Topic 2: Organizing Data

Objective: Be able to present the set of data by using frequency distribution table, bar charts, pie charts, histogram, polygon, cumulative distribution and ogive.

Raw Data

Raw Data

Data that have been collected or recorded but have not been arranged or processed yet.
Example 1:

Below is the height of 10 children in cm:

58 22

25 76

30 53

64 47

31 66

These data is also called ungrouped data.

Organizing And Graphing Qualitative Data

Frequency

Definition: The number of observations that fall in a category (qualitative data) or in a class/ interval (quantitative data).

Frequency Distributions Table

A frequency distribution for qualitative data lists all the categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the categories

Organizing And Graphing Qualitative Data

Example 2:
These are the English II grades for a sample of 50 Foundation in Management students. Construct a frequency distribution of these data.

A A

A A

B D

D A

D B

C A

A A

C B

C C

D C

B B A

B A B

D A B

A A C

A B D

A C D

B A A

A A B

A B A

C B A

Relative Frequency Distribution

Relative frequency

Definition: The proportion of the total number of observations that fall in a category or class frequency ( f ) Relative Frequency = total frequency f

Percentage Distribution = (relative frequency) x 100% Example 3: Using frequency distribution from Example 2, calculate relative frequency and construct percentage distribution.

Graphical Presentation Of Qualitative Data

Bar Graph

Used to display frequency contained in the frequency distribution.

y axis: Frequency or the relative frequency or percentage x axis: Category

Student Grades
Number of students
25 20 15 10 5 0 A B Grades C D

Rules

Bars are separated The gap between each bar is uniform All bars should be of the same width

Graphical Presentation Of Qualitative Data

Pie Charts

A circle, contains more than one wedge (or V-shaped piece). Normally the percentage distribution is well presented by using the pie chart.
Student Grades
D

Try this.
Organize the data below in numerical and graphical method. These are the data gathered from 30 people on their stress level during working hour.
Some Very Very Some Some None Some Some Very Very Some Some None Some Very Very Very Very Some Some Very Some None Very None None Some Some None Some

Organizing And Graphing Quantitative Data

There are two types of frequency distribution:

Single value (ungrouped frequency)

Consists of a single data with their respective frequency

Interval type (classes) grouped frequency

A class interval is a range of values defined by the lower class limit and upper class limit

Ungrouped Frequency Distribution

Example 4:
This set of observations shows the number of times that each of the students is late for a class during the second trimester. Prepare a frequency distribution table for these data using single-valued classes

0 3 7

7 9 8

6 6 1

4 2 8

10 8 7

1 1 1

8 2 10

9 1 6

10 2 2

9 3 5

Grouped Frequency Distribution

A class interval is a range of values defined by the lower class limit and upper class limit. Exclusive class interval (class boundary)

Class interval with no gap in between next class interval. Eg: 0 - < 10, 10 - < 20, 20 - < 30 or 0 10, 10 20, 20 30. Class interval with gap in between next class interval. Eg: 0 9, 10 19, 20 29

Inclusive class interval (class limit)

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Class boundary

Given by the midpoint of the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class.
The difference between the two boundaries of a class = Upper class boundary Lower class boundary The a average of lower class limit and upper class limit = (Upper class limit + Lower class limit) / 2

Class width

Class midpoint

Range = highest value - lowest value Class size = Range / Number of classes

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Weekly Earnings, x
Number of Employees, f 9 16 33 20

Third class

301 400 401 500 501 600

Frequency of the third class

Lower limit of the sixth class

601 700

701 800 801 900

Total number of employees

14 8
100

Upper limit of the sixth class

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Class Limits 301 400 401 500 Class Boundaries 300.5 to less than 400.5 400.5 to less than 500.5 Class Width 100 100 Class Midpoint 350.5 450.5

501 600
601 700 701 800 801 900

500.5 to less than 600.5

600.5 to less than 700.5 700.5 to less than 800.5 800.5 to less than 900.5

100
100 100 100

550.5
650.5 750.5 850.5

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Steps in Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables Step 1: Calculate the range of the data.

Step 2: Divide the range into classes

Step 3: For each class, count the number of observations (class frequency) Step 4: Calculate each class relative frequency.

Grouped Frequency Distribution

Example 5:
The height (to the nearest mm) of each of a number of seedlings was measured before each one was transplanted into individual pot. The heights recorded for a sample of 50 seedlings were:

31
46 31

36
33 17

40
33 20

37
31 41

28
42 30

23
32 41

13
53 31

44
30 41

25
24 18

28
35 49

46
38

39
34

29
37

27
33

39
21

26
34

43
38

21
28

31
33

35
27

Prepare a grouped frequency distribution for a data using class width 10 and the first lower class limit 10. Hence construct the relative frequency and percentage distribution.

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Histogram

Similar to the previous bar graphs. The only difference is that there is no gap among the bars. The height of the bars represents the frequency. The bars can be drawn either vertically or horizontally.

HISTOGRAM
12

Frequency

10 8 6 4 2 0 72-74 75-77 78-80 81-83 84-86 Height (in inches)

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Frequency Polygons And Curve

Polygon HISTOGRAM POLYGON

12 12 12
Frequency Frequency

It is obtained by connecting with straight lines the midpoints of adjacent class intervals of histogram A frequency curve is obtained by smoothing the corners of a frequency polygon.

10 10 10

Frequency

88 8 66 6 44 4 22 2 00 0 71-73 72-74 75-77 78-80 81-83 84-8684-86 87-89 72-74 75-77 78-80 81-83 72-74 75-77 78-80 81-83
Height(in (in inches) Heights inches) Height (in inches)

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Example 6: By using frequency distribution in Example 5, represent a data by means of a histogram. Example 7: The heights (in cm) of a group of students are summarized below. Draw a histogram and polygon to illustrate these data
130 - 139 7 140 - 149 20 150 - 159 41 160 - 169 63 170 - 179 38 180 - 189 9

Height (cm) No. of students

120 - 129 2

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Cumulative Frequency Distributions

Gives the total number of values that fall below the upper boundary of each class. Each class has the same lower limit but a different upper limit

Cumulative Relative Frequency

sum of all frequencies

cumulative frequency of each class = ive relative frequency =

Cumulative Percentage Distributions

Cumulative Percentage = Cumulative Rel. Freq. X 100

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Ogive

A curve obtained only to display cumulative frequency or cumulative relative frequency, or cumulative percentage distribution.
OGIVE

It is obtained as follows:

On a vertical axis we mark cumulative frequency. On a horizontal axis we mark the upper boundaries of all classes. However, the lower boundary of the first class will be the starting point. Then, the values for all upper limits for each class are marked on the graph. Finally, a smooth curve is drawn joining all these points.

Cumulative Frequency

35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 71.5 74.5 77.5 80.5 83.5 86.5

Height (in inches)

Graphical Presentation Of Quantitative Data

Example 8 By using a data given in Example 7, find the cumulative frequency and cumulative relative frequency distribution. Example 9 The following table shows the time (in minutes) a group of children spent reading during a particular day. Represent these data by using a histogram. Time (in minutes) 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 - 59 Number of children 8 40 18 12 5

Exercise

The following data set gives the number of years for which 24 academicians have been with MMU. 12 13 8 9 11 4 10 4 13 5 3 2 12 8 18 3 7 6 7 14 19

15 16 11

Construct a frequency distribution table. Take 1 as the lower limit of the first class and 4 as the width of each class. Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for all classes. What percentage of the academicians have been with MMU for 8 or fewer years?