Essay

2) Identify: To prepare soap from palm oil and

sodium hydroxide.
Labelled diagram:
1)





Tests: 1) it has a soapy / smooth feel
2) Produces lather when mix with water
50 cm3 of sodium hydroxide
+ 10 cm3 of palm oil
stir
Heated
2)
stir
Heated
salt
3)
Residue (soap)
filtrate
Salt is added to lower
solubility of soap
b) . Identify:






. Explain:
1) Tail will be attached to grease on clothes
2) When washing, water movement will detach the soap molecules
3) The grease will be washed away.

. Hard water:
1) Hard water is tap water with calcium and magnesium ions.
2) It will form a scum and lather is hard to form
3) Scum wastes soap usage and less effective in cleaning






Hydrophilic head
(attract to water)
Hydrophobic tail
(attract to oil/ grease)