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Review Module – Working Stress Design

Working Stress Design – (WSD)
429.4 PERMISSIBLE SERVICE LOAD STRESSES
429.4.1 Stresses in concrete shall not exceed:
Flexure 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 𝒇′𝒄
429.4.2 Tensile stress in reinforcement 𝑓𝑠 shall not exceed
For Flexural reinforcement 𝟎. 𝟓𝟎 𝒇𝒚
424.6 FLEXURE
For investigation of stresses at service loads, straight-line theory (for
flexure) shall be used with the following assumptions.
429.6.1 Strains vary linearly as the distance from the neutral axis,
except for deep flexural members with overall depth-span ratios
greater than 2/5 for continuous spans and 4/5 for simple spans, a
nonlinear distribution of strain shall be considered.
429.6.2 Stress-strain relationship of concrete is a straight line under
service loads within permissible service load stresses.
SITUATION:
A two span continuous reinforced concrete beam has a total length of
6m. It has a cross section of 300mm x 600mm and is reinforced with 5 –
28mm Ø. The beam supports a live load of 10kN/m.
Using steel cover of 75mm, fc’ = 28MPa, fs = 138MPa. Let fc = 0.45f’c
A. Determine the moment capacity of the beam.
B. Determine the mode of design.
C. Check the adequacy of the beam.
SITUATION:
Given a propped beam with b = 300mm and h = 600mm. The beam has
a length of 6m. The beam is reinforced with 3 – 25mm at the tension side
and 2 – 16mm at the compression side. Using a steel cover of 70mm. fc’
= 20.7MPa, fy = 278MPa. Use 24kN/m3 as unit weight of concrete.
It supports an axle load of 50kN and 80kN on a wheel base of 3m
Using Alternate Design method:
A. Determine the distance of the outermost compression fiber from the
neutral axis.
B. Determine the transformed moment of inertia with respect to the
neutral axis.
C. Determine the actual stress of concrete.
D. Determine the actual stress of tension steel
E. Determine the actual stress of compression steel.

429.6.3 In reinforced concrete members, concrete resists no tension.

429.6.4 It shall be permitted to take the modular ratio, 𝒏 = 𝑬𝒔 /𝑬𝒄 ,

as the nearest whole number (but NOT less than 6). Except for
calculations for deflections, value of n for lightweight concrete shall
be assumed to be the same as for normal weight concrete of the
same strength.

429.6.5 In doubly reinforced flexural members, an effective modular

ratio of 𝟐𝑬𝒔 /𝑬𝒄 shall be used to transform compression
reinforcement for stress computations. Compressive stress in such
reinforcement shall NOT exceed permissible tensile stress.

419.2.2 MODULUS OF ELASTICITY

419.2.2.1 Modulus of elasticity 𝐸𝑐 for concrete shall be permitted to
be taken as

𝒘𝟏.𝟓
𝒄 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑√𝒇𝒄 (𝐢𝐧 𝐌𝐏𝐚)
′

for values of 𝑤𝑐 between 1,440 and 2,560 kg/m³.

For normal weight concrete, 𝐸𝑐 shall be permitted to be taken as

𝟒𝟕𝟎𝟎√𝒇′𝒄 .