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Eğik Eğilme

Unsymmetric Bending

Unsymmetric Bending 1
Chapter Outline
• Pure Bending
• Unsymmetric Bending
• Inertia moments
• Maximum and minimum stresses

Unsymmetric Bending 2
Pure Bending / Basit Eğilme

• Analysis of pure bending has been limited to members subjected to


bending couples acting in a plane of symmetry.
• Members remain symmetric and bend in the plane of symmetry.

• The neutral axis of the cross section coincides with the axis of the
couple

Unsymmetric Bending 3
Unsymmetric Bending for Symmetric Cross-section
Simetrik Kesitli Kirişlerde Eğik Eğilme

• Will now consider situations in which the bending couples do not


act in a plane of symmetry.

• Cannot assume that the member will bend in the plane of the
couples.

Unsymmetric Bending 4
Unsymmetric Bending for symmetric cross-section
Wish to determine the conditions under which the neutral axis of a
cross section of arbitrary shape coincides with the axis of the couple as
shown.

• The resultant force and moment from the distribution of elementary


forces in the section must satisfy
Fx  0, M y  0 M z  M  applied couple

 y  neutral axis passes


0  Fx    x dA      m dA or 0   y dA
 c  through centroid
 y  σmI
M  M z    y   m dA or M I  I z  moment of inertia
 c  c

defines stress distribution


 y 
0  M y   z x dA   z    m dA
 c 
or 0   yz dA  I yz  product of inertia

couple vector must be directed along a principal centroidal axis


6
Unsymmetric Bending for symmetric cross-section
Superposition is applied to determine stresses in the most general
case of unsymmetrical bending.

Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle


centroidal axes.
  
M  M y j  M zk M z  M cos  M y  M sin 
Unsymmetric Bending 4-7
Superpose the component stress distributions

Mz Mz My
 x  y 
My
 z
Iz x
Iy

M
Combined stress,  x   x y   xM z 

x  
Mz
y
My
z
M cos  
y
M sin  
z
Iz Iy Iz Iy
8
Along the neutral axis, normal stress must be
zero. Thus
Mz My
x   y z
Iz Iy

x 
M cos 
y
M sin  
z0 
Iz Iy
y Iz
tan    tan 
z Iy

Unsymmetric Bending 9
Example 4.08
y
A 1600 lb-in couple is applied to a rectangular
wooden beam in a plane forming an angle of
30 deg. with the vertical. Determine
z
(a) the maximum stress in the beam,
(b) the angle that the neutral axis forms with
the horizontal plane.

Unsymmetric Bending 10
Solution
• Resolve the couple vector into components along the principle
centroidal axes and calculate the corresponding maximum stresses.

M z  M cos M y  M sin 

My
tan  
Mz

• Combine the stresses from the component stress distributions.


Mz My
x   y z
Iz Iy

Unsymmetric Bending 11
• Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

Mz My
x   y z0
Iz Iy

Iz M y My Iz
y z   tan   y  tan  z
Iy Mz Mz Iy

Iz y
tan   tan   or the angle of the neutral axis
Iy z

y
y  tan  z or tan  
z

Unsymmetric Bending 12
Resolve the couple vector into components and calculate
the corresponding maximum stresses.

M z  1600 lb  in cos 30  1386 lb  in


M y  1600 lb  in sin 30  800 lb  in

I z  121 1.5 in 3.5 in   5.359 in 4


3

I y  121 3.5 in 1.5 in   0.9844 in 4


3

Unsymmetric Bending 4 - 13
• Determine the angle of the neutral axis.

My 800
tan     0.5772 
Mz 1386
Iz 5.359
tan   tan   0.5772  3.142 
Iy 0.9844
  72.35o

Unsymmetric Bending 14
The largest tensile stress

due to M occurs at A 1.75;0.75.

Mz My
A   yA  zA
Iz Iy

A  
1386 lb  in   1.75 in   800 lb  in  0.75 in 
5.359 in 4 0.9844 in 4
 A  1062 psi   max

Unsymmetric Bending 4 - 15
The smallest normal stress

due to M occurs at E 1.75;0.75.

Mz My
E   yE  zE
Iz Iy

E  
1386 lb  in  1.75 in   800 lb  in   0.75 in 
5.359 in 4 0.9844 in 4
 E  1062 psi   min

Unsymmetric Bending 4 - 16
• Distribution of the streeses in the cross-section.

Unsymmetric Bending 4 - 17
Örnek: Şekildeki kirişin A ve B noktalarında meydana gelen gerilmeleri
hesaplayınız.
y
x F=10 kN
B

h=80 mm
m
L=1 m m
6 0
A b =
Çözüm: F=10 kN
Kesit özellikleri (atalet momentleri):
y
I x  121 b h 3  121 60  803
B
I x  2.56  106 mm 4

h=80 mm
I y  121 h b 3  121 80  603  x

I y  1.44 106 mm 4 M
A b=60 mm
F=10 kN
Eğilme momenti bileşenleri:
y
M  F  L  10 kN  1 m   10 kNm
B
M  10  10 6 Nmm

h=80 mm
60  x
tan      36.87 o 
80
M
  36.87 o siy  A b=60 mm

M x  M cos   10 kNm  cos 36.87  8 kNm  8 106 Nmm


M y   M sin    10 kNm  sin 36.87  6 kNm  6 106 Nmm

Unsymmetric Bending 20
F=10 kN

Tarafsız Eksen (TE) y


TE
B
Ix 2.56
tan  36.87  

h=80 mm
tan   tan   
Iy 1.44
 x
tan   1,333    53.13o M
A b=60 mm

Unsymmetric Bending 21
A ve B noktalarındaki gerilmeler: F=10 kN

Mx My y
A  yA  xA TE
Ix Iy B

h=80 mm
A( x A ; y A )  A(30;40)

 x
M
8  106  6  106
A  6
 40  6
 30 A b=60 mm
2.56  10 1.44  10

 A  250 MPa

Unsymmetric Bending 22
A ve B noktalarındaki gerilmeler: F=10 kN

y
B( xB ; y B )  B(30;40) TE
B
Mx My 

h=80 mm
B  yB  xB 
Ix Iy  x
8  106  6  106 M
B  6
40  6
30
2.56  10 1.44  10 A b=60 mm

 B  250 MPa

Unsymmetric Bending 23
Unsymmetric Bending

• In general, the neutral axis of the section will not coincide with
the axis of the couple.

Unsymmetric Bending 24
Simetrik Olmayan Kirişlerde Eğilme

M x   y  z dA ve  M y   x  z dA (1)
A A

25
 z   z   z  C1 y  C2 x (2)

 z  E  z  E C1 y  C2 x  (3)

 z  C1 y  C2 x (4)

Unsymmetric Bending 26
M x   y C1 y  C2 x dA ve - M y   xC1 y  C2 x dA (5)
A A

M x  C1  y 2 dA  C2  xy dA  C1 I x  C2 I xy 
A A 
 (6)

 M y  C1  xydA  C2  x dA  C1 I xy  C2 I y 
2
A A 

Unsymmetric Bending 27
M x I y  M y I xy M y I x  M x I xy
C1  ve C2  
IxI y  I 2
xy I x I y  I xy2

z 
M I  M y I xy  y  M y I x  M x I xy  x
x y
7 
2
IxI y  I xy

Unsymmetric Bending 28
σz gerilme fonksiyonu sıfıra eşitlenirse Tarafsız Eksen (TE) denklemi ve
Tarafsız Eksenin açısı bulunur.

M y I x  M x I xy
y x veya y  tan  x 8
M x I y  M y I xy

Tarafsız Eksenin x ekseni ile yaptığı açı:

M y I x  M x I xy 
tan  
M x I y  M y I xy
TE
1
M y I x  M x I xy
  tan
M x I y  M y I xy

Unsymmetric Bending 29
Örnek:
A

Şekilde kesiti ve yükleme durumu verilen kiriş


için:
a) Ağırlık merkezinin yerini belirleyiniz.
b) Ağırlık merkezinden geçen eksenlere göre  G
atalet momentlerini bulunuz.
c) Kesitteki eğilme momentinin değeri M=20 M
kNm olduğuna göre bileşenlerini bulunuz. B C
d) Tarafsız Ekseni belirleyiniz.
e) A, B ve C noktalarındaki gerilmeleri   30o
hesaplayınız.  em  300 MPa
f) Kiriş kesitindeki ekstremum gerilmeleri
belirleyerek emniyetli olup olmadığını
irdeleyiniz.

Unsymmetric Bending 30
Kesitin ağırlık merkezinin yeri:

x

Unsymmetric Bending 31
Atalet Momentleri: Paralel Eksen Teoremi
Y

I x   I x i  Ai d  2
yi
x y

x i Ci

Iy   I
yi  Ad  i
2
xi
C
x

  I 
yi
I xy xy i  Ai d xi d yi y

d y i  yi  y
O X
d xi  xi  x

Unsymmetric Bending 32
Ağırlık merkezinden geçen x ve y Y
eksenlerine kesitin atalet momentleri:

x1  15 mm y1  90 mm
x2  75 mm y2  15 mm
d x1  x1  x  15  35  20 mm
d x2  x2  x  75  35  40 mm

d y1  y1  y  90  65  25 mm
X
d y2  x2  x  15  65  50 mm
Paralel Eksen Teoremi ile
Ix 

30 180Bending
I xy Unsymmetric  2025  90  3040 50  8.1106 mm 4
A

Eğilme momentinin bileşenleri:

M x   M cos   20 cos 30o  17.32 kNm Mx


M y   M sin   20 sin 30o  10 kNm  G
My
M
B C

Unsymmetric Bending 34
Gerilme Denklemi:

M x I xy  M y I x M x I y  M y I xy
z   2
x 2
y
IxI y  I xy IxI y  I xy

  17.328.1   1024.91  17.328.708   108.1  106106


 z   x y 6 6
 24.918.708  8.12
24.918.708  8.12
 10 10

 389.4  231.82
z   x y
151.3 151.3

 z  2.574 x  1.532 y

Unsymmetric Bending 35
Tarafsız Eksen Denklemi:

Tarafsız Eksen Denklemi, Gerilme denklemi sıfıra eşitlenerek

.
T.E
bulunur:

 z  2.574 x  1.532 y  0

y  1.68 x  tan  x 

Tarafsız Eksenin eğim açısı :

o
tan   1.68    59.24

Unsymmetric Bending 36
Kesitteki gerilmeler:

A(-35;115) noktası

.
T.E
A
 A  2.574 35  1.532115   266.3 MPa

B(-35;-65) noktası

 B  2.574 35  1.532 65  9.49 MPa

C(85;-65) noktası
 C  2.57485  1.532 65  318.4 MPa B C

Kesit kontrolü
 max   C  318.4 MPa   em  300 MPa

Olduğundan kiriş emniyetsizdir. 37


Örnek: şekildeki ‘L’ kesitli kirişin C noktasına P=4 kN luk eğik bir
kuvvet uygulanmaktadır. Ҩ=60 olduğuna göre:
a) Kesitin ağırlık merkezinin yerini belirleyiniz.
b) Atalet momentlerini
I , I
x y , I xy 
hesaplayınız.
c) T.E. Tarafsız ekseni bulunuz.
d) Maximum çeki ve bası gerilmelerini hesaplayınız.

Unsymmetric Bending 38
Çözüm:

Ağırlık merkezinin yeri

1100  5  800  40
x  19.74 mm
1100  800

1100  65  800  5
y  39.74 mm
1100  800

Atalet momentleri

Ix =2.783x106 mm4

Iy =1.003x106 mm4

Ixy =-0.973x106 mm4


Unsymmetric Bending 39
Momentin bileşenleri

M B  0  5 R A  3P  0 
RA  2.4 kN
M max  2  RA  2  2.4  4.8 kNm

M x   M max sin   4.8 sin 60


M x   4.157 kNm
M y   M max cos   4.8 cos 60
M y   2.4 kNm

Unsymmetric Bending 40
Gerilme fonksiyonu

z 
M I  M y I xy y  M y I x  M x I xy x
x y

I x I y  I xy2

z 
 4.157 1.003   2.4 0.973y   2.42.783   4.157  0.973x 6 6
10 10 
2.783 1.003   0.973 10 10
2 6 6

 z  0.9945 y  1.428 x

Unsymmetric Bending 41
Tarafsız Eksen Denklemi ve Açısı

 z  0.9945 y  1.428 x  0 
y  1.4362 x

o
y  tan  x    55.15

Unsymmetric Bending 42
Gerilmeler

 z  1.428 x  0.9945 y

T.E. den en uzak noktalar:

A60.26 ;  39.74

ve  
B 19.74 ; 80.26

 A  1.428(60.26)  0.9945(39.74)  125.6 MPa

 B  1.428(19.74)  0.9945(80.26)  108 MPa


Unsymmetric Bending 43
Örnek: Yükleme durumu ve kesiti görülen kirişin A, B ve C noktalarında
meydana gelen gerilmeleri hesaplayınız ve σem=200 MPa için kirişin
kontrolünü yapınız.
F  2 kN a  b  1 m

10 A
y
y Fy F
a b 40 
z 10 C x
C
10
B 60 mm

Unsymmetric Bending 44
45
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Unsymmetric Bending 50
Unsymmetric Bending 51
Unsymmetric Bending 52
General Case of Eccentric Axial Loading
• Consider a straight member subject to equal
and opposite eccentric forces.

• The eccentric force is equivalent to the system


of a centric force and two couples.
P  centric force
M y  Pa M z  Pb

• By the principle of superposition, the


combined stress distribution is
P Mz y M yz
x   
A Iz Iy

• If the neutral axis lies on the section, it may


be found from
Mz My P
y z
Iz Iy A
Unsymmetric Bending 4 - 53

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