SolutionCell For Wings

The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory

ITAR /EAR unrestricted
The University of Minnesota

College of Biological Sciences
Revolutionary New Adaptive Material SolutionCell

SolutionCell is a Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)
www.SolutionCell.com & www.SolutionCell.net
unclassified
Brought to you by:
Shawn Paul Boike

Solution Vehicles Co & American Industrial Consultants From: BOEING, Northrop, Lockheed, FORD, GM & NASA
Long Beach, CA. 90803 562.343.5660 / 562.338.9911 (m)
https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup
Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved
by
Ron Barrett
The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department
and
Cassandra Barrett
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Unclassified
distribution unlimited
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved
rev. 28 February 2010


Presentation Dates
So. California (Feb 24-28 2014):
Still need to setup; JPL, USAF-LA, Aerospace Corp, Lockheed & SpaceX
unclassified
Mon 2/24
Zodiac Aero
Tue 2/25
Aero/Def
Wed 2/26
Northrop UAV *San Diego
Thu 2/27
Boeing Seal Bch
Fri 2/28
Boeing LB
Eaton/Parker
Aero/Def
San Diego Gen Atomics??
Boeing HB
???
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


SolutionCell
New Patented Material in Europe & USA

Available for Licensing in the following Markets:
unclassified
"SolutionCell ":

Manufacturing Raw Products Aircraft seating, Aircraft Slats & Flaps Commercial
Separate for Military

Armored Marine Armored Land Space Applications Automotive Industry:
Interiors& Seating
Exteriors Ground Effects Consumer Furniture
3
Unclassified distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


Revolutionary Adaptive Aerostructures, Changing Flight via Nature's Analogs for Dramatic Fuel Savings
by
unclassified
Ron Barrett
The University of Kansas, Lawrence Aerospace Engineering Department and
Cassandra Barrett
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1st international Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, San Antonio, Texas
30 September 2 October 2013


Outline
1. Introduction & Motivation 2. Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes 3. Biomimetic FAA-Certifiable Artificial Muscles 4. Selected Aerospace Applications 5. Summary
unclassified
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


unclassified
Motivation: The same as nature

T/O & Landing: Maximize CLmax, Reject Gust Loading Cruise: Maximize L/D
Minimize Airframe Weight 1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:

Weapon Systems
unclassified
Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials...

Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:
Disappearing UAVs
unclassified


Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts

Planform Morphing
www.nextgenaeronautics.com 2008
Section Morphing
Gould et al. 1981
unclassified
MissionAdaptiveWing
1980s: Mission Adaptive Wing
www.geocities.com 2008
Pendelton et al. 1981
University of Florida
1990s: NASAs AAW Lockheed Martin


10
Adaptive Materials & Structures

Shape Memory Alloys Piezoelectric Materials
unclassified
Air Muscles
McMurtry 2004
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace Summary Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 285. February 2010


11
Conventional Adaptive Materials

Current range of actuator materials available
Can they be used in commercial aircraft as a class? ...or in primary structure?
unclassified


12
What Would an Aircraft Designer want if s/he could design an adaptive material???
An "Ideal" Adaptive Aeromaterial/Aerostructure:
unclassified
Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains
Fully proportional, easily controlled

Stiff & strong enough to handle "real" loads Lighter & faster than conventional aircraft actuation systems
Less costly & lower drag than conventional aircraft actuation systems
Certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27/29
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace Summary Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 5. 28 February 2010


13
Solution? ...Biomimetics
unclassified
"You should pay attention to what Mother Nature has done because she's got a 4.2 billion year lead in research and development.
-Prof. H.W. Smith, PE, Ph.D.
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


14
Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes

Animal Muscle Cells and Tissues
unclassified
Fast-Acting Plant Cells and Tissues


15

Animal Muscle Cell & Tissues
unclassified

Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells
16
unclassified
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Video Credit: 2.Nat. & C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


17
Solution: FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
unclassified
Albizia julibrissin


18
unclassified
Pulvinus


19
unclassified
Ground Cells
Phloem
Xylem

Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable Materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells
20
unclassified
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Video Credit: 2.Nat. & C.M. Barrett Unclassified distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


21

Fundamental Structural Arrangement:
unclassified
unclassified
Biomimetic Honeycomb Based on Plant Actuator Cells

Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences
22
Easily modeled, light, strong
Made of conventional materials (aluminum, steel, aramids)

Already known and accepted by certifying agencies like the FAA


23
PAH Theory, Experiment & Correlation
unclassified


24
PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test
unclassified


25
Multi-Cell Compression Test
unclassified
180mm
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


26
PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test
unclassified


27
Comparison to Other Adaptive Materials and Actuators

Conventional Hydraulic Actuators
unclassified
High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb
Atmospherically Triggered Adaptive Honeycombs
unclassified
The University of Minnesota A New Approach to Flight Control... Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Based on Nature: The University of Kansas
28
PAH employs distributed, rather than concentrated actuation...
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


29
Distributed airloads
Current Aircraft Actuator Design Philosophy
Control surface loads concentrated at finite hard points

Loads transferred through actuators & tracks
unclassified
Loads redistributed into primary structure


30
PAH Actuator Design Philosophy
unclassified Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved
Control surface loads stayed distributed Distributed control surface loads passed thru distributed actuators Distributed loads transferred to primary strucure


31
Comparison of PAH to Adaptive Materials and FAA Certified Actuators

High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb
unclassified
Conventional Hydraulics & Pneumatics


32
Pressure Adaptive Wing Section
2013 all rights reserved and C.M. al. 2007 Copyright R.M. Murray et Barrett
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


33
Pressure-Adaptive Flap in Wind Tunnel (cont.)
unclassified
0kPa CDP
40kPa CDP
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


34
PAH Wing Section: Controllable Aerocompliance

Base Stiffness Cell Differential Pressure Behavior 1.6 Net Camber CDP = 40kpa
NCCDP (kPa) 40 20
unclassified
1.4
Lift Coefficient, Cl (~) 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -5 0
-20 -40
5 10 Angle of Attack, a (deg)
15


35
Current Aircraft Technology in Gust Fields
unclassified


36
PAH Wings: Enhancing Ride Quality, Fatigue Properties & Flight Safety via Active Aerocompliance
unclassified


37
The Real Savings... from Class I Design Forward

Structure of a typical FAR-25 V-n Diagram
Commercial Aircraft Structural Weights are set by these points
unclassified
Gust Limits Maneuver Limits
Load Factor, n (g's)
+1 0 VS1 VA VC VD
-1
Flight Speed, Vflt (kts)

Gust Limits


38
Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:

Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance
unclassified
+1 0 VS1 VA VC VD
-1


39
Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:

Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver ...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance
unclassified
saving... 7 23% total aircraft structural weight!
+1 0 VS1 VA VC VD
-1


40
Reference: Boeing 787

$32B investment in new product RDT&E: Just over half of the RDT&E was devoted to new materials & manufacturing
to achieve a ~20% weight reduction WRT conventional materials
unclassified


41
PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft

Implications for commercial jets: Reduction in Structural Weight Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax Reduction in DOC at constant range Increase in range at constant TOW Airfoil section gust load rejection: Net airframe gust load rejection Safe Airframe Life Extension 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% up to 380% up to 87% 11 - 14%
unclassified
US Pat. 8,366,057 Issued 13 February 2013


42
Acknowledgements
unclassified
Prof. Roelof Vos
NASA Ames Research Center
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


43
PAH Flap and Winglet System Implications

Implications for commercial jet fleets:
unclassified
Korean Air:
KRW11.807 trillion 2011 in operating expenses Retrofit Impacts: ~ +KRW200B (Net loss in 2011: KRW98B)
New Equipment Impacts: +KRW850B DOC savings + +KRW220B Airframe Life Extension + +KRW660B increased cargo carriage revenue ~ KRW1.7 trillion
European Patent EP 2459442 A2 US Patent 8,366,057 B2 February 2013



44
Questions?
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


45
What if...
unclassified
Something about the flight environment itself could deploy the surfaces...


46
Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap Systems

Example for LSA wing
unclassified


47
Potential Application: Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Flap

Implications for LSA* based on a 20% increase of clean CLmax:** 17% reduction in wing wetted area 20% increase in aspect ratio 10% increase in L/D 8% reduction fuel burn and DOC at constant range 1.5% decrement in TOW and purchase price at constant range 37% gust rejection loads
unclassified
*45kts flaps-up stall requirement **Based on: Roskam Airplane Design, part I, II, V, and VIII, and Cessna 162 Skykatcher Data


48
PAH Gurney Flap (cont.)

Implications for jets based on a 6% increase of CLmax: 5.8% decrease in wetted area 6% increase in aspect ratio 3% increase in L/Dmax 3.2% reduction in DOC at constant range 3% increase in range at constant TOW 380% section gust load rejection 87% net airframe gust load rejection
unclassified
*Based on: Roskam Airplane Design, part I, II, and V,
and Cessna Citation Sovereign
Data 1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


49
PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft

Implications for commercial jets: Retrofit STC 3% 0% 2.4% 2.5% 2.2% 43% 21% Class I Design 6% 9 - 22% 6 - 9% 7 - 11% 12 - 18% 380% 87%
Increase in CLmaxL/TO Reduction in Structural Weight Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax: Reduction in DOC at constant range Increase in range at constant TOW Section gust load rejection: Net airframe gust load rejection
unclassified


50
PAH Cell Modeling
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


51
PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background

Cellular Material Theory (CMT) after Gibson et al. 1988 Considerations: l Only valid for small thickness-to-length ratio t qi Only valid for +/- 20% of strain Linear stress-strain relationship
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


52
PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


53
PAH Theoretical Characterization

Global stress-strain relations: @ constant pressure:
unclassified
@ constant mass:
with
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


54
PAH Geo-Kinematic Properties
unclassified
CDP = Cell Differential Pressure


55
Non-linear Mechanics of PAH Structures
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


56
Effects of Different PAH Boundary Conditions
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


57
PAH Longitudinal Stress-Strain Correlation
unclassified
p = 55kPa
Unclassified distribution unlimited R. Barrett
p = 60kPa
All Rights Reserved rev. 28 February 2010


58
Experimental PAH Stress-Strain Relations
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


59
PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel PAH
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


60
PAH Bender Experimental Characterization

Validation Experiment: Three-point bend test
unclassified
FEM Modeling:


61
PAH Cell Modeling
unclassified
Unclassified
R. Barrett
All Rights Reserved


62
PAH Multi-Cell Compression Test
unclassified


63
PAH Gurney Flaps & Winglets
unclassified


64

Molecuar Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
Stimulus Myosin head binds to actin
unclassified
6.7nm contraction
Myosin head turns as P1 is released


65

Mechanical Analogs of Animal Muscle Tissues: -Shape-Memory-Alloys -Pneumatic Tubes -Piezoelectric Polymers -Adaptive Gels -Electrostatic Actuators
unclassified

Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:
66
UAVs & Hovering Missiles
unclassified
1.Introduction Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace Summary Unclassified 2.Nat. distribution unlimited R. Barrett All Rights Reserved rev. 5. 28 February 2010


67
Biomimetic Plant-Cell Based Honeycomb Actuator
unclassified Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved
After: Olympio et al. 2007
Standard
Auxetic
Hybrid


68
Aerocompliance: Key to Birds Wings and PAH
unclassified
Gust load relieving smoothes flight


69
PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel Honeycombs
unclassified
unclassified
Solution: Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory College of Biological Sciences FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
70


71
Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH) Breakdown for Modeling
unclassified


72
PAH Nonlinear Mechanics
unclassified

SolutionCell For Wings

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The University of Kansas

Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory

The University of Minnesota

Revolutionary New Adaptive Material SolutionCell

Brought to you by:

Shawn Paul Boike

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

All Rights Reserved

rev. 28 February 2010

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

San Diego Gen Atomics??

All Rights Reserved

rev. 28 February 2010

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

New Patented Material in Europe & USA

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

Separate for Military

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

Motivation: The same as nature

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Successful Applications of Biomimicking Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials...

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

1980s: Mission Adaptive Wing

Pendelton et al. 1981

1990s: NASAs AAW Lockheed Martin

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Adaptive Materials & Structures

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Conventional Adaptive Materials

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

Fully proportional, easily controlled

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota

Copyright R.M. and C.M. Barrett 2013 all rights reserved

The University of Kansas

The University of Minnesota