CHAPTER 4 : HEAT 4.1 Understanding Thermal Equilibrium [.

/ 42 x100=]

A student is able to: 4.1.1 Explain thermal equilibrium 4.1.2 Explain ho a liquid!in!"lass thermometer or#s $ %hoose the &orre&t ord in the bra&#et. 1. 2. .. 4. 1. 2. 4. 5. $' (eat ) *emperature + is the de"ree o, hotness o, a bod-. $' (eat ) *emperature + is a ,orm o, ener"-. A hot bod- has a temperature here as a &old bod- has a temperature. *he /0 unit ,or heat is . *he /0 unit ,or temperature is *emperature is a $' base ) deri3ed + quantit-. (eat is a $' base ) deri3ed + quantit-. *he ,i"ure sho s t o metal blo&#s in thermal &onta&t.

A 30C B 80C

'a+ 'b+ '&+ 'd+ 'e+ 7.

Ener"- is trans,erred ,rom $' A ) 6 + to $' A ) 6 + at a ,aster rate. Ener"- is trans,erred ,rom $' A ) 6 + to $' A ) 6 + at a slo er rate. *emperature A ill $' in&rease ) de&rease +. *emperature 6 ill $' in&rease ) de&rease +. *he net heat ill ,lo ,rom $' A ) 6 + to $' A ) 6 + until the- are at the same temperature.

* o bodies are said to be in thermal equilibrium hen : 'a+ the- are at the $' 8ero ) same + temperature. 'b+ the net rate o, heat ,lo bet een the t o bodies is $' 8ero ) same +. *emperature is measured b- a .. ith or#s ith the prin&iple o, . 9ame the ph-si&al propert- 'thermometri& propert-+ hi&h 3aries ith temperature used in a liquid!in!"lass thermometer. .. *he liquids &ommonl- used in liquid!in!"lass thermometers are . and .

10.

11.

12.

1..

%omparison o, mer&ur- and al&ohol as a liquid!in!"lass thermometer. Mercury :ree8in" point : 6oilin" point : 0t $' et) does not et+ the tube. $';paque ) &olourless+ Eas- to read. 0t is $'poisonous) sa,e liquid+. 0t is $'&heap) expensi3e+. %ondu&ts heat ell) responds ,aster to temperature &han"es. Alc h l :ree8in" point : 6oilin" point : 0t $' et) does not et+ the tube. $';paque ) &olourless+ 0t needs to be d-ed. 0t is $'poisonous) sa,e liquid+. 0t is $'&heap) expensi3e+. <esponds more slo l- then mer&ur-.

14.

%omplete the ,ollo in" table &on&ernin" a liquid!in!"lass thermometer. :eatures *he "lass bulb is thin. Explanation

*he bulb is made small.

*he bore o, the &apillar- tube is narr ! and uni" rm.

*he alls o, the lon" tube abo3e the bulb are made thic#

11.

*emperature o, liquid) =

l l 0 100 0 C ) l100 l 0

=here) l 0 = len"th o, mer&ur- at .. point. l100 = len"th o, mer&ur- at .. point. l = len"th o, mer&ur- at point. 12. An un&alibrated thermometer is atta&hed to a &entimetre s&ale and reads 1.0 &m in pure meltin" i&e and .0.0 &m in steam. =hen the thermometer is immersed in the liquid -) the len"th o, the mer&ur- &olumn is 11.0 &m. =hat is temperature o, liquid ->

4.$

Understanding %&eci"ic Heat Ca&acity

'((. ) 1* +1,,-(((.

A student is able to: 4.2.1 ?e,ine spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- 0 4.2.2 /tate that &= @ mA 4.2.. 4.2.4 4.2.1 4.2.2 1. ?etermine the spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, a liquid ?etermine the spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, a solid ?es&ribe appli&ations o, spe&i,i& heat &apa&it/ol3e problems in3ol3in" spe&i,i& heat &apa&it*he o, a substan&e is the quantit- o, heat needed to in&rease the temperature o, a mass o, 1 #" b1 0 % or 1 B. Q m =here) m = /pe&i,i& heat &apa&it-) & = @ =

2.

= .
.. 4. 1. *he unit o, spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- is . *he quantit- o, heat absorbed or lost ,rom a bod- is "i3en b-) @ = (o mu&h heat ener"- is required to raise the temperature o, 1.1 #" o, ater ,rom .0 1 0 1 boilin" point > *he spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, ater is 4200 C #" % . %on3ersion o, ener"'a+ Electrical energy ,rom heater trans,ormed into heat ener"-. = m & 'b+ P tential energy o, a ,allin" obDe&t trans,ormed into heat ener"-. = m &
0

% to its

2.

'&+

/inetic energy o, a mo3in" obDe&t is trans,ormed into heat ener"- hen it is stopped due to ,ri&tion. = m &

4.

A 400 = ele&tri& heater is used to heat 2 #" o, ater ,or 10 minutes. %al&ulate the temperature 1 0 1 rise o, the ater. *he spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, ater is 4200 C #" % .

5.

A &opper blo&# ei"hin" 2 #" is dropped ,rom a hei"ht o, 20 m. =hat is the rise in temperature 1 0 o, the &opper blo&# a,ter it hits the ,loor. *he spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, &opper is 400 C #" 1 % .

7.

1 A bullet tra3elin" at 20 m s hit a sand ba". *he temperature o, the bullet rises b- 4.1 %al&ulate the spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, the bullet.

%.

10.

100 " o, hot ater at 70 0 % is mixed ith 200 " o, &old ater at .0 0 %. Assumin" that no heat is lost) &al&ulate the ,inal temperature o, the mixture.

11.

%omplete the ,ollo in" table.

Material has a high s&eci"ic heat ca&acity 0t ta#es a lon"er time to be heated.

Material has a l ! s&eci"ic heat ca&acity 0t lose heat easil-.

0t is a heat insulator. 4.0 Understanding %&eci"ic 1atent Heat [. / 21 x100=]

A student is able to: 4...1 /tate that trans,er o, heat durin" a &han"e o, phase does not &ause a &han"e in temperature 4...2 ?e,ine spe&i,i& latent heat 'l+ 4.... /tate that l = @ m 4...4 4...1 4...2 1. 2. .. Eeltin" ?etermine the spe&i,i& latent heat o, ,usion ?etermine the spe&i,i& latent heat o, 13apori8ation /ol3e problems in3ol3in" spe&i,i& latent heat Eatter exists in three states) that is solid) . and .. . *he heat released or absorbed at &onstant temperature durin" a &han"e o, state o, matter is #no n as .. . Fatent heat is released

Solid

Gas
&ondensation

4. 1. 2. %&eci"ic latent heat " .. is the quantit- o, heat that is needed to &han"e 1 #" o, a substan&e ,rom s lid state to liquid state) ithout a &han"e in temperature. %&eci"ic latent heat " .. is the quantit- o, heat that is needed to &han"e 1 #" o, a substan&e ,rom liquid state to 2a& ur state) ithout a &han"e in temperature. Q /pe&i,i& latent heat) F = m =here) @ = latent heat absorbed or released b- the substan&e m = mass o, the substan&e. 4. 5. *he /0 unit ,or spe&i,i& latent heat is . . =hat is the quantit- o, heat required to melt 2 #" o, i&e at 0 0 % > /pe&i,i& latent heat o, ,usion 1 o, i&e = ..2000 C #" .

7.

*emperature /

: 70 6 40 % ? E

.0

11

20

.1 *ime/minute

:i"ure sho s the temperature! time "raph ,or a substan&e) / o, mass 2.0 #") bein" heated usin" a 100 = heater. 'a+ 6ased on the "raph state the ph-si&al &ondition o, substan&e) / in 'i+ 'ii+ 'iii+ 'i3+ 'b+ '&+ A6 : .. 6% : .. %? : .. ?E : ..

Eeltin" point : . 6oilin" point :

'd+

6- usin" #ineti& theor-) explain

h- the temperature o, substan&e) / in A6 is in&reasin".

'e+

6- usin" #ineti& theor-) explain h- the temperature o, substan&e) / is &onstant in 6% e3en thou"h heat is still been supplied to it.

',+

%al&ulate the spe&i,i& heat &apa&it- o, the substan&e in solid state.

'"+

%al&ulate the spe&i,i& latent heat o, 3apori8ation o, substan&e) /.

4.4

Gnderstandin" *he Has Fa s

[. / 24 x100=]

A student is able to: 4.4.1 Explain "as pressure) temperature and 3olume in terms o, the beha3ior o, "as mole&ules 4.4.2 ?etermine the relationship bet een pressure and 3olume at &onstant temperature ,or a ,ixed mass o, "as ie I3 = &onstant 4.4.. ?etermine the relationship bet een 3olume and temperature at &onstant pressure ,or a ,ixed mass o, "as ie J/* = &onstant 4.4.. ?etermine the relationship bet een pressure and temperature at &onstant 3olume ,or a ,ixed mass o, "as ie p/* = &onstant 4.4.4 Explain about 8ero 4.4.1 Explain the absolute/Bel3in s&ale o, temperature 4.4.2 /ol3e problems in3ol3in" the pressure) temperature and 3olume o, a ,ixed mass o, "as 1. %omplete the table belo 3 yle4s 1a! 1 I V about "as la sK Charles4 1a! I *

Constant Variable : 1. Mass of as 2. Bo#le$s la% states t&at t&e 'ress"re of a fi(ed )ass of as is in*ersel# 'ro'ortional to its *ol")e at +onstant te)'erat"re.
I

Constant Variable : 1. Mass of as 2. !ress"re of as C&arles$ la% states t&at

Constant Variable : 1. Mass of as 2. !ress"re la% states t&at

0 %

*/ 0

*/ 0 %

J I I

0 1 V

*/B 0 */B

P V

V T

P T

0 P V

0 V T

0 P T

2.

:i"ure 'a+ sho 15 &m o, air &olumn trapped in a &apillar- tube b- 4 &m o, mer&ur-. 0, the "lass tube is in3erted) hat is the len"th) F) o, the air &olumn trapped in the &apillar- tube> 'Atmospheri& pressure = 42 &m ("+

4 &m 15 &m air 4 &m

air

'a+

'b+

..

An air bubble released b- a di3er has a 3olume o, 4.0 &m 3 at depth o, 11 m. =hat is the 3olume o, the bubble at a depth o, 10 m> 'Atmospheri& pressure = 10 m ater+

4.

*he 3alue !24. 0 % is equi3alent to B. *his temperature is #no n as the

1.

%on3ert 24 0 % to its equi3alent temperature in Bel3in.

2.

%on3ert ..0 B to its equi3alent temperature in de"rees %elsius.

4.

*he 3olume o, a "as is 1 &m 3 at 24 0 %. *he "as is heated at ,ixed pressure until the &olumn be&omes 2 &m 3 . %al&ulate the ,inal temperature o, the "as.

5.

A "as o, 3olume 20 &m 3 at 44 0 % is heated until its temperature be&omes 54 0 % at &onstant pressure. =hat is the ,inal 3olume o, the "as>

7.

6e,ore a Dourne- ,rom Iarit 6untar to 0poh) the air in a &ar t-re has a pressure o, 200 #Ia and a temperature o, 24 0 %. A,ter the Dourne-) the air pressure in the t-re is 220 #Ia. =hat is the temperature o, the air in the t-re a,ter the Dourne->

10.

*he pressure o, "as in a li"ht bulb is 10.1 #Ia at .0 0 %. %al&ulate the pressure o, the "as hen the temperature inside the bulb rises to 54 0 % a,ter the bulb is li"hted up.