Lesson 2 : DATA

COLLECTION AND
PRESENTATION
 • Methods of Data Collection
- Direct Method referred to as interview ( structured or unstructured).
- Indirect Method popularly known as paper and pencil method or the
questionnaires method.
- Registration Method referred to as documentary analysis where the researcher
makes use of the data /fact / information on file.
- Observation Method data pertaining to behaviors of an individual or a group of
individuals at the time of occurrence of a given situation are best obtain by direct
observation.
- Experimental method this method examines the cause and effect of certain
phenomena.
Sampling Techniques

• Probability Sampling.
It is a sampling procedure wherein every element of the
population is given a non zero chance of being selected as sample.
- Simple Random Sampling Selection is done fairly, just and
without bias. Researcher gives no criteria or is being objective in
the selection of samples
- Systematic Sampling. The researcher obtains sampling by
developing a certain nth star or simply developing a pattern which
can also be dine through random selection.
 - Stratified Sampling. Selection of samples in this
sampling technique can be done by equal or proportional
strata.
- Cluster Sampling. This technique is done by choosing
samples in group. Selection will be randomly done in
clustered form.
- Multistage Sampling. This technique is referred to as
selection of samples in several stages of sampling.
 • Non- Probability Sampling
It is a sampling technique wherein not every element of
the population is given a chance of being selected as a
sample or known as non random sampling.
- Purposive Sampling. It is a non random sampling
technique of choosing samples where the researcher
defined his criteria and rules.
- Quota Sampling. The researcher or investigator limits
the number of samples on the required number for the
subject of his study
 - Convenience Sampling. The researcher chooses his
most preferred location / venue where he can conduct
his study. The researcher specifies the place and time
where he can collect his data.
Data Presentation

• Textual Presentation
- Data collected is presented in paragraph form if it is
purely qualitative or when there are very few numbers
involved.
• Tabular Presentation
- The more effective way of presenting the data is by
means of table which appears in the form of rows and
columns. A statistical table has four components: table
heading, body, stubs, and box heads.
 • Graphical Presentation of Data
The statistics often uses graphs for better analysis of
variables. There are two types of graphs for analyzing
variables :
- Histogram is a standard graph where variants of the
variables are represented on one axis and variable
frequencies on the other axis.
- Pie Chart represents relative frequencies of individual
variants of a variable
 - Bar Graph is used to represent discrete data, so instead
of being joined, like in the histogram the bars are separated.
- Frequency Polygon is a line chart.
- Ogive a graphical presentation of cumulative frequencies
or relative cumulative frequency.
- Pareto Graph is a bar chart for qualitative variable with
the bars arranged by frequency.
- Stem and Leaf plot a device for presenting quantitative
data in graphical format, similar to a histogram.
Example for Stem and Leaf:
44 46 47 49 63 64 66 68 68 72 72 75 76 81 84 88 106

The leaf represents the ones place and the stem will represent
the rest of the numbers. The stem-and-left display is drawn with
two columns separated by a vertical line. It is important that each
stem is listed only once and that no numbers are skipped, even if
it means that some stem have no leaves. The leaves are listed in
increasing order in a row to the right of each stem.
Stem and Leaf Graph
Stem Leaf
4 4 6 7 9
5
6 3 4 6 8 8
7 2 2 5 6
8 1 4 8
9
10 6
Frequency Distribution
• Frequency Distribution is an arrangement of data
showing the frequency of occurrence of the different
values of the variable.

• Frequency Distribution Table is the tabular

arrangement of data by classes or categories together
with their corresponding frequencies.
ConstructingFrequencyDistributionTable

• Supposed we have collected a raw data as shown below:

Given:
70 83 87 76 80 87 75 84 85
76 81 82 89 77 84 86 71 80
80 79 84 86 93 83 85 88 72
84 84 92
Steps :
1. Find the Range R : R = HV – LV ; 93 – 70 = 23
2. Determine the desired Class Interval CI. The ideal
number of class interval is somewhere between 5 and 15
preferably odd class intervals.
Decide the number of classes or usually 6 to 20 classes of
equal length. If large use 10 to 20 classes.
But the more scientific way is to use this formula:
CI = 3.33 + log n ; 3.33 + log 30 = 4.81 or 5
3.Compute the class size ( i) = R/ CI = 23 / 5 = 4.6 = 5
4. Construct a frequency table by making class intervals
starting with the lowest value in the lower limit of first
class interval, then add the computed class size (i) to
obtain the lower limit of the next class interval. Continue
adding the class size on the lower limits until you reach
the desired class interval (CI ).
5. Determine the number of data (frequency) for every
class interval by tallying the raw data.
6. Write the obtain frequency (f) from each class interval
by counting the tallied form.
7. Determine the Class Mark (X) of each class interval.
Add the lower limit (LL) and the upper limit (UL) then
divide the sum by 2 to get its mid point.
8. Determine the class boundary (CB) or class limit by
subtracting 0.5 from every lower limits and adding 0.5
from every upper limits.
9. Determine the less than frequency (<F) and the greater
than frequency(>F). Then obtain the relative frequency
(RF).
Frequency Distribution table

Class
f X CB <F >F RF
Interval

70 - 74 3 72 69.5 - 74.5 3 30 3/30 x 100 = 10

5/30 x 100 =
75 - 79 5 77 74.5 - 79.5 8 27 16.67

80 - 84 12 82 79.5 - 84.5 20 22 12/30 x 100 = 40

8/30 x 100 =
85 - 89 8 87 84.5 - 89.5 28 10 26.67

90 - 94 2 92 89.5 - 94.5 30 2 2/30 x 100 = 6.67

 • Based from the table above, notice that 70 75 80 85 90 are
called lower limit ( LL ) and 74 79 84 89 94 are called upper
limit.
• Answer the following:
1. Which class has the greatest frequency?
2. Which class has the least frequency?
3. What limits does 85 – 89 class interval have?
4. How many respondents got 80 and above?
5. How many respondents got 89 and below?
6. How many percent belongs to 75 – 79?
7. What is the mid point of 80 – 84?