,tt (2)

From the theory of elasticity, we know that the generalized Hookes law relates the nine components of stress to the nine components of strain by the linear relation: ij = cijkl ekl (3) where ekl are the innitesimal strain components, ij are the Cauchy stress components and cijkl are the material parameters. Furthermore, for an isotropic material ([3]) (3) simplies to ij = 2eij + ij ekk (4)

where and are the so called Lame constants. For boundary-value problems of the rst kind, it is convenient and customary to recast (1) in terms of the displacement eld u , amenable to nite element treatment. (5) ( + )grad(divu) + 2 u + f = u These equations are the so called Navier equations of motion ([3]). For the 3-D elasticity problem, this equation becomes an elliptic boundary problem. We can recall that the it is possible to nd a weak form or a Galerkin form ([4]) i.e., L(u, v ) = (f, v ) instead of Lu = f (6) where Lu = f is the generalization of the dierential equation and L is a linear operator and (,) stands for the dot product. The nite element solution: the dierential equation is discretized into a series of nite element equations that form a system of algebraic equations to be solved: [K ]{u} = {F }

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where [K ] is the stiness matrix, {u} is the nodal displacement vector and {F } is the applied load vector. These equations are solved in ANSYS ([1]) either by the method of Frontal solver or by the method of Conjugate gradient solver. Modal analysis consists in solving an associated eigenvalue problem in the form [k ] 2 [M ] {u} = {0} (7) where [K ] is the stiness matrix and [M ] is the consistent mass matrix that is obtained by [M ] =
v

[N ]T [N ]dv

(8)

[N ] being the shape functions matrix. For the prestressed modal analysis, the stiness matrix [K ] is being corrected to take into account the stress eld.

Procedure

In the preprocessor of ANSYS ([1]) geometric modelling of our eigenvalue problem (modal analysis) and then of our boundary value problem (static analysis) is being dened: an annulus with internal radius r1 = 0.5m and external radius r2 = 0.8m. A corresponding nite element model is obtained by meshing the geometric model using 60 elements. Element type chosen: ANSYS shell 63 see g.(3) in appendix for ample description. Thickness:0.003m Elastic properties: Youngs modulus of elasticity: 193 GPa Poissons ratio:0.29 Material density: 8030 kg/m3 Constraints: mixed type boundary conditions For r = r1 , the six translations and rotations are being set to zero, i.e. u = {0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}. 3.1 Modal Analysis: Stress Free Modal Analysis

In the solution processor of ANSYS, modal analysis type is rst chosen with Lanczos ([9]) extraction and expansion method. The eigen solutions obtained are analyzed and presented in the general postprocessor. The rst ve modes of vibration are tabulated in tables 1 and 2. The mode shapes are also included in the appendix. 3.2 Static Analysis

Static type analysis is now selected. Ten dierent sets of pressure loads are being applied to the annulus on its outer boundary i.e., r = r2 . Details can be seen on

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tables 1 and 2. For each loading case, prestress eect is being activated in the analysis option of the program. The resulting stress eld is then applied when it comes to performing subsequently modal analysis on the annulus. 3.3 Modal Analysis with Prestress Eect

Once the stress eld is being established from the above static analysis, it is applied as prestress to the shell structure through the activation of this option in the subsequent modal analysis. This procedure is reproduced for the twenty dierent preloading cases.

Results

The results of the dierent analyses i.e., modal analysis of the stress free annulus the static analysis and then the modal analysis of the preloaded structure, are all summarized and displayed in tabular form see tables 1 and 2 in the appendix. To ascertain the eect of the prestress level on the modes of vibration, some further calculations are done and presented in tables 3 and 4 in the appendix. Plots of prestress level versus percent increase or decrease in frequencies are plotted respectively in gures 1 and 2.

Comments on Results

5.1. Prestress produces no eect on the mode shapes of vibration of the shell structure. 5.2. By examining the results presented in tables 1 and 2, it is evident that the frequencies are impacted by preloading. The eect of such preloading seems to be more apparent on the rst modes than on the higher ones. The plotted curves of gures 1 and 2 are here to corroborate these conclusions. 5.3. A closer look at these curves discloses that there seems to be a linear correlation between the prestress level and the percent frequency increase or decrease for each mode of vibration. 5.4. Tensile preloading produces an increase in frequency whereas compressive preloading results in a decrease in frequency.

Conclusions

Three pieces of conclusions can be inferred from this study: 6.1. The mode shapes of vibration of the structure are not sensitive to preloading. 6.2. Prestressing seems to impact the dynamic behavior of the structure. 6.3. Tensile prestress acts as a stiener and enhances the dynamic characteristics of the structure resulting in frequency increase. Whereas compressive prestress has a converse eect on the structure by reducing its frequencies.

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References
1. ANSYS, Users manual, revision 5.6, Swanson Analysis Inc., Nov. 1999. 2. Reddy, J.N.: An introduction to the nite element method , McGraw-Hill, New York 1984. 3. Reddy, J.N., energy and variational methods in applied mechanics, John Wiley, New York 1984. 4. Zienkiewicz, O.C., and Taylor, R.L., The nite element method , 4th ed., McGrawHill, New York, 1989. 5. Bathe, K.J.. Finite element procedures in engineering analysis, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Clis, N.J., 1982. 6. Cheung, Y.K. and Yeo, M. F., a practical introduction to nite element analysis, Pitman, London, 1979. 7. Rao, S.S., The nite element method in engineering, Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1982. 8. Meirovitch, L., Elements of vibration analysis, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1975. 9. Lanczos, C, the variational principles of mechanics, the university of Toronto press, Toronto, 1964. 10. Hutchinson, J.R., Axisymmetric Vibrations of a Solid Elastic Cylinder Encased in a Rigid Container, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol. 42, pp. 398-402, 1967. 11. Reddy, J.N., Applied Functional Analysis and Variational Methods in Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1985. 12. Sandbur, R.B., and Pister, K.S., Variational Principles for Boundary Value and Initial-Boundary Value Problems in Continuum Mechanics, Int. J. Solids Struct., vol. 7, pp. 639-654, 1971. 13. Oden, J.T., and Reddy, J.N., Variational Methods in Theoretical Mechanics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1976. 14. http://caswww.colorado.edu/courses.d/AFEM.d/ 15. http://caswww.colorado.edu/courses.d/IFEM.d/ 16. Liepins, Atis A., Free vibrations of prestressed toroidal membrane, AIAA journal, vol. 3, No. 10, Oct. 1965, pp. 1924-1933. 17. M. Attaba, M.M. Abdel Wahab, Finite element stress and vibration analyses for a space telescope, ANSYS 2002 Conference, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA, April 22-24, 2002. 18. Alexey I Borovkov, Alexander A Michailov, Finite element 3D structural and modal analysis of a three layered nned conical shell, ANSYS 2002 Conference, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA, April 22-24, 2002. 19. Sun Libin, static and modal analysis of a telescope frame in satellite, ANSYS 2002 Conference, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA, April 22-24, 2002. 20. Erke Wang, Thomas Nelson, structural dynamic capabilities of ANSYS, ANSYS 2002 Conference, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA, April 22-24, 2002.

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Appendix

Table 1. The rst ve modes against the tensile prestress levels Mode 0 1 2 3 4 5 2.602 2.634 2.656 2.790 2.839 Tensile Prestress in N/m 103 2.103 4.103 8.103 16.103 32.103 64.103 Frequency in kHz 2.603 2.604 2.606 2.610 2.618 2.633 2.664 2.635 2.636 2.638 2.642 2.649 2.665 2.695 2.657 2.658 2.660 2.664 2.672 2.688 2.718 2.791 2.792 2.794 2.798 2.805 2.821 2.852 2.840 2.841 2.843 2.847 2.855 2.870 2.901 105 2.105 3.105 2.698 2.729 2.752 2.885 2.935 2.789 2.821 2.844 2.977 3.027 2.876 2.904 2.932 3.065 3.115

Table 2. The rst ve modes against the compressive prestress levels Mode 0 1 2 3 4 5 2.602 2.634 2.656 2.790 2.839 Pressure Prestress in N/m 103 2.103 4.103 8.103 16.103 32.103 64.103 Frequency in kHz 2.601 2.600 2.598 2.594 2.587 2.571 2.539 2.633 2.632 2.630 2.626 2.618 2.602 2.570 2.655 2.654 2.652 2.648 2.641 2.625 2.593 2.789 2.788 2.786 2.782 2.774 2.758 2.726 2.838 2.837 2.835 2.831 2.823 2.807 2.775 105 2.105 3.105 2.502 2.533 2.556 2.690 2.739 2.396 2.428 2.450 2.585 2.634 2.285 2.316 2.338 2.474 2.523

Fig. 1. % Frequency increase versus Prestress

Prestressed Modal Analysis Using Finite Element Package ANSYS Table 3. The percent frequency increase against prestress levels Mode Tensile Prestress in N/m 103 2.103 4.103 8.103 16.103 32.103 64.103 % increase in frequency 0.038 0.077 0.154 0.307 0.615 1.191 2.383 0.038 0.076 0.152 0.304 0.569 1.177 2.316 0.038 0.075 0.151 0.301 0.602 1.205 2.184 0.036 0.072 0.143 0.287 0.538 1.111 2.222 0.035 0.070 0.141 0.282 0.563 1.092 2.184 105 2.105 3.105 3.689 3.607 3.614 3.405 3.381 7.187 7.099 7.078 6.702 6.622 10.530 10.250 10.391 9.857 9.722

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1 2 3 4 5

Table 4. The percent frequency decrease against prestress levels Mode Pressure Prestress in N/m 103 2.103 4.103 8.103 16.103 32.103 64.103 % decrease in frequency 0.038 0.077 0.154 0.307 0.576 1.191 2.421 0.038 0.076 0.152 0.304 0.607 1.215 2.430 0.038 0.075 0.151 0.301 0.565 1.167 2.372 0.036 0.072 0.143 0.287 0.573 1.147 2.294 0.035 0.070 0.141 0.282 0.563 1.127 2.254 105 2.105 3.105 3.843 3.834 3.765 3.584 3.522 7.917 7.821 7.756 7.348 7.221 12.183 12.073 11.973 11.326 11.131

1 2 3 4 5

Fig. 2. % Frequency Decrease versus Pressure Level

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Fig. 3

Fig. 4