GRE

GRE RC (No. 2No. 9) No. 2-1 SECTION A

Extended debate concerning the exact point of origin of individual fol tale! told b" Afro-A#erican !lave! ha! unfortunatel" ta en precedence over anal"!i! of the tale!$ #eaning and function. Cultural continuitie! %ith Africa %ere not dependent on i#portation and perpetuation of !pecific fol tale! in their pri!tine for#. It i! in the place that tale! occupied in the live! of the !lave! and in the #eaning !lave! derived fro# the# that the cleare!t re!e#blance! to African tradition can be found. Afro-A#erican !lave! did not borro% tale! indi!cri#inatel" fro# the &hite! a#ong %ho# the" lived. 'lac people %ere #o!t influenced b" tho!e Euro-A#erican tale! %ho!e functional #eaning and ae!thetic appeal had the greate!t !i#ilarit" to the tale! %ith deep root! in their ance!tral ho#eland. (egardle!! of %here !lave tale! ca#e fro#) the e!!ential point i! that) %ith re!pect to language) deliver") detail! of characteri*ation) and plot) !lave! +uic l" #ade the# their o%n.

17. The author claims that most studies of folktales told by Afro-American slaves are inadequate because the studies (A) fail to recognize any ossible !uro-American influence on the folktales (") do not ay enough attention to the features of a folktale that best reveal an African influence (#) overestimate the number of folktales brought from Africa by the slaves ($) do not consider the fact that a folktale can be changed as it is retold many times (!) oversim lify the diverse and com le% traditions of the slaves ancestral homeland 1&. The author's main ur ose is to (A) create a ne( field of study (") discredit an e%isting field of study (#) change the focus of a field of study ($) trans lant scholarly techniques from one field of study to another (!) restrict the sco e of a burgeoning ne( field of study 1). The assage suggests that the author (ould regard (hich of the follo(ing areas of inquiry as most likely to reveal the slaves' cultural continuities (ith Africa* (A) The means by (hich "lacks disseminated their folktales in nineteenthcentury America (") + ecific regional differences in the styles of delivery used by the slaves in telling folktales

GRE

(#) The functional meaning of "lack folktales in the lives of -hite children raised by slave ($) The s ecific (ay the slaves used folktales to im art moral teaching to their children (!) The com le%ities of lot that a ear most frequently in the slaves' tales ,.. -hich of the follo(ing techniques is used by the author in develo ing the argument in the assage* (A) /iving a clich0 a ne( meaning (") 1ointedly refusing to define key terms (#) Alternately resenting generalities and concrete details ($) #oncluding the assage (ith a restatement of the first oint made in the assage (!) 2u%ta osing statements of (hat is not the case and statements of (hat is the case
The energ" contained in roc %ithin the earth$! cru!t repre!ent! a nearl" unli#ited energ" !ource) but until recentl" co##ercial retrieval ha! been li#ited to underground hot %ater and,or !tea# recover" !"!te#!. The!e !"!te#! have been developed in area! of recent volcanic activit") %here high rate! of heat flo% cau!e vi!ible eruption of %ater in the for# of ge"!er! and hot !pring!. In other area!) ho%ever) hot roc al!o exi!t! near the !urface but there i! in!ufficient %ater pre!ent to produce eruptive pheno#ena. Thu! a potential hot dr" roc -./(0 re!ervoir exi!t! %henever the a#ount of !pontaneou!l" produced geother#al fluid ha! been 1udged inade+uate for exi!ting co##ercial !"!te#!. A! a re!ult of recent energ" cri!i!) ne% concept! for creating ./( recover" !"!te#!2%hich involve drilling hole! and connecting the# to artificial re!ervoir! placed deep %ithin the cru!t2are being developed. In all atte#pt! to retrieve energ" fro# ./($!) artificial !ti#ulation %ill be re+uired to create either !ufficient per#eabilit" or bounded flo% path! to facilitate the re#oval of heat b" circulation of a fluid over the !urface of the roc . The ./( re!ource ba!e i! generall" defined to included cru!tal roc that i! hotter than 1345) i! at depth! le!! than ten ilo#eter!) and can be drilled %ith pre!entl" available e+uip#ent. Although %ell! deeper than ten ilo#eter! are technicall" fea!ible) prevailing econo#ic factor! %ill obviou!l" deter#ine the co##ercial fea!ibilit" of %ell! at !uch depth!. (oc te#perature! a! lo% a! 1445 #a" be u!eful for !pace heating6 ho%ever) for producing electricit") te#perature! greater than 2445 are de!irable. The geother#al gradient) %hich !pecificall" deter#ine! the depth of drilling re+uired to reach a de!ired te#perature) i! a #a1or factor in the recoverabilit" of geother#al re!ource!. Te#perature gradient #ap! generated fro# oil and ga! %ell te#perature-depth record! ept b" the A#erican A!!ociation of 7etroleu# 8eologi!t! !ugge!t that tappable high-te#perature gradient! are di!tributed all

GRE

acro!! the 9nited State!. -There are #an" area!) ho%ever) for %hich no te#perature gradient record! exi!t.0 Indication! are that the ./( re!ource ba!e i! ver" large. If an average geother#al te#perature gradient of 225 per ilo#eter of depth i! u!ed) a !taggering 1:)444)444 +uadrillion '.T.9.$! of total energ" are calculated to be contained in cru!tal roc to a ten- ilo#eter depth in the 9nited State!. If %e con!ervativel" e!ti#ate that onl" about 4.2 percent i! recoverable) %e find a total of all the coal re#aining in the 9nited State!. The re#aining proble# i! to balance the econo#ic! of deeper) hotter) #ore co!tl" %ell! and !hallo%er) cooler) le!! expen!ive %ell! again!t the value of the final product) electricit" and,or heat.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) alert readers to the e%istence of 4$5's as an available energy source (") document the challengers that have been surmounted in the effort to recover energy from 4$5's (#) (arn the users of coal and oil that 4$5's are not an economically feasible alternative ($) encourage the use of ne( techniques for the recovery of energy from underground hot (ater and steam (!) urge consumers to demand quicker develo ment of 4$5 resources for the roduction of energy ,,. The assage (ould be most likely to a ear in a (A) etrological research re ort focused on the history of tem erature-de th records in the 6nited +tates (") congressional re ort urging the conservation of oil and natural gas reserves in the 6nited +tates (#) technical 7ournal article concerned (ith the recoverability of ne(ly identified energy sources ($) consumer re ort describing the e%tent and accessibility of remaining coal resources (!) am hlet designed to introduce homeo(ners to the advantages of 4$5 s ace-heating systems ,3. According the assage8 an average geothermal gradient of ,,5 er kilometer of de th can be used to (A) balance the economics of 4$5 energy retrieval against that of underground hot (ater or steam recovery systems (") determine the amount of energy that (ill used for s ace heating in the 6nited +tates (#) rovide com arisons bet(een hot (ater and 4$5 energy sources in 6nited +tates

GRE

($) revise the estimates on the e%tent of remaining coal resources in the 6nited +tates (!) estimate the total 4$5 resource base in the 6nited +tates ,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that the availability of tem erature-de th records for any s ecific area in the 6nited +tates de ends rimarily on the (A) ossibility that 4$5's may be found in that area (") e%istence of revious attem ts to obtain oil or gas in that area (#) history of successful hot (ater or steam recovery efforts in that area ($) failure of inhabitants to conserve oil gas reserves in that area (!) use of coal as a substitute for oil or gas in that area ,;. According to the assage8 in all 4$5 recovery systems fluid (ill be necessary in order to allo( (A) sufficient ermeability (") artificial stimulation (#) drilling of holes ($) construction of reservoirs (!) transfer of heat ,<. According to the assage8 if the average geothermal gradient in an area is ,,5 er kilometer of de th8 (hich of the follo(ing can be reliably redicted* :. ::. The tem erature at the base of a 1.-kilometer (ell (ill be sufficient for the roduction of electricity. $rilling of (ells dee er than 1. kilometers (ill be economically feasible.

:::. :nsufficient (ater is resent to roduce eru tive henomena. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,7. -hich of the follo(ing (ould be the most a ro riate title for the assage* (A) !nergy from -ater +ources= The >easibility of #ommercial +ystems (") /eothermal !nergy 5etrieval= ?olcanic Activity and 4ot $ry 5ocks (#) !nergy 6nderground= /eothermal +ources /ive -ay to >ossil >uels ($) Ta able !nergy for America's >uture= 4ot $ry 5ocks (!) 4igh /eothermal /radients in the 6nited +tates= @yth or 5eality* SECTION '
;our legal approache! #a" be follo%ed in atte#pting to channel technological

GRE

develop#ent in !ociall" u!eful direction< !pecific directive!) #ar et incentive #odification!) cri#inal prohibition!) and change! in deci!ion-#a ing !tructure!. Specific directive! involve the govern#ent$! identif"ing one or #ore factor! controlling re!earch) develop#ent) or i#ple#entation of a given technolog". /irective! affecting !uch factor! #a" var" fro# ad#ini!trative regulation of private activit" to govern#ent o%ner!hip of a technological operation. =ar et incentive #odification! are deliberate alteration! of the #ar et %ithin %hich private deci!ion! regarding the develop#ent and i#ple#entation of technolog" are #ade. Such #odification! #a" con!i!t of i#po!ing taxe! to cover the co!t! to !ociet" of a given technolog") granting !ub!idie! to pa" for !ocial benefit! of a technolog") creating the right to !ue to prevent certain technological develop#ent) or ea!ing procedural rule! to enable the recover" of da#age! to co#pen!ate for har# cau!ed b" de!tructive technological activit". Cri#inal prohibition! #a" #odif" technological activit" in area! i#pinging on funda#ental !ocial value!) or the" #a" #odif" hu#an behavior li el" to re!ult fro# technological application!2for exa#ple) the deactivation of auto#otive pollution control device! in order to i#prove vehicle perfor#ance. Alteration of deci!ion#a ing !tructure! include! all po!!ible #odification! in the authorit") con!titution) or re!pon!ibilit" of private and public entitie! deciding +ue!tion! of technological develop#ent and i#ple#entation. Such alteration! include the addition of publicintere!t #e#ber! to corporate board!) the i#po!ition b" !tatute of dutie! on govern#ental deci!ion-#a er!) and the exten!ion of %arrantie! in re!pon!e to con!u#er action. Effective u!e of the!e #ethod! to control technolog" depend! on %hether or not the goal of regulation i! the opti#al allocation of re!ource!. &hen the ob1ect i! opti#al re!ource allocation) that co#bination of legal #ethod! !hould be u!ed that #o!t nearl" "ield! the allocation that %ould exi!t if there %ere no external co!t! re!ulting fro# allocating re!ource! through #ar et activit". There are external co!t! %hen the price !et b" bu"er! and !eller! of good! fail! to include !o#e co!t!) to an"one) that re!ult fro# the production and u!e of the good!. Such co!t! are internali*ed %hen bu"er! pa" the#. Air pollution fro# #otor vehicle! i#po!e! external co!t! on all tho!e expo!ed to it) in the for# of !oiling) #aterial! da#age) and di!ea!e< the!e externalitie! re!ult fro# failure to place a price on air) thu! #a ing it a free good) co##on to all. Such externalitie! lead to nonopti#al re!ource allocation) becau!e the private net product and the !ocial net product of #ar et activit" are not often identical. If all externalitie! %ere internali*ed) tran!action! %ould occur until bargaining could no longer i#prove the !ituation) thu! giving an opti#al allocation of re!ource! at a given ti#e.

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith describing (A) ob7ectives and legal method for directing technological develo ment (") technical a roaches to the roblem of controlling market activity

GRE

<

(#) economic rocedures for facilitating transactions bet(een buyers and sellers ($) reasons for slo(ing the technological develo ment in light of environmentalist ob7ections (!) technological innovations making it ossible to achieve o timum allocation of resources 1&. The author cites air ollution from motor vehicles in lines ;9-;< in order to (A) revise cost estimates calculated by including the costs of resources (") evaluate legal methods used to revent technological develo ments (#) give e%am les of costs not included in buyer-seller bargains ($) refute hy otheses not made on the basis of monetary e%change values (!) commend technological research undertaken for the common (elfare 1). According to the assage8 transactions bet(een rivate buyers and sellers have effects on society that generally (A) are harmful (hen all factors are considered (") give rise to ever-increasing resource costs (#) reflect an o timal allocation of natural resources ($) encom ass more than the effects on the buyers and sellers alone (!) are guided by legal controls on the develo ment of technology ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author does ABT favor (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 1rotecting the environment for future use (") #hanging the balance of o(er bet(een o (#) :ntervening in the activity of the free market ($) @aking rices reflect costs to everyone in society (!) #ausing technological develo ment to cease ,1. A gasoline-conservation ta% on the urchase of large automobiles8 (ith the roceeds of the ta% rebated to urchasers of small automobiles8 is an e%am le of (A) a s ecific directive (") a market incentive modification (#) an o timal resource allocation ($) an alteration of a decision-making structure (!) an e%ternal cost ,,. :f there (ere no e%ternal costs8 as they are described in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing (ould be true* (A) All technology-control methods (ould be effective. (") +ome resource allocations (ould be illegal. osing interests in business

GRE

(#) 1rices (ould include all costs to members of society. ($) +ome decision-making structures (ould be altered. (!) The availability of common goods (ould increase. ,3. The author assumes that8 in determining (hat (ould be an o timal allocation of resources8 it (ould be ossible to (A) assign monetary value to all damage resulting from the use of technology (") combine legal methods to yield the theoretical o timum (#) convince buyers to bear the burden of damage from technological develo ments ($) redict the costs of ne( technological develo ments (!) derive an equation making costs de end on rices ,9. Bn the basis of the assage8 it can be inferred that the author (ould agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements concerning technological develo ment* (A) The government should o(n technological o erations. (") The effect of technological develo ment cannot be controlled. (#) +ome technological develo ments are beneficial. ($) The current state of technological develo ment results in a good allocation of resources. (!) A lications of technological develo ments are criminally destructive.
The %hole bio!phere) li e the individual organi!#! that live in!ide it) exi!t! in a che#icall" d"na#ic !tate. In thi! ho#eo!tatic !"!te#) a great nu#ber of organic co#pound! are !"nthe!i*ed) tran!for#ed) and deco#po!ed continuou!l"6 together) the!e proce!!e! con!titute the #a1or part! of the carbon c"cle. ;or the !#ooth operation of thi! c"cle) degradation i! 1u!t a! i#portant a! !"nthe!i!< the green plant! produce great +uantitie! of pol"#er!) !uch a! cellulo!e) and innu#erable other co#pound! li e al aloid!) terpene!) and flavonoid!) that green plant! cannot u!e a! !ource! of energ" during re!piration. The relea!e of the carbon in the!e co#pound! for rec"cling depend! al#o!t entirel" on the action of both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and certain t"pe! of fungi. So#e bacteria and fungi po!!e!! the uni+ue and extre#el" i#portant bioche#ical a!!et of being able to catal"*e the oxidation of nu#erou! inert product!) thereb" initiating reaction !e+uence! that produce carbon dioxide and !o return #uch carbon to a for# that activel" enter! into life c"cle! once again.

,;. The assage contains information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions about the carbon cycle* :. ::. -hat are some of the com ounds that are broken do(n in the carbon cycle* -hy are some com ounds that are involved in the carbon cycle less reactive than others*

:::. -hat role do bacteria and fungi lay in the carbon cycle*

GRE

&

(A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) : and ::: only ,<. The author im lies that (hich of the follo(ing is the rimary reason that degradation is as im ortant as synthesis to the smooth o eration of the carbon cycle* (A) @ost of the olymers and organic com ounds found in the lant kingdom are chemically unstable. (") The synthesis of some organic material de rives life rocesses of an energy source. (#) $ecom osition ermits the recycling of carbon that (ould other(ise be fi%ed in certain substances. ($) @any organisms cannot use lants as a source of food8 but can feed on bacteria and fungi. (!) "acteria and fungi could not survive if some carbon com ounds (ere not degraded. ,7. The author's contention about the im ortance of bacteria and fungi in the roduction of energy for life rocesses (ould be most clearly strengthened if (hich of the follo(ing (ere found to be true* (A) "oth aerobes and anaerobes rovide sources of energy through the decom osition of organic material. (") @ost com ounds containing carbon are unavailable as energy sources e%ce t to some bacteria and fungi. (#) "acteria and fungi break do(n inert material in (ays that do not involve o%idation. ($) @any com ounds remain inert8 even in the resence of bacteria and fungi. (!) "acteria and fungi assist in the synthesis of many organic com ounds. No. 2-2 SECTION A
Even a! the nu#ber of fe#ale! proce!!ed through 1uvenile court! cli#b! !teadil") an i#plicit con!en!u! re#ain! a#ong !cholar! in cri#inal 1u!tice that #ale adole!cent! define the delin+uenc" proble# in the 9nited State!. &e !ugge!t t%o rea!on! %h" thi! vie% per!i!t!. ;ir!t) fe#ale adole!cent! are accu!ed pri#aril" of victi#le!! cri#e!) !uch a! truanc") that do not involve clear-cut da#age to per!on! or propert". If co##itted b" adult!) the!e action! are not even con!idered pro!ecutable6 if co##itted b" 1uvenile #ale!) the" have traditionall" been loo ed on lenientl" b" the court!. Thu!) ironicall") the plight of fe#ale

GRE

delin+uent! receive! little !crutin" becau!e the" are accu!ed of co##itting relativel" #inor offen!e!. Second) the court! have long 1u!tified !o-called preventive intervention into the live! of "oung fe#ale! vie%ed a! anti!ocial %ith the rationale that %o#en are e!peciall" vulnerable. Traditional !tereot"pe! of %o#en a! the %ea er and #ore dependent !ex have led to earlier intervention and longer period! of #i!directed !upervi!ion for fe#ale delin+uent! than for #ale!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing statements best e% resses the irony ointed out by the authors in lines 13-1< of the assage* (A) >emale delinquents tend to commit victimless crimes more frequently than their male counter arts. (") The redicament of male delinquents receives more attention than that of females because males are accused of more serious crimes. (#) Adults are frequently unished less severely than adolescents for committing more serious crimes. ($) The 7uvenile 7ustice system cannot correct its biases because it does not even recognize them. (!) Although the number of female delinquents is steadily increasing8 the crimes of (hich they are accused are not articularly serious. 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the authors believe traditional stereoty es of (omen to be (A) frequently challenged (") ersistently ine% licable (#) otentially harmful ($) ra idly changing (!) habitually disregarded 1). The assage suggests that scholars in criminal 7ustice could be criticized for (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 6nderestimating the seriousness of 7uvenile crime (") 5ationalizing the distinction made bet(een 7uveniles and adults in the legal system (#) #oncerning themselves too little (ith the revention of 7uvenile delinquency ($) >ocusing on those (hose crimes have involved damage to ersons or ro erty (!) >ailing to oint out in7ustices in the correctional system
Scattered around the globe are #ore than one hundred region! of volcanic activit" no%n a! hot !pot!. 9nli e #o!t volcanoe!) hot !pot! are rarel" found along the boundarie! of the continental and oceanic plate! that co#pri!e the Earth$! cru!t6 #o!t hot !pot! lie deep in the interior of plate! and are anchored

GRE

1.

deep in the la"er! of the Earth$! !urface. .ot !pot! are al!o di!tingui!hed fro# other volcanoe! b" their lava!) %hich contain greater a#ount! of al ali #etal! than do tho!e fro# volcanoe! at plate #argin!. In !o#e ca!e!) plate! #oving pa!t hot !pot! have left trail! of extinct volcanoe! in #uch the !a#e %a" that %ind pa!!ing over a chi#ne" carrie! off puff! of !#o e. It appear! that the .a%aiian I!land! %ere created in !uch a #anner b" a !ingle !ource of lava) %elling up fro# a hot !pot) over %hich the 7acific Ocean plate pa!!ed on a cour!e roughl" fro# the ea!t to%ard the north%e!t) carr"ing off a line of volcanoe! of increa!ing age. T%o other 7acific i!land chain!2the Au!tral (idge and the Tua#otu (idge2parallel the configuration of the .a%aiian chain6 the" are al!o aligned fro# the ea!t to%ard the north%e!t) %ith the #o!t recent volcanic activit" near their ea!tern ter#inu!e!. That the 7acific plate and the other plate! are #oving i! no% be"ond di!pute6 the relative #otion of the plate! ha! been recon!tructed in detail. .o%ever) the relative #otion of the plate! %ith re!pect to the Earth$! interior cannot be deter#ined ea!il". .ot !pot! provide the #ea!uring in!tru#ent! for re!olving the +ue!tion of %hether t%o continental plate! are #oving in oppo!ite direction! or %hether one i! !tationar" and the other i! drifting a%a" fro# it. The #o!t co#pelling evidence that a continental plate i! !tationar" i! that) at !o#e hot !pot!) lava! of !everal age! are !uperpo!ed in!tead of being !pread out in chronological !e+uence. Of cour!e) recon!truction of plate #otion fro# the trac ! of hot-!pot volcanoe! a!!u#e! that hot !pot! are i##obile) or nearl" !o. Several !tudie! !upport !uch an a!!u#ption) including one that ha! !ho%n that pro#inent hot !pot! throughout the %orld !ee# not to have #oved during the pa!t ten #illion "ear!. 'e"ond acting a! fra#e! of reference) hot !pot! apparentl" influence the geoph"!ical proce!!e! that propel the plate! acro!! the globe. &hen a continental plate co#e! to re!t over a hot !pot) #aterial %elling up fro# deeper la"er! for#! a broad do#e that) a! it gro%!) develop! deep fi!!ure!. In !o#e in!tance!) the continental plate #a" rupture entirel" along !o#e of the fi!!ure! !o that the hot !pot initiate! the for#ation of a ne% ocean. Thu!) 1u!t a! earlier theorie! have explained the #obilit" of the continental plate!) !o hot-!pot activit" #a" !ugge!t a theor" to explain their #utabilit".

,.. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) describe the (ay in (hich hot s ots influence the e%tinction of volcanoes (") describe and e% lain the formation of the oceans and continents (#) e% lain ho( to estimate the age of lava flo(s from e%tinct volcanoes ($) describe hot s ots and e% lain ho( they a ear to influence and record the motion of lates (!) describe the formation and orientation of island chains in the 1acific Bcean

GRE

11

,1. According to the assage8 hot s ots differ from most volcanoes in that hot s ots (A) can only be found near islands (") are active (hereas all other volcanoes are e%tinct (#) are situated closer to the earth's surface ($) can be found along the edges of the lates (!) have greater amounts of alkali metals in their lavas ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that evidence for the a arent course of the 1acific late has been rovided by the (A) contours of the continents (") dimensions of ocean hot s ots (#) concurrent movement of t(o hot s ots ($) attern of fissures in the ocean floor (!) configurations of several mid-ocean island chains ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that the s reading out of lavas of different ages at hot s ots indicates that a (A) hot s ot is active (") continental late has moved (#) continental ru ture is imminent ($) hot s ot had been moving very ra idly (!) volcano contains large concentrations of alkali metals ,9. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the 4a(aiian :slands8 the Austral 5idge8 and the Tuamotu 5idge* (A) The three chains of islands are moving east(ard. (") All the islands in the three chains have sto ed moving. (#) The three island chains are a result of the same late movement. ($) The 4a(aiian :slands are receding from the other t(o island chains at a relatively ra id rate. (!) The Austral 5idge and the Tuamotu 5idge chains have moved closer together (hereas the 4a(aiian :slands have remained stationary. ,;. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould best su ort the author's statement that hot-s ot activity may e% lain the mutability of continental lates* (A) 4ot s ots move more ra idly than the continental and oceanic lates. (") 4ot s ots are reliable indicators of the age of continental lates. (#) 4ot s ots are regions of volcanic activity found only in the interiors of the continental lates. ($) The alignment of hot s ots in the 1acific Bcean arallels the alignment of 1acific Bcean islands.

GRE

1,

(!) The coastlines of Africa and +outh America suggest that they may once have constituted a single continent that ru tured along a line of hot s ots. ,<. The author's argument that hot s ots can be used to reconstruct the movement of continental lates is (eakened by the fact that (A) hot s ots are never found at the boundaries of lates (") only e%tinct volcanoes remain after a late moves over a hot s ot (#) lava flo( atterns for all hot s ots have not been sho(n to be the same ($) the immobility or near immobility of hot s ots has not been conclusively roven (!) the changing configurations of islands make in ointing the locations of hot s ots difficult ,7. The author's style can best be described as (A) dramatic (") archaic (#) esoteric ($) ob7ective (!) humanistic SECTION '
Although !cienti!t! ob!erve that an organi!#$! behavior fall! into rh"th#ic pattern!) the" di!agree about ho% the!e pattern! are affected %hen the organi!# i! tran!ported to a ne% environ#ent. One experi#enter) 'ro%n) brought o"!ter! fro# Connecticut %ater! to Illinoi! %ater!. She noted that the o"!ter! initiall" opened their !hell! %ide!t %hen it %a! high tide in Connecticut) but that after fourteen da"! their rh"th#! had adapted to the tide !chedule in Illinoi!. Although !he could not po!it an une+uivocal cau!al relation!hip bet%een behavior and environ#ental change) 'ro%n concluded that a change in tide !chedule i! one of !everal po!!ible exogenou! influence! -tho!e out!ide the organi!#0 on the o"!ter!$ rh"th#!. Another experi#enter) .a#ner) ho%ever) di!covered that ha#!ter! fro# California #aintain their original rh"th#! even at the South 7ole. .e concluded that endogenou! influence! -tho!e in!ide the organi!#0 !ee# to affect an organi!#$! rh"th#ic behavior.

17. All of the follo(ing could be considered e%am les of e%ogenous influences on an organism !C#!1T the influence of the (A) level of a hormone on a field mouse's readiness for mating (") tem erature of a region on a bear's hibernation (#) salt level of a river on a fish's migration ($) humidity of an area on a cat's shedding of its fur (!) ro%imity of an o(l on a lizard's searching for food

GRE

13

1&. -hich of the follo(ing statements best describes the conclusion dra(n by "ro(n (lines 19-17) (A) A change in tide schedule is the rimary influence on an oyster's rhythms. (") A change in tide schedule may be an im ortant e%ogenous influence on an oyster's rhythms. (#) !%ogenous influences8 such as a change in tide schedule8 seldom affect an oyster's rhythms. ($) !ndogenous influences have no effect on an oyster's rhythms. (!) !ndogenous influences are the only influences on an oyster's rhythms. 1). The assage suggests that "ro(n's study (as similar to 4amner's in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* :. ::. "oth e% erimenters discovered that a ne( environment had a significant effect on an organism's behavior rhythms. "oth e% erimenters observed an organism's behavioral rhythms after the organism had been trans orted to a ne( environment.

:::. "oth e% erimenters kne( an organism's rhythmic atterns in its original environment. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,.. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most (eaken "ro(n's conclusion* (A) The oyster gradually closed their shells after high tide in :llinois had assed. (") The oysters' behavioral rhythms maintained their ada tation to the tide schedule in :llinois throughout thirty days of observation. (#) +i%teen days after they (ere moved to :llinois8 the oysters o ened their shells (idest (hen it (as high tide in #onnecticut. ($) A scientist (ho brought @aryland oysters to @aine found that the oysters o ened their shells (idest (hen it (as high tide in @aine. (!) :n an e% eriment similar to "ro(n's8 a scientist (as able to establish a clear causal relationshi bet(een environmental change and behavioral rhythms.
7icture-ta ing i! a techni+ue both for annexing the ob1ective %orld and for expre!!ing the !ingular !elf. 7hotograph! depict ob1ective realitie! that alread" exi!t) though onl" the ca#era can di!clo!e the#. And the" depict an individual photographer$! te#pera#ent) di!covering it!elf through the ca#era$! cropping of realit". That i!) photograph" ha! t%o antithetical ideal!< in the fir!t) photograph" i! about the %orld and the photographer i! a #ere ob!erve %ho count! for little6 but in the !econd) photograph" i! the in!tru#ent of intrepid) +ue!ting !ub1ectivit" and

GRE
the photographer i! all.

19

The!e conflicting ideal! ari!e fro# a funda#ental unea!ine!! on the part of both photographer! and vie%er! of photograph! to%ard the aggre!!ive co#ponent in >ta ing? a picture. Accordingl") the ideal of a photographer a! ob!erver i! attractive becau!e it i#plicitl" denie! that picture-ta ing i! an aggre!!ive act. The i!!ue) of cour!e) i! not !o clear-cut. &hat photographer! do cannot be characteri*ed a! !i#pl" predator" or a! !i#pl") and e!!entiall") benevolent. A! a con!e+uence) one ideal of picture-ta ing or the other i! al%a"! being redi!covered and cha#pioned. An i#portant re!ult of the coexi!tence of the!e t%o ideal! i! a recurrent a#bivalence to%ard photograph"$! #ean!. &hatever the clai#! that photograph" #ight #a e to be a for# of per!onal expre!!ion on a par %ith painting) it! originalit" i! inextricabl" lin ed to the po%er! of a #achine. The !tead" gro%th of the!e po%er! ha! #ade po!!ible the extraordinar" infor#ativene!! and i#aginative for#al beaut" of #an" photograph!) li e .arold Edgerton$! high!peed photograph! of a bullet hitting it! target or of the !%irl! and eddie! of a tenni! !tro e. 'ut a! ca#era! beco#e #ore !ophi!ticated) #ore auto#ated) !o#e photographer! are te#pted to di!ar# the#!elve! or to !ugge!t that the" are not reall" ar#ed) preferring to !ub#it the#!elve! to the li#it! i#po!ed b" pre#odern ca#era technolog" becau!e a cruder) le!! high-po%ered #achine i! thought to give #ore intere!ting or e#otive re!ult!) to leave #ore roo# for creative accident. ;or exa#ple) it ha! been virtuall" a point of honor for #an" photographer!) including &al er Evan! and Cartier-'re!!on) to refu!e to u!e #odern e+uip#ent. The!e photographer! have co#e to doubt the value of the ca#era a! an in!tru#ent of >fa!t !eeing.? Cartier-'re!!on) in fact) clai#! that the #odern ca#era #a" !ee too fa!t. Thi! a#bivalence to%ard photographic #ean! deter#ine! trend! in ta!te. The cult of the future -of fa!ter and fa!ter !eeing0 alternate! over ti#e %ith the %i!h to return to a purer pa!t2%hen i#age! had a hand#ade +ualit". Thi! no!talgia for !o#e pri!tine !tate of the photographic enterpri!e i! currentl" %ide!pread and underlie! the pre!ent-da" enthu!ia!# for daguerreot"pe! and the %o of forgotten nineteenth-centur" provincial photographer!. 7hotographer! and vie%er! of photograph!) it !ee#!) need periodicall" to re!i!t their o%n no%ingne!!.

,1. According to the assage8 interest among hotogra hers in each of hotogra hy's t(o ideals can be described as (A) ra idly changing (") cyclically recurring (#) steadily gro(ing ($) unim ortant to the vie(ers of hotogra hs (!) unrelated to changes in technology

GRE

1;

,,. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) establishing ne( technical standards for contem orary hotogra hy (") analyzing the influence of hotogra hic ideals on icture-taking (#) tracing the develo ment of camera technology in the t(entieth century ($) describing ho( hotogra hers' individual tem eraments are reflected in their (ork (!) e% laining ho( the technical limitations im osed by certain hotogra hers on themselves affect their (ork ,3. The assage states all of the follo(ing about hotogra hs !C#!1T= (A) They can dis lay a cro ed reality. (") The can convey information. (#) They can de ict the hotogra her's tem erament. ($) They can ossess great formal beauty. (!) They can change the vie(er's sensibilities. ,9. The author mentions the (ork of 4arold !dgerton in order to rovide an e%am le of (A) ho( a controlled ambivalence to(ard hotogra hy's means can roduce outstanding ictures (") ho( the content of hotogra hs has changed from the nineteenth century to the t(entieth (#) the o ularity of high-s eed hotogra hy in the t(entieth century ($) the relationshi bet(een hotogra hic originality and technology (!) the rimacy of formal beauty over emotional content ,;. The assage suggests that hotogra hers such as -alker !vans refer oldfashioned techniques and equi ment because these hotogra hers (A) admire instruments of fast seeing (") need to feel armed by technology (#) strive for intense formal beauty in their hotogra hs ($) like the disci line that comes from self-im osed limitations (!) dislike the de endence of hotogra hic effectiveness on the o(ers of a machine ,<. According to the assage8 the t(o antithetical ideals of hotogra hy differ rimarily in the (A) value that each laces on the beauty of the finished roduct (") em hasis that each laces on the emotional im act of the finished roduct (#) degree of technical kno(ledge that each requires of the hotogra her ($) e%tent of the o(er that each requires of the hotogra her's equi ment

GRE

1<

(!) (ay in (hich each defines the role of the hotogra her ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements (ould be most likely to begin the aragra h immediately follo(ing the assage* (A) 1hotogra hers8 as a result of their heightened a(areness of time8 are constantly trying to ca ture events and actions that are fleeting. (") Thus the cult of the future8 the (orshi of machines and s eed8 is firmly established in s ite of efforts to the contrary by some hotogra hers. (#) The re7ection of technical kno(ledge8 ho(ever8 can never be com lete and hotogra hy cannot for any length of time retend that it has no (ea ons. ($) The oint of honor involved in re7ecting com le% equi ment is8 ho(ever8 of no significance to the vie(er of a hotogra h. (!) #onsequently the im ulse to return to the ast through images that suggest a hand(rought quality is nothing more that a assing fad. No. 2-: SECTION A
It i! %ell no%n that biological change! at the #olecular level have #orphogenetic con!e+uence!) con!e+uence! affecting the for#ation and differentiation of ti!!ue! and organ!. It i! !uperfluou! to point out that gene #utation! and di!turbance! of the bio-!"nthetic proce!!e! in the e#br"o #a" re!ult in abnor#alitie! in the #orpholog" -!tructure0 of an organi!#. .o%ever) %herea! #uch i! no%n about cau!e! and con!e+uence! at the #olecular level) and in !pite of an enor#ou! accu#ulation of che#ical and #orphological data on e#br"o! of variou! ind!) our under!tanding of ho% gene! control #orphogene!i! i! !till far fro# co#plete. 7erhap! one rea!on for thi! i! that #olecular biologi!t! and #orphologi!t! !pea different language!. &herea! the for#er !pea about #e!!enger-(NA and confor#ational change! of protein #olecule!) the latter !pea of ectoder#!) h"pobla!t!) and neural cre!t!. One !olution to thi! predica#ent i! to tr" to find !o#e pheno#ena relevant to #orphogene!i! %hich both the #olecular biologi!t and the #orphologi!t can under!tand and di!cu!!. A! #orphogene!i! #u!t be ba!icall" the re!ult of change! in behavior of the individual cell!) it !ee#! logical to a! #orphologi!t! to de!cribe the #orphogenetic event! ob!erved in ter#! of change! in cellular contact) change! in the rate of proliferation of cell!) or !i#ilar pheno#ena. Once thi! i! done) it #a" be appropriate to a! +ue!tion! about the #olecular bac ground for the!e change!. One #a") for in!tance) a! %hether variation! in cell contact reflect alteration! in the population! of #olecule! at the cell !urface) or one #a" in+uire about the #olecular ba!i! for the increa!ed cell #obilit" involved in cell di!per!ion. Studie! of thi! ind have been carried out %ith cell! relea!ed fro# ti!!ue! in variou! %a"! and then allo%ed to reveal their behavior after being !pread out into

GRE

17

a thin la"er. In #an" ca!e!) !uch cell! !ho% the abilit" to reaggregate) after %hich different cell t"pe! #a" !ort the#!elve! out into different la"er! and even ta e part in !till #ore intricate #orphogenetic event!. 'ut in #o!t ca!e!) the behavior of cell! in the intact e#br"o i! difficult to !tud" becau!e of the thic ne!! and opacit" of the cell #a!!e!. The !ea urchin e#br"o) ho%ever) ha! the advantage that it i! !o tran!parent that each cell can be ea!il" ob!erved throughout develop#ent. Thu!) b" recording the develop#ent of a !ea urchin e#br"o %ith ti#e-lap!e photograph") the re!earch !cienti!t #ight di!cover previou!l" un no%n feature! of cellular behavior. 7erhap! the !tud" of the !ea urchin in thi! #anner can provide a #ediu# b" %hich the #olecular biologi!t and the #orphologi!t can begin co##unicating %ith each other #ore effectivel" about the %a" in %hich gene! control #orphogene!i!.

17. The author's rimary ur ose is to (A) outline a rocedure and discuss ossible a lications (") evaluate an e% eriment in terms of its a licability to medical research (#) ro ose a method for curing s ecific genetic disorders ($) e% lain a roblem and suggest a solution for it (!) reveal the shortcomings of several attitudes to(ard genetic research 1&. The author states that research into the genetic control of mor hogenesis has been im eded by (A) an incom lete understanding of biomolecular reactions that are highly com le% (") a lack of communication bet(een scientists (hose (ork could be com lementary (#) a reluctance on the art of mor hologists to share data (ith molecular biologists ($) a lack of research in the area of mor hology (!) the unavailability of suitable research equi ment 1). The ma7or ob7ective of the author's ro osal is to (A) devise a technique for roving that abnormalities in mor hology result from gene mutations (") im rove the rocedures for organizing chemical and mor hological data (#) increase the accuracy of measurements of cell o ulations and cell mobility ($) reduce the margin of error in the study of conformational changes of rotein molecules (!) rovide a lan for increasing kno(ledge about the influence of genes on mor hogenesis ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that some cells that have been isolated from an organism have the ability to

GRE

1&

(A) control mor hogenesis (") reform to make higher organisms (#) reorganize to form clusters of cells ($) regulate the transmission of light through the cell (all (!) regulate the rate of tissue formation ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the study of the effects of genes on mor hogenesis is best accom lished by observing (A) intact develo ing embryos (") adult sea urchins (#) isolated living cells ($) grou s of genetically mutated cells (!) cells from the same kink of tissue ,,. According to the assage8 it is difficult to study cells in most intact embryos because (A) mor hogenetic events cannot be isolated (") embryos die quickly (#) embryos are difficult to obtain ($) individual cells reaggregate too quickly (!) individual cells are difficult to see ,3. -hich of the follo(ing sequences best describes the author's suggestion for future research on mor hogenesis* (A) Accumulation of data8 sim lification of language8 e% lanation of mor hogenesis (") $is ersion of cells8 evaluation of cell activity8 develo ment of an e% lanatory hy othesis (#) #lassification of cell ty es8 se aration of cell8 observation of cell activity ($) Bbservation of cell develo ment8 descri tion of cell behavior8 e% lanation at the molecular level (!) $ifferentiation of cell ty es8 descri tion of cell structure8 analysis of molecular com onents ,9. The tone of the author's discussion of the difference in the language used by mor hologists and that used by molecular biologists is one of (A) indifference (") neutrality (#) derision ($) a robation (!) indignation

GRE

1)

The blac experience) one #ight auto#aticall" a!!u#e) i! no%n to ever" 'lac author. .enr" @a#e! %a! pondering a !i#ilar a!!u#ption %hen he !aid< >Aou %ere to !uffer "our fate. That %a! not nece!!aril" to no% it.? Thi! di!parit" bet%een an experience and no%ledge of that experience i! the longe!t bridge an arti!t #u!t cro!!. /on B. Bee) in hi! picture of the 'lac poet) >!tud"ing hi! o%n poetr" and the poetr" of other 'lac poet!)? touche! on the crucial point. In order to tran!for# hi! o%n !uffering!2or 1o"!2a! a 'lac per!on into u!able no%ledge for hi! reader!) the author #u!t fir!t order hi! experience! in hi! #ind. Onl" then can he create feelingl" and coherentl" the co#bination of fact and #eaning that 'lac audience! re+uire for the reexploration of their live!. A cultural co##unit" of 'lac author! !tud"ing one another$! be!t %or ! !"!te#aticall" %ould repre!ent a d"na#ic interchange of the !pirit2corrective and in!tructive and increa!ingl" beautiful in it! recorded expre!!ion.

,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author considers oetry to be (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A means of diversion in (hich suffering is transformed into 7oy (") An art form that sometimes stifles creative energy (#) A bridge bet(een the mundane and the unreal ($) A medium for conveying im ortant information (!) An area (here beauty must be sacrificed for accuracy ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould be D!A+T likely to a rove of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #ourses that romote cultural a(areness through the study of contem orary art (") The develo ment of creative (riting courses that encourage mutual criticism of student (ork (#) /ro(ing interest in e%tem oraneous (riting that records e% eriences as they occur ($) A shift in interest from abstract hiloso hical oetry to concrete autobiogra hical oetry (!) -orksho s and ne(sletters designed to romote dialogues bet(een oets ,7. The author refers to 4enry 2ames rimarily in order to (A) su ort his o(n erce tion of the Elongest bridgeF (lines <-7) (") illustrate a coherent Ecombination of fact and meaningF (lines 19-1;) (#) rovide an e%am le of Edynamic interchange of the s iritF (line 1)) ($) establish the ervasiveness of lack of self-kno(ledge (!) contrast 2ames's ideas about oetry (ith those of $on D. Dee SECTION '

GRE

,.

=" ob1ective i! to anal"*e certain for#! of no%ledge) not in ter#! of repre!!ion or la%) but in ter#! of po%er. 'ut the %ord po%er i! apt to lead to #i!under!tanding! about the nature) for#) and unit" of po%er. '" po%er) I do not #ean a group of in!titution! and #echani!#! that en!ure the !ub!ervience of the citi*enr". I do not #ean) either) a #ode of !ub1ugation that) in contra!t to violence) ha! the for# of the rule. ;inall") I do not have in #ind a general !"!te# of do#ination exerted b" one group over another) a !"!te# %ho!e effect!) through !ucce!!ive derivation!) pervade the entire !ocial bod". The !overeignt" of the !tate) the for# of la%) or the overall unit" of a do#ination are onl" the ter#inal for#! po%er ta e!. It !ee#! to #e that po%er #u!t be under!tood a! the #ultiplicit" of force relation! that are i##anent in the !ocial !phere6 a! the proce!! that) through cea!ele!! !truggle and confrontation) tran!for#!) !trengthen!) or rever!e! the#6 a! the !upport that the!e force relation! find in one another) or on the contrar") the di!1unction! and contradiction! that i!olate the# fro# one another6 and la!tl") a! the !trategie! in %hich the" ta e effect) %ho!e general de!ign or in!titutional cr"!talli*ation i! e#bodied in the !tate apparatu!) in the for#ulation of the la%) in the variou! !ocial hege#onie!. Thu!) the vie%point that per#it! one to under!tand the exerci!e of po%er) even in it! #ore >peripheral? effect!) and that al!o #a e! it po!!ible to u!e it! #echani!#! a! a !tructural fra#e%or for anal"*ing the !ocial order) #u!t not be !ought in a uni+ue !ource of !overeignt" fro# %hich !econdar" and de!cendent for#! of po%er e#anate but in the #oving !ub!trate of force relation! that) b" virtue of their ine+ualit") con!tantl" engender local and un!table !tate! of po%er. If po%er !ee#! o#nipre!ent) it i! not becau!e it ha! the privilege of con!olidating ever"thing under it! invincible unit") but becau!e it i! produced fro# one #o#ent to the next) at ever" point) or rather in ever" relation fro# one point to another. 7o%er i! ever"%here) not becau!e it e#brace! ever"thing) but becau!e it co#e! fro# ever"%here. And if po%er at ti#e! !ee#! to be per#anent) repetitiou!) inert) and !elf-reproducing) it i! !i#pl" becau!e the overall effect that e#erge! fro# all the!e #obilitie! i! a concatenation that re!t! on each of the# and !ee ! in turn to arre!t their #ove#ent. One need! to be no#inali!tc) no doubt< po%er i! not an in!titution) and not a !tructure6 neither i! it a certain !trength %e are endo%ed %ith6 it i! the na#e that one attribute! to a co#plex !trategic !ituation in a particular !ociet".

17. The author's rimary ur ose in defining o(er is to (A) counteract self-serving and confusing uses of the term (") establish a com romise among those (ho have defined the term in different (ays (#) increase com rehension of the term by roviding concrete e%am les ($) demonstrate ho( the meaning of the term has evolved (!) avoid ossible misinter retations resulting from the more common uses of the

GRE

,1

term 1&. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing best describes the relationshi bet(een la( and o(er* (A) Da( is the rotector of o(er. (") Da( is the source of o(er. (#) Da( sets bounds to o(er. ($) Da( is a roduct of o(er. (!) Da( is a stabilizer of o(er. 1). -hich of the follo(ing methods is ABT used e%tensively by the author in describing his o(n conce tion of o(er* (A) 5estatement of central ideas (") 1rovision of concrete e%am les (#) Analysis and classification ($) #om arison and contrast (!) +tatement of cause and effect ,.. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statement (ould the author be most likely to agree* (A) 1o(er tends to corru tG absolute o(er corru ts absolutely. (") The highest roof of virtue is to ossess boundless o(er (ithout abusing it. (#) To love kno(ledge is to love o(er. ($) :t is from the eo le and their deeds that o(er s rings. (!) The health of the eo le as a state is the foundation on (hich all their o(er de ends. ,1. The author's attitude to(ard the various kinds of com ulsion em loyed by social institutions is best described as (A) concerned and sym athetic (") scientific and detached (#) sus icious and cautious ($) re roachful and disturbed (!) meditative and (istful ,,. According to the assage8 states of o(er are transient because of the (A) differing natures and directions of the forces that create them (") rigid structural frame(ork in (hich they o erate (#) unique source from (hich they emanate ($) ervasive nature and com le%ity of the mechanisms by (hich they o erate (!) concatenation that seeks to arrest their movement ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes the conflict among

GRE

,,

social forces to be (A) essentially the same from one society to another even though its out(ard manifestation may seem different (") usually the result of misunderstandings that im ede social rogress (#) an inevitable feature of the social order of any state ($) (rongly blamed for disru ting the stability of society (!) best moderated in states that ossess a strong central government
The h"pothe!i! of an expanding Earth ha! never attracted notable !upport) and if it %ere not for the hi!torical exa#ple of continental drift) !uch indifference #ight be a legiti#ate re!pon!e to an apparentl" i#probable concept. It !hould be re#e#bered) ho%ever) that drift too %a! once regarded a! illu!or") but the idea %a! ept alive until evidence fro# ph"!ici!t! co#pelled geologi!t! to reinterpret their data. Of cour!e) it %ould be a! dangerou! to overreact to hi!tor" b" concluding that the #a1orit" #u!t no% be %rong about expan!ion a! it %ould be to reenact the re!pon!e that greeted the !ugge!tion that the continent! had drifted. The ca!e! are not preci!el" analogou!. There %ere !eriou! proble#! %ith the pre-drift %orld vie% that a drift theor" could help to re!olve) %herea! Earth expan!ion appear! to offer no co#parable advantage!. If) ho%ever) ph"!ici!t! could !ho% that the Earth$! gravitational force ha! decrea!ed %ith ti#e) expan!ion %ould have to be recon!idered and acco##odated.

,9. The assage indicates that one reason (hy the e% ansion hy othesis has attracted little su ort is that it (ill not (A) overcome deficiencies in current geologic hy otheses (") clarify theories concerning the !arth's gravitational forces (#) com lement the theory of continental drift ($) accommodate relevant theories from the field of hysics (!) (ithstand criticism from scientists outside the field of geology ,;. The final acce tance of a drift theory could best be used to su that (") im robable hy otheses usually turn out to be valid (#) there should be coo eration bet(een different fields of science ($) there is a need for governmental control of scientific research (!) scientific theories are often roved by accident ,<. :n develo ing his argument8 the author (arns against (A) relying on incom lete measurements (") introducing irrelevant information ort the argument

(A) hysicists are reluctant to communicate (ith other scientists

GRE

,3

(#) re7ecting corroborative evidence ($) acce ting uninformed o inions (!) making un(arranted com arisons ,7. :t can be deduced from the assage that the gravitational force at a oint on the !arth's surface is (A) re resentative of the geologic age of the !arth (") analogous to the movement of land masses (#) similar to o tical henomena such as mirages ($) ro ortional to the size of the !arth (!) de endent on the s eed of the !arth's rotation No. :-1 SECTION A
Notable a! i#portant nineteenth-centur" novel! b" %o#en) =ar" Shelle"$! Frankenstein and E#il" 'ronte$! Wuthering Heights treat %o#en ver" differentl". Shelle" produced a >#a!culine? text in %hich the fate! of !ubordinate fe#ale character! !ee# entirel" dependent on the action! of #ale heroe! or anti-heroe!. 'ronte produced a #ore reali!tic narrative) portra"ing a %orld %here #en battle for the favor! of apparentl" high-!pirited) independent %o#en. Neverthele!!) the!e t%o novel! are ali e in !everal crucial %a"!. =an" reader! are convinced that the co#pelling #"!terie! of each plot conceal elaborate !tructure! of allu!ion and fierce) though !hado%") #oral a#bition! that !ee# to indicate #etaph"!ical intention!) though effort! b" critic! to articulate the!e intention! have generated #uch controver!". 'oth noveli!t! u!e a !tor"telling #ethod that e#pha!i*e! ironic di!1unction! bet%een different per!pective! on the !a#e event! a! %ell a! ironic ten!ion! that inhere in the relation!hip bet%een !urface dra#a and concealed authorial intention) a #ethod I call an evidentiar" narrative techni+ue.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) defend a controversial inter retation of t(o novels (") e% lain the source of (idely recognized res onses to t(o novels (#) delineate broad differences bet(een t(o novels ($) com are and contrast t(o novels (!) criticize and evaluate t(o novels 1&. According the assage8 Frankenstein differs from Wuthering Heights in its (A) use of multi le narrators (") method of disguising the author's real ur oses (#) ortrayal of men as determiners of the novel's action ($) creation of a realistic story

GRE

,9

(!) controversial effect on readers 1). -hich of the follo(ing narrative strategies best e%em lifies the Eevidentiary narrative techniqueF mentioned in line ,9* (A) Telling a story in such a (ay that the author's real intentions are discernible only through inter retations of allusions to a (orld outside that of the story (") Telling a story in such a (ay that the reader is a(are as events unfold of the author's underlying ur oses and the (ays these ur oses conflict (ith the drama of the lot (#) Telling a story in a (ay that both directs attention to the incongruities among the oints of vie( of several characters and hints that the lot has a significance other than that suggested by its mere events ($) Telling a story as a mystery in (hich the reader must deduce8 from the conflicting evidence resented by several narrators8 the moral and hiloso hical significance of character and event (!) Telling a story from the author's oint of vie( in a (ay that im lies both the author's and the reader's ironic distance from the dramatic unfolding of events ,.. According to the assage8 the lots of Wuthering Heights and Frankenstein are notable for their elements of (A) drama and secrecy (") heroism and tension (#) realism and ambition ($) mystery and irony (!) morality and meta hysics
Cli#atic condition! are delicatel" ad1u!ted to the co#po!ition of the Earth$! at#o!phere. If there %ere a change in the at#o!phere2for exa#ple) in the relative proportion! of at#o!pheric ga!e!2the cli#ate %ould probabl" change al!o. A !light increa!e in %ater vapor) for in!tance) %ould increa!e the heatretaining capacit" of the at#o!phere and %ould lead to a ri!e in global te#perature!. In contra!t) a large increa!e in %ater vapor %ould increa!e the thic ne!! and extent of the cloud la"er) reducing the a#ount of !olar energ" reaching the Earth$! !urface. The level of carbon dioxide) CO2) in the at#o!phere ha! an i#portant effect on cli#atic change. =o!t of the Earth$! inco#ing energ" i! !hort-%avelength radiation) %hich tend! to pa!! through at#o!pheric CO2 ea!il". The Earth) ho%ever) reradiate! #uch of the received energ" a! long-%avelength radiation) %hich CO2 ab!orb! and then re#it! to%ard the Earth. Thi! pheno#enon) no%n a! the greenhou!e effect) can re!ult in an increa!e in the !urface te#perature of a planet. An extre#e exa#ple of the effect i! !ho%n b" Cenu!) a planet covered b" heav" cloud! co#po!ed #o!tl" of CO2) %ho!e !urface te#perature! have been

GRE

,;

#ea!ured at D:45. If the CO2 content of the at#o!phere i! reduced) the te#perature fall!. According to one re!pectable theor") if the at#o!pheric CO2 concentration %ere halved) the Earth %ould beco#e co#pletel" covered %ith ice. Another e+uall" re!pectable theor") ho%ever) !tate! that a halving of the CO2 concentration %ould lead onl" to a reduction in global te#perature! of :5. If) becau!e of an increa!e in fore!t fire! or volcanic activit") the CO2 content of the at#o!phere increa!ed) a %ar#er cli#ate %ould be produced. 7lant gro%th) %hich relie! on both the %ar#th and the availabilit" of CO2 %ould probabl" increa!e. A! a con!e+uence) plant! %ould u!e #ore and #ore CO2. Eventuall" CO2 level! %ould di#ini!h and the cli#ate) in turn) %ould beco#e cooler. &ith reduced te#perature! #an" plant! %ould die6 CO2 %ould thereb" be returned to the at#o!phere and graduall" the te#perature %ould ri!e again. Thu!) if thi! proce!! occurred) there #ight be a long-ter# o!cillation in the a#ount of CO2 pre!ent in the at#o!phere) %ith regular te#perature increa!e! and decrea!e! of a !et #agnitude. So#e cli#atologi!t! argue that the burning of fo!!il fuel! ha! rai!ed the level of CO2 in the at#o!phere and ha! cau!ed a global te#perature increa!e of at lea!t 15. 'ut a !uppo!ed global te#perature ri!e of 15 #a" in realit" be onl" !everal regional te#perature increa!e!) re!tricted to area! %here there are #an" #eteorological !tation! and cau!ed !i#pl" b" !hift! in the pattern of at#o!pheric circulation. Other area!) for exa#ple the Southern .e#i!phere oceanic *one) #a" be experiencing an e+uivalent te#perature decrea!e that i! unrecogni*ed becau!e of the !hortage of #eteorological recording !tation!.

,1. The assage su questions*

lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) -hy are ro7ections of the effects of changes in (ater va or levels on the climate so inaccurate* (") -hat are the ste s in the rocess that takes lace as #B, absorbs long(avelength radiation* (#) 4o( might our understanding of the greenhouse effect be im roved if the burning of fossil fuels (ere decreased* ($) -hat might cause a series of regular increases and decreases in the amount of #B, in the atmos here* (!) -hy are there fe(er meteorological recording stations in the +outhern 4emis here oceanic zone than else(here* ,,. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) e% laining the effects that the burning of fossil fuels might have on climate (") illustrating the effects of #B, on atmos heric radiation (#) discussing effects that changes in the #B, level in the atmos here might have on climate

GRE

,<

($) challenging hy otheses about the effects of (ater va or and #B, on climate (!) refuting hy otheses by climatologists about the causes of global tem erature fluctuations ,3. The assage suggests that a large decrease in the amount of #B, in the atmos here (ould result in (A) at least a slight decrease in global tem eratures (") at the most a slight increase in short-(avelength radiation reaching the !arth (#) a slight long-term increase in global tem eratures ($) a large long-term increase in the amount of volcanic activity (!) a slight short-term increase in atmos here (ater va or content ,9. The author refers to ?enus rimarily in order to (A) sho( the inherent (eakness of the greenhouse effect theory (") sho( that the greenhouse effect (orks on other lanets but not on !arth (#) sho( the e%tent to (hich !arth's atmos here differs from that of ?enus ($) su ort the contention that as (ater va or increase8 the amount of #B, increases (!) su ort the argument that the #B, level in the atmos here has a significant effect on climate ,;. The assage suggests that if there (ere a slight global (arming at the resent time8 it (ould be (A) easy to measure the e%act increase in tem erature because of the abundance of tem erature recording stations throughout the (orld (") difficult to measure the increase of #B, in the atmos here because of local variations in amounts (#) easy to demonstrate the effects of the (arming on the (ater va or in the atmos here ($) difficult to rove that the (arming (as caused by the burning of fossil fuels (!) easy to rove that the (arming (as caused by an increase of cloud cover ,<. The discussion of climate in the assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing conclusion* :. ::. #limate is not erfectly stable8 and slight regional tem erature variations can be considered a normal feature of the environment. -e are unable at resent to measure global tem erature changes recisely.

:::. The most im ortant cause of regional climatic fluctuations is the change in #B, levels in the atmos here. (A) : only (") ::: only

GRE

,7

(#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,7. All of the follo(ing can be found in the author's discussion of climate !C#!1T (A) a statement about the effects of increased volcanic activity on the !arth's tem eratures (") an indication of the effect of an increase in (ater va or in the atmos here (#) a contrast bet(een t(o theories about the effects of a lo(ering of #B, levels in the atmos here ($) a generalization about the efficiency of meteorological recording stations (!) a hy othesis about the relationshi bet(een atmos heric gases and changes in climate SECTION '
The ;ood and /rug Ad#ini!tration ha! recentl" propo!ed !evere re!triction! on the u!e of antibiotic! to pro#ote the health and gro%th of #eat ani#al!. =edication! added to feed! ill #an" #icroorgani!#! but al!o encourage the appearance of bacterial !train! that are re!i!tant to anti-infective drug!. Alread") for exa#ple) penicillin and the tetrac"cline! are not a! effective therapeuticall" a! the" once %ere. The drug re!i!tance i! chiefl" conferred b" tin" circlet! of gene!) called pla!#id!) that can be exchanged bet%een different !train! and even different !pecie! of bacteria. 7la!#id! are al!o one of the t%o ind! of vehicle! -the other being viru!e!0 that #olecular biologi!t! depend on %hen perfor#ing gene tran!plant experi#ent!. Even pre!ent guideline! forbid the laborator" u!e of pla!#id! bearing gene! for re!i!tance to antibiotic!. Aet) %hile congre!!ional debate rage! over %hether or not to toughen the!e re!triction! on !cienti!t! in their laboratorie!) little congre!!ional attention ha! been focu!ed on an ill-advi!ed agricultural practice that produce! no%n deleteriou! effect!.

17. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) discovering methods of eliminating harmful microorganisms (ithout subsequently generating drug-resistant bacteria (") e% laining reasons for congressional inaction on the regulation of gene trans lant e% eriments (#) describing a roblematic agricultural ractice and its serious genetic consequences ($) verifying the thera eutic ineffectiveness of anti-infective drugs (!) evaluating recently ro osed restrictions intended to romote the gro(th of meat animals 1&. According to the assage8 the e%change of lasmids bet(een different bacteria can results in (hich of the follo(ing*

GRE

,&

(A) @icroorganisms resistant to drugs (") Thera eutically useful circlets of genes (#) Anti-infective drugs like enicillin ($) ?iruses for use by molecular biologists (!) ?ehicles for erforming gene trans lant e% eriments 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes that those in favor of stiffening the restrictions on gene trans lant research should logically also (A) encourage e% eriments (ith any lasmids e%ce t those bearing genes for antibiotic resistance (") question the addition of anti-infective drugs to livestock feeds (#) resist the use of enicillin and tetracyclines to kill microorganisms ($) agree to the develo ment of meatier livestock through the use of antibiotics (!) favor congressional debate and discussion of all science and health issues ,.. The author's attitude to(ard the develo ment of bacterial strains that render antibiotic drugs ineffective can best be described as (A) indifferent (") er le%ed (#) retentious ($) insincere (!) a rehensive
/uring adole!cence) the develop#ent of political ideolog" beco#e! apparent in the individual6 ideolog" here i! defined a! the pre!ence of roughl" con!i!tent attitude!) #ore or le!! organi*ed in reference to a #ore enco#pa!!ing) though perhap! tacit) !et of general principle!. A! !uch) political ideolog" i! di# or ab!ent at the beginning of adole!cence. It! ac+ui!ition b" the adole!cent) in even the #o!t #ode!t !en!e) re+uire! the ac+ui!ition of relativel" !ophi!ticated cognitive ! ill!< the abilit" to #anage ab!tractne!!) to !"nthe!i*e and generali*e) to i#agine the future. The!e are acco#panied b" a !tead" advance in the abilit" to under!tand principle!. The child$! rapid ac+ui!ition of political no%ledge al!o pro#ote! the gro%th of political ideolog" during adole!cence. '" no%ledge I #ean #ore than the drear" >fact!)? !uch a! the co#po!ition of count" govern#ent that the child i! expo!ed to in the conventional ninth-grade civic! cour!e. Nor do I #ean onl" infor#ation on current political realitie!. The!e are facet! of no%ledge) but the" are le!! critical than the adole!cent$! ab!orption) often un%itting) of a feeling for tho!e #an" un!po en a!!u#ption! about the political !"!te# that co#pri!e the co##on ground of under!tanding2for exa#ple) %hat the !tate can appropriatel" de#and of it! citi*en!) and vice ver!a) or the proper relation!hip of govern#ent to !ub!idiar" !ocial in!titution!) !uch a! the !chool! and churche!. Thu! political

GRE

,)

no%ledge i! the a%arene!! of !ocial a!!u#ption! and relation!hip! a! %ell a! of ob1ective fact!. =uch of the naivetE that characteri*e! the "ounger adole!cent$! gra!p of politic! !te#! not fro# an ignorance of >fact!? but fro# convention! of the !"!te#) of %hat i! and i! not cu!to#aril" done) and of ho% and %h" it i! or i! not done. Aet I do not %ant to overe#pha!i*e the !ignificance of increa!ed political no%ledge in for#ing adole!cent ideolog". Over the "ear! I have beco#e progre!!ivel" di!enchanted about the centralit" of !uch no%ledge and have co#e to believe that #uch current %or in political !ociali*ation) b" rel"ing too heavil" on it! apparent ac+ui!ition) ha! been #i!led about the te#po of political under!tanding in adole!cence. @u!t a! "oung children can count nu#ber! in !erie! %ithout gra!ping the principle of ordination) "oung adole!cent! #a" have in their head! #an" rando# bit! of political infor#ation %ithout a !ecure under!tanding of tho!e concept! that %ould give order and #eaning to the infor#ation. Bi e #agpie!) children$! #ind! pic up bit! and piece! of data. If "ou encourage the#) the" %ill drop the!e at "our feet2(epublican! and /e#ocrat!) the tripartite divi!ion of the federal !"!te#) perhap! even the capital of =a!!achu!ett!. 'ut until the adole!cent ha! gra!ped the integu#ental function that concept! and principle! provide) the data re#ain frag#ented) rando#) di!ordered.

,1. The author's rimary ur ose in the assage is to (A) clarify the kinds of understanding an adolescent must have in order to develo a olitical ideology (") dis ute the theory that a olitical ideology can be acquired during adolescence (#) e% lain (hy adolescents are generally uninterested in olitical arguments ($) suggest various means of encouraging adolescents to develo olitical ideologies ersonal

(!) e% lain (hy an adolescent's olitical ideology usually a ears more so histicated than it actually is ,,. According to the author8 (hich of the follo(ing contributes to the develo ment of olitical ideology during adolescence* (A) #onscious recognition by the adolescent of his or her o(n naivet0 (") Thorough com rehension of the conce t of ordination (#) !valuation by the adolescent of the general rinci les encom assing his or her s ecific olitical ideas ($) :ntuitive understanding of relationshi s among various com onents of society (!) 5e7ection of abstract reasoning in favor of involvement (ith ragmatic situations ,3. The author uses the term Ecommon ground of understandingF (line ,7) to refer to

GRE

3.

(A) familiar legislation regarding olitical activity (") the e% eriences that all adolescents share (#) a society's general sense of its o(n olitical activity ($) a society's (illingness to resolve olitical tensions (!) the assum tion that the state controls social institutions ,9. The assage suggests that8 during early adolescence8 a child (ould find (hich of the follo(ing most difficult to understand* (A) A book chronicling the (ays in (hich the residential inauguration ceremony has changed over the years (") An essay in (hich an incident in "ritish history is used to e% lain the system of monarchic succession (#) A summary of the res ective res onsibilities of the legislative8 e%ecutive8 and 7udicial branches of government ($) A debate in (hich the artici ants argue8 res ectively8 that the federal government should or should not su ort rivate schools (!) An article detailing the s ecific religious grou s that founded American colonies and the guiding rinci les of each one ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about schools* (A) They should resent olitical information according to carefully lanned8 schematic arrangements. (") They themselves constitute art of a general socio olitical system that adolescents are learning to understand. (#) :f they (ere to introduce olitical sub7ect matter in the rimary grades8 students (ould understand current olitical realities at an earlier age. ($) They are ineffectual to the degree that they disregard adolescents' olitical naivet0. (!) "ecause they are subsidiary to government their contribution to the olitical understanding of adolescent must be limited. ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best summarizes the author's evaluation of the accumulation of olitical kno(ledge by adolescents* (A) :t is unquestionably necessary8 but its significance can easily be overestimated. (") :t is im ortant8 but not as im ortant as is the ability to a ear kno(ledgeable. (#) :t delays the necessity of considering underlying rinci les. ($) :t is rimarily relevant to an understanding of limited8 local concerns8 such as county olitics. (!) :t is rimarily de endent on information gleaned from high school courses

GRE

31

such as civics. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements best describes the organization of the author's discussion of the role of olitical kno(ledge in the formation of olitical ideology during adolescence* (A) 4e ackno(ledges its im ortance8 but then modifies his initial assertion of that im ortance. (") 4e consistently resists the idea that it is im ortant8 using a series of e%am les to su ort his stand. (#) 4e (avers in evaluating it and finally uses analogies to e% lain (hy he is indecisive. ($) 4e begins by questioning conventional ideas about its im ortance8 but finally concedes that they are correct. (!) 4e carefully refrains from making an initial 7udgment about it8 but later confirms its critical role. No. :-2 SECTION A
The #a ing of cla!!ification! b" literar" hi!torian! can be a !o#e%hat ri! " enterpri!e. &hen 'lac poet! are di!cu!!ed !eparatel" a! a group) for in!tance) the extent to %hich their %or reflect! the develop#ent of poetr" in general !hould not be forgotten) or a di!tortion of literar" hi!tor" #a" re!ult. Thi! caution i! particularl" relevant in an a!!e!!#ent of the difference! bet%een 'lac poet! at the turn of the centur" -1F44-1F4F0 and tho!e of the generation of the 1F24$!. The!e difference! include the bolder and #ore forthright !peech of the later generation and it! technical inventivene!!. It !hould be re#e#bered) though) that co#parable difference! al!o exi!ted for !i#ilar generation! of &hite poet!. &hen poet! of the 1F14$! and 1F24$! are con!idered together) ho%ever) the di!tinction! that literar" hi!torian! #ight #a e bet%een >con!ervative? and >experi#ental? %ould be of little !ignificance in a di!cu!!ion of 'lac poet!) although the!e re#ain helpful cla!!ification! for &hite poet! of the!e decade!. Certainl" difference! can be noted bet%een >con!ervative? 'lac poet! !uch a! Counter Cullen and Claude =cGa" and >experi#ental? one! !uch a! @ean Too#er and Bang!ton .ughe!. 'ut 'lac poet! %ere not battling over old or ne% !t"le!6 rather) one acco#pli!hed 'lac poet %a! read" to %elco#e another) %hatever hi! or her !t"le) for %hat #attered %a! racial pride. .o%ever) in the 1F24$! 'lac poet! did debate %hether the" !hould deal %ith !pecificall" racial !ub1ect!. The" a! ed %hether the" !hould onl" %rite about 'lac experience for a 'lac audience or %hether !uch de#and! %ere re!trictive. It #a" be !aid) though) that virtuall" all the!e poet! %rote their be!t poe#! %hen the" !po e out of racial feeling) race being) a! @a#e! &eldon @ohn!on rightl" put it) >perforce the thing the Negro poet no%! be!t.?

GRE

3,

At the turn of the centur") b" contra!t) #o!t 'lac poet! generall" %rote in the conventional #anner of the age and expre!!ed noble) if vague) e#otion! in their poetr". The!e poet! %ere not unu!uall" gifted) though (o!coe @a#i!on and 8. =. =cClellen #a" be #entioned a! exception!. The" cho!e not to %rite in dialect) %hich) a! Sterling 'ro%n ha! !ugge!ted) >#eant a re1ection of !tereot"pe! of Negro life)? and the" refu!ed to %rite onl" about racial !ub1ect!. Thi! refu!al had both a po!itive and a negative con!e+uence. A! 'ro%n ob!erve!) >Caluabl" in!i!ting that Negro poet! !hould not be confined to i!!ue! of race) the!e poet! co##itted HanI errorJ the" refu!ed to loo into their heart! and %rite.? The!e are i#portant in!ight!) but one #u!t !tre!! that thi! refu!al to loo %ithin %a! al!o t"pical of #o!t &hite poet! of the 9nited State! at the ti#e. The") too) often turned fro# their o%n experience and con!e+uentl" produced not ver" #e#orable poe#! about vague topic!) !uch a! the peace of nature.

17. According to the assage8 most turn-of-the-century "lack oets generally did (hich of the follo(ing* (A) -rote in (ays that did not challenge acce ted literary ractice. (") $escribed scenes from their o(n lives. (#) Aroused atriotic feelings by e% ressing devotion to the land. ($) !% ressed com le% feelings in the (ords of ordinary eo le. (!) :nter reted the frustrations of "lacks to an audience of -hites. 1&. According to the assage8 an issue facing "lack oets in the 1),.'s (as (hether they should (A) seek a consensus on ne( techniques of oetry (") (rite e%clusively about and for "lacks (#) (ithdra( their su ort from a re ressive society ($) turn a(ay from social questions to recollect the tranquility of nature (!) identify themselves (ith an international movement of "lack (riters 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that classifying a oet as either conservative or e% erimental (ould be of Elittle significanceF (line ,1) (hen discussing "lack oets of the 1)1.'s and the 1),.'s because (A) these oets (rote in very similar styles (") these oets all (rote about nature in the same (ay (#) these oets (ere fundamentally united by a sense of racial achievement des ite differences in oetic style ($) such a method of classification (ould fail to take account of the influence of general oetic ractice (!) such a method of classification (ould be relevant only in a discussion of oets se arated in time by more than three decades ,.. The author quotes +terling "ro(n in lines ;3-;< in order to

GRE

33

(A) resent an inter retation of some black oets that contradicts the author's o(n assertion about their acce tance of various oetic styles (") introduce a distinction bet(een "lack oets (ho used dialect and -hite oets (ho did not (#) dis rove 2ames -eldon 2ohnson's claim that race is (hat Ethe Aegro oet kno(s bestF ($) suggest (hat (ere the effects of some "lack oets' decision not to (rite only about racial sub7ects (!) rove that "lack oets at the turn of the century (rote less conventionally than did their -hite counter arts ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author finds the (ork of the ma7ority of the "lack oets at the turn of the century to be (A) une%citing (") calming (#) confusing ($) delightful (!) ins iring ,,. The author (ould be most likely to agree that oets tend to roduce better oems (hen they (A) e% ress a love of nature (") declaim noble emotions (#) avoid technical questions about style ($) emulate the best (ork of their redecessors (!) (rite from ersonal e% erience ,3. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the attitude of the author to(ard classification as a technique in literary history* (A) !nthusiastic (") :ndifferent (#) -ary ($) $erisive (!) $efensive
The pri#ar" #ethod previou!l" u!ed b" paleontologi!t! to e!ti#ate cli#atic change! that occurred during 7lei!tocene glacial c"cle! %a! the deter#ination of
1K

O,1LO ratio! in calcareou! fo!!il!. .o%ever) becau!e thi! ratio i! influenced b" a

nu#ber of factor!) the ab!olute #agnitude of the te#perature difference bet%een 7lei!tocene glacial and interglacial c"cle! could not be une+uivocall" a!certained. ;or exa#ple) both te#perature fluctuation! and i!otopic change! in !ea%ater affect the
1K

O,1LO ratio. And) !ince both factor! influence the ratio in the !a#e

GRE
direction) the contribution of each to the
1K

39

O,1LO cannot be deter#ined.

;ortunatel") recent !tudie! indicate that the race#i*ation reaction of a#ino acid! can be u!ed to deter#ine #ore accuratel" te#perature! that occurred during 7lei!tocene glacial c"cle!. Onl" B-a#ino acid! are u!uall" found in the protein! of living organi!#!) but over long period! of geological ti#e the!e acid! undergo race#i*ation) producing /-a#ino acid!) %hich are not found in protein!. Thi! reaction depend! on both ti#e and te#perature6 thu!) if one variable i! no%n) the reaction can be u!ed to calculate the other.

,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that determination of the tem eratures mentioned in line 17 through 1&BH1<B ratios and determination through racemization reactions both require (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #alcium de osits kno(n to be from 1leistocene seas (") 1roteins containing both D-amino acids and $-amino acids (#) /lacial debris from both before and after the 1leistocene eriod ($) >ossil material from organisms living during the 1leistocene eriod (!) 1roteins containing both amino acids and 1&B ,;. The assage suggests that the 1&BH1<B ratio could be used more successfully as a means of measurement if scientists (ere able to (A) determine the 1&BH1<B ratio in living animals as (ell as in fossil remains (") locate a greater number of calcareous fossils from the 1leistocene glacial and interglacial cycles (#) locate the factors other than tem erature fluctuations and isoto ic changes in sea(ater that affect the 1&BH1<B ratio ($) arrive at more e%act determinations of (hich amino acids are found in the roteins of living organisms (!) isolate the relative effects of tem erature fluctuations and isoto ic changes in sea(ater on 1&BH1<B ratios ,<. The information in the assage can be used to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* :. ::. $o tem erature variations and isoto ic changes in sea(ater cause the 1&BH1<B ratio to shift in the same direction* -hat are the methods used to determine the 1&BH1<B ratio*

:::. :s the study of racemization reactions useful in estimating climatic changes that occurred during 1leistocene glacial cycles if only one of the t(o im ortant variables is kno(n* (A) : only (") : and :: only (#) : and ::: only

GRE

3;

($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,7. According to the assage8 before the recent e% eriments described in the assage (ere com leted8 scientists could (A) determine tem eratures only for 1leistocene seas (") determine tem eratures that occurred during 1leistocene glacial cycles only by e%amining fossil remains (#) measure changes in tem eratures that occurred during 1leistocene glacial cycles (ith only questionable accuracy ($) only artially identify factors tending to lo(er 1leistocene tem eratures (!) accurately determine tem eratures only for land masses affected by glaciation SECTION '
Chi#p! and children) gull! and 8ree !2the ethologi!t! go their #err" %a") co#paring bit! of hu#an cultural behavior %ith bit! of geneticall" progra##ed ani#al behavior. True) hu#an! are ani#al!6 the" !hare certain anato#ical feature! %ith other ani#al!) and !o#e ite#! of hu#an behavior #a" !ee# analogou! to the behavior of other ani#al!. 'ut !uch analogie! can !eriou!l" #i!lead if %e fail to loo at the context of a particular ite# of behavior. Thu! one ethologi!t co#pare! the pre!entation of a t%ig b" a cor#orant %ith gift-giving in hu#an!. Aet the cor#orant$! t%ig-pre!entation !i#pl" inhibit! attac and i! co#parable to other appea!e#ent ritual! found in #an" !pecie!. .u#an giftgiving differ! in for# and purpo!e not onl" fro# culture to culture) but %ithin the !a#e culture in variou! !ocial context!. Ever"thing !ignificant about it derive! fro# it! !ocial context. Thu!) ethologi!t! can acco#pli!h little2be"ond re#inding u! that %e are ani#al!2until the" !tud" hu#an! a! cultural being!.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) demonstrating the usefulness of ethology in discovering the behavioral limits (ithin (hich humans o erate (") ob7ecting to the degradation of humanity im licit in the ethologists equation of humans and animals (#) ointing out the dangers inherent in com aring highly dissimilar s ecies8 such as humans and cormorants8 rather than similar ones8 such as humans and a es ($) refuting the idea that the a easement rituals in human cultural behavior can be rofitably sub7ected to ethological analysis (!) arguing that the ethologists' assum tion that human behavior can be straightfor(ardly com ared (ith animal behavior is invalid 1&. The author believes that gift-giving in humans (A) is instinctive behavior

GRE

3<

(") is analogous to a easement rituals in other animals (#) is not an a ro riate sub7ect of study for ethologists ($) must be considered (ithin its social conte%t to be ro erly understood (!) may be a cultural remnant of behavior originally designed to inhibit attack 1). The author's attitude to(ard contem orary ethologists can best be described as (A) uzzled (") conciliatory (#) defensive ($) amused (!) dis araging ,.. -hich of the follo(ing statements from a re ort on a cross-cultural study of giftgiving (ould8 if true8 most strongly su ort the author's assertions concerning human gift-giving* (A) :n every culture studied8 it (as found that some forms of gift-giving are acts of aggression that lace the receiver under obligation to the giver. (") @ost governmental ta%ation systems differentiate bet(een gifts of ro erty given to children during a arent's lifetime8 and a child's inheritance of the same ro erty from a arent dying (ithout a (ill. (#) +ome gift-giving customs have analogous forms in nearly every culture8 as in the almost universal custom of (elcoming strangers (ith gifts of food. ($) :n Aorth America8 generally s eaking8 money is an acce table holiday gift to one's letter carrier or garbage collector8 but is often considered an insult if given to one's em loyer8 friends8 or relatives. (!) +ome gifts8 being conciliatory in nature8 indicate by their costliness the degree of hostility they must a ease in the reci ient.
;e% area! of neurobehavioral re!earch !ee#ed #ore pro#i!ing in the earl" !ixtie! than that inve!tigating the relation!hip bet%een protein !"nthe!i! and learning. The conceptual fra#e%or for thi! re!earch %a! derived directl" fro# #olecular biolog") %hich had !ho%n that genetic infor#ation i! !tored in nucleic acid! and expre!!ed in protein!. &h" not ac+uired infor#ation a! %ellM The fir!t !tep to%ard e!tabli!hing a connection bet%een protein !"nthe!i! and learning !ee#ed to be bloc #e#or" -cau!e a#ne!ia0 b" interrupting the production of protein. &e %ere fortunate in finding a nonlethal do!age of puro#"cin that could) it fir!t appeared) thoroughl" inhibit brain protein !"nthe!i! a! %ell a! reliabl" produce a#ne!ia. 'efore the actual connection bet%een protein !"nthe!i! and learning could be e!tabli!hed) ho%ever) %e began to have doubt! about %hether inhibition of protein !"nthe!i! %a! in fact the #ethod b" %hich puro#"cin produced a#ne!ia. ;ir!t) other drug!) glutari#ide!2the#!elve! potent protein-!"nthe!i! inhibitor!2

GRE

37

either failed to cau!e a#ne!ia in !o#e !ituation! %here it could ea!il" be induced b" puro#"cin or produced an a#ne!ia %ith a different ti#e cour!e fro# that of puro#"cin. Second) puro#"cin %a! found to inhibit protein !"nthe!i! b" brea ing certain a#ino-acid chain!) and the re!ulting frag#ent! %ere !u!pected of being the actual cau!e of a#ne!ia in !o#e ca!e!. Third) puro#"cin %a! reported to cau!e abnor#alitie! in the brain) including !ei*ure!. Thu!) not onl" %ere decrea!ed protein !"nthe!i! and a#ne!ia di!!ociated) but alternative #echani!#! for the a#ne!tic action of puro#"cin %ere readil" !ugge!ted. So) puro#"cin turned out to be a di!appoint#ent. It ca#e to be regarded a! a poor agent for a#ne!ia !tudie!) although) of cour!e) it %a! poor onl" in the context of our original paradig# of protein-!"nthe!i! inhibition. In our fru!tration) our initial re!pon!e %a! !i#pl" to change drug! rather than our conceptual orientation. After #an" !uch di!appoint#ent!) ho%ever) it no% appear! unli el" that %e %ill #a e a fir# connection bet%een protein !"nthe!i! and learning #erel" b" pur!uing the approache! of the pa!t. Our experience %ith drug! ha! !ho%n that all the a#ne!tic agent! often interfere %ith #e#or" in %a"! that !ee# unrelated to their inhibition of protein !"nthe!i!. =ore i#portantl") the notion that the interruption or inten!ification of protein production in the brain can be related in cau!e-and-effect fa!hion to learning no% !ee#! !i#pli!tic and unproductive. (e#ove the batter" fro# a car and the car %ill not go. /rive the car a long di!tance at high !peed and the batter" %ill beco#e #ore highl" charged. Neither of the!e fact! prove! that the batter" po%er! the car6 onl" a no%ledge of the overall auto#otive !"!te# %ill reveal it! #echani!# of the loco#otion and the role of the batter" %ithin that !"!te#.

,1. This assage (as most likely e%cer ted from (A) a diary ke t by a racticing neurobehavioral researcher (") a ne(s a er article on recent advances in the biochemistry of learning (#) a technical article on e% erimental techniques in the field of molecular biology ($) an article summarizing a series of scientific investigations in neurobehavioral research (!) a book revie( in a leading 7ournal devoted to genetic research ,,. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to sho( that e%tensive e% erimentation has (A) demonstrated the im ortance of amino-acid fragmentation in the induction of amnesia (") cast doubt on the value of uromycin in the neurobehavioral investigation of learning (#) revealed the im ortance of amnesia in the neurobehavioral study of learning ($) not yet demonstrated the a licability of molecular biology to neurobehavioral research

GRE

3&

(!) not su orted the hy othesis that learning is directly de endent on rotein synthesis ,3. According to the assage8 neurobehaviorists initially based their belief that rotein synthesis (as related to learning on (hich of the follo(ing* (A) Traditional theories about learning (") Ae( techniques in rotein synthesis (#) 1revious discoveries in molecular biology ($) + ecific research into learning and amnesia (!) 4istoric e% eriments on the effects of uromycin ,9. The assage mentions all of the follo(ing as effects of uromycin !C#!1T= (A) brain seizures (") memory loss (#) inhibition of rotein synthesis ($) destruction of genetic information (!) fragmentation of amino-acid chains ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that8 after uromycin (as erceived to be a disa ointment8 researchers did (hich of the follo(ing* (A) They ceased to e% eriment (ith uromycin and shifted to other romising rotein-synthesis inhibitors. (") They ceased to e% eriment (ith uromycin8 and ree%amined through e% eriments the relationshi bet(een genetic information and acquired information. (#) The continued to e% eriment (ith uromycin8 but a lied their results to other facets of memory research. ($) They continued to e% eriment (ith uromycin8 but also tried other roteinsynthesis inhibitors. (!) They continued to e% eriment (ith uromycin until a ne( neuroanatomical frame(ork (as develo ed. ,<. :n the e%am le of the car (lines ;&-<;)8 the battery is meant to re resent (hich of the follo(ing elements in the neurobehavioral research rogram* (A) 1uromycin (") Amnesia (#) /lutarimides ($) 1rotein synthesis (!) Acquired information ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements could be most likely to come after the last sentence of the assage*

GRE

3)

(A) The failures of the ast8 ho(ever8 must not im ede further research into the amnestic action of rotein-synthesis inhibitors. (") :t is a legacy of this research8 therefore8 that molecular biology's genetic models have led to disagreements among neurobehaviorists. (#) The ambivalent status of current research8 ho(ever8 should not deter neurobehaviorists from e% loring the dee er connections bet(een rotein roduction and learning. ($) :t is im ortant in the future8 therefore8 for behavioral biochemists to em hasize more strongly the lace of their s ecific findings (ithin the overall rotein-synthesis model of learning. (!) :t is im ortant in the future8 therefore8 for behavioral biochemists to focus on the several com onents of the total learning system. No. :-: SECTION A
Although pathogenic organi!#! con!tantl" alight on the ! in) the" find it a ver" unfavorable environ#ent and) in the ab!ence of in1ur") have great difficult" coloni*ing it. Thi! >!elf-!terili*ing? capacit" of the ! in re!ult! fro# the tendenc" of all %ell-developed eco!"!te#! to%ard ho#eo!ta!i!) or the #aintenance of the !tatu! +uo. Specie! that t"picall" live in !oil) %ater) and el!e%here rarel" #ultipl" on the ! in. 9nda#aged ! in i! al!o unfavorable to #o!t hu#an pathogen!. The ! in i! too acid and too arid for !o#e !pecie!. The con!tant !hedding of the !urface ! in la"er! further hinder! the e!tabli!h#ent of invader!. The #o!t intere!ting defen!e #echani!#) ho%ever) re!ult! fro# the #etabolic activitie! of the re!ident flora. 9n!aturated fatt" acid!) an i#portant co#ponent of the lipid! in !ebu# collected fro# the ! in !urface) inhibit the gro%th of !everal bacterial and fungal cutaneou! pathogen!. The!e acid! are a #etabolic product of certain gra#-po!itive #e#ber! of the cutaneou! co##unit") %hich brea do%n the #ore co#plex lipid! in fre!hl" !ecreted !ebu#.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) offer an analysis of metabolic rocesses (") detail the (ays in (hich bacteria and fungi can be inhibited (#) describe mechanisms by (hich the skin rotects itself against athogens ($) analyze the methods (hereby biological systems maintain the status quo (!) rovide a s ecific e%am le of the skin's basic defenses against athogens 1&. The Eresident floraF mentioned in line 1< refer to (A) E6nsaturated fatty acidsF (line 17) (") Esebum collected from the skin surfaceF (lines 1&-1)) (#) Ebacterial and fungal cutaneous athogensF (lines 1)-,.)

GRE

9.

($) Ecertain gram- ositive members of the cutaneous communityF (lines ,1-,,) (!) Emore com le% li idsF (lines ,3) 1). Among the natural defenses of the skin against athogenic organisms are all of the follo(ing !C#!1T the (A) dryness of the skin (") acidity of the skin (#) tendency of the athogens to(ard homeostasis ($) shedding of surface layers of the skin (!) metabolic breakdo(n of li ids ,.. The author resents her material in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* (A) +tating a roblem and then su lying a solution (") 1resenting a henomenon and then analyzing reason for it (#) 1roviding information and then dra(ing a conclusion from it ($) @aking a general statement and then arguing by analogy (!) @aking an inference and then develo ing it by illustration
>=a!terpiece! are du#b)? %rote ;laubert) >The" have a tran+uil a!pect li e the ver" product! of nature) li e large ani#al! and #ountain!.? .e #ight have been thin ing of War and Peace, that va!t) !ilent %or ) unfatho#able and !i#ple) provo ing endle!! +ue!tion! through the #a1e!t" of it! being. Tol!toi$! !i#plicit" i! >overpo%ering)? !a"! the critic 'a"le") >di!concerting)? becau!e it co#e! fro# >hi! ca!ual a!!u#ption that the %orld i! a! he !ee! it.? Bi e other nineteenthcentur" (u!!ian %riter! he i! >i#pre!!ive? becau!e he >#ean! %hat he !a"!)? but he !tand! apart fro# all other! and fro# #o!t &e!tern %riter! in hi! identit" %ith life) %hich i! !o co#plete a! to #a e u! forget he i! an arti!t. .e i! the center of hi! %or ) but hi! egocentricit" i! of a !pecial ind. 8oethe) for exa#ple) !a"! 'a"le") >cared for nothing but hi#!elf. Tol!toi %a! nothing but hi#!elf.? ;or all hi! varied #ode! of %riting and the #ultiplicit" of character! in hi! fiction) Tol!toi and hi! %or are of a piece. The fa#ou! >conver!ion? of hi! #iddle "ear!) #ovingl" recounted in hi! Confession, %a! a cul#ination of hi! earl" !piritual life) not a departure fro# it. The apparentl" funda#ental change! that led fro# epic narrative to dog#atic parable) fro# a 1o"ou!) buo"ant attitude to%ard life to pe!!i#i!# and c"nici!#) fro# War and Peace to The Kreutzer Sonata, ca#e fro# the !a#e re!tle!!) i#pre!!ionable depth! of an independent !pirit "earning to get at the truth of it! experience. >Truth i! #" hero)? %rote Tol!toi in hi! "outh) reporting the fighting in Seba!topol. Truth re#ained hi! hero2 hi! o%n) not other!$) truth. Other! %ere a%ed b" Napoleon) believed that a !ingle #an could change the de!tinie! of nation!) adhered to #eaningle!! ritual!) for#ed their ta!te! on e!tabli!hed canon! of art. Tol!toi rever!ed all preconception!6 and in ever" rever!al he overthre% the >!"!te#)? the >#achine)? the externall" ordained belief) the conventional behavior in favor of un!"!te#atic)

GRE

91

i#pul!ive life) of in%ard #otivation and the !olution! of independent thought. In hi! %or the artificial and the genuine are al%a"! exhibited in dra#atic oppo!ition< the !uppo!edl" great Napoleon and the trul" great) unregarded little Captain Tu!hin) or Nichola! (o!tov$! actual experience in battle and hi! later account of it. The !i#ple i! al%a"! pitted again!t the elaborate) no%ledge gained fro# ob!ervation again!t a!!ertion! of borro%ed faith!. Tol!toi$! #agical !i#plicit" i! a product of the!e ten!ion!6 hi! %or i! a record of the +ue!tion! he put to hi#!elf and of the an!%er! he found in hi! !earch. The greate!t character! of hi! fiction exe#plif" thi! !earch) and their happine!! depend! on the #ea!ure of their an!%er!. Tol!toi %anted happine!!) but onl" hard-%on happine!!) that e#otional fulfill#ent and intellectual clarit" %hich could co#e onl" a! the pri*e of allcon!u#ing effort. .e !corned le!!er !ati!faction!.

,1. -hich of the follo(ing best characterizes the author's attitude to(ard Tolstoi* (A) +he de recates the cynicism of his later (orks. (") +he finds his theatricality artificial. (#) +he admires his (holehearted sincerity. ($) +he thinks his inconsistency disturbing. (!) +he res ects his devotion to orthodo%y. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing best ara hrases >laubert's statement quoted in lines 1-9* (A) @aster iece seem ordinary and unremarkable from the ers ective of a later age. (") /reat (orks of art do not e% lain themselves to us any more than natural ob7ects do. (#) :m ortant (orks of art take their lace in the ageant of history because of their uniqueness. ($) The most im ortant as ects of good art are the orderliness and tranquility it reflects. (!) @aster ieces (hich are of enduring value re resent the forces of nature. ,3. The author quotes from "ayley (line &-,.) to sho( that (A) although Tolstoi observes and inter rets life8 he maintains no self-conscious distance from his e% erience (") the realism of Tolstoi's (ork gives the illusion that his novels are re orts of actual events (#) unfortunately8 Tolstoi is una(are of his o(n limitation8 though he is sincere in his attem t to describe e% erience ($) although Tolstoi (orks casually and makes un(arranted assum tion8 his (ork has an ine% licable a earance of truth (!) Tolstoi's ersonal ers ective makes his (ork almost unintelligible to the ma7ority of his readers

GRE

9,

,9. The author states that Tolstoi's conversion re resented (A) a radical renunciation of the (orld (") the re7ection of avant-garde ideas (#) the natural outcome of his earlier beliefs ($) the acce tance of religion he had earlier re7ected (!) a fundamental change in his (riting style ,;. According to the assage8 Tolstoi's res onse to the acce ted intellectual and artistic values of his times (as to (A) select the most valid from among them (") combine o osing vie( oints into a ne( doctrine (#) re7ect the claims of religion in order to serve his art ($) subvert them in order to defend a ne( olitical vie( oint (!) u set them in order to be faithful to his e% erience ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing is true of War and Peace* (A) :t belongs to an early eriod of Tolstoi's (ork. (") :t incor orates a olemic against the disorderliness of 5ussian life. (#) :t has a sim le structural outline. ($) :t is a (ork that reflects an ironic vie( of life. (!) :t conforms to the standard of aesthetic refinement favored by Tolstoi's contem oraries. ,7. According to the assage8 the e% lanation of Tolstoi's Emagical sim licityF (line ;;) lies artly in his (A) remarkable o(er of observation and his facility in e%act descri tion (") ersistent disregard for conventional restraints together (ith his great energy (#) unusual ability to reduce the descri tion of com le% situations to a fe( (ords ($) abiding hatred of religious doctrine and reference for ne( scientism (!) continuing attem t to re resent the natural in o SECTION '
The !trato!pheric o*one la"er i! not a co#pletel" unifor# !tratu#) nor doe! it occur at the !a#e altitude around the globe. It lie! clo!e!t to the Earth over the pole! and ri!e! to #axi#u# altitude over the e+uator. In the !trato!phere) o*one i! continuou!l" being #ade and de!tro"ed b" natural proce!!e!. /uring the da" the Sun brea ! do%n !o#e of the ox"gen #olecule! to !ingle ox"gen ato#!) and the!e reacting %ith the ox"gen #olecule! that have not been di!!ociated) for# o*one. .o%ever) the !unlight al!o brea ! do%n o*one b" converting !o#e of it bac to nor#al ox"gen. In addition naturall" occurring nitrogen oxide! enter into

osition to the retentious

GRE

93

the c"cle and !peed the brea do%n reaction!. The a#ount of o*one pre!ent at an" one ti#e i! the balance bet%een the proce!!e! that create it and tho!e that de!tro" it. Since the !plitting of the ox"gen #olecule! depend! directl" upon the inten!it" of !olar radiation) the greate!t rate of o*one production occur! over the tropic!. .o%ever o*one i! al!o de!tro"ed #o!t rapidl" there) and %ind circulation pattern! carr" the o*one-enriched upper la"er! of the at#o!phere a%a" fro# the e+uator. It turn! out that the large!t total o*one a#ount! are found at high latitude!. On a t"pical da" the a#ount of o*one over =inne!ota) for exa#ple) i! :4 percent greater than the a#ount over Texa!) F44 #ile! farther !outh. The den!it" and altitude of the o*one la"er al!o change %ith the !ea!on!) the %eather) and the a#ount of !olar activit". Neverthele!!) at an" one place above the Earth$! !urface) the long-ter# average! #aintained b" natural proce!!e! are believed to be rea!onabl" con!tant. The a#ount of o*one near the Earth i! onl" a !#all percent of the a#ount in the !trato!phere) and exchange of #olecule! bet%een the o*one la"er and the air at ground level i! thought to be relativel" !#all. ;urther#ore) the o*one #olecule i! !o un!table that onl" a tin" fraction of ground-level o*one could !urvive the long trip to the !trato!phere) !o the o*one la"er %ill not be repleni!hed to an" !ignificant degree b" the increa!ing concentration! of o*one that have been detected in recent "ear! near the earth$! !urface. The long-ter# average! of o*one both near ground level and in the !trato!phere are regulated b" continuou! proce!!e! that are con!tantl" de!tro"ing and creating it in each of the!e place!. Thi! i! %h" !cienti!t! are !o concerned about hu#an being! in1ection into the !trato!phere of che#ical! li e nitrogen oxide!) %hich are catal"!t! that facilitate the brea do%n of o*one. If the o*one la"er i! depleted !ignificantl") #ore ultraviolet radiation %ould penetrate to the Earth$! !urface and da#age #an" living organi!#!.

17. The assage suggests that factors contributing to the variation in the amount of ozone above different areas of the !arth's surface include (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. +ome of the ozone found at higher latitudes (as roduced else(here. There is usually a smaller amount of naturally occurring nitrogen o%ide over high latitudes.

:::. The rate of ozone roduction over the oles is less than that over the tro ics. (A) :: only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1&. -hich of the follo(ing best states the central idea of the assage*

GRE

99

(A) Aaturally occurring nitrogen o%ides8 as (ell as those introduced by humans8 threaten to de lete the layer of ozone in the stratos here. (") A delicate but reasonably constant balance e%ists bet(een the natural rocesses that roduce and those that destroy ozone in the stratos here. (#) There is little ho e that the increased concentrations of ground-level ozone observed in recent years can offset any future de letion of stratos heric ozone. ($) @eteorologically induced changes in the concentration of ozone in the stratos here tend to cancel themselves out over a eriod of time. (!) +olar radiation not only roduces and destroys zone but also oses a hazard to human life. 1). The rocesses that determine the amount of ozone in a given ortion of the stratos here most resemble (hich of the follo(ing* (A) Automobile emissions and seasonal fog that create a layer of smog over a city (") 1lanting and harvesting activities that roduce a cro (hose size is al(ays about the same (#) -ithdra(als and de osits made in a bank account (hose average balance remains about the same ($) Assets and liabilities that determine the net (orth of a cor oration (!) 4igh grades and lo( grades made by a student (hose average remains about the same from term to term ,.. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing has the D!A+T effect on the amount of ozone at a given location in the u er atmos here* (A) Datitude (") -eather (#) +eason ($) /round-level ozone (!) +olar activity ,1. The author rovides information that ans(ers (hich of the follo(ing questions* :. ::. -hat is the average thickness of the stratos heric ozone layer* -hy does increased e% osure to ultraviolet radiation damage many living organisms*

:::. -hat is the role of o%ygen in the roduction of stratos heric zone* (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: (!) :: and :::

GRE

9;

,,. :n e% laining (hat determines the amount of ozone in the stratos here8 the author describes natural rocesses that form (A) an interactive relationshi (") a reductive system (#) a linear rogression ($) a set of randomly occurring henomena (!) a set of s oradically recurring events
;eeling! of hopele!!ne!! a#ong #edieval %or er! trapped in the povert" c"cle graduall" le!!ened a! it beca#e po!!ible for %o#en$! labor to !upple#ent a fa#il"$! #one" inco#e b" #ore than pennie!. '" 1:44) %o#en !pinner! could be found %or ing on their o%n for %ealth" !pon!or!) even after the introduction in Ital" and ;rance of prohibition again!t advancing #one" for !upplie! to %o#en !pinner!. .i!torian! have u!uall" interpreted thi! prohibition !i#pl" a! evidence of %o#en$! econo#ic !ub1ection) !ince it obliged the# to turn to u!urer!6 ho%ever) it %a! al!o al#o!t certainl" a re!pon!e to a trend to%ard differential re%ard for %o#en$! higher ! ill. Aarn can be !pun irregularl" and lu#pil") but perfectl" !#ooth "arn i! %orth #ore. &or ing for #erchant entrepreneur! on ti#e rate!) %o#en had been paid hardl" #ore than children6 %or ing a! entrepreneur! the#!elve! and producing good %or b" the piece) the" could brea into the rational !"!te# of differential re%ard!.

,3. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) ro ose and defend a theory about the consequences of a certain historical event (") resent historical facts and offer a broader inter retation of those facts than has been offered in the ast (#) describe the socioeconomic effects of a (idely held attitude during a articular historical eriod ($) demonstrate the su eriority of using an economic a roach to historical analysis (!) call attention to the influence of the te%tile industry on society during a articular historical eriod ,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author vie(s the system of aying all (orkers equally on time rates as (A) unfair and not rational (") undesirable but unavoidable (#) efficient and rofitable ($) advantageous to most (omen (orkers (!) evidence of a trend to(ard a more modern (age system ,;. The assage im lies (hich of the follo(ing about (omen s inners in medieval

GRE

9<

!uro e* (A) @ost of them (orked inde endently for (ealthy s onsors. (") They (ere not ty ical of medieval (omen entre reneurs. (#) +ome of them (ere aid for their (ork after it (as done8 according to its value. ($) They (ould have been able to contribute substantial amounts to their families incomes (ere it not for the rohibition against advancing money to them. (!) They (ere inevitably disadvantaged in the market lace because they (ere obliged to obtain money for their su lies from usurers. ,<. The assage im lies that feelings of ho elessness among medieval (orkers (A) resulted rimarily from the lack of a rational system of differential re(ards (") disa eared com letely once medieval te%tile (orkers (ere able to break the cycle of overty (#) (ere more revalent among female (orkers than among male (orkers ($) came into being in art because of (omen's limited earning ca acity (!) (ere articularly common among te%tile (orkers in :taly and >rance ,7. The author suggests that historians have done (hich of the follo(ing* (A) >ailed to give adequate consideration to the economic contribution of (omen during the medieval eriod. (") Bverestimated the degree of ho elessness e% erienced by medieval (orkers tra ed in the overty cycle. (#) :gnored the fact that by 13.. many (omen s inners (ere (orking inde endently rather than for merchant entre reneurs. ($) 5egard the economic status of (omen in :taly and >rance as re resentative of (omen's status throughout medieval !uro e. (!) Bverlooked art of the significance of a rohibition governing one as ect of yarn roduction in medieval !uro e. No. D-1 SECTION A
'" the ti#e the A#erican coloni!t! too up ar#! again!t 8reat 'ritain in order to !ecure their independence) the in!titution of 'lac !laver" %a! deepl" entrenched. 'ut the contradiction inherent in thi! !ituation %a!) for #an") a !ource of con!tant e#barra!!#ent. >It al%a"! appeared a #o!t ini+uitou! !che#e to #e)? Abigail Ada#! %rote her hu!band in 1NND) >to fight our!elve! for %hat %e are dail" robbing and plundering fro# tho!e %ho have a! good a right to freedo# a! %e have.? =an" A#erican! be!ide! Abigail Ada#! %ere !truc b" the incon!i!tenc" of their !tand during the &ar of Independence) and the" %ere not aver!e to #a ing

GRE

97

#ove! to e#ancipate the !lave!. Oua er! and other religiou! group! organi*ed anti!laver" !ocietie!) %hile nu#erou! individual! #anu#itted their !lave!. In fact) %ithin !everal "ear! of the end of the &ar of Independence) #o!t of the Ea!tern !tate! had #ade provi!ion! for the gradual e#ancipation of !lave!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best states the central idea of the assage* (A) The -ar of :nde endence roduced among many "lack Americans a heightened consciousness of the inequities in American society. (") The -ar of :nde endence strengthened the bonds of slavery of many "lack Americans (hile intensifying their desire to be free. (#) The -ar of :nde endence e% osed to many Americans the contradiction of slavery in a country seeking its freedom and resulted in efforts to resolve that contradiction. ($) The -ar of :nde endence rovoked strong criticisms by many Americans of the institution of slavery8 but roduced little substantive action against it. (!) The -ar of :nde endence rene(ed the efforts of many American grou s to(ard achieving "lack emanci ation. 1&. The assage contains information that (ould su ort (hich of the follo(ing statements about the colonies before the -ar of :nde endence* (A) They contained organized antislavery societies. (") They allo(ed individuals to o(n slaves. (#) They rohibited religious grou s from olitical action. ($) They (ere inconsistent in their legal definitions of slave status. (!) They encouraged abolitionist societies to e% and their influence. 1). According to the assage8 the -ar of :nde endence (as embarrassing to some Americans for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* :. ::. :t involved a struggle for many of the same liberties that Americans (ere denying to others. :t involved a struggle for inde endence from the very nation that had founded the colonies.

:::. :t involved a struggle based on inconsistencies in the artici ants' conce tions of freedom. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,.. -hich of the follo(ing statements regarding American society in the years immediately follo(ing the -ar of :nde endence is best su orted by the

GRE

9&

assage* (A) The une% ected successes of the antislavery societies led to their gradual demise in the !astern states. (") +ome of the ne(ly inde endent American states had begun to make rogress to(ard abolishing slavery. (#) Americans like Abigail Adams became disillusioned (ith the slo( rogress of emanci ation and gradually abandoned the cause. ($) !manci ated slaves gradually (ere acce ted in the !astern states as equal members of American society. (!) The abolition of slavery in many !astern states (as the result of close coo eration bet(een religious grou s and free "lacks.
The evolution of !ex ratio! ha! produced) in #o!t plant! and ani#al! %ith !eparate !exe!) approxi#atel" e+ual nu#ber! of #ale! and fe#ale!. &h" !hould thi! be !oM T%o #ain ind! of an!%er! have been offered. One i! couched in ter#! of advantage to population. It i! argued that the !ex ratio %ill evolve !o a! to #axi#i*e the nu#ber of #eeting! bet%een individual! of the oppo!ite !ex. Thi! i! e!!entiall" a >group !election? argu#ent. The other) and in #" vie% correct) t"pe of an!%er %a! fir!t put for%ard b" ;i!her in 1F:4. Thi! >genetic? argu#ent !tart! fro# the a!!u#ption that gene! can influence the relative nu#ber! of #ale and fe#ale off!pring produced b" an individual carr"ing the gene!. That !ex ratio %ill be favored %hich #axi#i*e! the nu#ber of de!cendant! an individual %ill have and hence the nu#ber of gene copie! tran!#itted. Suppo!e that the population con!i!ted #o!tl" of fe#ale!< then an individual %ho produced !on! onl" %ould have #ore grandchildren. In contra!t) if the population con!i!ted #o!tl" of #ale!) it %ould pa" to have daughter!. If) ho%ever) the population con!i!ted of e+ual nu#ber! of #ale! and fe#ale!) !on! and daughter! %ould be e+uall" valuable. Thu! a one-to-one !ex ratio i! the onl" !table ratio6 it i! an >evolutionaril" !table !trateg".? Although ;i!her %rote before the #athe#atical theor" of ga#e! had been developed) hi! theor" incorporate! the e!!ential feature of a ga#e2that the be!t !trateg" to adopt depend! on %hat other! are doing. Since ;i!her$! ti#e) it ha! been reali*ed that gene! can !o#eti#e! influence the chro#o!o#e or ga#ete in %hich the" find the#!elve! !o that the ga#ete %ill be #ore li el" to participate in fertili*ation. If !uch a gene occur! on a !exdeter#ining -P or A0 chro#o!o#e) then highl" aberrant !ex ratio! can occur. 'ut #ore i##ediatel" relevant to ga#e theor" are the !ex ratio! in certain para!itic %a!p !pecie! that have a large exce!! of fe#ale!. In the!e !pecie!) fertili*ed egg! develop into fe#ale! and unfertili*ed egg! into #ale!. A fe#ale !tore! !per# and can deter#ine the !ex of each egg !he la"! b" fertili*ing it or leaving it unfertili*ed. '" ;i!her$! argu#ent) it !hould !till pa" a fe#ale to produce e+ual nu#ber! of !on! and daughter!. .a#ilton) noting that the egg! develop %ithin their ho!t2the larva of another in!ect2and that the ne%l" e#erged adult %a!p! #ate i##ediatel" and di!per!e) offered a re#ar abl" cogent anal"!i!. Since onl"

GRE

9)

one fe#ale u!uall" la"! egg! in a given larva) it %ould pa" her to produce one #ale onl") becau!e thi! one #ale could fertili*e all hi! !i!ter! on e#ergence. Bi e ;i!her) .a#ilton loo ed for an evolutionaril" !table !trateg") but he %ent a !tep further in recognizing that he %a! loo ing for a !trateg".

,1. The author suggests that the (ork of >isher and 4amilton (as similar in that both scientists (A) conducted their research at a ro%imately the same time (") sought to mani ulate the se% ratios of some of the animals they studied (#) sought an e% lanation of (hy certain se% ratios e%ist and remain stable ($) studied game theory8 thereby roviding im ortant ground(ork for the later develo ment of strategy theory (!) studied re roduction in the same animal s ecies ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author considers >isher's (ork to be (A) fallacious and un rofessional (") definitive and thorough (#) inaccurate but o ular8 com ared (ith 4amilton's (ork ($) admirable8 but not as u -to-date as 4amilton's (ork (!) accurate8 but trivial com ared (ith 4amilton's (ork ,3. The assage contains information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions about (as s* :. ::. 4o( many eggs does the female (as usually lay in a single host larva* #an some s ecies of (as determine se% ratios among their offs ring*

:::. -hat is the a ro%imate se% ratio among the offs ring of arasitic (as s* (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) :: and ::: only ,9. :t can be inferred that the author discusses the genetic theory in greater detail than the grou selection theory rimarily because he believes that the genetic theory is more (A) com licated (") accurate (#) o ular ($) com rehensive (!) accessible ,;. According to the assage8 successful game strategy de ends on

GRE

;.

(A) the ability to ad7ust one's behavior in light of the behavior of others (") one's a(areness that there is safety in numbers (#) the degree of stability one can create in one's immediate environment ($) the accuracy (ith (hich one can redict future events (!) the success one achieves in conserving and storing one's resources ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that the mathematical theory of games has been (A) develo ed by scientists (ith an interest in genetics (") ado ted by 4amilton in his research (#) hel ful in e% laining ho( genes can sometimes influence gametes ($) based on animals studies conducted rior to 1)3. (!) useful in e% laining some biological henomena ,7. -hich of the follo(ing is ABT true of the s ecies of arasitic (as s discussed in the assage* (A) Adult female (as s are ca able of storing s erm. (") >emale (as s lay their eggs in the larvae of other insects. (#) The adult female (as can be fertilized by a male that (as hatched in the same larva as herself. ($) +o fe( male (as s are roduced that e%tinction is almost certain. (!) @ale (as s do not emerge from their hosts until they reach se%ual maturity. SECTION '
Tho#a! .ard"$! i#pul!e! a! a %riter) all of %hich he indulged in hi! novel!) %ere nu#erou! and divergent) and the" did not al%a"! %or together in har#on". .ard" %a! to !o#e degree intere!ted in exploring hi! character!$ p!"chologie!) though i#pelled le!! b" curio!it" than b" !"#path". Occa!ionall" he felt the i#pul!e to co#ed" -in all it! detached coldne!!0 a! %ell a! the i#pul!e to farce) but he %a! #ore often inclined to !ee traged" and record it. .e %a! al!o inclined to literar" reali!# in the !everal !en!e! of that phra!e. .e %anted to de!cribe ordinar" hu#an being!6 he %anted to !peculate on their dile##a! rationall" -and) unfortunatel") even !che#aticall"06 and he %anted to record preci!el" the #aterial univer!e. ;inall") he %anted to be #ore than a reali!t. .e %anted to tran!cend %hat he con!idered to be the banalit" of !olel" recording thing! exactl" and to expre!! a! %ell hi! a%arene!! of the occult and the !trange. In hi! novel! the!e variou! i#pul!e! %ere !acrificed to each other inevitabl" and often. Inevitabl") becau!e .ard" did not care in the %a" that noveli!t! !uch a! ;laubert or @a#e! cared) and therefore too path! of lea!t re!i!tance. Thu!) one i#pul!e often !urrendered to a fre!her one and) unfortunatel") in!tead of exacting a co#pro#i!e) !i#pl" di!appeared. A de!ire to thro% over realit" a light that never %a! #ight give %a" abruptl" to the de!ire on the part of %hat %e #ight

GRE

;1

con!ider a noveli!t-!cienti!t to record exactl" and concretel" the !tructure and texture of a flo%er. In thi! in!tance) the ne% i#pul!e %a! at lea!t an energetic one) and thu! it! indulgence did not re!ult in a relaxed !t"le. 'ut on other occa!ion! .ard" abandoned a perilou!) ri! ") and highl" energi*ing i#pul!e in favor of %hat %a! for hi# the fatall" relaxing i#pul!e to cla!!if" and !che#ati*e ab!tractl". &hen a relaxing i#pul!e %a! indulged) the !t"le2that !ure index of an author$! literar" %orth2%a! certain to beco#e verbo!e. .ard"$! %ea ne!! derived fro# hi! apparent inabilit" to control the co#ing! and going! of the!e divergent i#pul!e! and fro# hi! un%illingne!! to cultivate and !u!tain the energetic and ri! " one!. .e !ub#itted to fir!t one and then another) and the !pirit ble% %here it li!ted6 hence the unevenne!! of an" one of hi! novel!. .i! #o!t controlled novel) Under the Greenwood Tree, pro#inentl" exhibit! t%o different but reconcilable i#pul!e!2a de!ire to be a reali!t-hi!torian and a de!ire to be a p!"chologi!t of love2but the !light interloc ing! of plot are not enough to bind the t%o co#pletel" together. Thu! even thi! boo !plit! into t%o di!tinct part!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing is the most a ro riate title for the assage8 based on its content* (A) Under the Greenwood Tree= 4ardy's Ambiguous Trium h (") The 5eal and the +trange= The Aovelist's +hifting 5ealms (#) !nergy Versus 5e ose= The 5ole of= Brdinary 1eo le in 4ardy's >iction ($) 4ardy's Aovelistic :m ulses= The 1roblem of #ontrol (!) $ivergent :m ulses= The :ssue of 6nity in the Aovel 1&. The assage suggests that the author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about literary realism* (A) Diterary realism is most concerned (ith the e% loration of the internal lives of ordinary human beings. (") The term Eliterary realismF is susce tible to more than a single definition. (#) Diterary realism and an interest in sychology are likely to be at odds in a novelist's (ork. ($) EDiterary realismF is the term most often used by critics in describing the method of 4ardy's novels. (!) A ro ensity to(ard literary realism is a less interesting novelistic im ulse than is an interest in the occult and the strange. 1). The author of the assage considers a (riter's style to be (A) a reliable means by (hich to measure the (riter's literary merit (") most a arent in those arts of the (riter's (ork that are not realistic (#) roblematic (hen the (riter attem ts to follo( erilous or risky im ulses ($) sha ed rimarily by the (riter's desire to classify and schematize

GRE

;,

(!) the most accurate inde% of the (riter's literary re utation ,.. -hich of the follo(ing (ords could best be substituted for Erela%edF (line 37) (ithout substantially changing the author's meaning* (A) informal (") confined (#) risky ($) (ordy (!) meta horic ,1. The assage su lies information to suggest that its author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about the novelists >laubert and 2ames* (A) They indulged more im ulses in their novels than did 4ardy in his novels. (") They have elicited a greater degree of favorable res onse from most literary critics than has 4ardy. (#) :n the (riting of their novels8 they often took ains to effect a com romise among their various novelistic im ulses. ($) 5egarding novelistic construction8 they cared more about the o inions of other novelists than about the o inions of ordinary readers. (!) They (rote novels in (hich the im ulse to(ard realism and the im ulse a(ay from realism (ere evident in equal measure. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing statements best describes the organization of lines ,7 to 91 of the assage (EThusIabstractlyF)* (A) The author makes a disa roving observation and then resents t(o cases8 one of (hich leads to a qualification of his disa roval and the other of (hich does not. (") The author dra(s a conclusion from a revious statement8 e% lains his conclusion in detail8 and then gives a series of e%am les that have the effect of resolving an inconsistency. (#) The author concedes a oint and then makes a counterargument8 using an e%tended com arison and contrast that qualifies his original concession. ($) The author makes a 7udgment8 oints out an e%ce tion to his 7udgment8 and then contradicts his original assertion. (!) The author summarizes and e% lains an argument and then advances a brief history of o osing arguments. ,3. -hich of the follo(ing statements about the use of comedy in 4ardy's novels is best su orted by the assage* (A) 4ardy's use of comedy in his novels tended to (eaken his literary style. (") 4ardy's use of comedy in his novels (as ins ired by his natural sym athy.

GRE

;3

(#) #omedy a eared less frequently in 4ardy's novels than did tragedy. ($) #omedy layed an im ortant role in 4ardy's novels though that comedy (as usually in the form of farce. (!) #omedy layed a secondary role in 4ardy's more controlled novels only. ,9. The author im lies (hich of the follo(ing about Under the Greenwood Tree in relation to 4ardy's other novels* (A) :t is 4ardy's most thorough investigation of the sychology of love. (") Although it is his most controlled novel8 it does not e%hibit any harsh or risky im ulses. (#) :t8 more than his other novels8 reveals 4ardy as a realist interested in the history of ordinary human beings. ($) :n it 4ardy's novelistic im ulses are managed some(hat better than in his other novels. (!) :ts lot8 like the lots of all of 4ardy's other novels8 s lits into t(o distinct arts.
9p%ard! of a billion !tar! in our galax" have burnt up their internal energ" !ource!) and !o can no longer produce the heat a !tar need! to oppo!e the in%ard force of gravit". The!e !tar!) of #ore than a fe% !olar #a!!e!) evolve) in general) #uch #ore rapidl" than doe! a !tar li e the Sun. =oreover) it i! 1u!t the!e #ore #a!!ive !tar! %ho!e collap!e doe! not halt at inter#ediate !tage! -that i!) a! %hite d%arf! or neutron !tar!0. In!tead) the collap!e continue! until a !ingularit" -an infinitel" den!e concentration of #atter0 i! reached. It %ould be %onderful to ob!erve a !ingularit" and obtain direct evidence of the undoubtedl" bi*arre pheno#ena that occur near one. 9nfortunatel" in #o!t ca!e! a di!tant ob!erver cannot !ee the !ingularit"6 outgoing light ra"! are dragged bac b" gravit" !o forcefull" that even if the" could !tart out %ithin a fe% ilo#eter! of the !ingularit") the" %ould end up in the !ingularit" it!elf.

,;. The author's rimary ur ose in the assage is to (A) describe the formation and nature of singularities (") e% lain (hy large numbers of stars become singularities (#) com are the characteristics of singularities (ith those of stars ($) e% lain (hat ha ens during the stages of a singularity's formation (!) im ly that singularities could be more easily studied if observers could get closer to them ,<. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the +un* :. ::. The +un could evolve to a stage of colla se that is less dense than a singularity. :n the +un8 the in(ard force of gravity is balanced by the generation of heat.

:::. The +un emits more observable light than does a (hite d(arf or a neutron

GRE

;9

star. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,7. -hich of the follo(ing sentences (ould most robably follo( the last sentence of the assage* (A) Thus8 a hysicist interested in studying henomena near singularities (ould necessarily ho e to find a singularity (ith a measurable gravitational field. (") Accordingly8 hysicists to date have been unable to observe directly any singularity. (#) :t is s ecifically this startling henomenon that has allo(ed us to codify the scant information currently available about singularities. ($) @oreover8 the e%istence of this e%traordinary henomenon is im lied in the e%tensive re orts of several hysicists. (!) Although unantici ated8 henomena such as these are consistent (ith the structure of a singularity. No. D-2 SECTION A
The evolution of intelligence a#ong earl" large #a##al! of the gra!!land! %a! due in great #ea!ure to the interaction bet%een t%o ecologicall" !"nchroni*ed group! of the!e ani#al!) the hunting carnivore! and the herbivore! that the" hunted. The interaction re!ulting fro# the difference! bet%een predator and pre" led to a general i#prove#ent in brain function!6 ho%ever) certain co#ponent! of intelligence %ere i#proved far #ore than other!. The ind of intelligence favored b" the interpla" of increa!ingl" !#arter catcher! and increa!ingl" eener e!caper! i! defined b" attention2that a!pect of #ind carr"ing con!ciou!ne!! for%ard fro# one #o#ent to the next. It range! fro# a pa!!ive) free-floating a%arene!! to a highl" focu!ed) active fixation. The range through the!e !tate! i! #ediated b" the arou!al !"!te#) a net%or of tract! converging fro# !en!or" !"!te#! to integrating center! in the brain !te#. ;ro# the #ore relaxed to the #ore vigorou! level!) !en!itivit" to novelt" i! increa!ed. The organi!# i! #ore a%a e) #ore vigilant6 thi! increa!ed vigilance re!ult! in the apprehen!ion of ever #ore !ubtle !ignal! a! the organi!# beco#e! #ore !en!itive to it! !urrounding!. The proce!!e! of arou!al and concentration give attention it! direction. Arou!al i! at fir!t general) %ith a flooding of i#pul!e! in the brain !te#6 then graduall" the activation i! channeled. Thu! begin! concentration) the holding of con!i!tent i#age!. One #eaning of intelligence i! the %a" in %hich the!e i#age! and other alertl" !earched infor#ation are u!ed in the context of

GRE

;;

previou! experience. Con!ciou!ne!! lin ! pa!t attention to the pre!ent and per#it! the integration of detail! %ith perceived end! and purpo!e!. The ele#ent! of intelligence and con!ciou!ne!! co#e together #arvelou!l" to produce different !t"le! in predator and pre". .erbivore! and carnivore! develop different ind! of attention related to e!caping or cha!ing. Although in both ind! of ani#al) arou!al !ti#ulate! the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine b" the adrenal gland!) the effect in herbivore! i! pri#aril" fear) %herea! in carnivore! the effect i! pri#aril" aggre!!ion. ;or both) arou!al attune! the ani#al to %hat i! ahead. 7erhap! it doe! not experience forethought a! %e no% it) but the ani#al doe! experience !o#ething li e it. The predator i! !earchingl" aggre!!ive) innerdirected) tuned b" the nervou! !"!te# and the adrenal hor#one!) but a%are in a !en!e clo!er to hu#an con!ciou!ne!! than) !a") a hungr" li*ard$! in!tinctive !nap at a pa!!ing beetle. 9!ing pa!t event! a! a fra#e%or ) the large #a##al predator i! %or ing out a relation!hip bet%een #ove#ent and food) !en!itive to po!!ibilitie! in cold trail! and di!tant !ound!2and "e!terda"$! unforgotten le!!on!. The herbivore pre" i! of a different #ind. It! #ood of %arine!! rather than !earching and it! attitude of general expectanc" in!tead of anticipating are !il -thin veil! of tran+uilit" over an explo!ive endocrine !"!te#.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) dis roving the vie( that herbivores are less intelligent than carnivores (") describing a relationshi bet(een animals' intelligence and their ecological roles (#) establishing a direct link bet(een early large mammals and their modern counter arts ($) analyzing the ecological basis for the dominance of some carnivores over other carnivores (!) demonstrating the im ortance of hormones in mental activity 1&. The author refers to a hungry lizard (line ;;) rimarily in order to (A) demonstrate the similarity bet(een the hunting methods of mammals and those of nonmammals (") broaden the a lication of his argument by including an insectivore as an e%am le (#) make a distinction bet(een higher and lo(er levels of consciousness ($) rovide an additional illustration of the brutality characteristic of redators (!) offer an ob7ection to suggestions that all animals lack consciousness 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that in animals less intelligent than the mammals discussed in the assage (A) ast e% erience is less hel ful in ensuring survival (") attention is more highly focused

GRE

;<

(#) muscular coordination is less highly develo ed ($) there is less need for com etition among s ecies (!) environment is more im ortant in establishing the ro er ratio of rey to redator ,.. The sensitivity described in lines ;<-<1 is most clearly an e%am le of (A) Efree-floating a(arenessF (lines 1<-17) (") Eflooding of im ulses in the brain stemF (lines ,)-3.) (#) Ethe holding of consistent imagesF (lines 31-3,) ($) Eintegration of details (ith erceived ends and ur osesF (lines 37-3&) (!) Esilk-thin veils of tranquilityF (line <9) ,1. The author's attitude to(ard the mammals discussed in the assage is best described as (A) su erior and condescending (") lighthearted and 7ocular (#) a ologetic and conciliatory ($) (istful and tender (!) res ectful and admiring ,,. The author rovides information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* :. ::. -hy is an aroused herbivore usually fearful* -hat are some of the degrees of attention in large mammals*

:::. -hat occurs (hen the stimulus that causes arousal of a mammal is removed* (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 :: and ::: ,3. According to the assage8 im rovement in brain function among early large mammals resulted rimarily from (hich of the follo(ing* (A) :nter lay of redator and rey (") 1ersistence of free-floating a(areness in animals of the grasslands (#) /radual dominance of (arm-blooded mammals over cold-blooded re tiles ($) :nteraction of early large mammals (ith less intelligent s ecies (!) :m rovement of the ca acity for memory among herbivores and carnivores ,9. According to the assage8 as the rocess of arousal in an organism continues8 all

GRE

;7

of the follo(ing may occur !C#!1T= (A) the roduction of adrenaline (") the roduction of nore ine hrine (#) a heightening of sensitivity to stimuli ($) an increase in selectivity (ith res ect to stimuli (!) an e% ansion of the range of states mediated by the brain stem
Toc+ueville) apparentl") %a! %rong. @ac !onian A#erica %a! not a fluid) egalitarian !ociet" %here individual %ealth and povert" %ere ephe#eral condition!. At lea!t !o argue! E. 7e!!en in hi! iconocla!tic !tud" of the ver" rich in the 9nited State! bet%een 1K23 and 1K34. 7e!!en doe! pre!ent a +uantit" of exa#ple!) together %ith !o#e refre!hingl" intelligible !tati!tic!) to e!tabli!h the exi!tence of an inordinatel" %ealth" cla!!. Though active in co##erce or the profe!!ion!) #o!t of the %ealth" %ere not !elf#ade) but had inherited fa#il" fortune!. In no !en!e #ercurial) the!e great fortune! !urvived the financial panic! that de!tro"ed le!!er one!. Indeed) in !everal citie! the %ealthie!t one percent con!tantl" increa!ed it! !hare until b" 1K34 it o%ned half of the co##unit"$! %ealth. Although the!e ob!ervation! are true) 7e!!en overe!ti#ate! their i#portance b" concluding fro# the# that the undoubted progre!! to%ard ine+ualit" in the late eighteenth centur" continued in the @ac !onian period and that the 9nited State! %a! a cla!!-ridden) plutocratic !ociet" even before indu!triali*ation.

,;. According to the assage8 1essen indicates that all of the follo(ing (ere true of the very (ealthy in the 6nited +tates bet(een 1&,; and 1&;. !C#!1T= (A) They formed a distinct u er class. (") @any of them (ere able to increase their holdings. (#) +ome of them (orked as rofessionals or in business. ($) @ost of them accumulated their o(n fortunes. (!) @any of them retained their (ealth in s ite of financial u heavals. ,<. The author's attitude to(ard 1essen's resentation of statistics can be best described as (A) disa roving (") shocked (#) sus icious ($) amused (!) laudatory ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best states the author's main oint* (A) 1essen's study has overturned the reviously established vie( of the social and economic structure of early nineteenth-century America.

GRE

;&

(") Tocqueville's analysis of the 6nited +tates in the 2acksonian era remains the definitive account of this eriod. (#) 1essen's study is valuable rimarily because it sho(s the continuity of the social system in the 6nited +tates throughout the nineteenth century. ($) The social atterns and olitical o(er of the e%tremely (ealthy in the 6nited +tates bet(een 1&,; and 1&;. are (ell documented. (!) 1essen challenges a vie( of the social and economic system in the 6nited +tates from 1&,; to 1&;.8 but he dra(s conclusions that are incorrect. SECTION '
>I %ant to critici*e the !ocial !"!te#) and to !ho% it at %or ) at it! #o!t inten!e.? Cirginia &oolf$! provocative !tate#ent about her intention! in %riting Mrs. a!!owa" ha! regularl" been ignored b" the critic!) !ince it highlight! an a!pect of her literar" intere!t! ver" different fro# the traditional picture of the >poetic? noveli!t concerned %ith exa#ining !tate! of reverie and vi!ion and %ith follo%ing the intricate path%a"! of individual con!ciou!ne!!. 'ut Cirginia &oolf %a! a reali!tic a! %ell a! a poetic noveli!t) a !atiri!t and !ocial critic a! %ell a! a vi!ionar"< literar" critic!$ cavalier di!#i!!al of &oolf$! !ocial vi!ion %ill not %ith!tand !crutin". In her novel!) &oolf i! deepl" engaged b" the +ue!tion! of ho% individual! are !haped -or defor#ed0 b" their !ocial environ#ent!) ho% hi!torical force! i#pinge on people$! live!) ho% cla!!) %ealth) and gender help to deter#ine people$! fate!. =o!t of her novel! are rooted in a reali!ticall" rendered !ocial !etting and in a preci!e hi!torical ti#e. &oolf$! focu! on !ociet" ha! not been generall" recogni*ed becau!e of her inten!e antipath" to propaganda in art. The picture! of refor#er! in her novel! are u!uall" !atiric or !harpl" critical. Even %hen &oolf i! funda#entall" !"#pathetic to their cau!e!) !he portra"! people anxiou! to refor# their !ociet" and po!!e!!ed of a #e!!age or progra# a! arrogant or di!hone!t) una%are of ho% their political idea! !erve their o%n p!"chological need!. -.er Writer#s iar" note!< >the onl" hone!t people are the arti!t!)? %herea! >the!e !ocial refor#er! and philanthropi!t!JharborJdi!creditable de!ire! under the di!gui!e of loving their indJ?0 &oolf dete!ted %hat !he called >preaching? in fiction) too) and critici*ed noveli!t /. .. Ba%rence -a#ong other!0 for %or ing b" thi! #ethod. &oolf$! o%n !ocial critici!# i! expre!!ed in the language of ob!ervation rather than in direct co##entar") !ince for her) fiction i! a conte#plative) not an active art. She de!cribe! pheno#ena and provide! #aterial! for a 1udg#ent about !ociet" and !ocial i!!ue!6 it i! the reader$! %or to put the ob!ervation! together and under!tand the coherent point of vie% behind the#. A! a #orali!t) &oolf %or ! b" indirection) !ubtl" under#ining officiall" accepted #ore!) #oc ing) !ugge!ting) calling into +ue!tion) rather than a!!erting) advocating) bearing %itne!!< her! i! the !atiri!t$! art.

GRE

;)

&oolf$! literar" #odel! %ere acute !ocial ob!erver! li e Che hov and Chaucer. A! !he put it in The Co$$on %eader, >It i! !afe to !a" that not a !ingle la% ha! been fra#ed or one !tone !et upon another becau!e of an"thing Chaucer !aid or %rote6 and "et) a! %e read hi#) %e are ab!orbing #oralit" at ever" pore.? Bi e Chaucer) &oolf cho!e to under!tand a! %ell a! to 1udge) to no% her !ociet" root and branch2a deci!ion crucial in order to produce art rather than pole#ic.

17. -hich of the follo(ing (ould be the most a ro riate title for the assage* (A) 1oetry and +atire as :nfluences on the Aovels of ?irginia -oolf (") ?irginia -oolf= #ritic and #ommentator on the T(entieth-#entury Aovel (#) Trends in #ontem orary 5eform @ovements as a Jey to 6nderstanding ?irginia -oolf's Aovels ($) +ociety as Allegory for the :ndividual in the Aovels of ?irginia -oolf (!) ?irginia -oolf's Aovels= #ritical 5eflections on the :ndividual and on +ociety 1&. :n the first aragra h of the assage8 the author's attitude to(ard the literary critics mentioned can best be described as (A) dis araging (") ironic (#) facetious ($) ske tical but resigned (!) disa ointed but ho eful 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that -oolf chose #haucer as a literary model because she believed that (A) #haucer (as the first !nglish author to focus on society as a (hole as (ell as on individual characters (") #haucer (as an honest and forthright author8 (hereas novelists like $8 48 Da(rence did not sincerely (ish to change society (#) #haucer (as more concerned (ith understanding his society than (ith calling its acce ted mores into question ($) #haucer's (riting (as greatly8 if subtly8 effective in influencing the moral attitudes of his readers (!) her o(n novels (ould be more (idely read if8 like #haucer8 she did not overtly and vehemently criticize contem orary society ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that the most robable reason -oolf realistically described the social setting in the ma7ority of her novels (as that she (A) (as a(are that contem orary literary critics considered the novel to be the most realistic of literary genres (") (as interested in the effect of a erson's social milieu on his or her character

GRE

<.

and actions (#) needed to be as attentive to detail as ossible in her novels in order to su the arguments she advanced in them ort

($) (anted to sho( that a ainstaking fidelity in the re resentation of reality did not in any (ay ham er the artist (!) (ished to revent critics from charging that her novels (ere (ritten in an ambiguous and ine%act style ,1. -hich of the follo(ing hrases best e% resses the sense of the (ord Econtem lativeF as it is used in lines 93-99 of the assage* (A) /radually elucidating the rational structures underlying acce ted mores (") 5eflecting on issues in society (ithout re7udice or emotional commitment (#) Avoiding the aggressive assertion of the author's ers ective to the e%clusion of the reader's 7udgment ($) #onveying a broad vie( of society as a (hole rather than focusing on an isolated individual consciousness (!) A reciating the (orld as the artist sees it rather than 7udging it in moral terms ,,. The author im lies that a ma7or element of the satirist's art is the satirist's (A) consistent adherence to a osition of lofty disdain (hen vie(ing the foibles of humanity (") insistence on the hel lessness of individuals against the social forces that seek to determine an individual's fate (#) cynical disbelief that visionaries can either enlighten or im rove their societies ($) fundamental assum tion that some ambiguity must remain in a (ork of art in order for it to reflect society and social mores accurately (!) refusal to indulge in olemic (hen resenting social mores to readers for their scrutiny ,3. The assage su questions* lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) 4ave literary critics ignored the social criticism inherent in the (orks of #hekhov and #haucer* (") $oes the author believe that -oolf is solely an intros ective and visionary novelist* (#) -hat are the social causes (ith (hich -oolf sho(s herself to be sym athetic in her (ritings* ($) -as $. 4. Da(rence as concerned as -oolf (as (ith creating realistic settings for his novels*

GRE

<1

(!) $oes -oolf attribute more o(er to social environment or to historical forces as sha ers of a erson's life*
It i! a popular #i!conception that nuclear fu!ion po%er i! free of radioactivit"6 in fact) the deuteriu#-tritiu# reaction that nuclear !cienti!t! are currentl" exploring %ith !uch *eal produce! both alpha particle! and neutron!. -The neutron! are u!ed to produce tritiu# fro# a lithiu# blan et !urrounding the reactor.0 Another co##on #i!conception i! that nuclear fu!ion po%er i! a virtuall" unli#ited !ource of energ" becau!e of the enor#ou! +uantit" of deuteriu# in the !ea. Actuall") it! li#it! are !et b" the a#ount of available lithiu#) %hich i! about a! plentiful a! uraniu# in the Earth$! cru!t. (e!earch !hould certainl" continue on controlled nuclear fu!ion) but no energ" progra# !hould be pre#i!ed on it! exi!tence until it ha! proven practical. ;or the i##ediate future) %e #u!t continue to u!e h"droelectric po%er) nuclear fi!!ion) and fo!!il fuel! to #eet our energ" need!. The energ" !ource! alread" in #a1or u!e are in #a1or u!e for good rea!on.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) criticize scientists (ho believe that the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction can be made feasible as an energy source (") admonish scientists (ho have failed to correctly calculate the amount of lithium available for use in nuclear fusion reactors (#) defend the continued short-term use of fossil fuels as a ma7or energy source ($) caution against uncritical embrace of nuclear fusion o(er as a ma7or energy source (!) correct the misconce tion that nuclear fusion o(er is entirely free of radioactivity ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes (hich of the follo(ing about the current state of ublic a(areness concerning nuclear fusion o(er* (A) The ublic has been deliberately misinformed about the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion o(er. (") The ublic is una(are of the rinci al advantage of nuclear fusion over nuclear fission as an energy source. (#) The ublic's a(areness of the scientific facts concerning nuclear fusion o(er is some(hat distorted and incom lete. ($) The ublic is not interested in increasing its a(areness of the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear fusion o(er. (!) The ublic is a(are of the disadvantages of nuclear fusion o(er but not of its advantages. ,<. The assage rovides information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) -hat is likely to be the rinci al source of deuterium for nuclear fusion

GRE

<,

o(er* (") 4o( much incidental radiation is roduced in the deuterium tritium fusion reaction* (#) -hy are scientists e% loring the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction (ith such zeal* ($) -hy must the tritium for nuclear fusion be synthesized from lithium* (!) -hy does the deuterium-tritium reaction yield both al ha articles and neutrons* ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements concerning nuclear scientists is most directly suggested in the assage* (A) Auclear scientists are not themselves a(are of all of the facts surrounding the deuterium-tritium fusion reaction. (") Auclear scientists e% loring the deuterium-tritium reaction have overlooked key facts in their eagerness to rove nuclear fusion ractical. (#) Auclear scientists may have overestimated the amount of lithium actually available in the !arth's crust. ($) Auclear scientists have not been entirely dis assionate in their investigation of the deuterium-tritium reaction. (!) Auclear scientists have insufficiently investigated the lithium-to-tritium reaction in nuclear fusion. No. D-: SECTION A
8reat co#ic art i! never other%ordl") it doe! not !ee to #"!tif" u!) and it doe! not den" a#biguit" b" branding a! evil %hatever differ! fro# good. 8reat co#ic arti!t! a!!u#e that truth #a" bear all light!) and thu! the" !ee to accentuate contradiction! in !ocial action) not glo!! over or tran!cend the# b" appeal! to extra!ocial !"#bol! of divine end!) co!#ic purpo!e) or la%! of nature. The #o#ent of tran!cendence in great co#ic art i! a !ocial #o#ent) born out of the conviction that %e are hu#an) even though %e tr" to be god!. The co#ic co##unit" to %hich arti!t! addre!! the#!elve! i! a co##unit" of rea!oning) loving) 1o"ful) co#pa!!ionate being!) %ho are %illing to a!!u#e the hu#an ri! ! of acting rationall". &ithout invo ing god! or de#on!) great co#ic art arou!e! courage in rea!on) courage %hich gro%! out of tru!t in %hat hu#an being! can do a! hu#an!.

17. The assage suggests that great comic art can be characterized as o timistic about the ability of humans to (A) rid themselves of ride (") transcend the human condition (#) differentiate clearly bet(een good and evil

GRE

<3

($) avoid social conflicts (!) act rationally 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author admires great comic artists rimarily for their (A) ability to understand the frequently subtle differences bet(een good and evil (") ability to reconcile the contradictions in human behavior (#) ability to distinguish bet(een rational and irrational behavior ($) insistence on confronting the truth about the human condition (!) insistence on condemning human faults and (eaknesses 1). -hich of the follo(ing is the most accurate descri tion of the organization of the assage* (A) A sequence of observations leading to a rediction (") A list of inferences dra(n from facts stated at the beginning of the assage (#) A series of assertions related to one general sub7ect ($) A statement of the ma7or idea8 follo(ed by s ecific e%am les (!) A succession of ideas moving from s ecific to general
It ha! long been no%n that the rate of oxidative #etaboli!# -the proce!! that u!e! ox"gen to convert food into energ"0 in an" ani#al ha! a profound effect on it! living pattern!. The high #etabolic rate of !#all ani#al!) for exa#ple) give! the# !u!tained po%er and activit" per unit of %eight) but at the co!t of re+uiring con!tant con!u#ption of food and %ater. Cer" large ani#al!) %ith their relativel" lo% #etabolic rate!) can !urvive %ell on a !poradic food !uppl") but can generate little #etabolic energ" per gra# of bod" %eight. If onl" oxidative #etabolic rate i! con!idered) therefore) one #ight a!!u#e that !#aller) #ore active) ani#al! could pre" on larger one!) at lea!t if the" attac ed in group!. 7erhap! the" could if it %ere not for anaerobic gl"col"!i!) the great e+uali*er. Anaerobic gl"col"!i! i! a proce!! in %hich energ" i! produced) %ithout ox"gen) through the brea do%n of #u!cle gl"cogen into lactic acid and adeno!ine tripho!phate -AT70) the energ" provider. The a#ount of energ" that can be produced anaerobicall" i! a function of the a#ount of gl"cogen pre!ent2in all vertebrate! about 4.3 percent of their #u!cle!$ %et %eight. Thu! the anaerobic energ" re!erve! of a vertebrate are proportional to the !i*e of the ani#al. If) for exa#ple) !o#e predator! had attac ed a 144-ton dino!aur) nor#all" torpid) the dino!aur %ould have been able to generate al#o!t in!tantaneou!l") via anaerobic gl"col"!i!) the energ" of :)444 hu#an! at #axi#u# oxidative #etabolic energ" production. Thi! explain! ho% #an" large !pecie! have #anaged to co#pete %ith their #ore active neighbor!< the co#pen!ation for a lo% oxidative #etabolic rate i! gl"col"!i!. There are li#itation!) ho%ever) to thi! co#pen!ation. The gl"cogen re!erve! of an" ani#al are good) at #o!t) for onl" about t%o #inute! at #axi#u# effort)

GRE

<9

after %hich onl" the nor#al oxidative #etabolic !ource of energ" re#ain!. &ith the conclu!ion of a bur!t of activit") the lactic acid level i! high in the bod" fluid!) leaving the large ani#al vulnerable to attac until the acid i! reconverted) via oxidative #etaboli!#) b" the liver into gluco!e) %hich i! then !ent -in part0 bac to the #u!cle! for gl"cogen re!"nthe!i!. /uring thi! proce!! the enor#ou! energ" debt that the ani#al ha! run up through anaerobic gl"col"!i! #u!t be repaid) a debt that i! proportionall" #uch greater for the larger vertebrate! than for the !#aller one!. &herea! the tin" !hre% can replace in #inute! the gl"cogen u!ed for #axi#u# effort) for exa#ple) the gigantic dino!aur %ould have re+uired #ore than three %ee !. It #ight !ee# that thi! inter#inabl" long recover" ti#e in a large vertebrate %ould prove a grave di!advantage for !urvival. ;ortunatel") #u!cle gl"cogen i! u!ed onl" %hen needed and even then onl" in %hatever +uantit" i! nece!!ar". Onl" in ti#e! of panic or during #ortal co#bat %ould the entire re!erve! be con!u#ed.

,.. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) refute a misconce tion about anaerobic glycolysis (") introduce a ne( hy othesis about anaerobic glycolysis (#) describe the limitations of anaerobic glycolysis ($) analyze the chemistry of anaerobic glycolysis and its similarity to o%idative metabolism (!) e% lain anaerobic glycolysis and its effects on animal survival ,1. According to the author8 glycogen is crucial to the rocess of anaerobic glycolysis because glycogen (A) increases the organism's need for AT1 (") reduces the amount of AT1 in the tissues (#) is an inhibitor of the o%idative metabolic roduction of AT1 ($) ensures that the synthesis of AT1 (ill occur s eedily (!) is the material from (hich AT1 is derived ,,. According to the author8 a ma7or limitation of anaerobic glycolysis is that it can (A) roduce in large animals more lactic acid than the liver can safely reconvert (") necessitate a dangerously long recovery eriod in large animals (#) roduce energy more slo(ly than it can be used by large animals ($) consume all of the available glycogen regardless of need (!) reduce significantly the rate at (hich energy is roduced by o%idative metabolism ,3. The assage suggests that the total anaerobic energy reserves of a vertebrate are ro ortional to the vertebrate's size because (A) larger vertebrates conserve more energy than smaller vertebrates

GRE

<;

(") larger vertebrates use less o%ygen er unit (eight than smaller vertebrates (#) the ability of a vertebrate to consume food is a function of its size ($) the amount of muscle tissue in a vertebrate is directly related to its size (!) the size of a vertebrate is ro ortional to the quantity of energy it can utilize ,9. The author suggests that8 on the basis of energy roduction8 a 1..-ton dinosaur (ould have been markedly vulnerable to (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. 5e eated attacks by a single smaller8 more active adversary +ustained attack by numerous smaller8 more active adversaries

:::. An attack by an individual adversary of similar size (A) :: only (") : and :: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the time required to re lenish muscle glycogen follo(ing anaerobic glycolysis is determined by (hich of the follo(ing factors* :. ::. 5ate of o%idative metabolism Kuantity of lactic acid in the body fluids

:::. 1ercentage of glucose that is returned to the muscles (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,<. The author is most robably addressing (hich of the follo(ing audiences* (A) #ollege students in an introductory course on animal hysiology (") 4istorians of science investigating the discovery of anaerobic glycolysis (#) /raduate students (ith s ecialized training in com arative anatomy ($) Loologists interested in rehistoric animals (!) "iochemists doing research on o%idative metabolism ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best states the central idea of the assage* (A) The disadvantage of a lo( o%idative metabolic rate in large animals can be offset by their ability to convert substantial amounts of glycogen into energy. (") The most significant roblem facing animals that have used anaerobic glycolysis for energy is the resynthesis of its by- roduct8 glucose8 into glycogen.

GRE

<<

(#) The benefits to animals of anaerobic glycolysis are offset by the rofound costs that must be aid. ($) The ma7or factor ensuring that a large animal (ill trium h over a smaller animal is the large animal's ability to roduce energy via anaerobic glycolysis. (!) The great differences that e%ist in metabolic rates bet(een s ecies of small animals and s ecies of large animals can have im ortant effects on the atterns of their activities. SECTION '
The dar region! in the !tarr" night ! " are not poc et! in the univer!e that are devoid of !tar! a! had long been thought. (ather) the" are dar becau!e of inter!tellar du!t that hide! the !tar! behind it. Although it! vi!ual effect i! !o pronounced) du!t i! onl" a #inor con!tituent of the #aterial) extre#el" lo% in den!it") that lie! bet%een the !tar!. /u!t account! for about one percent of the total #a!! of inter!tellar #atter. The re!t i! h"drogen and heliu# ga!) %ith !#all a#ount! of other ele#ent!. The inter!tellar #aterial) rather li e terre!trial cloud!) co#e! in all !hape! and !i*e!. The average den!it" of inter!tellar #aterial in the vicinit" of our Sun i! 1)444 to 14)444 ti#e! le!! than the be!t terre!trial laborator" vacuu#. It i! onl" becau!e of the enor#ou! inter!tellar di!tance! that !o little #aterial per unit of volu#e beco#e! !o !ignificant. Optical a!trono#" i! #o!t directl" affected) for although inter!tellar ga! i! perfectl" tran!parent) the du!t i! not.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is a direct erce tual consequence of interstellar dust* (A) +ome stars are rendered invisible to observers on !arth. (") @any visible stars are made to seem brighter than they really are. (#) The resence of hydrogen and helium gas is revealed. ($) The night sky a ears dusty at all times to observers on !arth. (!) The dust is cons icuously visible against a background of bright stars. 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the density of interstellar material is (A) higher (here distances bet(een the stars are shorter (") equal to that of interstellar dust (#) unusually lo( in the vicinity of our +un ($) inde endent of the incidence of gaseous com onents (!) not homogeneous throughout interstellar s ace 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that it is because s ace is so vast that (A) little of the interstellar material in it seems substantial (") normal units of volume seem futile for measurements of density

GRE

<7

(#) stars can be far enough from !arth to be obscured even by very s arsely distributed matter ($) interstellar gases can8 for all ractical ur oses8 be regarded as trans arent (!) o tical astronomy (ould be of little use even if no interstellar dust e%isted
In hi! 1FNL !tud" of !laver" in the 9nited State!) .erbert 8ut#an) li e ;ogel) Enger#an) and 8enove!e) ha! rightl" !tre!!ed the !lave!$ achieve#ent!. 'ut unli e the!e hi!torian!) 8ut#an give! plantation o%ner! little credit for the!e achieve#ent!. (ather) 8ut#an argue! that one #u!t loo to the 'lac fa#il" and the !lave!$ extended in!hip !"!te# to under!tand ho% crucial achieve#ent!) !uch a! the #aintenance of a cultural heritage and the develop#ent of a co##unal con!ciou!ne!!) %ere po!!ible. .i! finding! co#pel attention. 8ut#an recreate! the fa#il" and extended in!hip !tructure #ainl" through an ingeniou! u!e of %hat an" hi!torian !hould dra% upon) +uantifiable data) derived in thi! ca!e #o!tl" fro# plantation birth regi!ter!. .e al!o u!e! account! of ex-!lave! to probe the hu#an realit" behind hi! !tati!tic!. The!e !ource! indicate that the t%o-parent hou!ehold predo#inated in !lave +uarter! 1u!t a! it did a#ong freed !lave! after e#ancipation. Although 8ut#an ad#it! that forced !eparation b" !ale %a! fre+uent) he !ho%! that the !lave!$ preference) revealed #o!t clearl" on plantation! %here !ale %a! infre+uent) %a! ver" #uch for !table #onoga#". In le!! conclu!ive fa!hion ;ogel) Enger#an) and 8enove!e had alread" indicated the predo#inance of t%o-parent hou!ehold!6 ho%ever) onl" 8ut#an e#pha!i*e! the preference for !table #onoga#" and point! out %hat !table #onoga#" #eant for the !lave!$ cultural heritage. 8ut#an argue! convincingl" that the !tabilit" of the 'lac fa#il" encouraged the tran!#i!!ion of 2and !o %a! crucial in !u!taining2the 'lac heritage of fol lore) #u!ic) and religiou! expre!!ion fro# one generation to another) a heritage that !lave! %ere continuall" fa!hioning out of their African and A#erican experience!. 8ut#an$! exa#ination of other facet! of in!hip al!o produce! i#portant finding!. 8ut#an di!cover! that cou!in! rarel" #arried) an exoga#ou! tendenc" that contra!ted !harpl" %ith the endoga#" practiced b" the plantation o%ner!. Thi! preference for exoga#") 8ut#an !ugge!t!) #a" have derived fro# &e!t African rule! governing #arriage) %hich) though the" differed fro# one tribal group to another) all involved !o#e ind of prohibition again!t union! %ith clo!e in. Thi! taboo again!t cou!in!$ #arr"ing i! i#portant) argue! 8ut#an) becau!e it i! one of #an" indication! of a !trong a%arene!! a#ong !lave! of an extended in!hip net%or . The fact that di!tantl" related in %ould care for children !eparated fro# their fa#ilie! al!o !ugge!t! thi! a%arene!!. &hen blood relation!hip! %ere fe%) a! in ne%l" created plantation! in the South%e!t) >fictive? in!hip arrange#ent! too their place until a ne% pattern of con!anguinit" developed. 8ut#an pre!ent! convincing evidence that thi! extended in!hip !tructure2%hich he believe! developed b" the #id-to-late eighteenth centur"2 provided the foundation! for the !trong co##unal con!ciou!ne!! that exi!ted

GRE
a#ong !lave!.

<&

In !u#) 8ut#an$! !tud" i! !ignificant becau!e it offer! a clo!el" rea!oned and original explanation of !o#e of the !lave!$ achieve#ent!) one that correctl" e#pha!i*e! the re!ource! that !lave! the#!elve! po!!e!!ed.

,.. According to the assage8 >ogel8 !ngerman8 /enovese8 and /utman have all done (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. $iscounted the influence of lantation o(ners on slaves' achievements. !m hasized the achievements of slaves.

:::. 1ointed out the revalence of the t(o- arent household among slaves. :?. +ho(ed the connection bet(een stable monogamy and slaves' cultural heritage. (A) : and :: only (") : and :? only (#) :: and ::: only ($) :8 :::8 and :? only (!) ::8 :::8 and :? only ,1. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the resources that historians ought to use (ould the author of the assage be most likely to agree* (A) 4istorians ought to make use of (ritten rather than oral accounts. (") 4istorians should rely rimarily on birth registers. (#) 4istorians should rely e%clusively on data that can be quantified. ($) 4istorians ought to make use of data that can be quantified. (!) 4istorians ought to dra( on earlier historical research but they should do so in order to refute it. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing statements about the formation of the "lack heritage of folklore8 music8 and religious e% ression is best su orted by the information resented in the assage* (A) The heritage (as formed rimarily out of the e% eriences of those slaves (ho attem ted to reserve the stability of their families. (") The heritage (as not formed out of the e% eriences of those slaves (ho married their cousins. (#) The heritage (as formed more out of the African than out of the American e% eriences of slaves. ($) The heritage (as not formed out of the e% eriences of only a single generation of slaves. (!) The heritage (as formed rimarily out of slaves' e% eriences of interde endence on ne(ly created lantations in the +outh(est. ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that8 of the follo(ing8 the most robable

GRE

<)

reason (hy a historian of slavery might be interested in studying the ty e of lantations mentioned in line ,; is that this ty e (ould (A) give the historian access to the most com lete lantation birth registers (") ermit the historian to observe the kinshi o ular among -est African tribes atterns that had been most

(#) rovide the historian (ith evidence concerning the reference of freed slaves for stable monogamy ($) furnish the historian (ith the o ortunity to discover the kind of marital commitment that slaves themselves chose to have (!) allo( the historian to e%amine the influence of slaves' references on the actions of lantation o(ners ,9. According to the assage8 all of the follo(ing are true of the -est African rules governing marriage mentioned in lines 9<-;. !C#!1T= (A) The rules (ere derived from rules governing fictive kinshi arrangements. (") The rules forbade marriages bet(een close kin. (#) The rules are mentioned in 4erbert /utman's study. ($) The rules (ere not uniform in all res ects from one -est African tribe to another. (!) The rules have been considered to be a ossible source of slaves' marriage references. ,;. -hich of the follo(ing statements concerning the marriage ractices of lantation o(ners during the eriod of "lack slavery in the 6nited +tates can most logically be inferred from the information in the assage* (A) These ractices began to alter sometime around the mid-eighteenth century. (") These ractices varied markedly from one region of the country to another. (#) 1lantation o(ners usually based their choice of marriage artners on economic considerations. ($) 1lantation o(ners often married earlier than slaves. (!) 1lantation o(ners often married their cousins. ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) The author com ares and contrasts the (ork of several historians and then discusses areas for ossible ne( research. (") The author resents his thesis8 dra(s on the (ork of several historians for evidence to su ort his thesis8 and concludes by reiterating his thesis. (#) The author describes some features of a historical study and then uses those features to ut forth his o(n argument. ($) The author summarizes a historical study8 e%amines t(o main arguments from the study8 and then sho(s ho( the arguments are otentially in conflict

GRE

7.

(ith one another. (!) The author resents the general argument of a historical study8 describes the study in more detail8 and concludes (ith a brief 7udgments of the study's value. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing is the most a ro riate title for the assage8 based on its content* (A) The :nfluence of 4erbert /utman on 4istorians of +lavery in the 6nited +tates (") /utman's !% lanation of 4o( +laves #ould @aintain a #ultural 4eritage and $evelo a #ommunal #onsciousness (#) +lavery in the 6nited +tates= Ae( #ontroversy About an Bld +ub7ect ($) The "lack 4eritage of >olklore8 @usic8 and 5eligious !% ression= :ts /ro(ing :nfluence (!) The "lack >amily and !%tended Jinshi +tructure= 4o( They -ere :m ortant for the >reed +lave No. 3-1 SECTION A
A =arxi!t !ociologi!t ha! argued that raci!# !te#! fro# the cla!! !truggle that i! uni+ue to the capitali!t !"!te#2that racial pre1udice i! generated b" capitali!t! a! a #ean! of controlling %or er!. .i! the!i! %or ! relativel" %ell %hen applied to di!cri#ination again!t 'lac ! in the 9nited State!) but hi! definition of racial pre1udice a! >raciall"-ba!ed negative pre1udg#ent! again!t a group generall" accepted a! a race in an" given region of ethnic co#petition)? can be interpreted a! al!o including ho!tilit" to%ard !uch ethnic group! a! the Chine!e in California and the @e%! in #edieval Europe. .o%ever) !ince pre1udice again!t the!e latter people! %a! not in!pired b" capitali!t!) he ha! to rea!on that !uch antagoni!#! %ere not reall" ba!ed on race. .e di!po!e! thu!l" -albeit unconvincingl"0 of both the intolerance faced b" @e%! before the ri!e of capitali!# and the earl" t%entieth-centur" di!cri#ination again!t Oriental people in California) %hich) inconvenientl") %a! in!tigated b" %or er!.

17. The assage su questions*

lies information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing

(A) -hat accounts for the re7udice against the 2e(s in medieval !uro e* (") -hat conditions caused the discrimination against Briental eo le in #alifornia in the early t(entieth century* (#) -hich grou s are not in ethnic com etition (ith each other in the 6nited +tates* ($) -hat e% lanation did the @ar%ist sociologist give for the e%istence of racial re7udice*

GRE

71

(!) -hat evidence did the @ar%ist sociologist rovide to su

ort his thesis*

1&. The author considers the @ar%ist sociologist's thesis about the origins of racial re7udice to be (A) unoriginal (") un ersuasive (#) offensive ($) obscure (!) s eculative 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the @ar%ist sociologist (ould argue that in a nonca italist society racial re7udice (ould be (A) ervasive (") tolerated (#) ignored ($) forbidden (!) none%istent ,.. According to the assage8 the @ar%ist sociologist's chain of reasoning required him to assert that re7udice to(ard Briental eo le in #alifornia (as (A) directed rimarily against the #hinese (") similar in origin to re7udice against the 2e(s (#) understood by Briental eo le as ethnic com etition ($) rovoked by (orkers (!) nonracial in character
'" 1F34) the re!ult! of atte#pt! to relate brain proce!!e! to #ental experience appeared rather di!couraging. Such variation! in !i*e) !hape) che#i!tr") conduction !peed) excitation thre!hold) and the li e a! had been de#on!trated in nerve cell! re#ained negligible in !ignificance for an" po!!ible correlation %ith the #anifold di#en!ion! of #ental experience. Near the turn of the centur") it had been !ugge!ted b" .ering that different #ode! of !en!ation) !uch a! pain) ta!te) and color) #ight be correlated %ith the di!charge of !pecific ind! of nervou! energ". .o%ever) !ub!e+uentl" developed #ethod! of recording and anal"*ing nerve potential! failed to reveal an" !uch +ualitative diver!it". It %a! po!!ible to de#on!trate b" other #ethod! refined !tructural difference! a#ong neuron t"pe!6 ho%ever) proof %a! lac ing that the +ualit" of the i#pul!e or it! condition %a! influenced b" the!e difference!) %hich !ee#ed in!tead to influence the develop#ental patterning of the neural circuit!. Although +ualitative variance a#ong nerve energie! %a! never rigidl" di!proved) the doctrine %a! generall" abandoned in favor of the oppo!ing vie%) na#el") that nerve i#pul!e! are e!!entiall" ho#ogeneou! in +ualit" and are tran!#itted a! >co##on currenc"? throughout the nervou! !"!te#. According to thi! theor") it i!

GRE

7,

not the +ualit" of the !en!or" nerve i#pul!e! that deter#ine! the diver!e con!ciou! !en!ation! the" produce) but rather the different area! of the brain into %hich the" di!charge) and there i! !o#e evidence for thi! vie%. In one experi#ent) %hen an electric !ti#ulu! %a! applied to a given !en!or" field of the cerebral cortex of a con!ciou! hu#an !ub1ect) it produced a !en!ation of the appropriate #odalit" for that particular locu!) that i!) a vi!ual !en!ation fro# the vi!ual cortex) an auditor" !en!ation fro# the auditor" cortex) and !o on. Other experi#ent! revealed !light variation! in the !i*e) nu#ber) arrange#ent) and interconnection of the nerve cell!) but a! far a! p!"choneural correlation! %ere concerned) the obviou! !i#ilaritie! of the!e !en!or" field! to each other !ee#ed #uch #ore re#ar able than an" of the #inute difference!. .o%ever) cortical locu!) in it!elf) turned out to have little explanator" value. Studie! !ho%ed that !en!ation! a! diver!e a! tho!e of red) blac ) green) and %hite) or touch) cold) %ar#th) #ove#ent) pain) po!ture) and pre!!ure apparentl" #a" ari!e through activation of the !a#e cortical area!. &hat !ee#ed to re#ain %a! !o#e ind of differential patterning effect! in the brain excitation< it i! the difference in the central di!tribution of i#pul!e! that count!. In !hort) brain theor" !ugge!ted a correlation bet%een #ental experience and the activit" of relativel" ho#ogeneou! nerve-cell unit! conducting e!!entiall" ho#ogeneou! i#pul!e! through ho#ogeneou! cerebral ti!!ue. To #atch the #ultiple di#en!ion! of #ental experience p!"chologi!t! could onl" point to a li#itle!! variation in the !patiote#poral patterning of nerve i#pul!e!.

,1. The author suggests that8 by 1);.8 attem ts to correlate mental e% erience (ith brain rocesses (ould robably have been vie(ed (ith (A) indignation (") im atience (#) essimism ($) indifference (!) defiance ,,. The author mentions Ecommon currencyF in line ,< rimarily in order to em hasize the (A) lack of differentiation among nerve im ulses in human beings (") similarity of the sensations that all human beings e% erience (#) similarities in the vie(s of scientists (ho have studied the human nervous system ($) continuous assage of nerve im ulses through the nervous system (!) recurrent questioning by scientists of an acce ted e% lanation about the nervous system ,3. The descri tion in lines 3,-3& of an e% eriment in (hich electric stimuli (ere a lied to different sensory fields of the cerebral corte% tends to su ort the

GRE

73

theory that (A) the sim le resence of different cortical areas cannot account for the diversity of mental e% erience (") variation in s atiotem oral atterning of nerve im ulses correlates (ith variation in sub7ective e% erience (#) nerve im ulses are essentially homogeneous and are relatively unaffected as they travel through the nervous system ($) the mental e% eriences roduced by sensory nerve im ulses are determined by the cortical area activated (!) variation in neuron ty es affects the quality of nerve im ulses ,9. According to the assage8 some evidence e%ists that the area of the corte% activated by a sensory stimulus determines (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. The nature of the nerve im ulse The modality of the sensory e% erience

:::. Kualitative differences (ithin a modality (A) :: only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 :: and ::: ,;. The assage can most accurately be described as a discussion concerning historical vie(s of the (A) anatomy of the brain (") manner in (hich nerve im ulses are conducted (#) significance of different cortical areas in mental e% erience ($) mechanics of sense erce tion (!) hysiological correlates of mental e% erience ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best summarizes the author's o inion of the suggestion that different areas of the brain determine erce tions roduced by sensory nerve im ulses* (A) :t is a lausible e% lanation8 but it has not been com letely roved. (") :t is the best e% lanation of brain rocesses currently available. (#) :t is dis roved by the fact that the various areas of the brain are hysiologically very similar. ($) There is some evidence to su mental e% erience. ort it8 but it fails to e% lain the diversity of

(!) There is e% erimental evidence that confirms its correctness.

GRE

79

,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing e%hibit the D!A+T qualitative variation* (A) Aerve cells (") Aerve im ulses (#) #ortical areas ($) + atial atterns of nerve im ulses (!) Tem oral atterns of nerve im ulses SECTION '
The tran!fer of heat and %ater vapor fro# the ocean to the air above it depend! on a di!e+uilibriu# at the interface of the %ater and the air. &ithin about a #illi#eter of the %ater) air te#perature i! clo!e to that of the !urface %ater) and the air i! nearl" !aturated %ith %ater vapor. 'ut the difference!) ho%ever !#all) are crucial) and the di!e+uilibriu# i! #aintained b" air near the !urface #ixing %ith air higher up) %hich i! t"picall" appreciabl" cooler and lo%er in %atervapor content. The air i! #ixed b" #ean! of turbulence that depend! on the %ind for it! energ". A! %ind !peed increa!e!) !o doe! turbulence) and thu! the rate of heat and #oi!ture tran!fer. /etailed under!tanding of thi! pheno#enon a%ait! further !tud". An interacting2and co#plicating2pheno#enon i! %ind-to-%ater tran!fer of #o#entu# that occur! %hen %ave! are for#ed. &hen the %ind #a e! %ave!) it tran!fer! i#portant a#ount! of energ"2energ" that i! therefore not available to provide turbulence.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) resolve a controversy (") describe a henomenon (#) outline a theory ($) confirm research findings (!) classify various observations 1&. According to the assage8 (ind over the ocean generally does (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. #auses relatively cool8 dry air to come into ro%imity (ith the ocean surface. @aintains a steady rate of heat and moisture transfer bet(een the ocean and the air.

:::. #auses frequent changes in the tem erature of the (ater at the ocean's surface. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only

GRE

7;

(!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the author regards current kno(ledge about heat and moisture transfer from the ocean to air as (A) revolutionary (") inconsequential (#) outdated ($) derivative (!) incom lete ,.. The assage suggests that if on a certain day the (ind (ere to decrease until there (as no (ind at all (hich of the follo(ing (ould occur* (A) The air closest to the ocean surface (ould become saturated (ith (ater va or. (") The air closest to the ocean surface (ould be (armer than the (ater. (#) The amount of moisture in the air closest to the ocean surface (ould decrease. ($) The rate of heat and moisture transfer (ould increase. (!) The air closest to the ocean (ould be at the same tem erature as air higher u .
Extraordinar" creative activit" ha! been characteri*ed a! revolutionar") fl"ing in the face of %hat i! e!tabli!hed and producing not %hat i! acceptable but %hat %ill beco#e accepted. According to thi! for#ulation) highl" creative activit" tran!cend! the li#it! of an exi!ting for# and e!tabli!he! a ne% principle of organi*ation. .o%ever) the idea that extraordinar" creativit" tran!cend! e!tabli!hed li#it! i! #i!leading %hen it i! applied to the art!) even though it #a" be valid for the !cience!. /ifference! bet%een highl" creative art and highl" creative !cience ari!e in part fro# a difference in their goal!. ;or the !cience!) a ne% theor" i! the goal and end re!ult of the creative act. Innovative !cience produce! ne% propo!ition! in ter#! of %hich diver!e pheno#ena can be related to one another in #ore coherent %a"!. Such pheno#ena a! a brilliant dia#ond or a ne!ting bird are relegated to the role of data) !erving a! the #ean! for for#ulating or te!ting a ne% theor". The goal of highl" creative art i! ver" different< the pheno#enon it!elf beco#e! the direct product of the creative act. Sha e!peare$! Ha$!et i! not a tract about the behavior of indeci!ive prince! or the u!e! of political po%er6 nor i! 7ica!!o$! painting Guernica pri#aril" a propo!itional !tate#ent about the Spani!h Civil &ar or the evil! of fa!ci!#. &hat highl" creative arti!tic activit" produce! i! not a ne% generali*ation that tran!cend! e!tabli!hed li#it!) but rather an ae!thetic particular. Ae!thetic particular! produced b" the highl" creative arti!t extend or exploit) in an innovative %a") the li#it! of an exi!ting for#) rather than tran!cend that for#. Thi! i! not to den" that a highl" creative arti!t !o#eti#e! e!tabli!he! a ne% principle of organi*ation in the hi!tor" of an arti!tic field6 the co#po!er =onteverdi) %ho created #u!ic of the highe!t ae!thetic value) co#e! to #ind.

GRE

7<

=ore generall") ho%ever) %hether or not a co#po!ition e!tabli!he! a ne% principle in the hi!tor" of #u!ic ha! little bearing on it! ae!thetic %orth. 'ecau!e the" e#bod" a ne% principle of organi*ation) !o#e #u!ical %or !) !uch a! the opera! of the ;lorentine Ca#erata) are of !ignal hi!torical i#portance) but fe% li!tener! or #u!icologi!t! %ould include the!e a#ong the great %or ! of #u!ic. On the other hand) =o*art$! The Marriage of Figaro i! !urel" a#ong the #a!terpiece! of #u!ic even though it! #ode!t innovation! are confined to extending exi!ting #ean!. It ha! been !aid of 'eethoven that he toppled the rule! and freed #u!ic fro# the !tifling confine! of convention. 'ut a clo!e !tud" of hi! co#po!ition! reveal! that 'eethoven overturned no funda#ental rule!. (ather) he %a! an inco#parable !trategi!t %ho exploited li#it!2the rule!) for#!) and convention! that he inherited fro# predece!!or! !uch a! .a"dn and =o*art) .andel and 'ach2in !tri ingl" original %a"!.

,1. The author considers a ne( theory that coherently relates diverse henomena to one another to be the (A) basis for reaffirming a (ell-established scientific formulation (") by roduct of an aesthetic e% erience (#) tool used by a scientist to discover a ne( articular ($) synthesis underlying a great (ork of art (!) result of highly creative scientific activity ,,. The author im lies that "eethoven's music (as strikingly original because "eethoven (A) strove to outdo his redecessors by becoming the first com oser to e% loit limits (") fundamentally changed the musical forms of his redecessors by ado ting a richly inventive strategy (#) embellished and inter(ove the melodies of several of the great com osers (ho receded him ($) mani ulated the established conventions of musical com osition in a highly innovative fashion (!) attem ted to create the illusion of having transcended the musical forms of his redecessors ,3. The assage states that the o eras of the >lorentine #amerata are (A) un7ustifiably ignored by musicologists (") not generally considered to be of high aesthetic value even though they are im ortant in the history of music (#) among those (orks in (hich o ular historical themes (ere ortrayed in a musical roduction ($) often ina ro riately cited as e%am les of musical (orks in (hich a ne(

GRE

77

rinci le of organization (as introduced (!) minor e%ce tions to the (ell-established generalization that the aesthetic (orth of a com osition determines its im ortance in the history of music ,9. The assage su !C#!1T= lies information for ans(ering all of the follo(ing questions

(A) 4as unusual creative activity been characterized as revolutionary* (") $id "eethoven (ork (ithin a musical tradition that also included 4andel and "ach* (#) :s @ozart's The Marriage of Figaro an e%am le of a creative (ork that transcended limits* ($) -ho besides @onteverdi (rote music that the author (ould consider to embody ne( rinci les of organization and to be of high aesthetic value* (!) $oes anyone claim that the goal of e%traordinary creative activity in the arts differs from that of e%traordinary creative activity in the sciences* ,;. The author regards the idea that all highly creative artistic activity transcends limits (ith (A) dee ske ticism (") strong indignation (#) marked indifference ($) moderate amusement (!) shar derision ,<. The author im lies that an innovative scientific contribution is one that (A) is cited (ith high frequency in the ublications of other scientists (") is acce ted immediately by the scientific community (#) does not relegate articulars to the role of data ($) resents the discovery of a ne( scientific fact (!) introduces a ne( valid generalization ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements (ould most logically concluded the last aragra h of the assage* (A) 6nlike "eethoven8 ho(ever8 even the greatest of modern com osers8 such as +travinsky8 did not transcend e%isting musical forms. (") :n similar fashion8 e%isting musical forms (ere even further e% loited by the ne%t generation of great !uro ean com osers. (#) Thus8 many of the great com osers dis layed the same combination of talents e%hibited by @onteverdi. ($) "y contrast8 the vie( that creativity in the arts e% loits but does not transcend limits is su orted in the field of literature.

GRE

7&

(!) Actually8 "eethoven's most original (orks (ere largely una reciated at the time that they (ere first erformed. No. 3-2 SECTION A
Ci!ual recognition involve! !toring and retrieving #e#orie!. Neural activit") triggered b" the e"e) for#! an i#age in the brain$! #e#or" !"!te# that con!titute! an internal repre!entation of the vie%ed ob1ect. &hen an ob1ect i! encountered again) it i! #atched %ith it! internal repre!entation and thereb" recogni*ed. Controver!" !urround! the +ue!tion of %hether recognition i! a parallel) one-!tep proce!! or a !erial) !tep-b"-!tep one. 7!"chologi!t! of the 8e!talt !chool #aintain that ob1ect! are recogni*ed a! %hole! in a parallel procedure< the internal repre!entation i! #atched %ith the retinal i#age in a !ingle operation. Other p!"chologi!t! have propo!ed that internal repre!entation feature! are #atched !eriall" %ith an ob1ect$! feature!. Although !o#e experi#ent! !ho% that) a! an ob1ect beco#e! fa#iliar) it! internal repre!entation beco#e! #ore holi!tic and the recognition proce!! corre!pondingl" #ore parallel) the %eight of evidence !ee#! to !upport the !erial h"pothe!i!) at lea!t for ob1ect! that are not notabl" !i#ple and fa#iliar.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) e% laining ho( the brain receives images (") synthesizing hy otheses of visual recognition (#) e%amining the evidence su orting the serial recognition hy othesis ($) discussing visual recognition and some hy otheses ro osed to e% lain it (!) re orting on recent e% eriments dealing (ith memory systems and their relationshi to neural activity 1&. According to the assage8 /estalt sychologists make (hich of the follo(ing su ositions about visual recognition* :. ::. A retinal image is in e%actly the same forms as its internal re resentation. An ob7ect is recognized as a (hole (ithout any need for analysis into com onent arts.

:::. The matching of an ob7ect (ith its internal re resentation occurs in only one ste . (A) :: only (") ::: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the matching rocess in visual recognition

GRE

7)

is (A) not a neural activity (") not ossible (hen an ob7ect is vie(ed for the very first time (#) not ossible if a feature of a familiar ob7ect is changed in some (ay ($) only ossible (hen a retinal image is received in the brain as a unitary (hole (!) no( fully understood as a combination of the serial and arallel rocesses ,.. :t terms of its tone and form8 the assage can best be characterized as (A) a biased e% osition (") a s eculative study (#) a dis assionate resentation ($) an indignant denial (!) a dogmatic e% lanation
In large part a! a con!e+uence of the fe#ini!t #ove#ent) hi!torian! have focu!ed a great deal of attention in recent "ear! on deter#ining #ore accuratel" the !tatu! of %o#en in variou! period!. Although #uch ha! been acco#pli!hed for the #odern period) pre#odern culture! have proved #ore difficult< !ource! are re!tricted in nu#ber) frag#entar") difficult to interpret) and often contradictor". Thu! it i! not particularl" !urpri!ing that !o#e earlier !cholar!hip concerning !uch culture! ha! !o far gone unchallenged. An exa#ple i! @ohann 'achofen$! 1KL1 treati!e on A#a*on!) %o#en-ruled !ocietie! of +ue!tionable exi!tence conte#porar" %ith ancient 8reece. Starting fro# the pre#i!e that #"tholog" and legend pre!erve at lea!t a nucleu! of hi!torical fact) 'achofen argued that %o#en %ere do#inant in #an" ancient !ocietie!. .i! %or %a! ba!ed on a co#prehen!ive !urve" of reference! in the ancient !ource! to A#a*onian and other !ocietie! %ith #atrilineal cu!to#!2 !ocietie! in %hich de!cent and propert" right! are traced through the fe#ale line. So#e !upport for hi! theor" can be found in evidence !uch a! that dra%n fro# .erodotu!) the 8ree >hi!torian? of the fifth centur" '. C.) %ho !pea ! of an A#a*onian !ociet") the Sauro#atae) %here the %o#en hunted and fought in %ar!. A %o#an in thi! !ociet" %a! not allo%ed to #arr" until !he had illed a per!on in battle. Nonethele!!) thi! a!!u#ption that the fir!t recorder! of ancient #"th! have pre!erved fact! i! proble#atic. If one begin! b" exa#ining %h" ancient! refer to A#a*on!) it beco#e! clear that ancient 8ree de!cription! of !uch !ocietie! %ere #eant not !o #uch to repre!ent ob!erved hi!torical fact2real A#a*onian !ocietie!2but rather to offer >#oral le!!on!? on the !uppo!ed outco#e of %o#en$! rule in their o%n !ociet". The A#a*on! %ere often characteri*ed) for exa#ple) a! the e+uivalent! of giant! and centaur!) ene#ie! to be !lain b" 8ree heroe!. Their cu!to#! %ere pre!ented not a! tho!e of a re!pectable !ociet") but a! the ver" antithe!e! of ordinar" 8ree practice!.

GRE

&.

Thu!) I %ould argue) the purpo!e of account! of the A#a*on! for their #ale 8ree recorder! %a! didactic) to teach both #ale and fe#ale 8ree ! that allfe#ale group!) for#ed b" %ithdra%al fro# traditional !ociet") are de!tructive and dangerou!. ="th! about the A#a*on! %ere u!ed a! argu#ent! for the #aledo#inated !tatu! +uo) in %hich group! co#po!ed exclu!ivel" of either !ex %ere not per#itted to !egregate the#!elve! per#anentl" fro# !ociet". 'achofen %a! thu! #i!led in hi! reliance on #"th! for infor#ation about the !tatu! of %o#en. The !ource! that %ill probabl" tell conte#porar" hi!torian! #o!t about %o#en in the ancient %orld are !uch !ocial docu#ent! a! grave!tone!) %ill!) and #arriage contract!. Studie! of !uch docu#ent! have alread" begun to !ho% ho% #i!ta en %e are %hen %e tr" to derive our picture of the ancient %orld exclu!ivel" fro# literar" !ource!) e!peciall" #"th!.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) com are com eting ne( a roaches to understanding the role of (omen in ancient societies (") investigate the ramifications of "achofen's theory about the dominance of (omen in ancient societies (#) e% lain the burgeoning interest among historians in determining the actual status of (omen in various societies ($) analyze the nature of Amazonian society and uncover similarities bet(een it and the /reek (orld (!) criticize the value of ancient myths in determining the status of (omen in ancient societies ,,. All of the follo(ing are stated by the author as roblems connected (ith the sources for kno(ledge of remodern cultures !C#!1T= (A) artial com leteness (") restricted accessibility (#) difficulty of inter retation ($) limited quantity (!) tendency to(ard contradiction ,3. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the myths recorded by the ancient /reeks* :. ::. They sometimes included ortrayals of (omen holding ositions of o(er. They sometimes contained elaborate e% lanations of inheritance customs.

:::. They com rise almost all of the material available to historians about ancient /reece. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and ::: only

GRE

&1

($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,9. -hich of the follo(ing is resented in the assage as evidence su orting the author's vie( of the ancient /reeks' descri tions of the Amazons* (A) The requirement that +auromatae (omen kill in battle before marrying (") The failure of historians to verify that (omen (ere ever governors of ancient societies (#) The classing of Amazons (ith giants and centaurs ($) The (ell-established unreliability of 4erodotus as a source of information about ancient societies (!) The recent discovery of ancient societies (ith matrilineal customs ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the robable reactions of many males in ancient /reece to the idea of a society ruled by (omen could best characterized as (A) confused and dismayed (") (ary and hostile (#) cynical and disinterested ($) curious but fearful (!) e%cited but an%ious ,<. The author suggests that the main reason for the ersisting influence of "achofen's (ork is that (A) feminists have sho(n little interest in ancient societies (") "achofen's kno(ledge of Amazonian culture is un aralleled (#) reliable information about the ancient (orld is difficult to acquire ($) ancient societies sho( the best evidence of (omen in ositions of o(er (!) historians have been rimarily interested in the modern eriod ,7. The author's attitude to(ard "achofen's treatise is best described as one of (A) qualified a roval (") rofound ambivalence (#) studied neutrality ($) ointed disagreement (!) unmitigated hostility SECTION '
Initiall" the Cinaver theor" that =alor"$! eight ro#ance!) once thought to be funda#entall" unified) %ere in fact eight independent %or ! produced both a !en!e of relief and an unplea!ant !hoc . Cinaver$! theor" co#fortabl" explained a%a" the apparent contradiction! of chronolog" and #ade each ro#ance

GRE

&,

independentl" !ati!f"ing. It %a!) ho%ever) di!agreeable to find that %hat had been thought of a! one boo %a! no% eight boo !. 7art of thi! re!pon!e %a! the natural reaction to the di!turbance of !et idea!. Neverthele!!) even no%) after length" con!ideration of the theor"$! refined but legiti#ate ob!ervation!) one cannot avoid the conclu!ion that the eight ro#ance! are onl" one %or . It i! not +uite a #atter of di!agreeing %ith the theor" of independence) but of re1ecting it! i#plication!< that the ro#ance! #a" be ta en in an" or no particular order) that the" have no cu#ulative effect) and that the" are a! !eparate a! the %or ! of a #odern noveli!t.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) discuss the validity of a hy othesis (") summarize a system of general rinci les (#) ro ose guidelines for future argument ($) sti ulate conditions for acce tance of an inter retation (!) deny accusations about an a arent contradiction 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes (hich of the follo(ing about @alory's (orks* :. ::. There are meaningful links bet(een and among the romances. The subtleties of the romances are obscured (hen they are taken as one (ork.

:::. Any contradictions in chronology among the romances are less im ortant than their overall unity. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1). The author of the assage concedes (hich of the follo(ing about the ?inaver theory* (A) :t gives a clearer understanding of the unity of @alory's romances. (") :t demonstrates the irrationality of considering @alory's romances to be unified. (#) :t establishes acce table links bet(een @alory's romances and modern novels. ($) :t unifies earlier and later theories concerning the chronology of @alory's romances. (!) :t makes valid and subtle comments about @alory's romances. ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that8 in evaluating the ?inaver theory8 some

GRE

&3

critics (ere (A) frequently misled by the inconsistencies in @alory's (ork (") initially biased by revious inter retations of @alory's (ork (#) conce tually dis leased by the general inter retation that ?inaver re7ected ($) generally in agreement (ith ?inaver's com arisons bet(een @alory and modern novelists (!) originally ske tical about ?inaver's early conclusions (ith res ect to modern novels
&e can di!tingui!h three different real#! of #atter) three level! on the +uantu# ladder. The fir!t i! the ato#ic real#) %hich include! the %orld of ato#!) their interaction!) and the !tructure! that are for#ed b" the#) !uch a! #olecule!) li+uid! and !olid!) and ga!e! and pla!#a!. Thi! real# include! all the pheno#ena of ato#ic ph"!ic!) che#i!tr") and) in a certain !en!e) biolog". The energ" exchange! ta ing place in thi! real# are of a relativel" lo% order. If the!e exchange! are belo% one electron volt) !uch a! in the colli!ion! bet%een #olecule! of the air in a roo#) then ato#! and #olecule! can be regarded a! ele#entar" particle!. That i!) the" have >conditional ele#entarit"? becau!e the" eep their identit" and do not change in an" colli!ion! or in other proce!!e! at the!e lo% energ" exchange!. If one goe! to higher energ" exchange!) !a" 14D electron volt!) then ato#! and #olecule! %ill deco#po!e into nuclei and electron!6 at thi! level) the latter particle! #u!t be con!idered a! ele#entar". &e find exa#ple! of !tructure! and proce!!e! of thi! fir!t rung of the +uantu# ladder on Earth) on planet!) and on the !urface! of !tar!. The next rung i! the nuclear real#. .ere the energ" exchange! are #uch higher) on the order of #illion! of electron volt!. A! long a! %e are dealing %ith pheno#ena in the ato#ic real#) !uch a#ount! of energ" are unavailable) and #o!t nuclei are inert< the" do not change. .o%ever) if one applie! energie! of #illion! of electron volt!) nuclear reaction!) fi!!ion and fu!ion) and the proce!!e! of radioactivit" occur6 our ele#entar" particle! then are proton!) neutron!) and electron!. In addition) nuclear proce!!e! produce neutrino!) particle! that have no detectable #a!! or charge. In the univer!e) energie! at thi! level are available in the center! of !tar! and in !tar explo!ion!. Indeed) the energ" radiated b" the !tar! i! produced b" nuclear reaction!. The natural radioactivit" %e find on Earth i! the long-lived re#nant of the ti#e %hen no%-earthl" #atter %a! expelled into !pace b" a #a1or !tellar explo!ion. The third rung of the +uantu# ladder i! the !ubnuclear real#. .ere %e are dealing %ith energ" exchange! of #an" billion! of electron volt!. &e encounter excited nucleon!) ne% t"pe! of particle! !uch a! #e!on!) heav" electron!) +uar !) and gluon!) and al!o anti#atter in large +uantitie!. The gluon! are the +uanta) or !#alle!t unit!) of the force -the !trong force0 that eep! the +uar ! together. A! long a! %e are dealing %ith the ato#ic or nuclear real#) the!e ne% t"pe! of particle! do not occur and the nucleon! re#ain inert. 'ut at !ubnuclear energ"

GRE

&9

level!) the nucleon! and #e!on! appear to be co#po!ed of +uar !) !o that the +uar ! and gluon! figure a! ele#entar" particle!.

,1. The rimary to ic of the assage is (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The interaction of the realms on the quantum ladder (") Atomic structures found on !arth8 on other lanets8 and on the surfaces of stars (#) Devels of energy that are released in nuclear reactions on !arth and in stars ($) 1articles and rocesses found in the atomic8 nuclear8 and subnuclear realms (!) Ae( ty es of articles occurring in the atomic realm ,,. According to the assage8 radioactivity that occurs naturally on !arth is the result of (A) the roduction of articles that have no detectable mass or electric charge (") high energy e%changes on the nuclear level that occurred in an ancient e% losion in a star (#) rocesses that occur in the center of the +un8 (hich emits radiation to the !arth ($) henomena in the atomic realm that cause atoms and molecules to decom ose into nuclei and electrons (!) high-voltage discharges of electricity that took lace in the atmos here of the !arth shortly after the !arth (as formed ,3. The author organizes the assage by (A) making distinctions bet(een t(o grou s of articles8 those that are elementary and those that are com osite (") e% laining three methods of transferring energy to atoms and to the smaller articles that constitute atoms (#) describing several levels of rocesses8 increasing in energy8 and corres onding sets of articles8 generally decreasing in size ($) utting forth an argument concerning energy levels and then conceding that several qualifications of that argument are necessary (!) making several successive refinements of a definition of elementarity on the basis of several grou s of e% erimental results ,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing can be found in the atomic realm* (A) @ore than one level of energy e%change (") !%actly one elementary article (#) !%actly three kinds of atomic structures ($) Three levels on the quantum ladder (!) Ao articles smaller than atoms

GRE

&;

,;. According to the author8 gluons are not (A) considered to be detectable (") roduced in nuclear reactions (#) encountered in subnuclear energy e%changes ($) related to the strong force (!) found to be conditionally elementary ,<. At a higher energy level than the subnuclear level described8 if such a higher level e%ists8 it can be e% ected on the basis of the information in the assage that there (ould robably be (A) e%cited nucleons (") elementary mesons (#) a kind of article (ithout detectable mass or charge ($) e%changes of energy on the order of millions of electron volts (!) another set of elementary articles ,7. The assage s eaks of articles as having conditional elementarity if they (A) remain unchanged at given level of energy e%change (") cannot be decom osed into smaller constituents (#) are mathematically sim ler than some other set of articles ($) release energy at a lo( level in collisions (!) belong to the nuclear level on the quantum ladder No. 3-: SECTION A
The belief that art originate! in intuitive rather than rational facultie! %a! %or ed out hi!toricall" and philo!ophicall" in the !o#e%hat %eari!o#e volu#e! of 'enedetto Croce) %ho i! u!uall" con!idered the originator of a ne% ae!thetic. Croce %a!) in fact) expre!!ing a ver" old idea. Bong before the (o#antic! !tre!!ed intuition and !elf-expre!!ion) the fren*" of in!piration %a! regarded a! funda#ental to art) but philo!opher! had al%a"! a!!u#ed it #u!t be controlled b" la% and b" the intellectual po%er of putting thing! into har#oniou! order. Thi! general philo!ophic concept of art %a! !upported b" technical nece!!itie!. It %a! nece!!ar" to #a!ter certain la%! and to u!e intellect in order to build 8othic cathedral!) or !et up the !tained gla!! %indo%! of Chartre!. &hen thi! bracing ele#ent of craft!#an!hip cea!ed to do#inate arti!t!$ outloo ) ne% technical ele#ent! had to be adopted to #aintain the intellectual ele#ent in art. Such %ere linear per!pective and anato#".

17. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould most likely have occurred if linear ers ective and anatomy had not come to influence artistic endeavor*

GRE

&<

(A) The craftsmanshi that sha ed /othic architecture (ould have continued to dominate artists' outlooks. (") +ome other technical elements (ould have been ado ted to disci line artistic ins iration. (#) :ntellectual control over artistic ins iration (ould not have influenced ainting as it did architecture. ($) The role of intuitive ins iration (ould not have remained fundamental to theories of artistic creation. (!) The assum tions of aesthetic hiloso hers before #roce (ould have been invalidated. 1&. The assage su questions* lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) $oes 5omantic art e%hibit the trium h of intuition over intellect* (") $id an em hasis on linear ers ective and anatomy dominate 5omantic art* (#) Are the intellectual and intuitive faculties harmoniously balanced in ost5omantic art* ($) Are the effects of the rational control of artistic ins iration evident in the great (orks of re-5omantic eras* (!) -as the artistic craftsmanshi dis layed in /othic cathedrals also an element in aintings of this eriod* 1). The assage im lies that (hich of the follo(ing (as a traditional assum tion of aesthetic hiloso hers* (A) :ntellectual elements in art e%ert a necessary control over artistic ins iration. (") Architecture has never again reached the artistic greatness of the /othic cathedrals. (#) Aesthetic hiloso hy is determined by the technical necessities of art. ($) Artistic craftsmanshi is more im ortant in architectural art than in ictorial art. (!) 1aintings lacked the intellectual element before the invention of linear ers ective and anatomy. ,.. The author mentions Elinear ers ective and anatomyF in the last sentence in order to do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) !% and his argument to include ainting as (ell as architecture (") :ndicate his disagreement (ith #roce's theory of the origins of art (#) +u ort his oint that rational order of some kind has often seemed to disci line artistic ins iration ($) !% lain the rational elements in /othic ainting that corres onded to craftsmanshi in /othic architecture

GRE

&7

(!) +ho( the increasing so histication of artists after the /othic eriod
-The pa!!age belo% i! dra%n fro# an article publi!hed in 1FL2.0 Co#puter progra##er! often re#ar that co#puting #achine!) %ith a perfect lac of di!cri#ination) %ill do an" fooli!h thing the" are told to do. The rea!on for thi! lie!) of cour!e) in the narro% fixation of the co#puting #achine$! >intelligence? on the detail! of it! o%n perception!2it! inabilit" to be guided b" an" large context. In a p!"chological de!cription of the co#puter intelligence) three related ad1ective! co#e to #ind< !ingle-#inded) literal-#inded) and !i#ple#inded. (ecogni*ing thi!) %e !hould at the !a#e ti#e recogni*e that thi! !ingle-#indedne!!) literal-#indedne!!) and !i#ple#indedne!! al!o characteri*e! theoretical #athe#atic!) though to a le!!er extent. Since !cience trie! to deal %ith realit") even the #o!t preci!e !cience! nor#all" %or %ith #ore or le!! i#perfectl" under!tood approxi#ation! to%ard %hich !cienti!t! #u!t #aintain an appropriate ! eptici!#. Thu!) for in!tance) it #a" co#e a! a !hoc to #athe#atician! to learn that the Schrodinger e+uation for the h"drogen ato# i! not a literall" correct de!cription of thi! ato#) but onl" an approxi#ation to a !o#e%hat #ore correct e+uation ta ing account of !pin) #agnetic dipole) and relativi!tic effect!6 and that thi! corrected e+uation i! it!elf onl" an i#perfect approxi#ation to an infinite !et of +uantu# field-theoretical e+uation!. 7h"!ici!t!) loo ing at the original Schrodinger e+uation) learn to !en!e in it the pre!ence of #an" invi!ible ter#! in addition to the differential ter#! vi!ible) and thi! !en!e in!pire! an entirel" appropriate di!regard for the purel" technical feature! of the e+uation. Thi! ver" health" ! eptici!# i! foreign to the #athe#atical approach. =athe#atic! #u!t deal %ith %ell-defined !ituation!. Thu!) #athe#atician! depend on an intellectual effort out!ide of #athe#atic! for the crucial !pecification of the approxi#ation that #athe#atic! i! to ta e literall". 8ive #athe#atician! a !ituation that i! the lea!t bit ill-defined) and the" %ill #a e it %ell-defined) perhap! appropriatel") but perhap! inappropriatel". In !o#e ca!e!) the #athe#atician!$ literal-#indedne!! #a" have unfortunate con!e+uence!. The #athe#atician! turn the !cienti!t!$ theoretical a!!u#ption!) that i!) their convenient point! of anal"tical e#pha!i!) into axio#!) and then ta e the!e axio#! literall". Thi! bring! the danger that the" #a" al!o per!uade the !cienti!t! to ta e the!e axio#! literall". The +ue!tion) central to the !cientific inve!tigation but inten!el" di!turbing in the #athe#atical context2%hat happen! if the axio#! are relaxedM2i! thereb" ignored. The ph"!ici!t rightl" dread! preci!e argu#ent) !ince an argu#ent that i! convincing onl" if it i! preci!e lo!e! all it! force if the a!!u#ption! on %hich it i! ba!ed are !lightl" changed) %herea! an argu#ent that i! convincing though i#preci!e #a" %ell be !table under !#all perturbation! of it! underl"ing a!!u#ption!.

,1. The author discusses com uting machines in the first aragra h rimarily in

GRE

&&

order to do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) :ndicate the dangers inherent in relying to a great e%tent on machines (") :llustrate his vie(s about the a roach of mathematicians to roblem solving (#) #om are the (ork of mathematicians (ith that of com uter rogrammers ($) 1rovide one definition of intelligence (!) !m hasize the im ortance of com uters in modern technological society ,,. According to the assage8 scientists are ske tical to(ard their equations because scientists (A) (ork to e% lain real8 rather than theoretical or sim lified8 situations (") kno( that (ell-defined roblems are often the most difficult to solve (#) are unable to e% ress their data in terms of multi le variables ($) are un(illing to rela% the a%ioms they have develo ed (!) are unable to acce t mathematical e% lanations of natural henomena ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that scientists make (hich of the follo(ing assum tions about scientific arguments* (A) The literal truth of the arguments can be made clear only in a mathematical conte%t. (") The arguments necessarily ignore the central question of scientific investigation. (#) The arguments robably (ill be convincing only to other scientists. ($) The conclusions of the arguments do not necessarily follo( from their remises. (!) The remises on (hich the arguments are based may change. ,9. According to the assage8 mathematicians resent a danger to scientists for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) @athematicians may rovide theories that are incom atible (ith those already develo ed by scientists. (") @athematicians may define situation in a (ay that is incom rehensible to scientists. (#) @athematicians may convince scientists that theoretical assum tions are facts. ($) +cientists may come to believe that a%iomatic statements are untrue. (!) +cientists may begin to rovide arguments that are convincing but im recise. ,;. The author suggests that the a roach of hysicists to solving scientific roblems is (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 1ractical for scientific ur oses (") $etrimental to scientific rogress

GRE

&)

(#) 6nim ortant in most situations ($) !% edient8 but of little long-term value (!) !ffective8 but rarely recognized as such ,<. The author suggests that a mathematician asked to solve a roblem in an illdefined situation (ould first attem t to do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) :dentify an analogous situation (") +im lify and define the situation (#) ?ary the underlying assum tions of a descri tion of the situation ($) $etermine (hat use (ould be made of the solution rovided (!) !valuate the theoretical assum tions that might e% lain the situation ,7. The author im lies that scientists develo a healthy ske ticism because they are a(are that (A) mathematicians are better able to solve roblems than are scientists (") changes in a%iomatic ro ositions (ill inevitably undermine scientific arguments (#) (ell-defined situations are necessary for the design of reliable e% eriments ($) mathematical solutions can rarely be a lied to real roblems (!) some factors in most situations must remain unkno(n SECTION '
In eighteenth-centur" ;rance and England) refor#er! rallied around egalitarian ideal!) but fe% refor#er! advocated higher education for %o#en. Although the public decried %o#en$! lac of education) it did not encourage learning for it! o%n !a e for %o#en. In !pite of the general pre1udice again!t learned %o#en) there %a! one place %here %o#en could exhibit their erudition< the literar" !alon. =an" %riter! have defined the %o#an$! role in the !alon a! that of an intelligent ho!te!!) but the !alon had #ore than a !ocial function for %o#en. It %a! an infor#al univer!it") too) %here %o#en exchanged idea! %ith educated per!on!) read their o%n %or ! and heard tho!e of other!) and received and gave critici!#. In the 1N34$!) %hen !alon! %ere fir#l" e!tabli!hed in ;rance) !o#e Engli!h %o#en) %ho called the#!elve! >'lue!toc ing)? follo%ed the exa#ple of the sa!onnieres -;rench !alon ho!te!!e!0 and for#ed their o%n !alon!. =o!t 'lue!toc ing! did not %i!h to #irror the sa!onnieres6 the" !i#pl" de!ired to adapt a proven for#ula to their o%n purpo!e2the elevation of %o#en$! !tatu! through #oral and intellectual training. /ifference! in !ocial orientation and bac ground can account perhap! for difference! in the nature of ;rench and Engli!h !alon!. The ;rench !alon incorporated ari!tocratic attitude! that exalted courtl" plea!ure and e#pha!i*ed arti!tic acco#pli!h#ent!. The Engli!h 'lue!toc ing!) originating fro# a #ore #ode!t bac ground) e#pha!i*ed learning and %or over plea!ure.

GRE

).

Accu!to#ed to the regi#ented life of court circle!) sa!onnieres tended to%ard for#alit" in their !alon!. The Engli!h %o#en) though !o#e%hat puritanical) %ere #ore ca!ual in their approach. At fir!t) the 'lue!toc ing! did i#itate the sa!onnieres b" including #en in their circle!. .o%ever) a! the" gained cohe!ion) the 'lue!toc ing! ca#e to regard the#!elve! a! a %o#en$! group and to po!!e!! a !en!e of fe#ale !olidarit" lac ing in the sa!onnieres) %ho re#ained i!olated fro# one another b" the pri#ac" each held in her o%n !alon. In an at#o!phere of #utual !upport) the 'lue!toc ing! %ent be"ond the !alon experience. The" traveled) !tudied) %or ed) %rote for publication) and b" their activitie! challenged the !tereot"pe of the pa!!ive %o#an. Although the sa!onnieres %ere a%are of !exual ine+ualit") the narro% boundarie! of their %orld ept their intellectual pur!uit! %ithin conventional li#it!. =an" sa!onnieres) in fact) ca#ouflaged their nontraditional activitie! behind the role of ho!te!! and deferred to #en in public. Though the 'lue!toc ing! %ere trailbla*er! %hen co#pared %ith the sa!onnieres) the" %ere not fe#ini!t!. The" %ere too traditional) too he##ed in b" their generation to de#and !ocial and political right!. Nonethele!!) in their de!ire for education) their %illingne!! to go be"ond the confine! of the !alon in pur!uing their intere!t!) and their cha#pioning of unit" a#ong %o#en) the 'lue!toc ing! began the proce!! of +ue!tioning %o#en$! role in !ociet".

17. -hich of the follo(ing best states the central idea of the assage* (A) The establishment of literary salons (as a res onse to reformers' demands for social rights for (omen. (") Diterary salons (ere originally intended to be a meeting ground for intellectuals of both se%es8 but eventually became social gatherings (ith little educational value. (#) :n !ngland8 as in >rance8 the general re7udice against higher education for (omen limited (omen's function in literary salons to a rimarily social one. ($) The literary salons rovided a sounding board for >rench and !nglish (omen (ho called for access to all the educational institutions in their societies on an equal basis (ith men. (!) >or (omen8 (ho did not have access to higher education as men did8 literary salons rovided an alternate route to learning and a challenge to some of society's basic assum tions about (omen. 1&. According to the assage8 a significant distinction bet(een the salonnieres and "luestockings (as in the (ay each grou regarded (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The value of acquiring kno(ledge (") The role of leasure in the activities of the literary salon (#) The desirability of a com lete break (ith societal traditions ($) The inclusion of (omen of different backgrounds in the salons

GRE

)1

(!) The attainment of full social and olitical equality (ith men 1). The author refers to differences in social background bet(een salonnieres and "luestockings in order to do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #riticize the vie( that their choices of activities (ere significantly influenced by male salon members (") $iscuss the reasons (hy literary salons in >rance (ere established before those in !ngland (#) Kuestion the im ortance of the "luestockings in sha ing ublic attitudes to(ard educated (omen ($) 5efute the argument that the >rench salons had little influence over the direction the !nglish salons took (!) !% lain the differences in atmos here and style in their salons ,.. -hich of the follo(ing statements is most com atible (ith the rinci les of the salonnieres as described in the assage* (A) -omen should as ire to be not only educated but inde endent as (ell. (") The duty of the educated (omen is to rovide an active olitical model for less educated (omen. (#) $evotion to leasure and art is 7ustified in itself. ($) +ubstance8 rather than form8 is the most im ortant consideration in holding a literary salon. (!) @en should be e%cluded from grou s of (omen's rights su orters. ,1. The assage suggests that the "luestockings might have had a more significant im act on society if it had not been for (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #om etitiveness among their salons (") Their em hasis on individualism (#) The limited sco e of their activities ($) Their acce tance of the >rench salon as a model for their o(n salons (!) Their un(illingness to defy aggressively the conventions of their age ,,. -hich of the follo(ing could best be considered a t(entieth-century counter art of an eighteenth century literary salon as it is described in the assage* (A) A social sorority (") A community center (#) A lecture course on art ($) A humanities study grou (!) An association of moral reformers ,3. To an assertion that "luestockings (ere feminists8 the author (ould most robably res ond (ith (hich of the follo(ing*

GRE

),

(A) Admitted uncertainty (") Kualified disagreement (#) 6nquestioning a roval ($) #om lete indifference (!) +trong dis aragement ,9. -hich of the follo(ing titles best describes the content of the assage* (A) !ighteenth-#entury !galitarianism (") >eminists of the !ighteenth #entury (#) !ighteenth-#entury 1recursors of >eminism ($) :ntellectual Dife in the !ighteenth #entury (!) >emale !ducation 5eform in the !ighteenth #entury
&hen the !a#e para#eter! and +uantitative theor" are u!ed to anal"*e both ter#ite colonie! and troop! of rhe!u! #aca+ue!) %e %ill have a unified !cience of !ociobiolog". Can thi! ever reall" happenM A! #" o%n !tudie! have advanced) I have been increa!ingl" i#pre!!ed %ith the functional !i#ilaritie! bet%een in!ect and vertebrate !ocietie! and le!! !o %ith the !tructural difference! that !ee#) at fir!t glance) to con!titute !uch an i##en!e gulf bet%een the#. Con!ider for a #o#ent ter#ite! and #aca+ue!. 'oth for# cooperative group! that occup" territorie!. In both ind! of !ociet" there i! a %ell-#ar ed divi!ion of labor. =e#ber! of both group! co##unicate to each other hunger) alar#) ho!tilit") ca!te !tatu! or ran ) and reproductive !tatu!. ;ro# the !peciali!t$! point of vie%) thi! co#pari!on #a" at fir!t !ee# facile2or %or!e. 'ut it i! out of !uch deliberate over!i#plification that the beginning! of a general theor" are #ade.

,;. -hich of the follo(ing best summarizes the author's main oint* (A) Bversim lified com arisons of animal societies could diminish the likelihood of develo ing a unified science of sociobiology. (") 6nderstanding the (ays in (hich animals as different as termites and rhesus macaques resemble each other requires train in both biology and sociology. (#) @ost animals organize themselves into societies that e%hibit atterns of grou behavior similar to those of human societies. ($) Animals as different as termites and rhesus macaques follo( certain similar and redictable atterns of behavior. (!) A study of the similarities bet(een insect and vertebrate societies could rovide the basis for a unified science of sociobiology. ,<. The author's attitude to(ard the ossibility of a unified theory in sociobiology is best described as (hich of the follo(ing* (A) /uarded o timism (") 6nqualified enthusiasm

GRE

)3

(#) Bb7ective indifference ($) 5esignation (!) $issatisfaction ,7. :n discussing insect and vertebrate societies8 the author suggests (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A distinguishing characteristic of most insect and vertebrate societies is a (ell-marked division of labor. (") The caste structure of insect societies is similar to that of vertebrate societies. (#) @ost insect and vertebrate societies form coo erative grou s in order to occu y territory. ($) The means of communication among members of insect societies is similar to that among members of vertebrate societies. (!) There are significant structural differences bet(een insect and vertebrate societies. No. L-1 SECTION A
A #"!teriou! pheno#enon i! the abilit" of over-%ater #igrant! to travel on cour!e. 'ird!) bee!) and other !pecie! can eep trac of ti#e %ithout an" !en!or" cue! fro# the out!ide %orld) and !uch >biological cloc !? clearl" contribute to their >co#pa!! !en!e.? ;or exa#ple) the" can u!e the po!ition of the Sun or !tar!) along %ith the ti#e of da") to find north. 'ut co#pa!! !en!e alone cannot explain ho% bird! navigate the ocean< after a floc traveling ea!t i! blo%n far !outh b" a !tor#) it %ill a!!u#e the proper northea!terl" cour!e to co#pen!ate. 7erhap!) !o#e !cienti!t! thought) #igrant! deter#ine their geographic po!ition on Earth b" cele!tial navigation) al#o!t a! hu#an navigator! u!e !tar! and planet!) but thi! %ould de#and of the ani#al! a fanta!tic #ap !en!e. (e!earcher! no% no% that !o#e !pecie! have a #agnetic !en!e) %hich #ight allo% #igrant! to deter#ine their geographic location b" detecting variation! in the !trength of the Earth$! #agnetic field.

17. The main idea of the assage is that (A) migration over land requires a sim ler e% lanation than migration over (ater does (") the means by (hich animals migrate over (ater are com le% and only artly understood (#) the ability of migrant animals to kee track of time is related to their magnetic sense ($) kno(ledge of geogra hic location is essential to migrants (ith little or no com ass sense (!) e% lanations of ho( animals migrate tend to re lace8 rather than build on8 one

GRE

)9

another 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that if the flock of birds described in lines &1, (ere navigating by com ass sense alone8 they (ould8 after the storm8 fly (A) east (") north (#) north(est ($) south (!) southeast 1). :n maintaining that migrating animals (ould need Ea fantastic ma senseF (line 17) to determine their geogra hic osition by celestial navigation8 the author intends to e% ress (A) admiration for the ability of the migrants (") ske ticism about celestial navigation as an e% lanation (#) certainly that the henomenon of migration (ill remain mysterious ($) interest in a ne( method of accounting for over-(ater migration (!) sur rise that animals a arently navigate in much the same (ay that human beings do ,.. Bf the follo(ing descri tions of migrating animals8 (hich most strongly suggests that the animals are de ending on magnetic cues to orient themselves* (A) 1igeons can ro erly read7ust their course even (hen flying long distances through e%ceedingly dense fogs. (") "ison are able to reach their destination by assing through a landsca e that has been artially altered by a recent fire. (#) !le hants are able to find grounds that some members of the herd have never seen before. ($) +(allo(s are able to return to a given s ot at the same time every year. (!) @onarch butterflies coming from different arts of Aorth America are able to arrive at the same location each (inter.
(oger (o!enblatt$! boo &!ack Fiction) in atte#pting to appl" literar" rather than !ociopolitical criteria to it! !ub1ect) !ucce!!full" alter! the approach ta en b" #o!t previou! !tudie!. A! (o!enblatt note!) critici!# of 'lac %riting ha! often !erved a! a pretext for expounding on 'lac hi!tor". Addi!on 8a"le$! recent %or ) for exa#ple) 1udge! the value of 'lac fiction b" overtl" political !tandard!) rating each %or according to the notion! of 'lac identit" %hich it propound!. Although fiction a!!uredl" !pring! fro# political circu#!tance!) it! author! react to tho!e circu#!tance! in %a"! other than ideological) and tal ing about novel! and !torie! pri#aril" a! in!tru#ent! of ideolog" circu#vent! #uch of the fictional enterpri!e. (o!enblatt$! literar" anal"!i! di!clo!e! affinitie! and connection! a#ong %or ! of 'lac fiction %hich !olel" political !tudie! have

GRE
overloo ed or ignored.

);

&riting acceptable critici!# of 'lac fiction) ho%ever) pre!uppo!e! giving !ati!factor" an!%er! to a nu#ber of +ue!tion!. ;ir!t of all) i! there a !ufficient rea!on) other than the racial identit" of the author!) to group together %or ! b" 'lac author!M Second) ho% doe! 'lac fiction #a e it!elf di!tinct fro# other #odern fiction %ith %hich it i! largel" conte#poraneou!M (o!enblatt !ho%! that 'lac fiction con!titute! a di!tinct bod" of %riting that ha! an identifiable) coherent literar" tradition. Boo ing at novel! %ritten b" 'lac ! over the la!t eight" "ear!) he di!cover! recurring concern! and de!ign! independent of chronolog". The!e !tructure! are the#atic) and the" !pring) not !urpri!ingl") fro# the central fact that the 'lac character! in the!e novel! exi!t in a predo#inantl" &hite culture) %hether the" tr" to confor# to that culture of rebel again!t it. &!ack Fiction doe! leave !o#e ae!thetic +ue!tion! open. (o!enblatt$! the#atic anal"!i! per#it! con!iderable ob1ectivit"6 he even explicitl" !tate! that it i! not hi! intention to 1udge the #erit of the variou! %or !2"et hi! reluctance !ee#! #i!placed) e!peciall" !ince an atte#pt to apprai!e #ight have led to intere!ting re!ult!. ;or in!tance) !o#e of the novel! appear to be !tructurall" diffu!e. I! thi! a defect) or are the author! %or ing out of) or tr"ing to forge) a different ind of ae!theticM In addition) the !t"le of !o#e 'lac novel!) li e @ean Too#er$! Cane) verge! on expre!!ioni!# or !urreali!#6 doe! thi! techni+ue provide a counterpoint to the prevalent the#e that portra"! the fate again!t %hich 'lac heroe! are pitted) a the#e u!uall" conve"ed b" #ore naturali!tic #ode! of expre!!ionM In !pite of !uch o#i!!ion!) %hat (o!enblatt doe! include in hi! di!cu!!ion #a e! for an a!tute and %orth%hile !tud". &!ack Fiction !urve"! a %ide variet" of novel!) bringing to our attention in the proce!! !o#e fa!cinating and little- no%n %or ! li e @a#e! &eldon @ohn!on$! 'uto(iogra)h" of an *+,Co!ored Man. It! argu#ent i! tightl" con!tructed) and it! forthright) lucid !t"le exe#plifie! levelheaded and penetrating critici!#.

,1. The author of the assage ob7ects to criticism of "lack fiction like that by Addison /ayle because it (A) em hasizes urely literary as ects of such fiction (") misinter rets the ideological content of such fiction (#) misunderstands the notions of "lack identity contained in such fiction ($) substitutes olitical for literary criteria in evaluating such fiction (!) ignores the inter lay bet(een "lack history and "lack identity dis layed in such fiction ,,. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) evaluating the soundness of a (ork of criticism (") com aring various critical a roaches to a sub7ect

GRE

)<

(#) discussing the limitations of a articular kind of criticism ($) summarizing the ma7or oints made in a (ork of criticism (!) e% laining the theoretical background of a certain kind of criticism ,3. The author of the assage believes that Black Fiction (ould have been im roved had 5osenblatt (A) evaluated more carefully the ideological and historical as ects of "lack fiction (") attem ted to be more ob7ective in his a roach to novels and stories by "lack authors (#) e% lored in greater detail the recurrent thematic concerns of "lack fiction throughout its history ($) established a basis for lacing "lack fiction (ithin its o(n unique literary tradition (!) assessed the relative literary merit of the novels he analyzes thematically ,9. The author's discussion of Black Fiction can be best described as (A) edantic and contentious (") critical but admiring (#) ironic and de recating ($) argumentative but unfocused (!) stilted and insincere ,;. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage (ould be D!A+T likely to a rove of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) An analysis of the influence of olitical events on the ersonal ideology of "lack (rites (") A critical study that a lies socio olitical criteria to autobiogra hies by "lack authors (#) A literary study of "lack oetry that a raises the merits of oems according to the olitical acce tability of their themes ($) An e%amination of the gro(th of a distinct "lack literary tradition (ithin the conte%t of "lack history (!) A literary study that attem ts to isolate aesthetic qualities unique to "lack fiction ,<. The author of the assage uses all of the follo(ing in the discussion of 5osenblatt's book !C#!1T (A) rhetorical questions (") s ecific e%am les (#) com arison and contrast

GRE

)7

($) definition of terms (!) ersonal o inion ,7. The author of the assage refers to 2ames -eldon 2ohnson's Autobiograph of an !"#$olored Man most robably in order to (A) oint out affinities bet(een 5osenblatt's method of thematic analysis and earlier criticism (") clarify the oint about e% ressionistic style made earlier in the assage (#) qualify the assessment of 5osenblatt's book made in the first aragra h of the assage ($) illustrate the affinities among "lack novels disclosed by 5osenblatt's literary analysis (!) give a s ecific e%am le of one of the accom lishments of 5osenblatt's (ork SECTION '
The #olecule! of carbon dioxide in the Earth$! at#o!phere affect the heat balance of the Earth b" acting a! a one-%a" !creen. Although the!e #olecule! allo% radiation at vi!ible %avelength!) %here #o!t of the energ" of !unlight i! concentrated) to pa!! through) the" ab!orb !o#e of the longer-%avelength) infrared e#i!!ion! radiated fro# the Earth$! !urface) radiation that %ould other%i!e be tran!#itted bac into !pace. ;or the Earth to #aintain a con!tant average te#perature) !uch e#i!!ion! fro# the planet #u!t balance inco#ing !olar radiation. If there %ere no carbon dioxide in the at#o!phere) heat %ould e!cape fro# the Earth #uch #ore ea!il". The !urface te#perature %ould be !o #uch lo%er that the ocean! #ight be a !olid #a!! of ice. Toda") ho%ever) the potential proble# i! too #uch carbon dioxide. The burning of fo!!il fuel! and the clearing of fore!t! have increa!ed at#o!pheric carbon dioxide b" about 13 percent in the la!t hundred "ear!) and %e continue to add carbon dioxide to the at#o!phere. Could the increa!e in carbon dioxide cau!e a global ri!e in average te#perature) and could !uch a ri!e have !eriou! con!e+uence! for hu#an !ociet"M =athe#atical #odel! that allo% u! to calculate the ri!e in te#perature a! a function of the increa!e indicate that the an!%er i! probabl" "e!. 9nder pre!ent condition! a te#perature of-1K5 can be ob!erved at an altitude of 3 to L ilo#eter! above the Earth. 'elo% thi! altitude -called the radiating level0) the te#perature increa!e! b" about L5 per ilo#eter approaching the Earth$! !urface) %here the average te#perature i! about 135. An increa!e in the a#ount of carbon dioxide #ean! that there are #ore #olecule! of carbon dioxide to ab!orb infrared radiation. A! the capacit" of the at#o!phere to ab!orb infrared radiation increa!e!) the radiating level and the te#perature of the !urface #u!t ri!e. One #athe#atical #odel predict! that doubling the at#o!pheric carbon

GRE

)&

dioxide %ould rai!e the global #ean !urface te#perature b" 2.35. Thi! #odel a!!u#e! that the at#o!phere$! relative hu#idit" re#ain! con!tant and the te#perature decrea!e! %ith altitude at a rate of L.35 per ilo#eter. The a!!u#ption of con!tant relative hu#idit" i! i#portant) becau!e %ater vapor in the at#o!phere i! another efficient ab!orber of radiation at infrared %avelength!. 'ecau!e %ar# air can hold #ore #oi!ture than cool air) the relative hu#idit" %ill be con!tant onl" if the a#ount of %ater vapor in the at#o!phere increa!e! a! the te#perature ri!e!. Therefore) #ore infrared radiation %ould be ab!orbed and reradiated bac to the Earth$! !urface. The re!ultant %ar#ing at the !urface could be expected to #elt !no% and ice) reducing the Earth$! reflectivit". =ore !olar radiation %ould then be ab!orbed) leading to a further increa!e in te#perature.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) (arn of the dangers of continued burning of fossil fuels (") discuss the significance of increasing the amount of carbon dio%ide in the atmos here (#) e% lain ho( a constant tem erature is maintained on the !arth's surface ($) describe the (ays in (hich various atmos heric and climatic conditions contribute to the !arth's (eather (!) demonstrate the usefulness of mathematical models in redicting long-range climatic change 1&. According to the assage8 the greatest art of the solar energy that reaches the !arth is (A) concentrated in the infrared s ectrum (") concentrated at visible (avelengths (#) absorbed by carbon dio%ide molecules ($) absorbed by atmos heric (ater va or (!) reflected back to s ace by sno( and ice 1). According to the assage8 atmos heric carbon dio%ide erforms all of the follo(ing functions !C#!1T= (A) absorbing radiation at visible (avelengths (") absorbing infrared radiation (#) absorbing outgoing radiation from the !arth ($) hel ing to retain heat near the !arth's surface (!) hel ing to maintain a constant average tem erature on the !arth's surface ,.. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the author's attitude to(ard the increasing amount of carbon dio%ide in the atmos here and its consequences* (A) :ncredulous (") #om letely detached

GRE

))

(#) :nterested but ske tical ($) Angry yet resigned (!) Bb7ective yet concerned ,1. :t can be concluded from information contained in the assage that the average tem erature at an altitude of 1 kilometer above the !arth is about (A) 1;5 (") )5 (#) ,.;5 ($) -1,5 (!) -1&5 ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the construction of the mathematical model mentioned in the assage involved the formulation of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) An assum tion that the amount of carbon dio%ide added to the atmos here (ould in reality steadily increase (") An assum tion that human activities are the only agencies by (hich carbon dio%ide is added to the atmos here (#) Assum tions about the social and olitical consequences of any curtailment of the use of fossil fuels ($) Assum tions about the hysical conditions that are likely to revail during the eriod for (hich the model (as made (!) Assum tions about the differential behavior of carbon dio%ide molecules at the various levels of tem erature calculated in the model ,3. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of the last hundred years* (A) >ossil fuels (ere burned for the first time. (") /reater amounts of land (ere cleared than at any time before. (#) The average tem erature at the !arth's surface has become ,5 cooler. ($) The amount of carbon dio%ide in the atmos here has increased measurably. (!) The amount of farmland (orld(ide has doubled.
So#e #odern anthropologi!t! hold that biological evolution ha! !haped not onl" hu#an #orpholog" but al!o hu#an behavior. The role tho!e anthropologi!t! a!cribe to evolution i! not of dictating the detail! of hu#an behavior but one of i#po!ing con!traint!2%a"! of feeling) thin ing) and acting that >co#e naturall"? in archet"pal !ituation! in an" culture. Our >frailtie!?2e#otion! and #otive! !uch a! rage) fear) greed) glutton") 1o") lu!t) love2#a" be a ver" #ixed a!!ort#ent) but the" !hare at lea!t one i##ediate +ualit"< %e are) a! %e !a") >in the grip? of the#. And thu! the" give u! our !en!e of con!traint!.

GRE

1..

9nhappil") !o#e of tho!e frailtie!2our need for ever-increa!ing !ecurit" a#ong the#2are pre!entl" #aladaptive. Aet beneath the overla" of cultural detail) the") too) are !aid to be biological in direction) and therefore a! natural to u! a! are our appendixe!. &e %ould need to co#prehend thoroughl" their adaptive origin! in order to under!tand ho% badl" the" guide u! no%. And %e #ight then begin to re!i!t their pre!!ure.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to resent (A) a osition on the foundations of human behavior and on (hat those foundations im ly (") a theory outlining the arallel develo ment of human mor hology and of human behavior (#) a diagnostic test for se arating biologically determined behavior atterns from culture-s ecific detail ($) a ractical method for resisting the ressures of biologically determined drives (!) an overvie( of those human emotions and motives that im ose constraints on human behavior ,;. The author im lies that control to any e%tent over the EfrailtiesF that constrain our behavior is thought to resu ose (A) that those frailties are recognized as currently beneficial and ada tive (") that there is little or no overlay of cultural detail that masks their true nature (#) that there are cultures in (hich those frailties do not Ecome naturallyF and from (hich such control can be learned ($) a full understanding of (hy those frailties evolved and of ho( they function no( (!) a thorough gras of the rinci le that cultural detail in human behavior can differ arbitrarily from society to society ,<. -hich of the follo(ing most robably rovides an a ro riate analogy from human mor hology for the EdetailsF versus EconstraintsF distinction made in the assage in relation to human behavior* (A) The ability of most eo le to see all the colors of the visible s ectrum as against most eo le's inability to name any but the rimary colors (") The ability of even the least fortunate eo le to sho( com assion as against eo le's inability to mask their feelings com letely (#) The ability of some eo le to dive to great de ths as against most eo le's inability to s(im long distances ($) The sychological rofile of those eo le (ho are able to delay gratification as against eo le's inability to control their lives com letely (!) The greater lung ca acity of mountain eo les that hel s them live in o%ygen-

GRE

1.1

oor air as against eo le's inability to fly (ithout s ecial a aratus ,7. :t can be inferred that in his discussion of malada tive frailties the author assumes that (A) evolution does not favor the emergence of ada tive characteristics over the emergence of malada tive ones (") any structure or behavior not ositively ada tive is regarded as transitory in evolutionary theory (#) malada tive characteristics8 once fi%ed8 make the emergence of other malada tive characteristics more likely ($) the designation of a characteristic as being malada tive must al(ays remain highly tentative (!) changes in the total human environment can out ace evolutionary change No. L-2 SECTION A
&hether the language! of the ancient A#erican people! %ere u!ed for expre!!ing ab!tract univer!al concept! can be clearl" an!%ered in the ca!e of Nahuatl. Nahuatl) li e 8ree and 8er#an) i! a language that allo%! the for#ation of exten!ive co#pound!. '" the co#bination of radical! or !e#antic ele#ent!) !ingle co#pound %ord! can expre!! co#plex conceptual relation!) often of an ab!tract univer!al character. The t!a$atini$e ->tho!e %ho no%?0 %ere able to u!e thi! rich !toc of ab!tract ter#! to expre!! the nuance! of their thought. The" al!o availed the#!elve! of other for#! of expre!!ion %ith #etaphorical #eaning) !o#e probabl" original) !o#e derived fro# Toltec coinage!. Of the!e for#! the #o!t characteri!tic in Nahuatl i! the 1uxtapo!ition of t%o %ord! that) becau!e the" are !"non"#!) a!!ociated ter#!) or even contrarie!) co#ple#ent each other to evo e one !ingle idea. 9!ed a! #etaphor) the 1uxtapo!ed ter#! connote !pecific or e!!ential trait! of the being the" refer to) introducing a #ode of poetr" a! an al#o!t habitual for# of expre!!ion.

17. A main ur ose of the assage is to (A) delineate the function of the tla%atini%e in Aahuatl society (") e% lain the abstract hiloso hy of the Aahuatl thinkers (#) argue against a theory of oetic e% ression by citing evidence about the Aahuatl ($) e% lore the rich meta horical heritage the Aahuatl received from the Toltecs (!) describe some conce tual and aesthetic resources of the Aahuatl language 1&. According to the assage8 some abstract universal ideas can be e% ressed in Aahuatl by

GRE

1.,

(A) taking a(ay from a (ord any reference to articular instances (") removing a (ord from its associations (ith other (ords (#) giving a (ord a ne( and o osite meaning ($) utting various meaningful elements together in one (ord (!) turning each (ord of a hrase into a oetic meta hor 1). :t can be inferred solely from the information in the assage that (A) there are many languages that8 like /reek or /erman8 allo( e%tensive com ounding (") all abstract universal ideas are ideas of com le% relations (#) some record or evidence of the thought of the tla%atini%e e%ists ($) meta hors are al(ays used in Aahuatl to e% ress abstract conce tual relationshi s (!) the abstract terms of the Aahuatl language are habitually used in oetry
=an" theorie! have been for#ulated to explain the role of gra*er! !uch a! *ooplan ton in controlling the a#ount of plan tonic algae -ph"toplan ton0 in la e!. The fir!t theorie! of !uch gra*er control %ere #erel" ba!ed on ob!ervation! of negative correlation! bet%een algal and *ooplan ton nu#ber!. A lo% nu#ber of algal cell! in the pre!ence of a high nu#ber of gra*er! !ugge!ted) but did not prove) that the gra*er! had re#oved #o!t of the algae. The conver!e ob!ervation) of the ab!ence of gra*er! in area! of high ph"toplan ton concentration) led .ard" to propo!e hi! principle of ani#al exclu!ion) %hich h"pothe!i*ed that ph"toplan ton produced a repellent that excluded gra*er! fro# region! of high ph"toplan ton concentration. Thi! %a! the fir!t !ugge!tion of algal defen!e! again!t gra*ing. 7erhap! the fact that #an" of the!e fir!t !tudie! con!idered onl" algae of a !i*e that could be collected in a net -net ph"toplan ton0) a practice that overloo ed the !#aller ph"toplan ton -nannoplan ton0 that %e no% no% gra*er! are #o!t li el" to feed on) led to a de-e#pha!i! of the role of gra*er! in !ub!e+uent re!earch. Increa!ingl") a! in the individual !tudie! of Bund) (ound) and (e"nold!) re!earcher! began to !tre!! the i#portance of environ#ental factor! !uch a! te#perature) light) and %ater #ove#ent! in controlling algal nu#ber!. The!e environ#ental factor! %ere a#enable to field #onitoring and to !i#ulation in the laborator". 8ra*ing %a! believed to have !o#e effect on algal nu#ber!) e!peciall" after ph"toplan ton gro%th rate! declined at the end of bloo# period!) but gra*ing %a! con!idered a #inor co#ponent of #odel! that predicted algal population d"na#ic!. The potential #agnitude of gra*ing pre!!ure on fre!h%ater ph"toplan ton ha! onl" recentl" been deter#ined e#piricall". Studie! b" .argrave and 8een e!ti#ated natural co##unit" gra*ing rate! b" #ea!uring feeding rate! of individual *ooplan ton !pecie! in the laborator" and then co#puting co##unit"

GRE

1.3

gra*ing rate! for field condition! u!ing the no%n population den!it" of gra*er!. The high e!ti#ate! of gra*ing pre!!ure po!tulated b" the!e re!earcher! %ere not full" accepted) ho%ever) until the gra*ing rate! of *ooplan ton %ere deter#ined directl" in the field) b" #ean! of ne% experi#ental techni+ue!. 9!ing a !peciall" prepared feeding cha#ber) .ane" %a! able to record *ooplan ton gra*ing rate! in natural field condition!. In the period! of pea *ooplan ton abundance) that i!) in the late !pring and in the !u##er) .ane" recorded #axi#u# dail" co##unit" gra*ing rate!) for nutrient-poor la e! and bog la e!) re!pectivel") of L.L percent and 11D percent of dail" ph"toplan ton production. Cladoceran! had higher gra*ing rate! than copepod!) u!uall" accounting for K4 percent of the co##unit" gra*ing rate. The!e rate! varied !ea!onall") reaching the lo%e!t point in the %inter and earl" !pring. .ane"$! thorough re!earch provide! convincing field evidence that gra*er! can exert !ignificant pre!!ure on ph"toplan ton population.

,.. The author most likely mentions 4ardy's rinci le of animal e%clusion in order to (A) give an e%am le of one theory about the interaction of grazers and hyto lankton (") defend the first theory of algal defenses against grazing (#) su ort the contention that hyto lankton numbers are controlled rimarily by environmental factors ($) demonstrate the su eriority of laboratory studies of zoo lankton feeding rates to other kinds of studies of such rates (!) refute researchers (ho believed that lo( numbers of hyto lankton indicated the grazing effect of lo( numbers of zoo lankton ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the Efirst theoriesF of grazer control mentioned in line 9 (ould have been more convincing if researchers had been able to (A) observe high hyto lankton numbers under natural lake conditions (") discover negative correlations bet(een algae and zoo lankton numbers from their field research (#) understand the central im ortance of environmental factors in controlling the gro(th rates of hyto lankton ($) make verifiable correlations of cause and effect bet(een zoo lankton and hyto lankton numbers (!) invent laboratory techniques that (ould have allo(ed them to by ass their field research concerning grazer control ,,. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould call into question 4ardy's rinci le of animal e%clusion* (A) Loo lankton are not the only organisms that are affected by hyto lankton re ellents. (") Loo lankton e%clusion is unrelated to hyto lankton o ulation density.

GRE

1.9

(#) Loo lankton o ulation density is higher during some arts of the year than during others. ($) Aet hyto lankton are more likely to e%clude zoo lankton than are nanno lankton. (!) 1hyto lankton numbers can be strongly affected by environmental factors. ,3. The author (ould be likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the ressure of grazers on hyto lankton numbers* :. ::. /razing ressure can vary according to the individual ty e of zoo lankton. /razing ressure can be lo(er in nutrient- oor lakes than in bog lakes.

:::. /razing tends to e%ert about the same ressure as does tem erature. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,9. The assage su lies information to indicate that 4argrave and /een's conclusion regarding the grazing ressure e%erted by zoo lankton on hyto lankton numbers (as most similar to the conclusion regarding grazing ressure reached by (hich of the follo(ing researchers* (A) 4ardy (") Dund (#) 5ound ($) 5eynolds (!) 4aney ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that one (ay in (hich many of the early researchers on grazer control could have im roved their data (ould have been to (A) em hasize the effects of tem erature8 rather than of light8 on hyto lankton (") disregard nanno lankton in their analysis of hyto lankton numbers (#) collect hyto lankton of all sizes before analyzing the e%tent of hyto lankton concentration ($) recognize that hyto lankton other than net hyto lankton could be collected in a net (!) understand the crucial significance of net hyto lankton in the diet of zoo lankton ,<. According to the assage8 4argrave and /een did (hich of the follo(ing in their e% eriments* (A) They com ared the grazing rates of individual zoo lankton s ecies in the

GRE

1.;

laboratory (ith the natural grazing rates of these s ecies. (") The hy othesized about the o ulation density of grazers in natural habitats by using data concerning the o ulation density of grazers in the laboratory. (#) They estimated the community grazing rates of zoo lankton in the laboratory by using data concerning the natural community grazing rates of zoo lankton. ($) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zoo lankton by using data concerning the kno(n o ulation density of hyto lankton. (!) They estimated the natural community grazing rates of zoo lankton by using laboratory data concerning the grazing rates of individual zoo lankton s ecies. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing is a true statement about the zoo lankton numbers and zoo lankton grazing rates observed in 4aney's e% eriments* (A) -hile zoo lankton numbers began to decline in August8 zoo lankton grazing rates began to increase. (") Although zoo lankton numbers (ere high in @ay8 grazing rates did not become high until 2anuary. (#) "oth zoo lankton numbers and grazing rates (ere higher in $ecember than in Aovember. ($) "oth zoo lankton numbers and grazing rates (ere lo(er in @arch than in 2une. (!) "oth zoo lankton numbers and grazing rates (ere highest in >ebruary. SECTION '
."drogeolog" i! a !cience dealing %ith the propertie!) di!tribution) and circulation of %ater on the !urface of the land) in the !oil and underl"ing roc !) and in the at#o!phere. The h"drologic c"cle) a #a1or topic in thi! !cience) i! the co#plete c"cle of pheno#ena through %hich %ater pa!!e!) beginning a! at#o!pheric %ater vapor) pa!!ing into li+uid and !olid for# a! precipitation) thence along and into the ground !urface) and finall" again returning to the for# of at#o!pheric %ater vapor b" #ean! of evaporation and tran!piration. The ter# >geoh"drolog"? i! !o#eti#e! erroneou!l" u!ed a! a !"non"# for >h"drogeolog".? 8eoh"drolog" i! concerned %ith underground %ater. There are #an" for#ation! that contain %ater but are not part of the h"drologic c"cle becau!e of geologic change! that have i!olated the# underground. The!e !"!te#! are properl" ter#ed geoh"drologic but not h"drogeologic. Onl" %hen a !"!te# po!!e!!e! natural or artificial boundarie! that a!!ociate the %ater %ithin it %ith the h"drologic c"cle #a" the entire !"!te# properl" be ter#ed h"drogeologic.

17. The author's rimary ur ose is most robably to (A) resent a hy othesis

GRE

1.<

(") refute an argument (#) correct a misconce tion ($) redict an occurrence (!) describe an enigma 1&. :t can be inferred that (hich of the follo(ing is most likely to be the sub7ect of study by a geohydrologist* (A) +oft8 orous rock being (orn a(ay by a (aterfall (") -ater de ositing minerals on the banks of a gorge through (hich the (ater runs (#) The tra ing of (ater in a sealed underground rock cavern through the action of an earthquake ($) -ater becoming unfit to drink through the release of ollutants into it from a manufacturing lant (!) The changing course of a river channel as the action of the (ater (ears a(ay the rocks ast (hich the river flo(s 1). The author refers to Emany formationsF (line 1<) rimarily in order to (A) clarify a distinction (") introduce a sub7ect (#) dra( an analogy ($) em hasize a similarity (!) resolve a conflict
The hi!torian ;rederic @. Turner %rote in the 1KF4$! that the agrarian di!content that had been developing !teadil" in the 9nited State! !ince about 1KN4 had been precipitated b" the clo!ing of the internal frontier2that i!) the depletion of available ne% land needed for further expan!ion of the A#erican far#ing !"!te#. Not onl" %a! Turner$! the!i! influential at the ti#e) it %a! later adopted and elaborated b" other !cholar!) !uch a! @ohn /. .ic ! in The Po)u!ist %e-o!t -1F:10. Actuall") ho%ever) ne% land! %ere ta en up for far#ing in the 9nited State! throughout and be"ond the nineteenth centur". In the 1KF4$!) %hen agrarian di!content had beco#e #o!t acute) 1)144)444 ne% far#! %ere !ettled) %hich %a! 344)444 #ore than had been !ettled during the previou! decade. After 1KF4) under the ter#! of the .o#e!tead Act and it! !ucce!!or!) #ore ne% land %a! ta en up for far#ing than had been ta en up for thi! purpo!e in the 9nited State! up until that ti#e. It i! true that a high proportion of the ne%l" far#ed land %a! !uitable onl" for gra*ing and dr" far#ing) but agricultural practice! had beco#e !ufficientl" advanced to #a e it po!!ible to increa!e the profitabilit" of far#ing b" utili*ing even the!e relativel" barren land!. The e#pha!i! given b" both !cholar! and !tate!#en to the pre!u#ed di!appearance of the A#erican frontier helped to ob!cure the great i#portance of

GRE

1.7

change! in the condition! and con!e+uence! of international trade that occurred during the !econd half of the nineteenth centur". In 1KLF the Sue* Canal %a! opened and the fir!t tran!continental railroad in the 9nited State! %a! co#pleted. An exten!ive net%or of telegraph and telephone co##unication! %a! !pun< Europe %a! connected b" !ub#arine cable %ith the 9nited State! in 1KLL and %ith South A#erica in 1KND. '" about 1KN4 i#prove#ent! in agricultural technolog" #ade po!!ible the full exploitation of area! that %ere #o!t !uitable for exten!ive far#ing on a #echani*ed ba!i!. .uge tract! of land %ere being !ettled and far#ed in Argentina) Au!tralia) Canada) and in the A#erican &e!t) and the!e area! %ere 1oined %ith one another and %ith the countrie! of Europe into an interdependent #ar et !"!te#. A! a con!e+uence) agrarian depre!!ion! no longer %ere local or national in !cope) and the" !truc !everal nation! %ho!e internal frontier! had not vani!hed or %ere not about to vani!h. 'et%een the earl" 1KN4$! and the 1KF4$!) the #ounting agrarian di!content in A#erica paralleled the al#o!t uninterrupted decline in the price! of A#erican agricultural product! on foreign #ar et!. Tho!e !taple-gro%ing far#er! in the 9nited State! %ho exhibited the greate!t di!content %ere tho!e %ho had beco#e #o!t dependent on foreign #ar et! for the !ale of their product!. In!ofar a! A#erican! had been deterred fro# ta ing up ne% land for far#ing) it %a! becau!e #ar et condition! had #ade thi! period a perilou! ti#e in %hich to do !o.

,.. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) sho(ing that a certain inter retation is better su is an alternative e% lanation orted by the evidence than

(") develo ing an alternative inter retation by using sources of evidence that formerly had been unavailable (#) questioning the accuracy of the evidence that most scholars have used to counter the author's o(n inter retation ($) revie(ing the evidence that formerly had been thought to obscure a valid inter retation (!) resenting evidence in su inter retation ort of a controversial version of an earlier

,1. According to the author8 changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in an (A) underestimation of the amount of ne( land that (as being famed in the 6nited +tates (") underutilization of relatively small but rich lots of land (#) overe% ansion of the (orld trans ortation net(ork for shi roducts ing agricultural

($) e%tension of agrarian de ressions beyond national boundaries (!) em hasis on the im ortance of market forces in determining the rices of agricultural roducts

GRE

1.&

,,. The author im lies that the change in the state of the American farmer's morale during the latter art of the nineteenth century (as traceable to the American farmer's increasing erce tion that the (A) costs of cultivating the land (ere rohibitive (ithin the 6nited +tates (") develo ment of the first transcontinental railroad in the 6nited +tates occurred at the e% ense of the American farmer (#) American farming system (as about to run out of the ne( farmland that (as required for its e% ansion ($) rices of American agricultural roducts (ere deteriorating es ecially ra idly on domestic markets (!) roceeds from the sales of American agricultural roducts on foreign markets (ere unsatisfactory ,3. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing occurred rior to 1&).* (A) >rederick 2. Turner's thesis regarding the American frontier became influential. (") The 4omestead Act led to an increase in the amount of ne(ly farmed land in the 6nited +tates. (#) The manufacturers of technologically advanced agricultural machinery ra idly increased their marketing efforts. ($) $irect lines of communication (ere constructed bet(een the 6nited +tates and +outh America. (!) Technological advances made it fruitful to farm e%tensively on a mechanized basis. ,9. The author im lies that8 after certain territories and countries had been 7oined into an interde endent market system in the nineteenth century8 agrarian de ressions (ithin that system (A) s read to several nations8 e%cluding those in (hich the internal frontier remained o en (") manifested themselves in several nations8 including those in (hich ne( land remained available for farming (#) slo(ed do(n the ace of ne( technological develo ments in international communications and trans ortation ($) affected the local and national rices of the nonagricultural roducts of several nations (!) encouraged several nations to sell more of their agricultural roducts on foreign markets ,;. The author rovides information concerning ne(ly farmed lands in the 6nited +tates (lines 11-,7) as evidence in direct su ort of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A ro osal by >rederick 2. Turner that (as later dis uted by 2ohn $. 4icks

GRE

1.)

(") An elaboration by 2ohn $. 4icks of a thesis that formerly had been questioned by >rederick 2. Turner (#) The established vie( that (as dis uted by those scholars (ho ado ted the thesis of >rederick 2. Turner ($) The thesis that im ortant changes occurred in the nature of international trade during the second half of the nineteenth century (!) The vie( that the American frontier did not become closed during the nineteenth century or soon thereafter ,<. The author im lies that the cause of the agrarian discontent (as (A) masked by the vagueness of the official records on ne(ly settled farms (") overshado(ed by dis utes on the reliability of the e%isting historical evidence (#) misidentified as a result of influential but erroneous theorizing ($) overlooked because of a reoccu ation (ith market conditions (!) undetected because visible indications of the cause occurred so gradually and s oradically ,7. The author's argument im lies that8 com ared to the yearly rice changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1&&.'s8 American farmers (ould have most referred yearly rice changes that (ere (A) much smaller and in the same direction (") much smaller but in the o ($) similar in size but in the o osite direction osite direction No. L-: SECTION A
The u!e of heat pu#p! ha! been held bac largel" b" ! eptici!# about adverti!er!$ clai#! that heat pu#p! can provide a! #an" a! t%o unit! of ther#al energ" for each unit of electrical energ" u!ed) thu! apparentl" contradicting the principle of energ" con!ervation. .eat pu#p! circulate a fluid refrigerant that c"cle! alternativel" fro# it! li+uid pha!e to it! vapor pha!e in a clo!ed loop. The refrigerant) !tarting a! a lo%-te#perature) lo%-pre!!ure vapor) enter! a co#pre!!or driven b" an electric #otor. The refrigerant leave! the co#pre!!or a! a hot) den!e vapor and flo%! through a heat exchanger called the conden!er) %hich tran!fer! heat fro# the refrigerant to a bod" of air. No% the refrigerant) a! a high-pre!!ure) cooled li+uid) confront! a flo% re!triction %hich cau!e! the pre!!ure to drop. A! the pre!!ure fall!) the refrigerant expand! and partiall" vapori*e!) beco#ing chilled. It then pa!!e! through a !econd heat exchanger) the evaporator) %hich tran!fer! heat fro# the air to the refrigerant) reducing the te#perature of thi! !econd bod" of air. Of the t%o heat exchanger!) one i! located

(#) slightly smaller and in the same direction (!) slightly greater and in the same direction

GRE

11.

in!ide) and the other one out!ide the hou!e) !o each i! in contact %ith a different bod" of air< roo# air and out!ide air) re!pectivel". The flo% direction of refrigerant through a heat pu#p i! controlled b" valve!. &hen the refrigerant flo% i! rever!ed) the heat exchanger! !%itch function. Thi! flo%-rever!al capabilit" allo%! heat pu#p! either to heat or cool roo# air. No%) if under certain condition! a heat pu#p put! out #ore ther#al energ" than it con!u#e! in electrical energ") ha! the la% of energ" con!ervation been challengedM No) not even re#otel"< the additional input of ther#al energ" into the circulating refrigerant via the evaporator account! for the difference in the energ" e+uation. 9nfortunatel") there i! one real proble#. The heating capacit" of a heat pu#p decrea!e! a! the outdoor te#perature fall!. The drop in capacit" i! cau!ed b" the le!!ening a#ount of refrigerant #a!! #oved through the co#pre!!or at one ti#e. The heating capacit" i! proportional to thi! #a!! flo% rate< the le!! the #a!! of refrigerant being co#pre!!ed) the le!! the ther#al load it can tran!fer through the heat-pu#p c"cle. The volu#e flo% rate of refrigerant vapor through the !ingle-!peed rotar" co#pre!!or u!ed in heat pu#p! i! approxi#atel" con!tant. 'ut cold refrigerant vapor entering a co#pre!!or i! at lo%er pre!!ure than %ar#er vapor. Therefore) the #a!! of cold refrigerant2and thu! the ther#al energ" it carrie!2i! le!! than if the refrigerant vapor %ere %ar#er before co#pre!!ion. .ere) then) lie! a genuine dra%bac of heat pu#p!< in extre#el" cold cli#ate! 2%here the #o!t heat i! needed2heat pu#p! are lea!t able to !uppl" enough heat.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) e% lain the differences in the (orking of a heat um (hen the outdoor tem erature changes (") contrast the heating and the cooling modes of heat um s (#) describe heat um s8 their use8 and factors affecting their use ($) advocate the more (ides read use of heat um s (!) e% ose e%travagant claims about heat um s as false 1&. The author resolves the question of (hether heat um s run counter to the rinci le of energy conservation by (A) carefully qualifying the meaning of that rinci le (") ointing out a factual error in the statement that gives rise to this question (#) su lying additional relevant facts ($) denying the relevance of that rinci le to heat um s (!) e% laining that heat um s can cool8 as (ell as heat8 room air 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that8 in the course of a heating season8 the heating ca acity of a heat um is greatest (hen

GRE

111

(A) heating is least essential (") electricity rates are lo(est (#) its com ressor runs the fastest ($) outdoor tem eratures hold steady (!) the heating demand surges ,.. :f the author's assessment of the use of heat um s (lines 1-<) is correct8 (hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the lesson that advertisers should learn from this case* (A) $o not make e%aggerated claims about the roducts you are trying to romote. (") >ocus your advertising cam aign on vague analogies and veiled im lications instead of on facts. (#) $o not use facts in your advertising that (ill strain the ros ective client's ability to believe. ($) $o not assume in your advertising that the ros ective clients kno( even the most elementary scientific rinci les. (!) #oncentrate your advertising firmly on financially relevant issues such as rice discounts and efficiency of o eration. ,1. The assage suggests that heat um s (ould be used more (idely if (A) they could also be used as air conditioners (") they could be moved around to su ly heat (here it is most needed (#) their heat out ut could be thermostatically controlled ($) models (ith truly su erior cooling ca acity (ere advertised more effectively (!) eo le a reciated the role of the eva orator in the energy equation ,,. According to the assage8 the role of the flo( restriction (lines 1<-17) in a heat um is to (A) measure accurately the flo( rate of the refrigerant mass at that oint (") com ress and heat the refrigerant va or (#) bring about the eva oration and cooling of refrigerant ($) e%change heat bet(een the refrigerant and the air at that oint (!) reverse the direction of refrigerant flo( (hen needed ,3. The author regards the notion that heat um s have a genuine dra(back as a (A) cause for regret (") sign of remature defeatism (#) (elcome challenge ($) case of slo y thinking (!) focus for an educational cam aign

GRE

11,

All of ;rancoi!e /uparc$! !urviving painting! blend portraiture and genre. .er !ub1ect! appear to be ac+uaintance! %ho# !he ha! a! ed to po!e6 !he ha! captured both their !elf-con!ciou!ne!! and the !pontaneit" of their ever"da" activitie!) the depiction of %hich characteri*e! genre painting. 'ut genre painting) e!peciall" %hen it portra"ed #e#ber! of the hu#ble!t cla!!e!) %a! never popular in eighteenth-centur" ;rance. The Be Nain brother! and 8eorge! de Ba Tour) %ho al!o cho!e !uch the#e!) %ere largel" ignored. Their pre!ent high !tanding i! due to a different) #ore de#ocratic political cli#ate and to different ae!thetic value!< %e no longer re+uire arti!t! to provide ideal i#age! of hu#anit" for our #oral edification but rather regard !uch ideali*ation a! a fal!ification of the truth. /uparc give! no i#proving #e!!age and di!creetl" refrain! fro# 1udging her !ub1ect!. In brief) her %or ! neither elevate nor in!truct. Thi! re!traint largel" explain! her lac of popular !ucce!! during her lifeti#e) even if her talent did not go co#pletel" unrecogni*ed b" her eighteenth-centur" ;rench conte#porarie!.

,9. According to the assage8 modern vie(ers are not likely to value (hich of the follo(ing qualities in a ainting* (A) The technical elements of the ainting (") The s ontaneity of the ainting (#) The moral lesson im arted by the ainting ($) The degree to (hich the ainting realistically de icts its sub7ect (!) The degree to (hich the artist's ersonality is revealed in the ainting ,;. :f the history of $u arc's artistic re utation (ere to follo( that of the De Aain brothers and /eorges de Da Tour8 resent-day assessments of her (ork (ould be likely to contain (hich of the follo(ing* (A) An evaluation that accords high status to her (ork (") Ackno(ledgement of her technical e% ertise but dismissal of her sub7ect matter as trivial (#) Agreement (ith assessments made in her o(n time but ackno(ledgements of the e%ce tional quality of a fe( of her aintings ($) 1lacement of her among the foremost artists of her century (!) A reclassification of her (ork as ortraiture rather than genre ainting ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that the term Egenre aintingF (ould most likely a ly to (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A ainting de icting a glorious moment of victory follo(ing a battle (") A ainting illustrating a narrative from the "ible (#) A ortrayal of a mythological /reek goddess ($) A ortrayal of a servant engaged in his (ork (!) A formal ortrait of an eighteenth-century king ,7. The argument of the assage best su orts (hich of the follo(ing contentions

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concerning 7udgments of artistic (ork* (A) Aesthetic 7udgments can be influenced by the olitical beliefs of those making the 7udgment. (") 2udgments of the value of an artist's (ork made by his or her contem oraries must be discounted before a true 7udgment can be made. (#) @odern aesthetic taste is once again moving in the direction of regarding idealistic ainting as the most desirable form of ainting. ($) :n order to be highly regarded8 an artist cannot be solely identified (ith one articular kind of ainting. (!) + ontaneity is the most valuable quality a ortrait ainter can have. SECTION '
="corrhi*al fungi infect #ore plant! than do an" other fungi and are nece!!ar" for #an" plant! to thrive) but the" have e!caped %ide!pread inve!tigation until recentl" for t%o rea!on!. ;ir!t) the !"#biotic a!!ociation i! !o %ell-balanced that the root! of ho!t plant! !ho% no da#age even %hen den!el" infected. Second) the fungi cannot a! "et be cultivated in the ab!ence of a living root. /e!pite the!e difficultie!) there ha! been i#portant ne% %or that !ugge!t! that thi! !"#biotic a!!ociation can be harne!!ed to achieve #ore econo#ical u!e of co!tl" !uperpho!phate fertili*er and to per#it better exploitation of cheaper) le!! !oluble roc pho!phate. ="corrhi*al benefit! are not li#ited to i#proved pho!phate upta e in ho!t plant!. In legu#e!) #"corrhi*al inoculation ha! increa!ed nitrogen fixation be"ond level! achieved b" adding pho!phate fertili*er alone. Certain !"#biotic a!!ociation! al!o increa!e the ho!t plant$! re!i!tance to har#ful root fungi. &hether thi! re!i!tance re!ult! fro# exclu!ion of har#ful fungi through co#petition for !ite!) fro# #etabolic change involving antibiotic production) or fro# increa!ed vigor i! undeter#ined.

17. -hich of the follo(ing most accurately describes the assage* (A) A descri tion of a re licable e% eriment (") A summary re ort of ne( findings (#) A recommendation for abandoning a difficult area of research ($) A refutation of an earlier hy othesis (!) A confirmation of earlier research 1&. The level of information in the assage above is suited to the needs of all of the follo(ing eo le !C#!1T= (A) a researcher (hose 7ob is to identify otentially rofitable areas for research and roduct develo ment (") a state official (hose osition requires her to alert farmers about ossible innovations in farming (#) an official of a research foundation (ho identifies research ro7ects for

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otential funding ($) a biologist attem ting to kee u (ith scientific develo ments in an area outside of his immediate area of s ecialization (!) a botanist conducting e% eriments to determine the relationshi bet(een degree of mycorrhizal infection and e% ected u take of hos hate 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing has been a factor influencing the e%tent to (hich research on mycorrhizal fungi has rogressed* (A) Dack of funding for such research (") Dack of immediate a lication of such research (#) Dack of a method for identifying mycorrhizal fungi ($) $ifficulties surrounding laboratory roduction of s ecimens for study (!) $ifficulties ensuing from the high cost and scarcity of su er hos hate fertilizers ,.. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the increased resistance to harmful root fungi that some lants infected (ith mycorrhizal fungi seem to e%hibit* (A) There are at least three hy otheses that might account for the increase. (") An e% lanation lies in the fact that mycorrhizal fungi increase more ra idly in number than harmful root fungi do. (#) The lants that sho( increased resistance also e%hibit im roved nitrogen fi%ation. ($) +uch increases may be inde endent of mycorrhizal infection. (!) :t is unlikely that a satisfactory e% lanation can be found to account for the increase.
In the earl" 1F34$!) hi!torian! %ho !tudied preindu!trial Europe -%hich %e #a" define here a! Europe in the period fro# roughl" 1:44 to 1K440 began) for the fir!t ti#e in large nu#ber!) to inve!tigate #ore of the preindu!trial European population than the 2 or : percent %ho co#pri!ed the political and !ocial elite< the ing!) general!) 1udge!) noble!) bi!hop!) and local #agnate! %ho had hitherto u!uall" filled hi!tor" boo !. One difficult") ho%ever) %a! that fe% of the re#aining FN percent recorded their thought! or had the# chronicled b" conte#porarie!. ;aced %ith thi! !ituation) #an" hi!torian! ba!ed their inve!tigation! on the onl" record! that !ee#ed to exi!t< birth) #arriage) and death record!. A! a re!ult) #uch of the earl" %or on the nonelite %a! aridl" !tati!tical in nature6 reducing the va!t #a1orit" of the population to a !et of nu#ber! %a! hardl" #ore enlightening than ignoring the# altogether. .i!torian! !till did not no% %hat the!e people thought or felt. One %a" out of thi! dile##a %a! to turn to the record! of legal court!) for here the voice! of the nonelite can #o!t often be heard) a! %itne!!e!) plaintiff!) and defendant!. The!e docu#ent! have acted a! >a point of entr" into the #ental

GRE

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%orld of the poor.? .i!torian! !uch a! Be (o" Badurie have u!ed the docu#ent! to extract ca!e hi!torie!) %hich have illu#inated the attitude! of different !ocial group! -the!e attitude! include) but are not confined to) attitude! to%ard cri#e and the la%0 and have revealed ho% the authoritie! ad#ini!tered 1u!tice. It ha! been !ocietie! that have had a developed police !"!te# and practiced (o#an la%) %ith it! %ritten depo!ition!) %ho!e court record! have "ielded the #o!t data to hi!torian!. In Anglo-Saxon countrie! hardl" an" of the!e benefit! obtain) but it ha! !till been po!!ible to glean infor#ation fro# the !tud" of legal docu#ent!. The extraction of ca!e hi!torie! i! not) ho%ever) the onl" u!e to %hich court record! #a" be put. .i!torian! %ho !tud" preindu!trial Europe have u!ed the record! to e!tabli!h a !erie! of categorie! of cri#e and to +uantif" indict#ent! that %ere i!!ued over a given nu#ber of "ear!. Thi! u!e of the record! doe! "ield !o#e infor#ation about the nonelite) but thi! infor#ation give! u! little in!ight into the #ental live! of the nonelite. &e al!o no% that the nu#ber of indict#ent! in preindu!trial Europe bear! little relation to the nu#ber of actual cri#inal act!) and %e !trongl" !u!pect that the relation!hip ha! varied %idel" over ti#e. In addition) aggregate population e!ti#ate! are ver" !ha ") %hich #a e! it difficult for hi!torian! to co#pare rate! of cri#e per thou!and in one decade of the preindu!trial period %ith rate! in another decade. 8iven the!e inade+uacie!) it i! clear %h" the ca!e hi!tor" u!e of court record! i! to be preferred.

,1. The author suggests that8 before the early 1);.'s8 most historians (ho studied reindustrial !uro e did (hich of the follo(ing* (A) >ailed to make distinctions among members of the reindustrial !uro ean olitical and social elite. (") 6sed investigatory methods that (ere almost e%clusively statistical in nature. (#) :naccurately estimated the influence of the reindustrial !uro ean olitical and social elite. ($) #onfined their (ork to a narro( range of the reindustrial !uro ean o ulation. (!) Tended to rely heavily on birth8 marriage8 and death records. ,,. According to the assage8 the case histories e%tracted by historians have (A) scarcely illuminated the attitudes of the olitical and social elite (") indicated the manner in (hich those in o(er a ortioned 7ustice (#) focused almost entirely on the thoughts and feelings of different social grou s to(ard crime and the la( ($) been considered the first kind of historical (riting that utilized the records of legal courts (!) been based for the most art on the trial testimony of olice and other legal authorities ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that much of the early (ork by historians on

GRE

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the !uro ean nonelite of the reindustrial eriod might have been more illuminating if these historians had (A) used different methods of statistical analysis to investigate the nonelite (") been more successful in identifying the attitudes of civil authorities8 es ecially those (ho administered 7ustice8 to(ard the nonelite (#) been able to dra( on more accounts8 (ritten by contem oraries of the nonelite8 that described (hat this nonelite thought ($) relied more heavily on the ersonal records left by members of the !uro ean olitical and social elite (ho lived during the eriod in question (!) been more (illing to base their research on the birth8 marriage8 and death records of the nonelite ,9. The author mentions De 5oy Dadurie (line ,<) in order to (A) give an e%am le of a historian (ho has made one kind of use of court records (") cite a historian (ho has based case histories on the birth8 marriage8 and death records of the nonelite (#) identify the author of the quotation cited in the revious sentence ($) gain authoritative su ort for the vie( that the case history a roach is the most fruitful a roach to court records (!) oint out the first historian to realize the value of court records in illuminating the beliefs and values of the nonelite ,;. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of indictments for crime in !uro e in the reindustrial eriod* (A) They have8 in terms of their numbers8 remained relatively constant over time. (") They give the historian im ortant information about the mental lives of those indicted. (#) They are not a articularly accurate indication of the e%tent of actual criminal activity. ($) Their im ortance to historians of the nonelite has been generally overestimated. (!) Their roblematic relationshi to actual crime has not been ackno(ledged by most historians. ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that a historian (ho (ished to com are crime rates er thousand in a !uro ean city in one decade of the fifteenth century (ith crime rates in another decade of that century (ould robably be most aided by better information about (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The causes of unrest in the city during the t(o decades (") The aggregate number of indictments in the city nearest to the city under investigation during the t(o decades

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(#) The number of eo le (ho lived in the city during each of the decades under investigation ($) The mental attitudes of criminals in the city8 including their feelings about authority8 during each of the decades under investigation (!) The ossibilities for a member of the city's nonelite to become a member of the olitical and social elite during the t(o decades ,7. The assage (ould be most likely to a ear as art of (A) a book revie( summarizing the achievements of historians of the !uro ean aristocracy (") an essay describing trends in the ractice of (riting history (#) a te%tbook on the a lication of statistical methods in the social sciences ($) a re ort to the historical rofession on the (ork of early-t(entieth-century historians (!) an article urging the ado tion of historical methods by the legal rofession No. N-1 SECTION A
Our vi!ual perception depend! on the reception of energ" reflecting or radiating fro# that %hich %e %i!h to perceive. If our e"e! could receive and #ea!ure infinitel" delicate !en!e-data) %e could perceive the %orld %ith infinite preci!ion. The natural li#it! of our e"e! have) of cour!e) been extended b" #echanical in!tru#ent!6 tele!cope! and #icro!cope!) for exa#ple) expand our capabilitie! greatl". There i!) ho%ever) an ulti#ate li#it be"ond %hich no in!tru#ent can ta e u!6 thi! li#it i! i#po!ed b" our inabilit" to receive !en!e-data !#aller than tho!e conve"ed b" an individual +uantu# of energ". Since the!e +uanta are believed to be indivi!ible pac age! of energ" and !o cannot be further refined) %e reach a point be"ond %hich further re!olution of the %orld i! not po!!ible. It i! li e a dra%ing a child #ight #a e b" !tic ing indivi!ible di!c! of color onto a canva!. &e #ight thin that %e could avoid thi! li#itation b" u!ing +uanta %ith extre#el" long %avelength!6 !uch +uanta %ould be !ufficientl" !en!itive to conve" extre#el" delicate !en!e-data. And the!e +uanta %ould be u!eful) a! long a! %e onl" %anted to #ea!ure energ") but a co#pletel" accurate perception of the %orld %ill depend al!o on the exact #ea!ure#ent of the length! and po!ition! of %hat %e %i!h to perceive. ;or thi!) +uanta of extre#el" long %avelength! are u!ele!!. To #ea!ure a length accuratel" to %ithin a #illionth of an inch) %e #u!t have a #ea!ure graduated in #illionth! of an inch6 a "ard!tic graduated in inche! in u!ele!!. Ouanta %ith a %avelength of one inch %ould be) in a !en!e) #ea!ure! that are graduated in inche!. Ouanta of extre#el" long %avelength are u!ele!! in #ea!uring an"thing except extre#el" large di#en!ion!. /e!pite the!e difficultie!) +uanta have i#portant theoretical i#plication! for

GRE

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ph"!ic!. It u!ed to be !uppo!ed that) in the ob!ervation of nature) the univer!e could be divided into t%o di!tinct part!) a perceiving !ub1ect and a perceived ob1ect. In ph"!ic!) !ub1ect and ob1ect %ere !uppo!ed to be entirel" di!tinct) !o that a de!cription of an" part of the univer!e %ould be independent of the ob!erver. The +uantu# theor") ho%ever) !ugge!t! other%i!e) for ever" ob!ervation involve! the pa!!age of a co#plete +uantu# fro# the ob1ect to the !ub1ect) and it no% appear! that thi! pa!!age con!titute! an i#portant coupling bet%een ob!erver and ob!erved. &e can no longer #a e a !harp divi!ion bet%een the t%o in an effort to ob!erve nature ob1ectivel". Such an atte#pt at ob1ectivit" %ould di!tort the crucial interrelatio!hip of ob!erver and ob!erved a! part! of a !ingle %hole. 'ut) even for !cienti!t!) it i! onl" in the %orld of ato#! that thi! ne% develop#ent #a e! an" appreciable difference in the explanation of ob!ervation!.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) discuss a roblem that hinders recise erce tion of the (orld (") oint out the inadequacies of acce ted units of measurement (#) criticize attem ts to distinguish bet(een erceiving sub7ects and erceived ob7ects ($) com are and contrast rival scientific hy otheses about ho( the (orld should be measured and observed (!) suggest the limited function of sensory observation 1&. According to the assage8 quanta (ith an e%tremely long (avelength cannot be used to give com lete information about the hysical (orld because they (A) e%ist inde endently of sense-data (") are graduated only in inches (#) have an insignificant amount of energy ($) cannot8 (ith resent-day instruments8 be isolated from quanta of shorter (avelength (!) rovide an insufficiently recise means of measuring length and osition 1). -hich of the follo(ing describes a situation most analogous to the situation discussed in lines )-13* (A) A mathematician can only solve roblems the solution of (hich can be deduced from kno(n a%iom. (") An animal can res ond to no command that is more com licated syntactically than any it has reviously received. (#) A vie(er (ho has not learned8 at least intuitively8 the conventions of ainting8 cannot understand ers ective in a dra(ing. ($) A sensitized film (ill record no detail on a scale that is smaller than the grain of the film.

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11)

(!) A shado( cast on a screen by an o aque ob7ect (ill have shar edge only if the light source is small or very distant. ,.. The author uses the analogy of the child's dra(ing (lines 17-1)) rimarily in order to (A) illustrate the ultimate limitation in the recision of sense-data conveyed by quanta (") sho( the sense of hel lessness scientists feel in the face of significant observational roblems (#) antici ate the ob7ections of the those scientists (ho believe that no instrumental aid to observation is entirely reliable ($) e%em lify the similarities bet(een ackages of energy and varieties of color (!) dis arage those scientists (ho believe that measurement by means of quanta offers an accurate icture of the (orld ,1. The author im lies that making a shar division bet(een sub7ect and ob7ect in hysics is (A) ossible in a measurement o ob7ect's length and osition8 but not in a measurement of its energy (") still theoretically ossible in the small-scale (orld of atoms and electrons (#) ossible in the case of observations involving the assage of a com lete quantum ($) no longer an entirely accurate (ay to describe observation of the universe (!) a goal at (hich scientists still aim ,,. The author's use of the hrase Ein a senseF (line 39) im lies (hich of the follo(ing* (A) Kuanta of e%tremely long (avelength are essentially graduated in inches. (") quanta of one-inch (avelength are not recisely analogous to yardsticks graduated in inches. (#) Kuanta of e%tremely long (avelength8 in at least on e res ect8 resemble quanta of shorter (avelength. ($) quanta of on-inch (avelength and quanta of e%tremely long (avelength do not differ only in their (avelengths. (!) quanta of one-inch (avelength must be measured by different standards than quanta of e%tremely long (avelength. ,3. According to the assage8 the quantum theory can be distinguished from revious theories of hysics by its (A) insistence on scru ulously recise mathematical formulations (") understanding of the inherent interrelationshi of erceiver and erceived (#) recognition of the need for so histicated instruments of measurement

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($) em hasis on small-scale rather than on large-scale henomena (!) regard for hiloso hical issues as (ell as for strictly scientific ones
Tillie Ol!en$! fiction and e!!a"! have been %idel" and rightl" ac no%ledged a! #a1or contribution! to A#erican literature. .er %or ha! been particularl" valued b" conte#porar" fe#ini!t!. Aet fe% of Ol!en$! reader! reali*e the extent to %hich her vi!ion and choice of !ub1ect are rooted in an earlier literar" heritage2the tradition of radical political thought) #o!tl" !ociali!t and anarchi!t) of the 1F14$! and 1F24$!) and the Old Beft tradition of the 1F:4$!. I do not #ean that one can ade+uatel" explain the elo+uence of her %or in ter#! of it! political origin!) or that left-%ing politic! %ere the !ingle #o!t i#portant influence on it. =" point i! that it! central con!ciou!ne!!2it! profound under!tanding of cla!! and gender a! !haping influence! on people$! live!2o%e! #uch to that earlier literar" heritage) a heritage that) in general) ha! not been !ufficientl" valued b" #o!t conte#porar" literar" critic!.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) argue that Blsen's understanding of class and gender is her greatest gift as a (riter (") ackno(ledge Blsen's im ortance as the leading s okes erson for a radical literary heritage (#) oint out a literary heritage to (hich Blsen's (ork is related ($) urge literary critics to investigate the origins of a literary heritage (!) suggest that Blsen's (ork has been laced in a literary heritage to (hich it does not belong ,;. According to the author8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of the heritage mentioned in the assage* (A) :t em hasizes gender as the determinate influence on eo le's lives. (") :t has been the most im ortant influence on Blsen's (ork. (#) :t includes olitical traditions that s an three decades of the t(entieth century. ($) :t e% lains the eloquence but not the sub7ect matter of Blsen's (ork. (!) :t reflects rimarily the develo ment of socialist olitical thought in the early t(entieth century. ,<. :n the sentence E: do not I influence on itF (lines 1.-19)8 the author dos (hich of the follo(ing* (A) "roadens an e%isting classification. (") #ontradicts the assage's central thesis. (#) Kualifies a commonly acce ted oint of vie(. ($) 1resents conflicting e% lanations for a henomenon. (!) $enies ossible inter retations of an earlier assertion.

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,7. According to the author8 Blsen's (ork has been (A) rightly ackno(ledged for its contribution to olitical thought (") thought to re resent the beginning of ne( literary tradition (#) a needed im etus for social change ($) most clearly influenced by feminism (!) deservedly admired by readers SECTION '
Currentl") the para#ount proble# in the field of bio#aterial!) the !cience of replacing di!ea!ed ti!!ue %ith hu#an-#ade i#plant!) i! control over the interface) or !urface) bet%een i#planted bio#aterial! and living ti!!ue!. The ph"!ical propertie! of #o!t ti!!ue! can be #atched b" careful !election of ra% #aterial!< #etal!) cera#ic!) or !everal varietie! of pol"#er #aterial!. Even the re+uire#ent that bio#aterial! proce!!ed fro# the!e #aterial! be nontoxic to ho!t ti!!ue can be #et b" techni+ue! derived fro# !tud"ing the reaction! of ti!!ue culture! to bio#aterial! or fro# !hort-ter# i#plant!. 'ut achieving nece!!ar" #atche! in ph"!ical propertie! acro!! interface! bet%een living and non-living #atter re+uire! no%ledge of %hich #olecule! control the bonding of cell! to each other2an area that %e have not "et explored thoroughl". Although recent re!earch ha! allo%ed u! to !tabili*e the ti!!ue-bio#aterial interface b" controlling either the che#ical reaction! or the #icro!tructure of the bio#aterial) our funda#ental under!tanding of ho% i#plant device! adhere to ti!!ue! re#ain! %oefull" inco#plete.

17. According to the assage8 the ma7or roblem currently facing scientists in the field of biomaterials is (A) assessing and regulating the bonding bet(een host tissue and im lants (") controlling the transfer of otentially to%ic materials across the interface of tissue and im lant (#) discovering ne( materials from (hich to construct im lant devices ($) deciding in (hat situations im lants are needed (!) determining the im ortance of short-term im lants to long-term stability of tissue-im lant interfaces 1&. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the recent research mentioned in lines 1)-,;* (A) :t has solved one set of roblems but has created another. (") :t has concentrated on secondary concerns but has ignored rimary concerns. (#) :t has im roved ractical a lications of biomaterial technology (ithout roviding a com lete theoretical e% lanation of that im rovement. ($) :t has thoroughly investigated ro erties of biomaterials but has aid little attention to relevant characteristics of human tissue.

GRE

1,,

(!) :t has rovided considerable information on short-term im lant technology but little on long-term im lant technology. 1). The author's rimary ur ose is to (A) ans(er a theoretical question in the field of biomaterials (") discuss the current state of technology in the field of biomaterials (#) resolve a research dis ute in the field of biomaterial ($) redict an ethical crisis for biomaterials researchers (!) suggest some ractical benefits of biomaterial im lants
I!la#ic la% i! a particularl" in!tructive exa#ple of >!acred la%.? I!la#ic la% i! a pheno#enon !o different fro# all other for#! of la%2not%ith!tanding) of cour!e) a con!iderable and inevitable nu#ber of coincidence! %ith one or the other of the# a! far a! !ub1ect #atter and po!itive enact#ent! are concerned2 that it! !tud" i! indi!pen!able in order to appreciate ade+uatel" the full range of po!!ible legal pheno#ena. Even the t%o other repre!entative! of !acred la% that are hi!toricall" and geographicall" neare!t to it) @e%i!h la% and (o#an Catholic canon la%) are perceptibl" different. 'oth @e%i!h la% and canon la% are #ore unifor# than I!la#ic la%. Though hi!toricall" there i! a di!cernible brea bet%een @e%i!h la% of the !overeign !tate of ancient I!rael and of the /ia!pora -the di!per!ion of @e%i!h people after the con+ue!t of I!rael0) the !pirit of the legal #atter in later part! of the Old Te!ta#ent i! ver" clo!e to that of the Tal#ud) one of the pri#ar" codification! of @e%i!h la% in the /ia!pora. I!la#) on the other hand) repre!ented a radical brea a%a" fro# the Arab pagani!# that preceded it6 I!la#ic la% i! the re!ult of an exa#ination) fro# a religiou! angle) of legal !ub1ect #atter that %a! far fro# unifor#) co#pri!ing a! it did the variou! co#ponent! of the la%! of pre-I!la#ic Arabia and nu#erou! legal ele#ent! ta en over fro# the non-Arab people! of the con+uered territorie!. All thi! %a! unified b" being !ub1ected to the !a#e ind of religiou! !crutin") the i#pact of %hich varied greatl") being al#o!t nonexi!tent in !o#e field!) and in other! originating novel in!titution!. Thi! central dualit" of legal !ub1ect #atter and religiou! nor# i! additional to the variet" of legal) ethical) and ritual rule! that i! t"pical of !acred la%. In it! relation to the !ecular !tate) I!la#ic la% differed fro# both @e%i!h and canon la%. @e%i!h la% %a! buttre!!ed b" the cohe!ion of the co##unit") reinforced b" pre!!ure fro# out!ide6 it! rule! are the direct expre!!ion of thi! feeling of cohe!ion) tending to%ard the acco##odation of di!!ent. Canon and I!la#ic a%) on the contrar") %ere do#inated b" the duali!# of religion and !tate) %here the !tate %a! not) in contra!t %ith @udai!#) an alien po%er but the political expre!!ion of the !a#e religion. 'ut the conflict bet%een !tate and religion too different for#!6 in Chri!tianit" it appeared a! the !truggle for political po%er on the part of a tightl" organi*ed eccle!ia!tical hierarch") and canon la% %a! one of it! political %eapon!. I!la#ic la%) on the other hand) %a! never !upported b" an

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organi*ed in!titution6 con!e+uentl") there never developed an overt trial of !trength. There #erel" exi!ted di!cordance bet%een application of the !acred la% and #an" of the regulation! fra#ed b" I!la#ic !tate!6 thi! antagoni!# varied according to place and ti#e.

,.. The author's ur ose in com aring :slamic la( to 2e(ish la( and canon la( is most robably to (A) contend that traditional legal sub7ect matter does not lay a large role in :slamic la( (") su ort his argument that :slamic la( is a unique kind of legal henomenon (#) em hasize the variety of forms that can all be considered sacred la( ($) rovide an e%am le of ho( he believes com arative institutional study should be undertaken (!) argue that geogra hical and historical ro%imity does not necessarily lead to arallel institutional develo ment ,1. The assage rovides information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) $oes :slamic la( de end on sources other than Arab legal rinci les* (") -hat secular ractices of :slamic states conflicted (ith :slamic la(* (#) Are 2e(ish la( and canon la( the most ty ical e%am les of sacred la(* ($) :s 2e(ish la( more uniform than canon la(* (!) -hat characterized Arab la( of the re-:slamic era* ,,. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements about sacred la( is correct* (A) The various systems of sacred la( originated in a limited geogra hical area. (") The various systems of sacred la( have had marked influence on one another. (#) +ystems of sacred la( usually rely on a (ide variety of recedents. ($) +ystems of sacred la( generally contain rescri tions governing diverse as ects of human activity. (!) +ystems of sacred la( function most effectively in communities (ith relatively small o ulations. ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that the a lication of :slamic la( in :slamic states has (A) systematically been o interests osed by grou s (ho believe it is contrary to their

(") suffered irre arably from the lack of firm institutional backing (#) frequently been at odds (ith the legal activity of government institutions ($) remained unaffected by the olitical forces o erating alongside it (!) benefited from the fact that it never e% erienced a direct confrontation (ith the state

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,9. -hich of the follo(ing most accurately describes the organization of the assage* (A) A universal rinci le is advanced and then discussed in relation to a articular historical henomenon. (") A methodological innovation is suggested and then e%am les of its efficacy are rovided. (#) A traditional inter retation is questioned and then modified to include ne( data. ($) A general o inion is e% ressed and then su ortive illustrations are advanced. ortive evidence and (!) A controversial vie( oint is resented and then both su contradictory evidence are cited.

,;. The assage im lies that the relationshi of :slamic8 2e(ish8 and canon la( is correctly described by (hich of the follo(ing statements* :. ::. "ecause each constitutes an e%am le of sacred la(8 they necessarily share some features. They each develo ed in reaction to the interference of secular olitical institutions.

:::. The differences among them result artly from their differing em hasis on urely ethical rules. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,<. The assage suggests that canon la( differs from :slamic la( in that only canon la( (A) contains rescri tions that nonsacred legal systems might regard as ro erly legal (") concerns itself (ith the duties of a erson in regard to the community as a (hole (#) (as affected by the tension of the conflict bet(een religion and state ($) develo ed in a olitical environment that did not challenge its fundamental e%istence (!) layed a role in the direct confrontation bet(een institutions vying for o(er ,7. All of the follo(ing statements about the develo ment of :slamic la( are im lied in the assage !C#!1T= (A) 1re-:slamic legal rinci les (ere incor orated into :slamic la( (ith (idely differing degrees of change.

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(") $iverse legal elements (ere 7oined together through the a lication of a urely religious criterion. (#) Although some of the sources of :slamic la( (ere agan8 its integrity as a sacred la( (as not com romised by their incor oration. ($) There (as a fundamental shared characteristic in all re-:slamic legal matter taken over by :slamic la(. (!) Although :slam emerged among the Arabs8 :slamic la( (as influenced by ethnically diverse elements. No. N-2 SECTION A
Eight percent of the Earth$! cru!t i! alu#inu#) and there are hundred! of alu#inu#-bearing #ineral! and va!t +uantitie! of the roc ! that contain the#. The be!t alu#inu# ore i! bauxite) defined a! aggregate! of alu#inou! #ineral!) #ore or le!! i#pure) in %hich alu#inu# i! pre!ent a! h"drated oxide!. 'auxite i! the riche!t of all tho!e alu#inou! roc ! that occur in large +uantitie!) and it "ield! alu#ina) the inter#ediate product re+uired for the production of alu#inu#. Alu#ina al!o occur! naturall" a! the #ineral corundu#) but corundu# i! not found in large depo!it! of high purit") and therefore it i! an i#practical !ource for #a ing alu#inu#. =o!t of the #an" abundant nonbauxite alu#inou! #ineral! are !ilicate!) and) li e all !ilicate #ineral!) the" are refractor") re!i!tant to anal"!i!) and extre#el" difficult to proce!!. The alu#inu# !ilicate! are therefore generall" un!uitable alternative! to bauxite becau!e con!iderabl" #ore energ" i! re+uired to extract alu#ina fro# the#.

17. The author im lies that a mineral must either be or readily su follo(ing in order to be classified as an aluminum ore* (A) An aggregate (") "au%ite (#) Alumina ($) #orundum (!) An aluminum silicate

ly (hich of the

1&. The assage su lies information for ans(ering all of the follo(ing questions regarding aluminous minerals !C#!1T= (A) -hat ercentage of the aluminum in the !arth's crust is in the form of bau%ite* (") Are aluminum-bearing nonbau%ite minerals lentiful* (#) $o the aluminous minerals found in bau%ite contain hydrated o%ides* ($) Are aluminous hydrated o%ides found in rocks* (!) $o large quantities of bau%ite e%ist*

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1). The author im lies that corundum (ould be used to roduce aluminum if (A) corundum could be found that is not contaminated by silicates (") the roduction of alumina could be eliminated as an intermediate ste in manufacturing aluminum (#) many large de osits of very high quality corundum (ere to be discovered ($) ne( technologies (ere to make it ossible to convert corundum to a silicate (!) manufacturers (ere to realize that the (orld's su unlimited ly of bau%ite is not

Traditionall") the !tud" of hi!tor" ha! had fixed boundarie! and focal point!2 period!) countrie!) dra#atic event!) and great leader!. It al!o ha! had clear and fir# notion! of !cholarl" procedure< ho% one in+uire! into a hi!torical proble#) ho% one pre!ent! and docu#ent! one$! finding!) %hat con!titute! ad#i!!ible and ade+uate proof. An"one %ho ha! follo%ed recent hi!torical literature can te!tif" to the revolution that i! ta ing place in hi!torical !tudie!. The currentl" fa!hionable !ub1ect! co#e directl" fro# the !ociolog" catalog< childhood) %or ) lei!ure. The ne% !ub1ect! are acco#panied b" ne% #ethod!. &here hi!tor" once %a! pri#aril" narrative) it i! no% entirel" anal"tic. The old +ue!tion! >&hat happenedM? and >.o% did it happenM? have given %a" to the +ue!tion >&h" did it happenM? 7ro#inent a#ong the #ethod! u!ed to an!%er the +ue!tion >&h"? i! p!"choanal"!i!) and it! u!e ha! given ri!e to p!"chohi!tor". 7!"chohi!tor" doe! not #erel" u!e p!"chological explanation! in hi!torical context!. .i!torian! have al%a"! u!ed !uch explanation! %hen the" %ere appropriate and %hen there %a! !ufficient evidence for the#. 'ut thi! prag#atic u!e of p!"cholog" i! not %hat p!"chohi!torian! intend. The" are co##itted) not 1u!t to p!"cholog" in general) but to ;reudian p!"choanal"!i!. Thi! co##it#ent preclude! a co##it#ent to hi!tor" a! hi!torian! have al%a"! under!tood it. 7!"chohi!tor" derive! it! >fact!? not fro# hi!tor") the detailed record! of event! and their con!e+uence!) but fro# p!"choanal"!i! of the individual! %ho #ade hi!tor") and deduce! it! theorie! not fro# thi! or that in!tance in their live!) but fro# a vie% of hu#an nature that tran!cend! hi!tor". It denie! the ba!ic criterion of hi!torical evidence< that evidence be publicl" acce!!ible to) and therefore a!!e!!able b") all hi!torian!. And it violate! the ba!ic tenet of hi!torical #ethod< that hi!torian! be alert to the negative in!tance! that %ould refute their the!e!. 7!"chohi!torian!) convinced of the ab!olute rightne!! of their o%n theorie!) are al!o convinced that their! i! the >deepe!t? explanation of an" event) that other explanation! fall !hort of the truth. 7!"chohi!tor" i! not content to violate the di!cipline of hi!tor" -in the !en!e of the proper #ode of !tud"ing and %riting about the pa!t06 it al!o violate! the pa!t it!elf. It denie! to the pa!t an integrit" and %ill of it! o%n) in %hich people acted out of a variet" of #otive! and in %hich event! had a #ultiplicit" of cau!e! and effect!. It i#po!e! upon the pa!t the !a#e deter#ini!# that it i#po!e! upon the

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pre!ent) thu! robbing people and event! of their individualit" and of their co#plexit". In!tead of re!pecting the particularit" of the pa!t) it a!!i#ilate! all event!) pa!t and pre!ent) into a !ingle deter#ini!tic !che#a that i! pre!u#ed to be true at all ti#e! and in all circu#!tance!.

,.. -hich of the follo(ing best states the main oint of the assage* (A) The a roach of sychohistorians to historical study is currently in vogue even though it lacks the rigor and verifiability of traditional historical method. (") Traditional historians can benefit from studying the techniques and findings of sychohistorians. (#) Areas of sociological study such as childhood and (ork are of little interest to traditional historians. ($) The sychological assessment of an individual's behavior and attitudes is more informative than the details of his or her daily life. (!) 4istory is com osed of unique and nonre eating events that must be individually analyzed on the basis of ublicly verifiable evidence. ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that one (ay in (hich traditional history can be distinguished from sychohistory is that traditional history usually (A) vie(s ast events as com le% and having their o(n individuality (") relies on a single inter retation of human behavior to e% lain historical events (#) inter rets historical events in such a (ay that their s ecific nature is transcended ($) turns to sychological e% lanations in historical conte%ts to account for events (!) relies strictly on data that are concrete and quantifiable ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the methods used by sychohistorians robably revent them from (A) resenting their material in chronological order (") roducing a one-sided icture of an individual's ersonality and motivations (#) uncovering alternative e% lanations that might cause them to question their o(n conclusions ($) offering a consistent inter retation of the im act of ersonality on historical events (!) recognizing connections bet(een a government's olitical actions and the as irations of government leaders ,3. The assage su questions* lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) -hat are some s ecific e%am les of the use of sychohistory in historical

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inter retation* (") -hen (ere the conventions governing the ractice of traditional history first established* (#) -hen do traditional historians consider sychological e% lanations of historical develo ments a ro riate* ($) -hat sort of historical figure is best suited for sychohistorical analysis* (!) -hat is the basic criterion of historical evidence required by traditional historians* ,9. The author mentions (hich of the follo(ing as a characteristic of the ractice of sychohistorians* (A) The lives of historical figures are resented in e isodic rather than narrative form. (") Archives used by sychohistorians to gather material are not accessible to other scholars. (#) 1ast and current events are all laced (ithin the same deterministic schema. ($) !vents in the adult life of a historical figure are seen to be more consequential than are those in the childhood of the figure. (!) Analysis is focused on grou behavior rather than on articular events in an individual's life. ,;. The author of the assage suggests that sychohistorians vie( history rimarily as (A) a re ort of events8 causes8 and effects that is generally acce ted by historians but (hich is8 for the most art8 unverifiable (") an e isodic account that lacks cohesion because records of the role of childhood8 (ork8 and leisure in the lives of historical figures are rare (#) an uncharted sea of seemingly une% lainable events that have meaning only (hen e%amined as discrete units ($) a record of the (ay in (hich a closed set of immutable sychological la(s seems to have sha ed events (!) a roof of the e%istence of intricate causal interrelationshi s bet(een ast and resent events ,<. The author of the assage uts the (ord Edee estF (line 99) in quotation marks most robably in order to (A) signal her reservations about the accuracy of sychohistorians' claims for their (ork (") dra( attention to a contradiction in the sychohistorians' method (#) em hasize the ma7or difference bet(een the traditional historians' method and that of sychohistorians

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($) disassociate her o inion of the sychohistorians' claims from her o inion of their method (!) question the usefulness of sychohistorians' insights into traditional historical scholarshi ,7. :n resenting her analysis8 the author does all of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) @ake general statement (ithout reference to s ecific e%am les. (") $escribe some of the criteria em loyed by traditional historians. (#) Kuestion the adequacy of the sychohistorians' inter retation of events. ($) 1oint out inconsistencies in the sychohistorians' a lication of their methods. (!) #ontrast the underlying assum tions of sychohistorians (ith those of traditional historians. SECTION '
@ean &agner$! #o!t enduring contribution to the !tud" of Afro-A#erican poetr" i! hi! in!i!tence that it be anal"*ed in a religiou!) a! %ell a! !ecular) fra#e of reference. The appropriatene!! of !uch an approach #a" !ee# !elf-evident for a tradition co##encing %ith !piritual! and o%ing it! earl" for#!) rh"th#!) vocabular") and evangelical fervor to &e!le"an h"#nal!. 'ut before &agner a !ecular outloo that anal"*ed 'lac poetr" !olel" %ithin the context of political and !ocial prote!t %a! do#inant in the field. It i! &agner %ho fir!t de#on!trated the e!!ential fu!ion of racial and religiou! feeling in Afro-A#erican poetr". The t%o) he argued) for# a !"#biotic union in %hich religiou! feeling! are often applied to racial i!!ue! and racial proble#! are often pro1ected onto a #etaph"!ical plane. &agner found thi! #o!t elo+uentl" illu!trated in the 'lac !piritual) %here the de!ire for freedo# in thi! %orld and the hope for !alvation in the next are inextricabl" intert%ined.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) contrast the theories of 2ean -agner (ith those of other contem orary critics (") document the influence of 2ean -agner on the develo ment of AfroAmerican oetry (#) e% lain the relevance of 2ean -agner's (ork to the study of Afro-American religion ($) indicate the im ortance of 2ean -agner's analysis of Afro-American oetry (!) resent the contributions of 2ean -agner to the study of "lack s irituals 1&. All of the follo(ing as ects of Afro-American oetry are referred to in the assage as having been influenced by -esleyan hymnals !C#!1T= (A) sub7ect matter (") (ord choice

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(#) rhythm ($) structure (!) tone 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that8 before -agner8 most students of AfroAmerican oetry did (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #ontributed a reciably to the transfer of olitical rotest from AfroAmerican oetry to direct olitical action. (") :gnored at least some of the historical roots of Afro-American oetry. (#) Analyzed fully the as ects of social rotest to be found in such traditional forms of Afro-American oetry as the "lack s iritual. ($) 5egarded as unim ortant the develo ment of fervent emotionalism in a ortion of Afro-American oetry. (!) #oncentrated on the com le% relations bet(een the technical elements in Afro-American oetry and its olitical content.
T%o relativel" recent independent develop#ent! !tand behind the current #a1or re!earch effort on nitrogen fixation) the proce!! b" %hich bacteria !"#bioticall" render legu#inou! plant! independent of nitrogen fertili*er. The one develop#ent ha! been the rapid) !u!tained increa!e in the price of nitrogen fertili*er. The other develop#ent ha! been the rapid gro%th of no%ledge of and technical !ophi!tication in genetic engineering. ;ertili*er price!) largel" tied to the price of natural ga!) huge a#ount! of %hich go into the #anufacture of fertili*er) %ill continue to repre!ent an enor#ou! and e!calating econo#ic burden on #odern agriculture) !purring the !earch for alternative! to !"nthetic fertili*er!. And genetic engineering i! 1u!t the !ort of funda#ental brea through that open! up pro!pect! of %holl" novel alternative!. One !uch novel idea i! that of in!erting into the chro#o!o#e! of plant! di!crete gene! that are not a part of the plant!$ natural con!titution< !pecificall") the idea of in!erting into nonlegu#inou! plant! the gene!) if the" can be identified and i!olated) that fit the legu#inou! plant! to be ho!t! for nitrogen-fixing bacteria. .ence) the inten!ified re!earch on legu#e!. Nitrogen fixation i! a proce!! in %hich certain bacteria u!e at#o!pheric nitrogen ga!) %hich green plant! cannot directl" utili*e) to produce a##onia) a nitrogen co#pound plant! can u!e. It i! one of nature$! great ironie! that the availabilit" of nitrogen in the !oil fre+uentl" !et! an upper li#it on plant gro%th even though the plant!$ leave! are bathed in a !ea of nitrogen ga!. The legu#inou! plant!2a#ong the# crop plant! !uch a! !o"bean!) pea!) alfalfa) and clover2have !olved the nitrogen !uppl" proble# b" entering into a !"#biotic relation!hip %ith the bacterial genu! %hizo(iu$6 a! a #atter of fact) there i! a !pecific !train of %hizo(iu$ for each !pecie! of legu#e. The ho!t plant !upplie! the bacteria %ith food and a protected habitat and receive! !urplu! a##onia in exchange. .ence) legu#e! can thrive in nitrogen-depleted !oil. 9nfortunatel") #o!t of the #a1or food crop!2including #ai*e) %heat) rice)

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and potatoe!2cannot. On the contrar") #an" of the high-"ielding h"brid varietie! of the!e food crop! bred during the 8reen (evolution of the 1FL4$! %ere !elected !pecificall" to give high "ield! in re!pon!e to generou! application! of nitrogen fertili*er. Thi! po!e! an additional) for#idable challenge to plant genetici!t!< the" #u!t %or on enhancing fixation %ithin the exi!ting !"#bio!e!. 9nle!! the" !ucceed) the "ield gain! of the 8reen (evolution %ill be largel" lo!t even if the gene! in legu#e! that e+uip tho!e plant! to enter into a !"#bio!i! %ith nitrogen fixer! are identified and i!olated) and even if the tran!fer of tho!e gene co#plexe!) once the" are found) beco#e! po!!ible. The overall ta! loo ! forbidding) but the !ta e! are too high not to underta e it.

,.. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) e% ose the fragile nature of the foundations on (hich the high yields of modern agriculture rest (") argue that genetic engineering romises to lead to even higher yields than are achievable (ith synthetic fertilizers (#) argue that the ca acity for nitrogen-fi%ing symbioses is transferable to nonleguminous lants ($) e% lain the reasons for and the ob7ectives of current research on nitrogenfi%ing symbioses (!) describe the nature of the genes that regulate the symbiosis bet(een legumes and certain bacteria ,1. According to the assage8 there is currently no strain of &hi'obiu% that can enter into a symbiosis (ith (A) alfalfa (") clover (#) maize ($) eas (!) soybeans ,,. The assage im lies that (hich of the follo(ing is true of the bacterial genus &hi'obiu%* (A) &hi'obiu% bacteria are found rimarily in nitrogen-de leted soils. (") +ome strains of &hi'obiu% are not ca able of entering into a symbiosis (ith any lant. (#) Ae(ly bred varieties of legumes cannot be hosts to any strain of &hi'obiu%. ($) &hi'obiu% bacteria cannot survive outside the rotected habitat rovided by host lants. (!) &hi'obiu% bacteria roduce some ammonia for their o(n ur oses. ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing (as the most influential factor in bringing about intensified research on nitrogen fi%ation*

GRE

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(A) The high yields of the /reen 5evolution (") The ersistent u (ard surge in natural gas rices (#) The variety of &hi'obiu% strains ($) The mechanization of modern agriculture (!) The environmental ill effects of synthetic fertilizers ,9. -hich of the follo(ing situations is most closely analogous to the situation described by the author as one of nature's great ironies (lines ,&-3,)* (A) That of a farmer (hose cro s have failed because the normal midseason rains did not materialize and no re arations for irrigation had been made (") That of a long-distance runner (ho loses a marathon race because of a (rong turn that cost him t(enty seconds (#) That of shi (recked sailors at sea in a lifeboat8 (ith one flask of drinking (ater to share among them ($) That of a motorist (ho runs out of gas a mere five miles from the nearest gas station (!) That of travelers (ho (ant to reach their destination as fast and as chea ly as ossible8 but find that cost increases as travel s eed increases ,;. According to the assage8 the ultimate goal of the current research on nitrogen fi%ation is to develo (A) strains of &hi'obiu% that can enter into symbioses (ith e%isting varieties of (heat8 rice8 and other nonlegumes (") strains of &hi'obiu% that roduce more ammonia for leguminous host lants than do any of the strains resently kno(n (#) varieties of (heat8 rice8 and other nonlegumes that yield as much as do e%isting varieties8 but require less nitrogen ($) varieties of (heat8 rice8 and other nonlegumes that maintain an adequate symbiotic relationshi (ith nitrogen-fi%ing bacteria and roduce high yields (!) high-yielding varieties of (heat8 rice8 and other nonlegumes that are genetically equi ed to fi% nitrogen from the air (ithout the aid of bacteria ,<. The author regards the research rogram under discussion as (A) original and e%tensive but ill-defined as to method (") necessary and ambitious but vulnerable to failure (#) cogent and (orth(hile but severely under-funded ($) rohibitively e% ensive but conce tually elegant (!) theoretically fascinating but ractically useless ,7. @ost nearly arallel8 in its fundamental a roach8 to the research rogram described in the assage (ould be a rogram designed to (A) achieve greater frost resistance in frost-tender food lants by means of

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selective breeding8 thereby e% anding those lants' area of cultivation (") achieve greater yields from food lants by inter lanting cro mutually beneficial lants that are

(#) find ine% ensive and abundant natural substances that could8 (ithout reducing yields8 be substituted for e% ensive synthetic fertilizers ($) change the genetic makeu of food lants that cannot live in (ater (ith high salinity8 using genes from lants ada ted to salt (ater (!) develo 8 through genetic engineering8 a genetic configuration for the ma7or food lants that im roves the storage characteristics of the edible ortion of the lants No. N-: SECTION A
Of .o#er$! t%o epic poe#!) the .d"sse" ha! al%a"! been #ore popular than the /!iad) perhap! becau!e it include! #ore feature! of #"tholog" that are acce!!ible to reader!. It! !ub1ect -to u!e =a"nard =ac $! categorie!0 i! >life-a!!pectacle)? for reader!) diverted b" it! variou! incident!) ob!erve it! hero Od"!!eu! pri#aril" fro# %ithout6 the tragic /!iad) ho%ever) pre!ent! >life-a!experience?< reader! are a! ed to identif" %ith the #ind of Achille!) %ho!e #otivation! render hi# a not particularl" li able hero. In addition) the /!iad) #ore than the .d"sse") !ugge!t! the co#plexit" of the god!$ involve#ent in hu#an action!) and to the extent that #odern reader! find thi! co#plexit" a needle!! co#plication) the /!iad i! le!! !ati!f"ing than the .d"sse") %ith it! !i#pler !che#e of divine 1u!tice. ;inall") !ince the /!iad pre!ent! a hi!toricall" verifiable action) Tro"$! !iege) the poe# rai!e! hi!torical +ue!tion! that are ab!ent fro# the .d"sse"#s blithel" i#aginative %orld.

17. The author uses @ack's EcategoriesF (lines 9-;) most robably in order to (A) argue that the (liad should re lace the )d sse as the more o ular oem (") indicate @ack's im ortance as a commentator on the (liad and the )d sse (#) suggest one (ay in (hich the (liad and the )d sse can be distinguished ($) oint out some of the difficulties faced by readers of the (liad and the )d sse (!) demonstrate that the (liad and the )d sse can best be distinguished by com aring their res ective heroes 1&. The author suggests that the variety of incidents in the )d sse is likely to deter the reader from (A) concentrating on the oem's mythological features (") concentrating on the sychological states of the oem's central character (#) acce ting the e% lanation that have been offered for the oem's o ularity ($) acce ting the oem's scheme of divine 7ustice

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(!) acce ting @aynard @ack's theory that the oem's sub7ect is Elife-ass ectacleF 1). The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) distinguishing arguments (") a lying classifications (#) initiating a debate ($) resolving a dis ute (!) develo ing a contrast ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that a reader of the (liad is likely to have trouble identifying (ith the oem's hero for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) The hero is eventually revealed to be unheroic. (") The hero can be observed by the reader only from (ithout. (#) The hero's sychology is not historically verifiable. ($) The hero's emotions often do not seem a ealing to the reader. (!) The hero's emotions are not sufficiently various to engage the reader's attention.
;latfi!h) !uch a! the flounder) are a#ong the fe% vertebrate! that lac approxi#ate bilateral !"##etr" -!"##etr" in %hich !tructure! to the left and right of the bod"$! #idline are #irror i#age!0. =o!t !tri ing a#ong the #an" a!"##etrie! evident in an adult flatfi!h i! e"e place#ent< before #aturit" one e"e #igrate!) !o that in an adult flatfi!h both e"e! are on the !a#e !ide of the head. &hile in #o!t !pecie! %ith a!"##etrie! virtuall" all adult! !hare the !a#e a!"##etr") #e#ber! of the !tarr" flounder !pecie! can be either left-e"ed -both e"e! on the left !ide of head0 or right-e"ed. In the %ater! bet%een the 9nited State! and @apan) the !tarr" flounder population! var" fro# about 34 percent lefte"ed off the 9nited State! &e!t Coa!t) through about N4 percent left-e"ed half%a" bet%een the 9nited State! and @apan) to nearl" 144 percent left-e"ed off the @apane!e coa!t. 'iologi!t! call thi! ind of gradual variation over a certain geographic range a >cline? and interpret cline! a! !trong indication! that the variation i! adaptive) a re!pon!e to environ#ental difference!. ;or the !tarr" flounder thi! interpretation i#plie! that a geo#etric difference -bet%een fi!h that are #irror i#age! of one another0 i! adaptive) that left-e"edne!! in the @apane!e !tarr" flounder ha! been !elected for) %hich provo e! a perplexing +ue!tion!< %hat i! the !elective advantage in having both e"e! on one !ide rather than on the otherM The ea!e %ith %hich a fi!h can rever!e the effect of the !idedne!! of it! e"e a!"##etr" !i#pl" b" turning around ha! cau!ed biologi!t! to !tud" internal anato#") e!peciall" the optic nerve!) for the an!%er. In all flatfi!h the optic nerve! cro!!) !o that the right optic nerve i! 1oined to the brain$! left !ide and vice ver!a. Thi! cro!!ing introduce! an a!"##etr") a! one optic nerve #u!t cro!! above or

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belo% the other. 8. .. 7ar er rea!oned that if) for exa#ple) a flatfi!h$! left e"e #igrated %hen the right optic nerve %a! on top) there %ould be a t%i!ting of nerve!) %hich #ight be #echanicall" di!advantageou!. ;or !tarr" flounder!) then) the left-e"ed variet" %ould be !elected again!t) !ince in a !tarr" flounder the left optic nerve i! upper#o!t. The proble# %ith the above explanation i! that the @apane!e !tarr" flounder population i! al#o!t exclu!ivel" left-e"ed) an natural !election never pro#ote! a purel" le!! advantageou! variation. A! other explanation! proved e+uall" untenable) biologi!t! concluded that there i! no i#portant adaptive difference bet%een left-e"edne!! and right-e"edne!!) and that the t%o characteri!tic! are geneticall" a!!ociated %ith !o#e other adaptivel" !ignificant characteri!tic. Thi! !ituation i! one co##onl" encountered b" evolutionar" biologi!t!) %ho #u!t often decide %hether a characteri!tic i! adaptive or !electivel" neutral. A! for the lefte"ed and right-e"ed flatfi!h) their difference) ho%ever !tri ing) appear! to be an evolutionar" red herring.

,1. According to the assage8 starry flounder differ from most other s ecies of flatfish in that starry flounder (A) are not basically bilaterally symmetric (") do not become asymmetric until adulthood (#) do not all share the same asymmetry ($) have both eyes on the same side of the head (!) tend to cluster in only certain geogra hic regions ,,. The author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about left-eyedness and right-eyedness in the starry flounder* :. ::. They are ada tive variations by the starry flounder to environmental differences. They do not seem to give obvious selective advantages to the starry flounder.

:::. They occur in different ro ortions in different locations. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,3. According to the assage8 a ossible disadvantage associated (ith eye migration in flatfish is that the o tic nerves can (A) adhere to one another (") detach from the eyes (#) cross

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($) stretch (!) t(ist ,9. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage as a (hole* (A) A henomenon is described and an inter retation resented and re7ected. (") A generalization is made and su orting evidence is su lied and (eighed. (#) A contradiction is noted and a resolution is suggested and then modified. ($) A series of observations is resented and e% lained in terms of the dominant theory. (!) A hy othesis is introduced and corroborated in the light of ne( evidence. ,;. The assage su questions* lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) -hy are 2a anese starry flounder mostly left-eyed* (") -hy should the eye-sidedness in starry flounder be considered selectively neutral* (#) -hy have biologists recently become interested in (hether a characteristic is ada tive or selectively neutral* ($) 4o( do the eyes in flatfish migrate* (!) 4o( did 1arker make his discoveries about the anatomy of o tic nerves in flatfish* ,<. -hich of the follo(ing is most clearly similar to a cline as it is described in the second aragra h of the assage* (A) A vegetable market in (hich the various items are grou ed according to lace of origin (") A (heat field in (hich different varieties of (heat are lanted to yield a cro that (ill bring the ma%imum rofit (#) A flo(er stall in (hich the various s ecies of flo(ers are arranged according to their rice ($) A housing develo ment in (hich the length of the front struts su orch of each house increases as houses are built u the hill (!) A national ark in (hich the ranger stations are laced so as to be incons icuous8 and yet as easily accessible as ossible ,7. -hich of the follo(ing hrases from the assage best e% resses the author's conclusion about the meaning of the difference bet(een left-eyed and right-eyed flatfish* (A) E@ost strikingF (line 9) (") Evariation is ada tiveF (line 1)) (#) Emechanically disadvantageousF (lines 373&) ($) Eada tively significantF (lines 9&-9)) orting the

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(!) Eevolutionary red herringF (line ;9) SECTION '

If a !upernova -the explo!ion of a #a!!ive !tar0 triggered !tar for#ation fro# den!e cloud! of ga! and du!t) and if the #o!t #a!!ive !tar to be for#ed fro# the cloud evolved into a !upernova and triggered a ne% round of !tar for#ation) and !o on) then a chain of !tar-for#ing region! %ould re!ult. If #an" !uch chain! %ere created in a differentiall" rotating galax") the di!tribution of !tar! %ould re!e#ble the ob!erved di!tribution in a !piral galax". Thi! line of rea!oning underlie! an exciting ne% theor" of !piral-galax" !tructure. A co#puter !i#ulation ba!ed on thi! theor" ha! reproduced the appearance of #an" !piral galaxie! %ithout a!!u#ing an underl"ing den!it" %ave) the hall#ar of the #o!t %idel" accepted theor" of the large-!cale !tructure of !piral galaxie!. That theor" #aintain! that a den!it" %ave of !piral for# !%eep! through the central plane of a galax") co#pre!!ing cloud! of ga! and du!t) %hich collap!e into !tar! that for# a !piral pattern.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) describe (hat results (hen a su ernova triggers the creation of chains of starforming regions (") ro ose a modification in the most (idely acce ted theory of s iral-gala%y structure (#) com are and contrast the roles of clouds of gas and dust in t(o theories of s iral-gala%y structure ($) describe a ne( theory of s iral-gala%y structure and contrast it (ith the most (idely acce ted theory (!) describe a ne( theory of s iral-gala%y structure and discuss a reason (hy it is inferior to the most (idely acce ted theory 1&. The assage im lies that8 according to the ne( theory of s iral-gala%y structure8 a s iral gala%y can be created by su ernovas (hen the su ernovas are (A) roducing an underlying density (ave (") affected by a density (ave of s iral form (#) distributed in a s iral attern ($) located in the central lane of a gala%y (!) located in a differentially rotating gala%y 1). -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most discredit the ne( theory as described in the assage* (A) The e%act mechanism by (hich a star becomes a su ernova is not yet com letely kno(n and may even differ for different stars. (") #hains of star-forming regions like those ostulated in the ne( theory have been observed in the vicinity of dense clouds of gas and dust.

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(#) The most massive stars formed from su ernova e% losions are unlikely to evolve into su ernovas. ($) #om uter simulations of su ernovas rovide a oor icture of (hat occurs 7ust before a su ernova e% losion. (!) A density (ave cannot com ress clouds of gas and dust to a density high enough to create a star. ,.. The author's attitude to(ard the ne( theory of s iral-gala%y structure can best be described as (A) eu horic (") enthusiastic (#) concerned ($) critical (!) dis utatious
The fir!t #ention of !laver" in the !tatute! of the Engli!h colonie! of North A#erica doe! not occur until after 1LL42!o#e fort" "ear! after the i#portation of the fir!t 'lac people. Be!t %e thin that !laver" exi!ted in fact before it did in la%) O!car and =ar" .andlin a!!ure u! that the !tatu! of 'lac people do%n to the 1LL4$! %a! that of !ervant!. A criti+ue of the .andlin!$ interpretation of %h" legal !laver" did not appear until the 1LL4$! !ugge!t! that a!!u#ption! about the relation bet%een !laver" and racial pre1udice !hould be reexa#ined) and that explanation! for the different treat#ent of 'lac !lave! in North and South A#erica !hould be expanded. The .andlin! explain the appearance of legal !laver" b" arguing that) during the 1LL4$!) the po!ition of &hite !ervant! %a! i#proving relative to that of 'lac !ervant!. Thu!) the .andlin! contend) 'lac and &hite !ervant!) heretofore treated ali e) each attained a different !tatu!. There are) ho%ever) i#portant ob1ection! to thi! argu#ent. ;ir!t) the .andlin! cannot ade+uatel" de#on!trate that the &hite !ervant$! po!ition %a! i#proving during and after the 1LL4$!6 !everal act! of the =ar"land and Cirginia legi!lature! indicate other%i!e. Another fla% in the .andlin!$ interpretation i! their a!!u#ption that prior to the e!tabli!h#ent of legal !laver" there %a! no di!cri#ination again!t 'lac people. It i! true that before the 1LL4$! 'lac people %ere rarel" called !lave!. 'ut thi! !hould not over!hado% evidence fro# the 1L:4$! on that point! to racial di!cri#ination %ithout u!ing the ter# !laver". Such di!cri#ination !o#eti#e! !topped !hort of lifeti#e !ervitude or inherited !tatu!2the t%o attribute! of true !laver"2"et in other ca!e! it included both. The .andlin!$ argu#ent exclude! the real po!!ibilit" that 'lac people in the Engli!h colonie! %ere never treated a! the e+ual! of &hite people. Thi! po!!ibilit" ha! i#portant ra#ification!. If fro# the out!et 'lac people %ere di!cri#inated again!t) then legal !laver" !hould be vie%ed a! a reflection and an exten!ion of racial pre1udice rather than) a! #an" hi!torian! including the

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.andlin! have argued) the cau!e of pre1udice. In addition) the exi!tence of di!cri#ination before the advent of legal !laver" offer! a further explanation for the har!her treat#ent of 'lac !lave! in North than in South A#erica. ;re"re and Tannenbau# have rightl" argued that the lac of certain tradition! in North A#erica2!uch a! a (o#an conception of !laver" and a (o#an Catholic e#pha!i! on e+ualit"2explain! %h" the treat#ent of 'lac !lave! %a! #ore !evere there than in the Spani!h and 7ortugue!e colonie! of South A#erica. 'ut thi! cannot be the %hole explanation !ince it i! #erel" negative) ba!ed onl" on a lac of !o#ething. A #ore co#pelling explanation i! that the earl" and !o#eti#e! extre#e racial di!cri#ination in the Engli!h colonie! helped deter#ine the particular nature of the !laver" that follo%ed.

,1. -hich of the follo(ing statements best describes the organization of lines 1-& of the assage* (A) A historical trend is sketched and an e%ce tion to that trend is cited. (") !vidence for a historical irregularity is mentioned and a generalization from that evidence is advanced. (#) A arado% about the origins of an institution is ointed out and the author's e% lanation of the arado% is e% ounded. ($) A statement about a historical henomenon is offered and a ossible misinter retation of that statement is addressed. (!) An inter retation of the rise of an institution is stated and evidence for that inter retation is rovided. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing is the most logical inference to be dra(n from the assage about the effects of Eseveral acts of the @aryland and ?irginia legislaturesF (lines ,,-,3) assed during and after the 1<<.'s* (A) The acts negatively affected the re-1<<.'s osition of "lack as (ell as of -hite servants. (") The acts had the effect of im airing rather than im roving the osition of -hite servants relative to (hat it had been before the 1<<.'s. (#) The acts had a different effect o n the osition of -hite servants than did many of the acts assed during this time by the legislatures of other colonies. ($) The acts8 at the very least8 caused the osition of -hite servants to remain no better than it had been before the 1<<.'s. (!) The acts8 at the very least8 tended to reflect the attitudes to(ard "lack servants that already e%isted before the 1<<.'s. ,3. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the status of "lack eo le in the !nglish colonies of Aorth America before the 1<<.'s (ould the author be D!A+T likely to agree* (A) Although "lack eo le (ere not legally considered to be slaves8 they (ere often called slaves.

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(") Although sub7ect to some discrimination8 "lack eo le had a higher legal status than they did after the 1<<.'s. (#) Although sometimes sub7ect to lifetime servitude8 "lack eo le (ere not legally considered to be slaves. ($) Although often not treated the same as -hite eo le8 "lack eo le8 like many -hite eo le8 ossessed the legal status of servants. (!) Although a arently sub7ect to more discrimination after 1<3. than before 1<3.8 "lack eo le from 1<,. to the 1<<.'s (ere legally considered to be servants. ,9. According to the assage8 the 4andlins have argued (hich of the follo(ing about the relationshi bet(een racial re7udice and the institution of legal slavery in the !nglish colonies of Aorth America* (A) 5acial re7udice and the institution of slavery arose simultaneously. (") 5acial re7udice most often took the form of the im osition of inherited status8 one of the attributes of slavery. (#) The source of racial re7udice (as the institution of slavery. ($) "ecause of the influence of the 5oman #atholic church8 racial re7udice sometimes did not result in slavery. (!) Although e%isting in a lesser form before the 1<<.'s8 racial re7udice increased shar ly after slavery (as legalized. ,;. The assage suggests that the e%istence of a 5oman conce tion of slavery in + anish and 1ortuguese colonies had the effect of (A) e%tending rather than causing racial re7udice in these colonies (") hastening the legalization of slavery in these colonies (#) mitigating some of the conditions of slavery for "lack eo le in these colonies ($) delaying the introduction of slavery into the !nglish colonies (!) bringing about an im rovement in the treatment of "lack slaves in the !nglish colonies ,<. The author considers the e% lanation ut for(ard by >reyre and Tannenbaum for the treatment accorded "lack slaves in the !nglish colonies of Aorth America to be (A) ambitious but misguided (") valid but limited (#) o ular but sus ect ($) anachronistic and controversial (!) remature and illogical ,7. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the reason for the introduction

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of legal slavery in the !nglish colonies of Aorth America (ould the author be most likely to agree* (A) The introduction is artly to be e% lained by reference to the origins of slavery8 before the 1<<.'s8 in the + anish and 1ortuguese colonies. (") The introduction is to be e% lained by reference to a gro(ing consensus beginning in the 1<3.'s about (hat (ere the attributes of true slavery. (#) The introduction is more likely to be e% lained by reference to a decline than to an im rovement in the osition of -hite servants in the colonies during and after the 1<<.'s. ($) The introduction is more likely to be e% lained by reference to the osition of "lack servants in the colonies in the 1<3.'s than by reference to their osition in the 1<9.'s and 1<;.'s. (!) The introduction is more likely to be e% lained by reference to the history of "lack eo le in the colonies before 1<<. than by reference to the im roving osition of -hite servants during and after the 1<<.'s. No. K-1 SECTION A
8eologi!t! have long no%n that the Earth$! #antle i! heterogeneou!) but it! !patial arrange#ent re#ain! unre!olved2i! the #antle e!!entiall" la"ered or irregularl" heterogeneou!M The be!t evidence for the la"ered #antle the!i! i! the %ell-e!tabli!hed fact that volcanic roc ! found on oceanic i!land!) i!land! believed to re!ult fro# #antle plu#e! ari!ing fro# the lo%er #antle) are co#po!ed of #aterial funda#entall" different fro# that of the #idocean ridge !"!te#) %ho!e !ource) #o!t geologi!t! contend) i! the upper #antle. So#e geologi!t!) ho%ever) on the ba!i! of ob!ervation! concerning #antle xenolith!) argue that the #antle i! not la"ered) but that heterogeneit" i! created b" fluid! rich in >inco#patible ele#ent!? -ele#ent! tending to%ard li+uid rather than !olid !tate0 percolating up%ard and tran!for#ing portion! of the upper #antle irregularl") according to the vagarie! of the fluid!$ path%a"!. &e believe) perhap! uni#aginativel") that thi! debate can be re!olved through further !tud") and that the underexplored #idocean ridge !"!te# i! the e".

17. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the main idea of the assage* (A) #urrent theories regarding the structure of the !arth's mantle cannot account for ne( discoveries regarding the com osition of mantle %enoliths. (") There are conflicting hy otheses about the heterogeneity of the !arth's mantle because fe( mantle elements have been thoroughly studied. (#) >urther research is needed to resolve the debate among geologists over the com osition of the midocean ridge system. ($) There is clear-cut disagreement (ithin the geological community over the structure of the !arth's mantle.

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(!) There has recently been a strong and e%citing challenge to geologists' longstanding belief in the heterogeneity of the !arth's mantle. 1&. According to the assage8 it is believed that oceanic islands are formed from (A) the same material as mantle %enoliths (") the same material as the midocean ridge system (#) volcanic rocks from the u er mantle ($) incom atible elements ercolating u from the lo(er mantle (!) mantle lumes arising from the lo(er mantle 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the su theory believe (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. orters of the Elayered-mantleF

The volcanic rocks on oceanic islands are com osed of material derived from the lo(er art of the mantle. The materials of (hich volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and midocean ridges are com osed are ty ical of the layers from (hich they are thought to originate.

:::. The differences in com osition bet(een volcanic rocks on oceanic islands and the midocean ridges are a result of different concentrations of incom atible elements. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,.. The authors suggest that their ro osal for determining the nature of the mantle's heterogeneity might be considered by many to be (A) edestrian (") controversial (#) unrealistic ($) novel (!) arado%ical
=an" literar" detective! have pored over a great pu**le concerning the %riter =arcel 7rou!t< %hat happened in 1F4FM .o% did Contre Saint,&eu-e) an e!!a" attac ing the #ethod! of the critic Saint 'euve) turn into the !tart of the novel %e$e$(rance of Things PastM A recentl" publi!hed letter fro# 7rou!t to the editor Callette confir#! that ;alloi!) the editor of the 1F3D edition of Contre Saint,&eu-e) #ade an e!!entiall" correct gue!! about the relation!hip of the e!!a" to the novel. ;alloi! propo!ed that 7rou!t had tried to begin a novel in 1F4K) abandoned it for %hat %a! to be a long de#on!tration of Saint-'euve$! blindne!! to the real

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nature of great %riting) found the e!!a" giving ri!e to per!onal #e#orie! and fictional develop#ent!) and allo%ed the!e to ta e over in a !teadil" developing novel. /raft pa!!age! in 7rou!t$! 1F4F noteboo ! indicate that the tran!ition fro# e!!a" to novel began in Contre Saint,&eu-e) %hen 7rou!t introduced !everal exa#ple! to !ho% the po%erful influence that involuntar" #e#or" exert! over the creative i#agination. In effect) in tr"ing to de#on!trate that the i#agination i! #ore profound and le!! !ub#i!!ive to the intellect than Saint-'euve a!!u#ed) 7rou!t elicited vital #e#orie! of hi! o%n and) finding !ubtle connection! bet%een the#) began to a#a!! the #aterial for %e$e$(rance. '" Augu!t) 7rou!t %a! %riting to Callette) infor#ing hi# of hi! intention to develop the #aterial a! a novel. =aurice 'ardeche) in Marce! Proust, ro$ancier) ha! !ho%n the i#portance in the draft! of %e$e$(rance of !pontaneou! and apparentl" rando# a!!ociation! of 7rou!t$! !ubcon!ciou!. A! incident! and reflection! occurred to 7rou!t) he continuall" in!erted ne% pa!!age! altering and expanding hi! narrative. 'ut he found it difficult to control the drift of hi! in!piration. The ver" richne!! and co#plexit" of the #eaningful relation!hip! that ept pre!enting and rearranging the#!elve! on all level!) fro# ab!tract intelligence to profound drea#" feeling!) #ade it difficult for 7rou!t to !et the# out coherentl". The beginning of control ca#e %hen he !a% ho% to connect the beginning and the end of hi! novel. Intrigued b" 7rou!t$! clai# that he had >begun and fini!hed? %e$e$(rance at the !a#e ti#e) .enri 'onnet di!covered that part! of %e$e$(rance#s la!t boo %ere actuall" !tarted in 1F4F. Alread" in that "ear) 7rou!t had drafted de!cription! of hi! novel$! character! in their old age that %ould appear in the final boo of %e$e$(rance) %here the per#anence of art i! !et again!t the ravage! of ti#e. The letter to Callette) draft! of the e!!a" and novel) and 'onnet$! re!earche! e!tabli!h in broad outline the proce!! b" %hich 7rou!t generated hi! novel out of the ruin! of hi! e!!a". 'ut tho!e of u! %ho hoped) %ith Golb) that Golb$! ne%l" publi!hed co#plete edition of 7rou!t$! corre!pondence for 1F4F %ould docu#ent the proce!! in greater detail are di!appointed. ;or until 7rou!t %a! confident that he %a! at la!t in !ight of a viable !tructure for %e$e$(rance) he told fe% corre!pondent! that he %a! producing an"thing #ore a#bitiou! than Contre Saint,&eu-e.

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) the role of involuntary memory in 1roust's (riting (") evidence concerning the genesis of 1roust's novel &e%e%brance of Things Past (#) conflicting scholarly o inions about the value of studying the drafts of &e%e%brance of Things Past ($) 1roust's corres ondence and (hat it reveals about &e%e%brance of Things Past (!) the influence of +aint-"euve's criticism on 1roust's novel &e%e%brance of

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Things Past ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that all of the follo(ing are literary detectives (ho have tried8 by means of either scholarshi or criticism8 to hel solve the Egreat uzzleF mentioned in lines 1-, !C#!1T= (A) "ardeche (") "onnet (#) >allois ($) Jolb (!) ?allette ,3. According to the assage8 in drafts of $ontre *aint Beu+e 1roust set out to sho( that +aint-"euve made (hich of the follo(ing mistakes as a critic* :. ::. +aint-"euve made no effort to study the develo ment of a novel through its drafts and revisions. +aint-"euve assigned too great a role in the creative rocess to a (riter's conscious intellect.

:::. +aint-"euve concentrated too much on lots and not enough on imagery and other elements of style. (A) :: only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,9. -hich of the follo(ing best states the author's attitude to(ard the information that scholars have gathered about 1roust's (riting in 1).)* (A) The author is disa ointed that no ne( documents have come to light since >allois's s eculations. (") The author is dissatisfied because there are too many ga s and inconsistencies in the drafts. (#) The author is confident that >allois's 1);9 guess has been roved largely correct8 but regrets that still more detailed documentation concerning 1roust's transition from the essay to the novel has not emerged. ($) The author is satisfied that >allois's 7udgment (as largely correct8 but feels that 1roust's early (ork in designing and (riting the novel (as robably far more deliberate than >allois's descri tion of the rocess (ould suggest. (!) The author is satisfied that the facts of 1roust's life in 1).) have been thoroughly established8 but believes such documents as drafts and corres ondence are only of limited value in a critical assessment of 1roust's (riting.

GRE

19;

,;. The author of the assage im lies that (hich of the follo(ing (ould be the D!A+T useful source of information about 1roust's transition from (orking on $ontre *aint#Beu+e to having a viable structure for &e%e%brance of Things Past* (A) >allois's comments in the 1);9 edition of $ontre *aint#Beu+e (") 1roust's 1).) notebooks8 including the drafts of &e%e%brance of Things Past (#) 1roust's 1).) corres ondence8 e%cluding the letter to ?allette ($) "ardeche's @arcel 1roust8 romancier (!) "onnet's researches concerning 1roust's drafts of the final book of &e%e%brance of Things Past ,<. The assage offers information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) 1recisely (hen in 1).) did 1roust decide to abandon $ontre *aint#Beu+e* (") 1recisely (hen in 1).) did 1roust decide to connect the beginning and the end of &e%e%brance of Things Past* (#) -hat (as the sub7ect of the novel that 1roust attem ted in 1).&* ($) -hat s ecific criticisms of +aint-"euve a ear8 in fictional form8 in &e%e%brance of Things Past* (!) -hat is a theme concerning art that a ears in the final book of &e%e%brance of Things Past* ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the relationshi bet(een $ontre *aint# Beu+e and &e%e%brance of Things Past as it is e% lained in the assage* (A) :mmediately after abandoning $ontre *aint#Beu+e8 at ?allette's suggestion8 1roust started &e%e%brance as a fictional demonstration that +aint-"euve (as (rong about the imagination. (") :mmediately after abandoning $ontre *aint#Beu+e8 at ?allette's suggestion8 1roust turned his attention to &e%e%brance8 starting (ith incidents that had occurred to him (hile lanning the essay. (#) $es ondent that he could not find a coherent structure for $ontre *aint# Beu+e8 an essay about the role of memory in fiction8 1roust began instead to (rite &e%e%brance8 a novel devoted to im ortant early memories. ($) -hile develo ing his argument about the imagination in $ontre *aint#Beu+e8 1roust described and began to link together ersonal memories that became a foundation for &e%e%brance. (!) -hile develo ing his argument about memory and imagination in $ontre *aint#Beu+e, 1roust created fictional characters to embody the abstract themes in his essay. SECTION '
Traditional re!earch ha! confronted onl" =exican and 9nited State! interpretation! of =exican-A#erican culture. No% %e #u!t al!o exa#ine the

GRE

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culture a! %e =exican A#erican! have experienced it) pa!!ing fro# a !overeign people to co#patriot! %ith ne%l" arriving !ettler! to) finall") a con+uered people2 a charter #inorit" on our o%n land. &hen the Spani!h fir!t ca#e to =exico) the" inter#arried %ith and ab!orbed the culture of the indigenou! Indian!. Thi! polic" of coloni*ation through acculturation %a! continued %hen =exico ac+uired Texa! in the earl" 1K44$! and brought the indigenou! Indian! into =exican life and govern#ent. In the 1K24$!) 9nited State! citi*en! #igrated to Texa!) attracted b" land !uitable for cotton. A! their nu#ber! beca#e #ore !ub!tantial) their polic" of ac+uiring land b" !ubduing native population! began to do#inate. The t%o ideologie! cla!hed repeatedl") cul#inating in a #ilitar" conflict that led to victor" for the 9nited State!. Thu!) !uddenl" deprived of our parent culture) %e had to evolve uni+uel" =exican-A#erican #ode! of thought and action in order to !urvive.

17. The author's ur ose in (riting this assage is rimarily to (A) suggest the motives behind @e%ican and 6nited +tates intervention in Te%as (") document certain early ob7ectives of @e%ican-American society (#) rovide a historical ers ective for a ne( analysis of @e%ican-American culture ($) a eal to both @e%ican and 6nited +tates scholars to give greater consideration to economic inter retations of history (!) bring to light reviously overlooked research on @e%ican Americans 1&. The author most robably uses the hrase Echarter minorityF (lines <-7) to reinforce the idea that @e%ican Americans (A) are a native rather than an immigrant grou in the 6nited +tates (") layed an active olitical role (hen Te%as first became art of the 6nited +tates (#) recognized very early in the nineteenth century the need for official confirmation of their rights of citizenshi ($) have been misunderstood by scholars trying to inter ret their culture (!) identify more closely (ith their :ndian heritage than (ith their + anish heritage 1). According to the assage8 a ma7or difference bet(een the colonization olicy of the 6nited +tates and that of @e%ico in Te%as in the 1&..'s (as the (A) degree to (hich olicies (ere based on tradition (") form of economic interde endency bet(een different cultural grou s (#) number of eo le (ho came to settle ne( areas ($) treatment of the native inhabitants (!) relationshi bet(een the military and the settlers

GRE

197

,.. -hich of the follo(ing statements most clearly contradicts the information in this assage* (A) :n the early 1&..'s8 the + anish committed more resources to settling #alifornia than to develo ing Te%as. (") -hile Te%as (as under @e%ican control8 the o ulation of Te%as quadru led8 in s ite of the fact that @e%ico discouraged immigration from the 6nited +tates. (#) "y the time @e%ico acquired Te%as8 many :ndians had already married eo le of + anish heritage. ($) @any @e%icans living in Te%as returned to @e%ico after Te%as (as anne%ed by the 6nited +tates. (!) @ost :ndians living in Te%as resisted + anish acculturation and (ere either killed or enslaved.
Thi! pa!!age %a! adapted fro# an article publi!hed in 1FK2. 9ntil about five "ear! ago) the ver" idea that peptide hor#one! #ight be #ade an"%here in the brain be!ide! the h"pothala#u! %a! a!tounding. 7eptide hor#one!) !cienti!t! thought) %ere #ade b" endocrine gland! and the h"pothala#u! %a! thought to be the brain!$ onl" endocrine gland. &hat i! #ore) becau!e peptide hor#one! cannot cro!! the blood-brain barrier) re!earcher! believed that the" never got to an" part of the brain other than the h"pothala#u!) %here the" %ere !i#pl" produced and then relea!ed into the blood!trea#. 'ut the!e belief! about peptide hor#one! %ere +ue!tioned a! laborator" after laborator" found that anti!eru#! to peptide hor#one!) %hen in1ected into the brain) bind in place! other than the h"pothala#u!) indicating that either the hor#one! or !ub!tance! that cro!!-react %ith the anti!eru#! are pre!ent. The i##unological #ethod of detecting peptide hor#one! b" #ean! of anti!eru#!) ho%ever) i! i#preci!e. Cro!!-reaction! are po!!ible and thi! #ethod cannot deter#ine %hether the !ub!tance! detected b" the anti!eru#! reall" are the hor#one!) or #erel" clo!e relative!. ;urther#ore) thi! #ethod cannot be u!ed to deter#ine the location in the bod" %here the detected !ub!tance! are actuall" produced. Ne% techni+ue! of #olecular biolog") ho%ever) provide a %a" to an!%er the!e +ue!tion!. It i! po!!ible to #a e !pecific co#ple#entar" /NA$! -c/NA$!0 that can !erve a! #olecular probe! to !ee out the #e!!enger (NA$! -#(NA$!0 of the peptide hor#one!. If brain cell! are #a ing the hor#one!) the cell! %ill contain the!e #(NA$!. If the product! the brain cell! #a e re!e#ble the hor#one! but are not identical to the#) then the c/NA$! !hould !till bind to the!e #(NA$!) but !hould not bind a! tightl" a! the" %ould to #(NA$! for the true hor#one!. The cell! containing the!e #(NA$! can then be i!olated and their #(NA$! decoded to deter#ine 1u!t %hat their protein product! are and ho% clo!el" the product! re!e#ble the true peptide hor#one!.

GRE

19&

The #olecular approach to detecting peptide hor#one! u!ing c/NA probe! !hould al!o be #uch fa!ter than the i##unological #ethod becau!e it can ta e "ear! of tediou! purification! to i!olate peptide hor#one! and then develop anti!eru#! to the#. (obert!) expre!!ing the !enti#ent of #an" re!earcher!) !tate!< >I %a! trained a! an endocrinologi!t. 'ut it beca#e clear to #e that the field of endocrinolog" needed #olecular biolog" input. The proce!! of grinding out protein purification! i! 1u!t too !lo%.? If) a! the initial te!t! %ith c/NA probe! !ugge!t) peptide hor#one! reall" are #ade in the brain in area! other than the h"pothala#u!) a theor" #u!t be developed that explain! their function in the brain. So#e have !ugge!ted that the hor#one! are all gro%th regulator!) but (o!en$! %or on rat brain! indicate! that thi! cannot be true. A nu#ber of other re!earcher! propo!e that the" #ight be u!ed for intercellular co##unication in the brain.

,1. -hich of the follo(ing titles best summarizes the assage* (A) :s @olecular "iology the Jey to 6nderstanding :ntercellular #ommunication in the "rain* (") @olecular "iology= #an 5esearchers !% loit :ts Techniques to +ynthesize 1e tide 4ormones* (#) The Advantages and $isadvantages of the :mmunological A roach to $etecting 1e tide 4ormones ($) 1e tide 4ormones= 4o( +cientists Are Attem ting to +olve 1roblems of Their $etection and to 6nderstand Their >unction (!) 1e tide 4ormones= The 5ole 1layed by @essenger 5AA's in Their $etection ,,. The assage suggests that a substance detected in the brain by use of antiserums to e tide hormones may (A) have been stored in the brain for a long eriod of time (") lay no role in the functioning of the brain (#) have been roduced in some art of the body other than the brain ($) have esca ed detection by molecular methods (!) lay an im ortant role in the functioning of the hy othalamus ,3. According to the assage8 confirmation of the belief that e tide hormones are made in the brain in areas other than the hy othalamus (ould force scientists to (A) re7ect the theory that e tide hormones are made by endocrine glands (") revise their beliefs about the ability of antiserums to detect e tide hormones (#) invent techniques that (ould allo( them to locate accurately brain cells that roduce e tide hormones ($) search for techniques that (ould enable them to distinguish e tide hormones from their close relatives (!) develo a theory that e% lains the role layed by e tide hormones in the

GRE

19)

brain ,9. -hich of the follo(ing is mentioned in the assage as a dra(back of the immunological method of detecting e tide hormones* (A) :t cannot be used to detect the resence of gro(th regulators in the brain. (") :t cannot distinguish bet(een the e tide hormones and substances that are very similar to them. (#) :t uses antiserums that are unable to cross the blood-brain barrier. ($) :t involves a urification rocess that requires e%tensive training in endocrinology. (!) :t involves in7ecting foreign substances directly into the bloodstream. ,;. The assage im lies that8 in doing research on rat brains8 5osen discovered that (A) e tide hormones are used for intercellular communication (") com lementary $AA's do not bind to cells roducing e tide hormones (#) roducts closely resembling e tide hormones are not identical to e tide hormones ($) some e tide hormones do not function as gro(th regulators (!) antiserums cross-react (ith substances that are not e tide hormones ,<. -hich of the follo(ing is a (ay in (hich the immunological method of detecting e tide hormones differs from the molecular method* (A) The immunological method uses substances that react (ith roducts of hormone- roducing cells8 (hereas the molecular method uses substances that react (ith a s ecific com onent of the cells themselves. (") The immunological method has roduced results consistent (ith long-held beliefs about e tide hormones8 (hereas the molecular method has roduced results that u set these beliefs. (#) The immunological method requires a great deal of e% ertise8 (hereas the molecular method has been used successfully by nons ecialists. ($) The immunological method can only be used to test for the resence of e tide hormones (ithin the hy othalamus8 (hereas the molecular method can be used throughout the brain. (!) The immunological method uses robes that can only bind (ith e tide hormones8 (hereas the molecular method uses robes that bind (ith e tide hormones and substances similar to them. ,7. The idea that the field of endocrinology can gain from develo ments in molecular biology is regarded by 5oberts (ith (A) incredulity (") derision (#) indifference

GRE

1;.

($) ride (!) enthusiasm No. K-2 SECTION A

(agti#e i! a #u!ical for# that !"nthe!i*e! fol #elodie! and #u!ical techni+ue! into a brief +uadrille-li e !tructure) de!igned to be pla"ed2exactl" a! %ritten2on the piano. A !trong analog" exi!t! bet%een European co#po!er! li e (alph Caughan &illia#!) Edvard 8rieg) and Anton /vora %ho co#bined fol tune! and their o%n original #aterial! in larger co#po!ition! and the pioneer ragti#e co#po!er! in the 9nited State!. Co#po!er! li e Scott @oplin and @a#e! Scott %ere in a !en!e collector! or #u!icologi!t!) collecting dance and fol #u!ic in 'lac co##unitie! and con!ciou!l" !haping it into brief !uite! or anthologie! called piano rag!. It ha! !o#eti#e! been charged that ragti#e i! #echanical. ;or in!tance) &ilfred =eller! co##ent!) >rag! %ere tran!ferred to the pianola roll and) even if not pla"ed b" a #achine) !hould be pla"ed li e a #achine) %ith #eticulou! preci!ion.? .o%ever) there i! no rea!on to a!!u#e that ragti#e i! inherentl" #echanical !i#pl" becau!e co##ercial #anufacturer! applied a #echanical recording #ethod to ragti#e) the onl" %a" to record piano! at that date. (agti#e$! i! not a #echanical preci!ion) and it i! not preci!ion li#ited to the !t"le of perfor#ance. It ari!e! fro# ragti#e$! follo%ing a %ell-defined for# and obe"ing !i#ple rule! %ithin that for#. The cla!!ic for#ula for the piano rag di!po!e! three to five the#e! in !ixteenbar !train!) often organi*ed %ith repeat!. The rag open! %ith a bright) #e#orable !train or the#e) follo%ed b" a !i#ilar the#e) leading to a trio of #ar ed l"rical character) %ith the !tructure concluded b" a l"rical !train that parallel! the rh"th#ic develop#ent! of the earlier the#e!. The ai# of the !tructure i! to ri!e fro# one the#e to another in a !tair-!tep #anner) ending on a note of triu#ph or exhilaration. T"picall") each !train i! divided into t%o K-bar !eg#ent! that are e!!entiall" ali e) !o the rh"th#ic-#elodic unit of ragti#e i! onl" eight bar! of 2,D #ea!ure. Therefore) the#e! #u!t be brief %ith clear) !harp #elodic figure!. Not concerned %ith develop#ent of #u!ical the#e!) the ragti#e co#po!er in!tead !et! a the#e do%n intact) in fini!hed for#) and lin ! it to variou! related the#e!. Ten!ion in ragti#e co#po!ition! ari!e! fro# a polarit" bet%een t%o ba!ic ingredient!< a continuou! ba!!2called b" 1a** #u!ician! a boo#-chic ba!!2in the piani!t$! left hand) and it! #elodic) !"ncopated counterpart in the right hand. (agti#e re#ain! di!tinct fro# 1a** both a! an in!tru#ental !t"le and a! a genre. (agti#e !t"le !tre!!e! a pattern of repeated rh"th#!) not the con!tant invention! and variation! of 1a**. A! a genre) ragti#e re+uire! !trict attention to !tructure) not inventivene!! or virtuo!it". It exi!t! a! a tradition) a !et of convention!) a bod" of %ritten !core!) !eparate fro# the individual pla"er!

GRE

1;1

a!!ociated %ith it. In thi! !en!e ragti#e i! #ore a in to fol #u!ic of the nineteenth centur" than to 1a**.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the main ur ose of the assage* (A) To contrast ragtime music and 7azz (") To ackno(ledge and counter significant adverse criticisms of ragtime music (#) To define ragtime music as an art form and describe its structural characteristics ($) To revie( the history of ragtime music and analyze ragtime's effect on listeners (!) To e% lore the similarities bet(een ragtime music and certain !uro ean musical com ositions 1&. According to the assage8 each of the follo(ing is a characteristic of ragtime com ositions that follo( the classic ragtime formula !C#!1T= (A) synco ation (") (ell-defined melodic figures (#) rising rhythmic-melodic intensity ($) full develo ment of musical themes (!) a bass line distinct from the melodic line 1). According to the assage8 5al h ?aughan -illiams8 Anton $vorak8 and +cott 2o lin are similar in that they all (A) conducted research into musicological history (") (rote original com ositions based on folk tunes (#) collected and recorded abbreviated iano suites ($) created intricate sonata-like musical structures (!) e% lored the relations bet(een "lack music and continental folk music ,.. The author re7ects the argument that ragtime is a mechanical music because that argument (A) overlooks the recision required of the ragtime layer (") does not accurately describe the sound of ragtime ianola music (#) confuses the means of recording and the essential character of the music ($) e%aggerates the influence of the erformance style of rofessional ragtime layers on the re utation of the genre (!) im ro erly identifies commercial ragtime music (ith the subtler classic ragtime style ,1. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage believes that the most im ortant feature of ragtime music is its (A) commercial success

GRE

1;,

(") formal structure (#) emotional range ($) im rovisational o ortunities (!) role as a forerunner of 7azz ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the essential nature of ragtime has been obscured by commentaries based on (A) the (ay ragtime music (as first recorded (") inter retations of ragtime by 7azz musicians (#) the dance fashions that (ere contem orary (ith ragtime ($) early revie(ers' accounts of characteristic structure (!) the musical sources used by +cott 2o lin and 2ames +cott ,3. -hich of the follo(ing is most nearly analogous in source and artistic character to a ragtime com osition as described in the assage* (A) +ym honic music derived from com le% 7azz motifs (") An e% erimental novel based on (ell-kno(n cartoon characters (#) A dramatic roduction in (hich actors invent scenes and im rovise lines ($) A ballet (hose disci lined choreogra hy is based on folk-dance ste s (!) A ainting (hose abstract sha es evoke familiar ob7ects in a natural landsca e
Echolocating bat! e#it !ound! in pattern!2characteri!tic of each !pecie!2 that contain both fre+uenc"-#odulated -;=0 and con!tant-fre+uenc" -C;0 !ignal!. The broadband ;= !ignal! and the narro%band C; !ignal! travel out to a target) reflect fro# it) and return to the hunting bat. In thi! proce!! of tran!#i!!ion and reflection) the !ound! are changed) and the change! in the echoe! enable the bat to perceive feature! of the target. The ;= !ignal! report infor#ation about target characteri!tic! that #odif" the ti#ing and the fine fre+uenc" !tructure) or !pectru#) of echoe!2for exa#ple) the target$! !i*e) !hape) texture) !urface !tructure) and direction in !pace. 'ecau!e of their narro% band%idth) C; !ignal! portra" onl" the target$! pre!ence and) in the ca!e of !o#e bat !pecie!) it! #otion relative to the bat$!. (e!ponding to change! in the C; echo$! fre+uenc") bat! of !o#e !pecie! correct in flight for the direction and velocit" of their #oving pre".

,9. According to the assage8 the information rovided to the bat by #> echoes differs from that rovided by >@ echoes in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* (A) Bnly #> echoes alert the bat to moving targets. (") Bnly #> echoes identify the range of (idely s aced targets. (#) Bnly #> echoes re ort the target's resence to the bat. ($) :n some s ecies8 #> echoes enable the bat to 7udge (hether it is closing in on

GRE

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its target. (!) :n some s ecies8 #> echoes enable the bat to discriminate the size of its target and the direction in (hich the target is moving. ,;. According to the assage8 the configuration of the target is re orted to the echolocating bat by changes in the (A) echo s ectrum of #> signals (") echo s ectrum of >@ signals (#) direction and velocity of the >@ echoes ($) delay bet(een transmission and reflection of the #> signals (!) relative frequencies of the >@ and the #> echoes ,<. The author resents the information concerning bat sonar in a manner that could be best described as (A) argumentative (") commendatory (#) critical ($) disbelieving (!) ob7ective ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) A fact is stated8 a rocess is outlined8 and s ecific details of the rocess are described. (") A fact is stated8 and e%am les suggesting that a distinction needs correction are considered. (#) A fact is stated8 a theory is resented to e% lain that fact8 and additional facts are introduced to validate the theory. ($) A fact is stated8 and t(o theories are com ared in light of their e% lanations of this fact. (!) A fact is stated8 a rocess is described8 and e%am les of still another rocess are illustrated in detail. SECTION '
The !ocial !cience! are le!! li el" than other intellectual enterpri!e! to get credit for their acco#pli!h#ent!. Arguabl") thi! i! !o becau!e the theorie! and conceptual con!truct! of the !ocial !cience! are e!peciall" acce!!ible< hu#an intelligence apprehend! truth! about hu#an affair! %ith particular facilit". And the di!coverie! of the !ocial !cience!) once i!olated and labeled) are +uic l" ab!orbed into conventional %i!do#) %hereupon the" lo!e their di!tinctivene!! a! !cientific advance!. Thi! underappreciation of the !ocial !cience! contra!t! oddl" %ith %hat #an" !ee a! their overutili*ation. 8a#e theor" i! pre!!ed into !ervice in !tudie! of

GRE

1;9

!hifting international alliance!. Evaluation re!earch i! called upon to de#on!trate !ucce!!e! or failure! of !ocial progra#!. =odel! fro# econo#ic! and de#ograph" beco#e the definitive tool! for exa#ining the financial ba!e of !ocial !ecurit". Aet thi! ru!h into practical application! i! it!elf +uite under!tandable< public polic" #u!t continuall" be #ade) and polic"#a er! rightl" feel that even tentative finding! and unte!ted theorie! are better guide! to deci!ion-#a ing than no finding! and no theorie! at all.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) advocating a more modest vie(8 and less (ides read utilization8 of the social sciences (") analyzing the mechanisms for translating discoveries into a lications in the social sciences (#) dissolving the air of arado% inherent in human beings studying themselves ($) e% laining a eculiar dilemma that the social sciences are in (!) maintaining a strict se aration bet(een ure and a lied social science 1&. -hich of the follo(ing is a social science disci line that the author mentions as being ossibly overutilized* (A) #onventional theories of social change (") /ame theory (#) $ecision-making theory ($) !conomic theories of international alliances (!) +ystems analysis 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that8 (hen s eaking of the EoverutilizationF (line 11) of the social sciences8 the author is referring to the (A) remature ractical a lication of social science advances (") habitual reliance on the social sciences even (here common sense (ould serve equally (ell (#) ractice of bringing a greater variety of social science disci lines to bear on a roblem than the nature of the roblem (arrants ($) use of social science constructs by eo le (ho do not fully understand them (!) tendency on the art of social scientists to recast everyday truths in social science 7argon ,.. The author confronts the claim that the social sciences are being overutilized (ith (A) roof that overe%tensions of social science results are self-correcting (") evidence that some ublic olicy is made (ithout any recourse to social science findings or theories (#) a long list of social science a lications that are erfectly a ro riate and e%tremely fruitful

GRE

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($) the argument that overutilization is by and large the e%ce tion rather than the rule (!) the observation that this ractice re resents the lesser of t(o evils under e%isting circumstances
The ter# >Ice Age? #a" give a %rong i#pre!!ion. The epoch that geologi!t! no% a! the 7lei!tocene and that !panned the 1.3 to 2.4 #illion "ear! prior to the current geologic epoch %a! not one long continuou! glaciation) but a period of o!cillating cli#ate %ith ice advance! punctuated b" ti#e! of interglacial cli#ate not ver" different fro# the cli#ate experienced no%. Ice !heet! that derived fro# an ice cap centered on northern Scandinavia reached !outh%ard to Central Europe. And 'e"ond the #argin! of the ice !heet!) cli#atic o!cillation! affected #o!t of the re!t of the %orld6 for exa#ple) in the de!ert!) period! of %etter condition! -pluvial!0 contra!ted %ith drier) interpluvial period!. Although the ti#e involved i! !o !hort) about 4.4D percent of the total age of the Earth) the a#ount of attention devoted to the 7lei!tocene ha! been incredibl" large) probabl" becau!e of it! i##ediac") and becau!e the epoch largel" coincide! %ith the appearance on Earth of hu#an! and their i##ediate ance!tor!. There i! no reliable %a" of dating #uch of the Ice Age. 8eological date! are u!uall" obtained b" u!ing the rate! of deca" of variou! radioactive ele#ent! found in #ineral!. So#e of the!e rate! are !uitable for ver" old roc ! but involve increa!ing error! %hen u!ed for "oung roc !6 other! are !uitable for ver" "oung roc ! and error! increa!e rapidl" in older roc !. =o!t of the Ice Age !pan! a period of ti#e for %hich no ele#ent ha! an appropriate deca" rate. Neverthele!!) re!earcher! of the 7lei!tocene epoch have developed all !ort! of #ore or le!! fanciful #odel !che#e! of ho% the" %ould have arranged the Ice Age had the" been in charge of event!. ;or exa#ple) an earl" cla!!ification of Alpine glaciation !ugge!ted the exi!tence there of four glaciation!) na#ed the 8un*) =indel) (i!!) and &ur#. Thi! !ucce!!ion %a! ba!ed pri#aril" on a !erie! of depo!it! and event! not directl" related to glacial and interglacial period!) rather than on the #ore u!ual #odern #ethod of !tud"ing biological re#ain! found in interglacial bed! the#!elve! inter!tratified %ithin glacial depo!it!. Aet thi! !ucce!!ion %a! forced %ill"-nill" onto the glaciated part! of Northern Europe) %here there are partial !ucce!!ion! of true glacial ground #oraine! and interglacial depo!it!) %ith hope! of ulti#atel" piecing the# together to provide a co#plete 7lei!tocene !ucce!!ion. Eradication of the Alpine no#enclature i! !till proving a .erculean ta! . There i! no conclu!ive evidence about the relative length) co#plexit") and te#perature! of the variou! glacial and interglacial period!. &e do not no% %hether %e live in a po!tglacial period or an interglacial period. The chill truth !ee#! to be that %e are alread" pa!t the opti#u# cli#ate of po!tglacial ti#e. Studie! of certain fo!!il di!tribution! and of the pollen of certain te#perate plant! !ugge!t decrea!e! of a degree or t%o in both !u##er and %inter te#perature!

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and) therefore) that %e #a" be in the declining cli#atic pha!e leading to glaciation and extinction.

,1. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) searching for an accurate method of dating the 1leistocene e och (") discussing roblems involved in roviding an accurate icture of the 1leistocene e och (#) declaring o e och osition to the use of the term E:ce AgeF for the 1leistocene

($) criticizing fanciful schemes about (hat ha ened in the 1leistocene e och (!) refuting the idea that there is no (ay to tell if (e are no( living in an :ce Age ,,. The E(rong im ressionF (line 1) to (hich the author refers is the idea that the (A) climate of the 1leistocene e och (as not very different from the climate (e are no( e% eriencing (") climate of the 1leistocene e och (as com osed of eriods of violent storms (#) 1leistocene e och consisted of very (et8 cold eriods mi%ed (ith very day8 hot eriods ($) 1leistocene e och com rised one eriod of continuous glaciation during (hich Aorthern !uro e (as covered (ith ice sheets (!) 1leistocene e och had no long eriods during (hich much of the !arth (as covered by ice ,3. According to the assage8 one of the reasons for the deficiencies of the Eearly classification of Al ine glaciationF (lines 3,-33) is that it (as (A) derived from evidence that (as only tangentially related to times of actual glaciation (") based rimarily on fossil remains rather than on actual living organisms (#) an abstract8 imaginative scheme of ho( the eriod might have been structured ($) based on unmethodical e%aminations of randomly chosen glacial biological remains (!) derived from evidence that had been ha hazardly gathered from glacial de osits and inaccurately evaluated ,9. -hich of the follo(ing does the assage im ly about the Eearly classification of Al ine glaciationF (lines 3,-33)* (A) :t should not have been a lied as (idely as it (as. (") :t re resents the best ossible scientific ractice8 given the tools available at the time. (#) :t (as a valuable tool8 in its time8 for measuring the length of the four eriods of glaciation. ($) :t could be useful8 but only as a general guide to the events of the 1leistocene

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e och. (!) :t does not shed any light on the methods used at the time for investigating eriods of glaciation. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that an im ortant result of roducing an accurate chronology of events of the 1leistocene e och (ould be a (A) clearer idea of the origin of the !arth (") clearer icture of the !arth during the time that humans develo ed (#) clearer understanding of the reasons for the e%istence of deserts ($) more detailed understanding of ho( radioactive dating of minerals (orks (!) firmer understanding of ho( the northern olar ice ca develo ed ,<. The author refers to deserts rimarily in order to (A) illustrate the idea that an interglacial climate is marked by oscillations of (et and dry eriods (") illustrate the idea that (hat ha ened in the deserts during the :ce Age had far-reaching effects even on the ice sheets of #entral and Aorthern !uro e (#) illustrate the idea that the effects of the :ce Age's climatic variations e%tended beyond the areas of ice ($) su ort the vie( that during the :ce Age sheets of ice covered some of the deserts of the (orld (!) su ort the vie( that (e are robably living in a ostglacial eriod ,7. The author (ould regard the idea that (e are living in an interglacial eriod as (A) unim ortant (") unscientific (#) self-evident ($) lausible (!) absurd No. K-: SECTION A
-Thi! pa!!age i! excerpted fro# an article that %a! publi!hed in 1FK1.0 The deep !ea t"picall" ha! a !par!e fauna do#inated b" tin" %or#! and cru!tacean!) %ith an even !par!er di!tribution of larger ani#al!. .o%ever) near h"drother#al vent!) area! of the ocean %here %ar# %ater e#erge! fro# !ubterranean !ource!) live re#ar able den!itie! of huge cla#!) blind crab!) and fi!h. =o!t deep-!ea fauna! rel" for food on particulate #atter) ulti#atel" derived fro# photo!"nthe!i!) falling fro# above. The food !upplie! nece!!ar" to !u!tain the large vent co##unitie!) ho%ever) #u!t be #an" ti#e! the ordinar" fallout.

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The fir!t report! de!cribing vent fauna! propo!ed t%o po!!ible !ource! of nutrition< bacterial che#o!"nthe!i!) production of food b" bacteria u!ing energ" derived fro# che#ical change!) and advection) the drifting of food #aterial! fro# !urrounding region!. Bater) evidence in !upport of the idea of inten!e local che#o!"nthe!i! %a! accu#ulated< h"drogen !ulfide %a! found in vent %ater6 #an" vent-!ite bacteria %ere found to be capable of che#o!"nthe!i!6 and extre#el" large concentration! of bacteria %ere found in !a#ple! of vent %ater thought to be pure. Thi! final ob!ervation !ee#ed deci!ive. If !uch a!toni!hing concentration! of bacteria %ere t"pical of vent outflo%) then food %ithin the vent %ould d%arf an" contribution fro# advection. .ence) the %idel" +uoted conclu!ion %a! reached that bacterial che#o!"nthe!i! provide! the foundation for h"drother#al-vent food chain!2an exciting pro!pect becau!e no other co##unitie! on Earth are independent of photo!"nthe!i!. There are) ho%ever) certain difficultie! %ith thi! interpretation. ;or exa#ple) !o#e of the large !edentar" organi!#! a!!ociated %ith vent! are al!o found at ordinar" deep-!ea te#perature! #an" #eter! fro# the neare!t h"drother#al !ource!. Thi! !ugge!t! that bacterial che#o!"nthe!i! i! not a !ufficient !ource of nutrition for the!e creature!. Another difficult" i! that !i#ilarl" den!e population! of large deep-!ea ani#al! have been found in the proxi#it" of >!#o er!?2vent! %here %ater e#erge! at te#perature! up to :345. No bacteria can !urvive !uch heat) and no bacteria %ere found there. 9nle!! !#o er! are con!i!tentl" located near #ore ho!pitable %ar#-%ater vent!) che#o!"nthe!i! can account for onl" a fraction of the vent fauna!. It i! conceivable) ho%ever) that the!e large) !edentar" organi!#! do in fact feed on bacteria that gro% in %ar#-%ater vent!) ri!e in the vent %ater) and then rain in peripheral area! to nouri!h ani#al! living !o#e di!tance fro# the %ar#-%ater vent!. Nonethele!! advection i! a #ore li el" alternative food !ource. (e!earch ha! de#on!trated that advective flo%) %hich originate! near the !urface of the ocean %here !u!pended particulate #atter accu#ulate!) tran!port! !o#e of that #atter and %ater to the vent!. E!ti#ate! !ugge!t that for ever" cubic #eter of vent di!charge) :34 #illigra#! of particulate organic #aterial %ould be advected into the vent area. Thu!) for an average-!i*ed vent) advection could provide #ore than :4 ilogra#! of potential food per da". In addition) it i! li el" that !#all live ani#al! in the advected %ater #ight be illed or !tunned b" ther#al and,or che#ical !hoc ) thereb" contributing to the food !uppl" of vent!.

1<. The assage rovides information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) -hat causes (arm-(ater vents to form* (") $o vent faunas consume more than do dee -sea faunas of similar size* (#) $o bacteria live in the vent (ater of smokers* ($) -hat role does hydrogen sulfide lay in chemosynthesis* (!) -hat accounts for the locations of dee -sea smokers*

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17. The information in the assage suggests that the ma7ority of dee -sea faunas that live in nonvent habitats have (hich of the follo(ing characteristics* (A) They do not normally feed on articles of food in the (ater. (") They are smaller than many vent faunas. (#) They are redators. ($) They derive nutrition from a chemosynthetic food source. (!) They congregate around a single main food source. 1&. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) describe a reviously unkno(n natural henomenon (") reconstruct the evolution of a natural henomenon (#) establish unequivocally the accuracy of a hy othesis ($) survey e% lanations for a natural henomenon and determine (hich is best su orted by evidence (!) entertain criticism of the author's research and rovide an effective res onse 1). -hich of the follo(ing does the author cite as a (eakness in the argument that bacterial chemosynthesis rovides the foundation for the food chains at dee -sea vents* (A) ?ents are colonized by some of the same animals found in other areas of the ocean floor. (") ?ent (ater does not contain sufficient quantities of hydrogen sulfide. (#) "acteria cannot roduce large quantities of food quickly enough. ($) Darge concentrations of minerals are found in vent (ater. (!) +ome bacteria found in the vents are inca able of chemosynthesis. ,.. -hich of the follo(ing is information su lied in the assage that (ould su ort the statement that the food su lies necessary to sustain vent communities must be many times that of ordinary fallout* :. ::. Darge vent faunas move from vent to vent in search of food. ?ent faunas are not able to consume food roduced by hotosynthesis.

:::. ?ents are more densely o ulated than are other dee -sea areas. (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,1. The author refers to EsmokersF (line 3&) most robably in order to (A) sho( ho( thermal shock can rovide food for some vent faunas by stunning small animals

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(") rove that the habitat of most dee -sea animals is limited to (arm-(ater vents (#) e% lain ho( bacteria carry out chemosynthesis ($) demonstrate ho( advection com ensates for the lack of food sources on the seafloor (!) resent evidence that bacterial chemosynthesis may be an inadequate source of food for some vent faunas ,,. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the articulate matter that is carried do(n from the surface of the ocean* (A) :t is the basis of bacterial chemosynthesis in the vents. (") :t may rovide an im ortant source of nutrition for vent faunas. (#) :t may cause the internal tem erature of the vents to change significantly. ($) :t is trans orted as large aggregates of articles. (!) :t contains hydrogen sulfide.
Throughout hu#an hi!tor" there have been #an" !tringent taboo! concerning %atching other people eat or eating in the pre!ence of other!. There have been atte#pt! to explain the!e taboo! in ter#! of inappropriate !ocial relation!hip! either bet%een tho!e %ho are involved and tho!e %ho are not !i#ultaneou!l" involved in the !ati!faction of a bodil" need) or bet%een tho!e alread" !atiated and tho!e %ho appear to be !ha#ele!!l" gorging. 9ndoubtedl" !uch ele#ent! exi!t in the taboo!) but there i! an additional ele#ent %ith a #uch #ore funda#ental i#portance. In prehi!toric ti#e!) %hen food %a! !o preciou! and the on-loo er! !o hungr") not to offer half of the little food one had %a! unthin able) !ince ever" glance %a! a plea for life. ;urther) during tho!e ti#e!) people exi!ted in nuclear or extended fa#il" group!) and the !haring of food %a! +uite literall" !upporting one$! fa#il" or) b" exten!ion) pre!erving one$! !elf.

,3. :f the argument in the assage is valid8 taboos against eating in the resence of others (ho are not also eating (ould be D!A+T likely in a society that (A) had al(ays had a lentiful su ly of food (") em hasized the need to share (orldly goods (#) had a nomadic rather than an agricultural (ay of life ($) em hasized the value of rivacy (!) discouraged overindulgence ,9. The author's hy othesis concerning the origin of taboos against (atching other eo le eat em hasizes the (A) general alatability of food (") religious significance of food (#) limited availability of food

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($) various sources of food (!) nutritional value of food ,;. According to the assage8 the author believes that ast attem ts to e% lain some taboos concerning eating are (A) unimaginative (") im lausible (#) inelegant ($) incom lete (!) unclear ,<. :n develo ing the main idea of the assage8 the author does (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $o(n lays earlier attem ts to e% lain the origins of a social rohibition. (") Ada ts a scientific theory and a lies it to a s iritual relationshi . (#) +im lifies a com le% biological henomenon by e% laining it in terms of social needs. ($) 5eorganizes a system designed to guide ersonal behavior. (!) #odifies earlier8 unsystematized con7ectures about family life. SECTION '
-Thi! pa!!age i! fro# a boo publi!hed in 1FN3.0 That Boui!e Nevel!on i! believed b" #an" critic! to be the greate!t t%entiethcentur" !culptor i! all the #ore re#ar able becau!e the greate!t re!i!tance to %o#en arti!t! ha! been) until recentl") in the field of !culpture. Since Neolithic ti#e!) !culpture ha! been con!idered the prerogative of #en) partl") perhap!) for purel" ph"!ical rea!on!< it %a! erroneou!l" a!!u#ed that %o#en %ere not !uited for the hard #anual labor re+uired in !culpting !tone) carving %ood) or %or ing in #etal. It ha! been onl" during the t%entieth centur" that %o#en !culptor! have been recogni*ed a! #a1or arti!t!) and it ha! been in the 9nited State!) e!peciall" !ince the decade! of the fiftie! and !ixtie!) that %o#en !culptor! have !ho%n the greate!t originalit" and creative po%er. Their ri!e to pro#inence parallel! the develop#ent of !culpture it!elf in the 9nited State!< %hile there had been a fe% talented !culptor! in the 9nited State! before the 1FD4$!) it %a! onl" after 1FD32 %hen Ne% Aor %a! rapidl" beco#ing the art capital of the %orld2that #a1or !culpture %a! produced in the 9nited State!. So#e of the be!t %a! the %or of %o#en. '" far the #o!t out!tanding of the!e %o#en i! Boui!e Nevel!on) %ho in the e"e! of #an" critic! i! the #o!t original fe#ale arti!t alive toda". One fa#ou! and influential critic) .ilton Gra#er) !aid of her %or ) >;or #"!elf) I thin =!. Nevel!on !ucceed! %here the painter! often fail.? .er %or ! have been co#pared to the Cubi!t con!truction! of 7ica!!o) the

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Surreali!tic ob1ect! of =iro) and the =er*bau of Sch%itter!. Nevel!on %ould be the fir!t to ad#it that !he ha! been influenced b" all of the!e) a! %ell a! b" African !culpture) and b" Native A#erican and pre-Colu#bian art) but !he ha! ab!orbed all the!e influence! and !till created a di!tinctive art that expre!!e! the urban land!cape and the ae!thetic !en!ibilit" of the t%entieth centur". Nevel!on !a"!) >I have al%a"! %anted to !ho% the %orld that art i! ever"%here) except that it ha! to pa!! through a creative #ind.? 9!ing #o!tl" di!carded %ooden ob1ect! li e pac ing crate!) bro en piece! of furniture) and abandoned architectural orna#ent!) all of %hich !he ha! hoarded for "ear!) !he a!!e#ble! architectural con!truction! of great beaut" and po%er. Creating ver" freel" %ith no ! etche!) !he glue! and nail! ob1ect! together) paint! the# blac ) or #ore rarel" %hite or gold) and place! the# in boxe!. The!e a!!e#blage!) %all!) even entire environ#ent! create a #"!teriou!) al#o!t a%ein!piring at#o!phere. Although !he ha! denied an" !"#bolic or religiou! intent in her %or !) their three-di#en!ional grandeur and even their title!) !uch a! Sk" Cathedra! and 0ight Cathedra!) !ugge!t !uch connotation!. In !o#e %a"!) her #o!t a#bitiou! %or ! are clo!er to architecture than to traditional !culpture) but then neither Boui!e Nevel!on nor her art fit! into an" neat categor".

17. The assage focuses rimarily on (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A general tendency in t(entieth-century art (") The (ork of a articular artist (#) The artistic influences on (omen scul tors ($) #ritical res onses to t(entieth-century scul ture (!) @aterials used by t(entieth-century scul tors 1&. -hich of the follo(ing statements is su assage* orted by information given in the

(A) +ince 1)9; (omen scul tors in the 6nited +tates have roduced more scul ture than have men scul tors. (") +ince 1);. scul ture roduced in the 6nited +tates has been the most original and creative scul ture roduced any(here. (#) >rom 1).. to 1);. (omen scul tors in !uro e en7oyed more recognition for their (ork than did (omen scul tors in the 6nited +tates. ($) 1rior to 1)9; there (ere many (omen scul tors (hose (ork (as ignored by critics. (!) 1rior to 1)9; there (as little ma7or scul ture roduced by men or (omen scul tors (orking in the 6nited +tates. 1). The author quotes 4ilton Jramer in lines ,;-,7 most robably in order to illustrate (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The realism of Aevelson's (ork

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(") The unique qualities of Aevelson's style (#) The e%tent of critical a roval of Aevelson's (ork ($) A distinction bet(een scul ture and ainting (!) A reason for the rominence of (omen scul tors since the 1);.'s ,.. -hich of the follo(ing is one (ay in (hich Aevelson's art illustrates her theory as it is e% ressed in lines 3<-3&* (A) +he scul ts in (ood rather than in metal or stone. (") +he aints her scul tures and frames them in bo%es. (#) +he makes no reliminary sketches but rather allo(s the scul ture to develo as she (orks. ($) +he uts together ieces of ordinary ob7ects once used for different ur oses to make her scul tures. (!) +he does not deliberately attem t to convey symbolic or religious meanings through her scul ture. ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes (hich of the follo(ing about Aevelson's scul tures* (A) They suggest religious and symbolic meanings. (") They do not have qualities characteristic of scul ture. (#) They are mysterious and a(e-ins iring8 but not beautiful. ($) They are uniquely American in style and sensibility. (!) They sho( the influence of t(entieth-century architecture. ,,. The author regards Aevelson's stature in the art (orld as EremarkableF (line 3) in art because of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 4er (ork is currently overrated. (") -omen scul tors have found it es ecially difficult to be acce ted and recognized as ma7or artists. (#) Aevelson's scul tures are difficult to understand. ($) @any art critics have favored ainting over scul ture in (riting about develo ments in the art (orld. (!) >e( of the artists rominent in the t(entieth century have been scul tors. ,3. -hich of the follo(ing statements about Aevelson's scul tures can be inferred from the assage* (A) They are meant for dis lay outdoors. (") They are often ainted in several colors. (#) They are sometimes very large. ($) They are hand carved by Aevelson. (!) They are built around a central (ooden ob7ect.

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Colcanic roc that for#! a! fluid lava chill! rapidl" i! called pillo% lava. Thi! rapid chilling occur! %hen lava erupt! directl" into %ater -or beneath ice0 or %hen it flo%! acro!! a !horeline and into a bod" of %ater. &hile the ter# >pillo% lava? !ugge!t! a definite !hape) in fact geologi!t! di!agree. So#e geologi!t! argue that pillo% lava i! characteri*ed b" di!crete) ellip!oidal #a!!e!. Other! de!cribe pillo% lava a! a tangled #a!! of c"lindrical) interconnected flo% lobe!. =uch of thi! controver!" probabl" re!ult! fro# un%arranted extrapolation! of the original configuration of pillo% flo%! fro# t%o-di#en!ional cro!! !ection! of eroded pillo%! in land outcropping!. Cirtuall" an" cro!! !ection cut through a tangled #a!! of interconnected flo% lobe! %ould give the appearance of a pile of di!crete ellip!oidal #a!!e!. Ade+uate three-di#en!ional i#age! of intact pillo%! are e!!ential for defining the true geo#etr" of pillo%ed flo%! and thu! a!certaining their #ode of origin. Indeed) the ter# >pillo%)? it!elf !ugge!tive of di!crete #a!!e!) i! probabl" a #i!no#er.

,9. -hich of the follo(ing is a fact resented in the assage* (A) The sha e of the connections bet(een the se arate8 sacklike masses in illo( lava is unkno(n. (") @ore accurate cross sections of illo( lava (ould reveal the mode of origin. (#) -ater or ice is necessary for the formation of illo( lava. ($) Ao three-dimensional e%am les of intact illo(s currently e%ist. (!) The origin of illo( lava is not yet kno(n. ,;. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily interested in (A) analyzing the source of a scientific controversy (") criticizing some geologists' methodology (#) ointing out the fla(s in a geological study ($) ro osing a ne( theory to e% lain e%isting scientific evidence (!) describing a hysical henomenon ,<. The author of the assage (ould most robably agree that the geologists mentioned in line < (E+ome geologistsF) have made (hich of the follo(ing errors in reasoning* :. ::. /eneralized un7ustifiably from available evidence. $eliberately ignored e%isting counterevidence.

:::. 5e eatedly failed to take ne( evidence into account. (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) :: and ::: only

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,7. The author im lies that the EcontroversyF (line )) might be resolved if (A) geologists did not ersist in using the term E illo(F (") geologists did not rely on otentially misleading information (#) geologists (ere more (illing to confer directly (ith one another ($) t(o-dimensional cross sections of eroded illo(s (ere available (!) e%isting illo(s in land outcro ings (ere not so badly eroded No. F-1 SECTION A
=an" critic! of E#il" 'ronte$! novel Wuthering Heights !ee it! !econd part a! a counterpoint that co##ent! on) if it doe! not rever!e) the fir!t part) %here a >ro#antic? reading receive! #ore confir#ation. Seeing the t%o part! a! a %hole i! encouraged b" the novel$! !ophi!ticated !tructure) revealed in it! co#plex u!e of narrator! and ti#e !hift!. 8ranted that the pre!ence of the!e ele#ent! need not argue an authorial a%arene!! of noveli!tic con!truction co#parable to that of .enr" @a#e!) their pre!ence doe! encourage atte#pt! to unif" the novel$! heterogeneou! part!. .o%ever) an" interpretation that !ee ! to unif" all of the novel$! diver!e ele#ent! i! bound to be !o#e%hat unconvincing. Thi! i! not becau!e !uch an interpretation nece!!aril" !tiffen! into a the!i! -although rigidit" in an" interpretation of thi! or of an" novel i! al%a"! a danger0) but becau!e Wuthering Heights ha! recalcitrant ele#ent! of undeniable po%er that) ulti#atel") re!i!t inclu!ion in an all-enco#pa!!ing interpretation. In thi! re!pect) Wuthering Heights !hare! a feature of Ha$!et.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is a true statement about the first and second arts of Wuthering Heights* (A) The second art has received more attention from critics. (") The second art has little relation to the first art. (#) The second art annuls the force of the first art. ($) The second art rovides less substantiation for a EromanticF reading. (!) The second art is better because it is more realistic. 1&. -hich of the follo(ing inferences about 4enry 2ames's a(areness of novelistic construction is best su orted by the assage* (A) 2ames8 more than any other novelist8 (as a(are of the difficulties of novelistic construction. (") 2ames (as very a(are of the details of novelistic construction. (#) 2ames's a(areness of novelistic construction derived from his reading of "ronte. ($) 2ames's a(areness of novelistic construction has led most commentators to see unity in his individual novels.

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(!) 2ames's a(areness of novelistic construction recluded him from violating the unity of his novels. 1). The author of the assage (ould be most likely to agree that an inter retation of a novel should (A) not try to unite heterogeneous elements in the novel (") not be infle%ible in its treatment of the elements in the novel (#) not argue that the com le% use of narrators or of time shifts indicates a so histicated structure ($) concentrate on those recalcitrant elements of the novel that are outside the novel's main structure (!) rimarily consider those elements of novelistic construction of (hich the author of the novel (as a(are ,.. The author of the assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about Ha%let* :. ::. Ha%let has usually attracted critical inter retations that tend to stiffen into theses. Ha%let has elements that are not amenable to an all-encom assing critical inter retation.

:::. Ha%let is less o en to an all-encom assing critical inter retation than is Wuthering Heights. :?. Ha%let has not received a critical inter retation that has been (idely acce ted by readers. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :? only ($) ::: and :? only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: only
The deter#ination of the !ource! of copper ore u!ed in the #anufacture of copper and bron*e artifact! of 'ron*e Age civili*ation! %ould add greatl" to our no%ledge of cultural contact! and trade in that era. (e!earcher! have anal"*ed artifact! and ore! for their concentration! of ele#ent!) but for a variet" of rea!on!) the!e !tudie! have generall" failed to provide evidence of the !ource! of the copper u!ed in the ob1ect!. Ele#ental co#po!ition can var" %ithin the !a#e copper-ore lode) u!uall" becau!e of var"ing ad#ixture! of other ele#ent!) e!peciall" iron) lead) *inc) and ar!enic. And high concentration! of cobalt or *inc) noticed in !o#e artifact!) appear in a variet" of copper-ore !ource!. =oreover) the proce!!ing of ore! introduced poorl" controlled change! in the concentration! of #inor and trace ele#ent! in the re!ulting #etal. So#e ele#ent! evaporate during !#elting and roa!ting6 different te#perature! and proce!!e! produce different degree! of lo!!. ;inall") flux) %hich i! !o#eti#e! added during !#elting to re#ove %a!te #aterial fro# the ore) could add +uantitie! of ele#ent! to the final product.

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An ele#ental propert" that i! unchanged through the!e che#ical proce!!e! i! the i!otopic co#po!ition of each #etallic ele#ent in the ore. I!otopic co#po!ition) the percentage! of the different i!otope! of an ele#ent in a given !a#ple of the ele#ent) i! therefore particularl" !uitable a! an indicator of the !ource! of the ore. Of cour!e) for thi! purpo!e it i! nece!!ar" to find an ele#ent %ho!e i!otopic co#po!ition i! #ore or le!! con!tant throughout a given ore bod") but varie! fro# one copper ore bod" to another or) at lea!t) fro# one geographic region to another. The ideal choice) %hen i!otopic co#po!ition i! u!ed to inve!tigate the !ource of copper ore) %ould !ee# to be copper it!elf. It ha! been !ho%n that !#all but #ea!urable variation! occur naturall" in the i!otopic co#po!ition of copper. .o%ever) the variation! are large enough onl" in rare ore!6 bet%een !a#ple! of the co##on ore #ineral! of copper) i!otopic variation! greater than the #ea!ure#ent error have not been found. An alternative choice i! lead) %hich occur! in #o!t copper and bron*e artifact! of the 'ron*e Age in a#ount! con!i!tent %ith the lead being derived fro# the copper ore! and po!!ibl" fro# the fluxe!. The i!otopic co#po!ition of lead often varie! fro# one !ource of co##on copper ore to another) %ith variation! exceeding the #ea!ure#ent error6 and preli#inar" !tudie! indicate virtuall" unifor# i!otopic co#po!ition of the lead fro# a !ingle copper-ore !ource. &hile !o#e of the lead found in an artifact #a" have been introduced fro# flux or %hen other #etal! %ere added to the copper ore) lead !o added in 'ron*e Age proce!!ing %ould u!uall" have the !a#e i!otopic co#po!ition a! the lead in the copper ore. Bead i!otope !tudie! #a" thu! prove u!eful for interpreting the archaeological record of the 'ron*e Age.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) discuss the techniques of analyzing lead isoto e com osition (") ro ose a (ay to determine the origin of the co (#) resolve a dis ute concerning the analysis of co er in certain artifacts er ore

($) describe the deficiencies of a currently used method of chemical analysis of certain metals (!) offer an inter retation of the archaeological record of the "ronze Age ,,. The author first mentions the addition of flu% during smelting (lines 1&-,1) in order to (A) give a reason for the failure of elemental com osition studies to determine ore sources (") illustrate differences bet(een various "ronze Age civilizations (#) sho( the need for using high smelting tem eratures ($) illustrate the uniformity of lead isoto e com osition (!) e% lain the success of co er isoto e com osition analysis ,3. The author suggests (hich of the follo(ing about a "ronze Age artifact

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containing high concentrations of cobalt or zinc* (A) :t could not be reliably tested for its elemental com osition. (") :t could not be reliably tested for its co er isoto e com osition. (#) :t could not be reliably tested for its lead isoto e com osition. ($) :t could have been manufactured from ore from any one of a variety of sources. (!) :t could have been roduced by the addition of other metals during the rocessing of the co er ore. ,9. According to the assage8 ossible sources of the lead found in a co bronze artifact include (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. The co er ore used to manufacture the artifact er ore er ore >lu% added during rocessing of the co er or

:::. Bther metal added during rocessing of the co (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,;. The author re7ects co

er as the Eideal choiceF mentioned in line 33 because er in "ronze Age artifacts varies er may be introduced during smelting er changes during smelting er isoto e com osition are

(A) the concentration of co (") elements other than co ($) among common co too small

(#) the isoto ic com osition of co

er ores8 differences in co er ore8 co

(!) (ithin a single source of co substantially

er isoto e com osition can vary

,<. The author makes (hich of the follo(ing statements about lead isoto e com osition* (A) :t often varies from one co er-ore source to another. er-ore source. (") :t sometimes varies over short distances in a single co ($) :t frequently changes during smelting and roasting. (!) :t may change (hen artifacts are buried for thousands of years. ,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that the use of flu% in rocessing co er ore can alter the lead isoto e com osition of the resulting metal !C#!1T (hen (A) there is a smaller concentration of lead in the flu% than in the co er ore (") the concentration of lead in the flu% is equivalent to that of the lead in the ore

(#) :t can vary during the testing of artifacts8 roducing a measurement error.

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(#) some of the lead in the flu% eva orates during rocessing ($) any lead in the flu% has the same isoto ic com osition as the lead in the ore (!) other metals are added during rocessing SECTION '
Since the .a%aiian I!land! have never been connected to other land #a!!e!) the great variet" of plant! in .a%aii #u!t be a re!ult of the long-di!tance di!per!al of !eed!) a proce!! that re+uire! both a #ethod of tran!port and an e+uivalence bet%een the ecolog" of the !ource area and that of the recipient area. There i! !o#e di!pute about the #ethod of tran!port involved. So#e biologi!t! argue that ocean and air current! are re!pon!ible for the tran!port of plant !eed! to .a%aii. Aet the re!ult! of flotation experi#ent! and the lo% te#perature! of air current! ca!t doubt on the!e h"pothe!e!. =ore probable i! bird tran!port) either externall") b" accidental attach#ent of the !eed! to feather!) or internall") b" the !%allo%ing of fruit and !ub!e+uent excretion of the !eed!. &hile it i! li el" that fe%er varietie! of plant !eed! have reached .a%aii externall" than internall") #ore varietie! are no%n to be adapted to external than to internal tran!port.

17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) discussing different a roaches biologists have taken to testing theories about the distribution of lants in 4a(aii (") discussing different theories about the trans ort of lant seeds to 4a(aii (#) discussing the e%tent to (hich air currents are res onsible for the dis ersal of lant seeds to 4a(aii ($) resolving a dis ute about the ada tability of lant seeds to bird trans ort (!) resolving a dis ute about the ability of birds to carry lant seeds long distances 1&. The author mentions the results of flotation e% eriments on lant seeds (lines 1.1,) most robably in order to (A) su ort the claim that the distribution of lants in 4a(aii is the result of the long-distance dis ersal of seeds (") lend credibility to the thesis that air currents rovide a method of trans ort for lant seeds to 4a(aii (#) suggest that the long-distance dis ersal of seeds is a rocess that requires long eriods of time ($) challenge the claim that ocean currents are res onsible for the trans ort of lant seeds to 4a(aii (!) refute the claim that 4a(aiian flora evolved inde endently from flora in other arts of the (orld

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1). :t can be inferred from information in the assage that the e%istence in al ine regions of 4a(aii of a lant s ecies that also gro(s in the south(estern 6nited +tates (ould 7ustify (hich of the follo(ing conclusions* (A) The ecology of the south(estern 6nited +tates is similar in im ortant res ects to the ecology of al ine regions of 4a(aii. (") There are ocean currents that flo( from the south(estern 6nited +tates to 4a(aii. (#) The lant s ecies discovered in 4a(aii must have traveled from the south(estern 6nited +tates only very recently. ($) The lant s ecies discovered in 4a(aii reached there by attaching to the feathers of birds migrating from the south(estern 6nited +tates. (!) The lant s ecies discovered in 4a(aii is es ecially (ell ada ted to trans ort over long distances. ,.. The assage su questions* lies information for ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing

(A) -hy does successful long-distance dis ersal of lant seeds require an equivalence bet(een the ecology of the source area and that of the reci ient area* (") -hy are more varieties of lant seeds ada ted to e%ternal rather than to internal bird trans ort* (#) -hat varieties of lant seeds are birds that fly long distances most likely to s(allo(* ($) -hat is a reason for acce ting the long-distance dis ersal of lant seeds as an e% lanation for the origin of 4a(aiian flora* (!) -hat evidence do biologists cite to argue that ocean and air currents are res onsible for the trans ort of lant seeds to 4a(aii*
A long-held vie% of the hi!tor" of the Engli!h colonie! that beca#e the 9nited State! ha! been that England$! polic" to%ard the!e colonie! before 1NL: %a! dictated b" co##ercial intere!t! and that a change to a #ore i#perial polic") do#inated b" expan!ioni!t #ilitari!t ob1ective!) generated the ten!ion! that ulti#atel" led to the A#erican (evolution. In a recent !tud") Stephen Saunder! &ebb ha! pre!ented a for#idable challenge to thi! vie%. According to &ebb) England alread" had a #ilitar" i#perial polic" for #ore than a centur" before the A#erican (evolution. .e !ee! Charle! II) the Engli!h #onarch bet%een 1LL4 and 1LK3) a! the proper !ucce!!or of the Tudor #onarch! of the !ixteenth centur" and of Oliver Cro#%ell) all of %ho# %ere bent on extending centrali*ed executive po%er over England$! po!!e!!ion! through the u!e of %hat &ebb call! >garri!on govern#ent.? 8arri!on govern#ent allo%ed the coloni!t! a legi!lative a!!e#bl") but real authorit") in &ebb$! vie%) belonged to the colonial governor) %ho %a! appointed b" the ing and !upported b" the >garri!on)? that i!) b" the local contingent of Engli!h troop! under the colonial governor$! co##and.

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According to &ebb) the purpo!e of garri!on govern#ent %a! to provide #ilitar" !upport for a ro"al polic" de!igned to li#it the po%er of the upper cla!!e! in the A#erican colonie!. &ebb argue! that the colonial legi!lative a!!e#blie! repre!ented the intere!t! not of the co##on people but of the colonial upper cla!!e!) a coalition of #erchant! and nobilit" %ho favored !elf-rule and !ought to elevate legi!lative authorit" at the expen!e of the executive. It %a!) according to &ebb) the colonial governor! %ho favored the !#all far#er) oppo!ed the plantation !"!te#) and tried through taxation to brea up large holding! of land. 'ac ed b" the #ilitar" pre!ence of the garri!on) the!e governor! tried to prevent the gentr" and #erchant!) allied in the colonial a!!e#blie!) fro# tran!for#ing colonial A#erica into a capitali!tic oligarch". &ebb$! !tud" illu#inate! the political align#ent! that exi!ted in the colonie! in the centur" prior to the A#erican (evolution) but hi! vie% of the cro%n$! u!e of the #ilitar" a! an in!tru#ent of colonial polic" i! not entirel" convincing. England during the !eventeenth centur" %a! not noted for it! #ilitar" achieve#ent!. Cro#%ell did #ount England$! #o!t a#bitiou! over!ea! #ilitar" expedition in #ore than a centur") but it proved to be an utter failure. 9nder Charle! II) the Engli!h ar#" %a! too !#all to be a #a1or in!tru#ent of govern#ent. Not until the %ar %ith ;rance in 1LFN did &illia# III per!uade 7arlia#ent to create a profe!!ional !tanding ar#") and 7arlia#ent! price for doing !o %a! to eep the ar#" under tight legi!lative control. &hile it #a" be true that the cro%n atte#pted to curtail the po%er of the colonial upper cla!!e!) it i! hard to i#agine ho% the Engli!h ar#" during the !eventeenth centur" could have provided !ignificant #ilitar" !upport for !uch a polic".

,1. The assage can best be described as a (A) survey of the inadequacies of a conventional vie( oint (") reconciliation of o osing oints of vie( (#) summary and evaluation of a recent study ($) defense of a ne( thesis from antici ated ob7ections (!) revie( of the subtle distinctions bet(een a arently similar vie(s ,,. The assage suggests that the vie( referred to in lines 1-7 argued that (A) the colonial governors (ere sym athetic to the demands of the common eo le (") #harles :: (as a ivotal figure in the shift of !nglish monarchs to(ard a more im erial olicy in their governorshi of the American colonies (#) the American 5evolution (as generated largely out of a conflict bet(een the colonial u er classes and an alliance of merchants and small farmers ($) the military did not lay a ma7or role as an instrument of colonial olicy until 17<3 (!) the colonial legislative assemblies in the colonies had little influence over the

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colonial governors ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that -ebb (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding garrison government* (A) /arrison government gave legislative assemblies in the colonies relatively little authority8 com ared to the authority that it gave the colonial governors. (") /arrison government roved relatively ineffective until it (as used by #harles :: to curb the o(er of colonial legislatures. (#) /arrison government became a less viable colonial olicy as the !nglish 1arliament began to e%ert tighter legislative control over the !nglish military. ($) Bliver #rom(ell (as the first !nglish ruler to make use of garrison government on a large scale. (!) The creation of a rofessional standing army in !ngland in 1<)7 actually (eakened garrison government by diverting troo s from the garrisons stationed in the American colonies. ,9. According to the assage8 -ebb vie(s #harles :: as the E ro er successorF (line 13) of the Tudor monarchs and #rom(ell because #harles :: (A) used colonial ta% revenues to fund overseas military e% editions (") used the military to e%tend e%ecutive o(er over the !nglish colonies (#) (ished to transform the American colonies into ca italistic oligarchies ($) resisted the !nglish 1arliament's efforts to e%ert control over the military (!) allo(ed the American colonists to use legislative assemblies as a forum for resolving grievances against the cro(n ,;. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most seriously (eaken the author's assertion in lines ;9-;&* (A) "ecause they (ere oorly administered8 #rom(ell's overseas military e% editions (ere doomed to failure. (") "ecause it relied rimarily on the symbolic resence of the military8 garrison government could be effectively administered (ith a relatively small number of troo s. (#) 6ntil early in the seventeenth century8 no rofessional standing army in !uro e had erformed effectively in overseas military e% editions. ($) @any of the colonial governors a ointed by the cro(n (ere also commissioned army officers. (!) @any of the !nglish troo s stationed in the American colonies (ere veterans of other overseas military e% editions. ,<. According to -ebb's vie( of colonial history8 (hich of the follo(ing (as ((ere) true of the merchants and nobility mentioned in line 3.*

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:. ::.

They (ere o osed to olicies formulated by #harles :: that (ould have transformed the colonies into ca italistic oligarchies. They (ere o osed to attem ts by the !nglish cro(n to limit the o(er of the legislative assemblies. osition to the stationing of

:::. They (ere united (ith small farmers in their o !nglish troo s in the colonies. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and :::

,7. The author suggests that if -illiam ::: had (anted to make use of the standing army mentioned in line ;, to administer garrison government in the American colonies8 he (ould have had to. (A) make eace (ith >rance (") abolish the colonial legislative assemblies (#) seek a roval from the !nglish 1arliament ($) a oint colonial governors (ho (ere more sym athetic to royal olicy (!) raise additional revenues by increasing ta%ation of large landholdings in the colonies No. F-2 SECTION A
A !eriou! critic ha! to co#prehend the particular content) uni+ue !tructure) and !pecial #eaning of a %or of art. And here !he face! a dile##a. The critic #u!t recogni*e the arti!tic ele#ent of uni+uene!! that re+uire! !ub1ective reaction6 "et !he #u!t not be undul" pre1udiced b" !uch reaction!. .er li e! and di!li e! are le!! i#portant than %hat the %or it!elf co##unicate!) and her preference! #a" blind her to certain +ualitie! of the %or and thereb" prevent an ade+uate under!tanding of it. .ence) it i! nece!!ar" that a critic develop a !en!ibilit" infor#ed b" fa#iliarit" %ith the hi!tor" of art and ae!thetic theor". On the other hand) it i! in!ufficient to treat the art%or !olel" hi!toricall") in relation to a fixed !et of idea! or value!. The critic$! no%ledge and training are) rather) a preparation of the cognitive and e#otional abilitie! needed for an ade+uate per!onal re!pon!e to an art%or $! o%n particular +ualitie!.

17. According to the author8 a serious art critic may avoid being re7udiced by her sub7ective reactions if she (A) treats an art(ork in relation to a fi%ed set of ideas and values (") brings to her observation a kno(ledge of art history and aesthetic theory

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(#) allo(s more time for the observation of each art(ork ($) takes into account the references of other art critics (!) limits herself to that art (ith (hich she has adequate familiarity 1&. The author im lies that it is insufficient to treat a (ork of art solely historically because (A) doing so (ould lead the critic into a dilemma (") doing so can blind the critic to some of the art(ork's unique qualities (#) doing so can insulate the critic from ersonally held beliefs ($) sub7ective reactions can roduce a biased res onse (!) critics are not sufficiently familiar (ith art history 1). The assage suggests that the author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements* (A) Art s eaks to the assions as (ell as to the intellect. (") @ost (orks of art e% ress unconscious (ishes or desires. (#) The best art is accessible to the greatest number of eo le. ($) The art roduced in the last fe( decades is of inferior quality. (!) The meaning of art is a function of the social conditions in (hich it (as roduced. ,.. The author's argument is develo ed rimarily by the use of (A) an attack on sentimentality (") an e%am le of successful art criticism (#) a critique of artists training ($) a (arning against e%tremes in art criticism (!) an analogy bet(een art criticism and art roduction
Ciru!e!) infectiou! particle! con!i!ting of nucleic acid pac aged in a protein coat -the cap!id0) are difficult to re!i!t. 9nable to reproduce out!ide a living cell) viru!e! reproduce onl" b" !ubverting the genetic #echani!#! of a ho!t cell. In one ind of viral life c"cle) the viru! fir!t bind! to the cell$! !urface) then penetrate! the cell and !hed! it! cap!id. The expo!ed viral nucleic acid produce! ne% viru!e! fro# the content! of the cell. ;inall") the cell relea!e! the viral progen") and a ne% cell c"cle of infection begin!. The hu#an bod" re!pond! to a viral infection b" producing antibodie!< co#plex) highl" !pecific protein! that !electivel" bind to foreign #olecule! !uch a! viru!e!. An antibod" can either interfere %ith a viru!$! abilit" to bind to a cell) or can prevent it fro# relea!ing it! nucleic acid. 9nfortunatel") the co##on cold) produced #o!t often b" rhinoviru!e!) i! intractable to antiviral defen!e. .u#an! have difficult" re!i!ting cold! becau!e rhinoviru!e! are !o diver!e) including at lea!t 144 !train!. The !train! differ #o!t

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in the #olecular !tructure of the protein! in their cap!id!. Since di!ea!e-fighting antibodie! bind to the cap!id) an antibod" developed to protect again!t one rhinoviru! !train i! u!ele!! again!t other !train!. /ifferent antibodie! #u!t be produced for each !train. A defen!e again!t rhinoviru!e! #ight nonethele!! !ucceed b" exploiting hidden !i#ilaritie! a#ong the rhinoviru! !train!. ;or exa#ple) #o!t rhinoviru! !train! bind to the !a#e ind of #olecule -delta-receptor!0 on a cell$! !urface %hen the" attac hu#an cell!. Colonno) ta ing advantage of the!e co##on receptor!) devi!ed a !trateg" for bloc ing the attach#ent of rhinoviru!e! to their appropriate receptor!. (ather than fruitle!!l" !earching for an antibod" that %ould bind to all rhinoviru!e!) Colonno reali*ed that an antibod" binding to the co##on receptor! of a hu#an cell %ould prevent rhinoviru!e! fro# initiating an infection. 'ecau!e hu#an cell! nor#all" do not develop antibodie! to co#ponent! of their o%n cell!) Colonno in1ected hu#an cell! into #ice) %hich did produce an antibod" to the co##on receptor. In i!olated hu#an cell!) thi! antibod" proved to be extraordinaril" effective at th%arting the rhinoviru!. =oreover) %hen the antibod" %a! given to chi#pan*ee!) it inhibited rhinoviral gro%th) and in hu#an! it le!!ened both the !everit" and duration of cold !"#pto#!. Another po!!ible defen!e again!t rhinoviru!e! %a! propo!ed b" (o!!#an) %ho de!cribed rhinoviru!e!$ detailed #olecular !tructure. (o!!#an !ho%ed that protein !e+uence! co##on to all rhinoviru! !train! lie at the ba!e of a deep >can"on? !coring each face of the cap!id. The narro% opening of thi! can"on po!!ibl" prevent! the relativel" large antibod" #olecule! fro# binding to the co##on !e+uence) but !#aller #olecule! #ight reach it. A#ong the!e !#aller) nonantibod" #olecule!) !o#e #ight bind to the co##on !e+uence) loc the nucleic acid in it! coat) and thereb" prevent the viru! fro# reproducing.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) discuss viral mechanisms and ossible (ays of circumventing certain kinds of those mechanisms (") challenge recent research on ho( rhinoviruses bind to rece tors on the surfaces of cells (#) suggest future research on rhinoviral gro(th in chim anzees ($) defend a controversial research rogram (hose ur ose is to discover the molecular structure of rhinovirus ca sids (!) evaluate a dis ute bet(een advocates of t(o theories about the rhinovirus life cycle ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the rotein sequences of the ca sid that vary most among strains of rhinovirus are those (A) at the base of the EcanyonF (") outside of the EcanyonF

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(#) res onsible for roducing nucleic acid ($) res onsible for reventing the formation of delta-rece tors (!) reventing the ca sid from releasing its nucleic acid ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that a cell lacking delta-rece tors (ill be (A) unable to revent the rhinoviral nucleic acid from shedding its ca sid (") defenseless against most strains of rhinovirus (#) unable to release the viral rogeny it develo s after infection ($) rotected from ne( infections by antibodies to the rhinovirus (!) resistant to infection by most strains of rhinovirus ,9. -hich of the follo(ing research strategies for develo ing a defense against the common cold (ould the author be likely to find most romising* (A) #ontinuing to look for a general antirhinoviral antibody (") +earching for common cell-surface rece tors in humans and mice (#) #ontinuing to look for similarities among the various strains of rhinovirus ($) $iscovering ho( the human body roduces antibodies in res onse to a rhinoviral infection (!) $etermining the detailed molecular structure of the nucleic acid of a rhinovirus ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the ur ose of #olonno's e% eriments (as to determine (hether (A) chim anzees and humans can both be infected by rhinoviruses (") chim anzees can roduce antibodies to human cell-surface rece tors (#) a rhinovirus' nucleic acid might be locked in its rotein coat ($) binding antibodies to common rece tors could roduce a ossible defense against rhinoviruses (!) rhinoviruses are vulnerable to human antibodies ,<. According to the assage8 5ossman's research suggests that (A) a defense against rhinoviruses might e% loit structural similarities among the strains of rhinovirus (") human cells normally do not develo antibodies to com onents of their o(n cells (#) the various strains of rhinovirus differ in their ability to bind to the surface of a host cell ($) rhinovirus versatility can (ork to the benefit of researchers trying to find a useful antibody (!) #olonno's research findings are robably invalid ,7. According to the assage8 in order for a given antibody to bind to a given

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rhinoviral ca sid8 (hich of the follo(ing must be true* (A) The ca sid must have a dee EcanyonF on each of its faces. (") The antibody must be s ecific to the molecular structure of the articular ca sid. (#) The ca sid must se arate from its nucleic acid before binding to an antibody. ($) The antibody must bind to a articular cell-surface rece tor before it can bind to a rhinovirus. (!) The antibody must first enter a cell containing the articular rhinovirus. SECTION '
/ia#ond!) an occa!ional co#ponent of rare igneou! roc ! called la#proite! and i#berlite!) have never been dated !ati!factoril". .o%ever) !o#e dia#ond! contain #inute inclu!ion! of !ilicate #ineral!) co##onl" olivine) p"roxene) and garnet. The!e #ineral! can be dated b" radioactive deca" techni+ue! becau!e of the ver" !#all +uantitie! of radioactive trace ele#ent! the") in turn) contain. 9!uall") it i! po!!ible to conclude that the inclu!ion! are older than their dia#ond ho!t!) but %ith little indication of the ti#e interval involved. So#eti#e!) ho%ever) the cr"!tal for# of the !ilicate inclu!ion! i! ob!erved to re!e#ble #ore clo!el" the internal !tructure of dia#ond than that of other !ilicate #ineral!. It i! not no%n ho% rare thi! re!e#blance i!) or %hether it i! #o!t often !een in inclu!ion! of !ilicate! !uch a! garnet) %ho!e cr"!tallograph" i! generall" !o#e%hat !i#ilar to that of dia#ond6 but %hen pre!ent) the re!e#blance i! regarded a! co#pelling evidence that the dia#ond! and inclu!ion! are trul" cogenetic.

17. The author im lies that silicate inclusions (ere most often formed (A) (ith small diamonds inside of them (") (ith trace elements derived from their host minerals (#) by the radioactive decay of rare igneous rocks ($) at an earlier eriod than (ere their host minerals (!) from the crystallization of rare igneous material 1&. According to the assage8 the age of silicate minerals included in diamonds can be determined due to a feature of the (A) trace elements in the diamond hosts (") trace elements in the rock surrounding the diamonds (#) trace elements in the silicate minerals ($) silicate minerals' crystal structure (!) host diamonds' crystal structure 1). The author states that (hich of the follo(ing generally has a crystal structure similar to that of diamond* (A) Dam roite

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(") Jimberlite (#) Blivine ($) 1yro%ene (!) /arnet ,.. The main ur ose of the assage is to (A) e% lain (hy it has not been ossible to determine the age of diamonds (") e% lain ho( it might be ossible to date some diamonds (#) com are t(o alternative a roaches to determining the age of diamonds ($) com are a method of dating diamonds (ith a method used to date certain silicate minerals (!) com are the age of diamonds (ith that of certain silicate minerals contained (ithin them
/i!cu!!ion of the a!!i#ilation of 7uerto (ican! in the 9nited State! ha! focu!ed on t%o factor!< !ocial !tanding and the lo!! of national culture. In general) exce!!ive !tre!! i! placed on one factor or the other) depending on %hether the co##entator i! North A#erican or 7uerto (ican. =an" North A#erican !ocial !cienti!t!) !uch a! O!car .andlin) @o!eph ;it*patric ) and O!car Be%i!) con!ider 7uerto (ican! a! the #o!t recent in a long line of ethnic entrant! to occup" the lo%e!t rung on the !ocial ladder. Such a >!ociode#ographic? approach tend! to regard a!!i#ilation a! a benign proce!!) ta ing for granted increa!ed econo#ic advantage and inevitable cultural integration) in a !uppo!edl" egalitarian context. .o%ever) thi! approach fail! to ta e into account the colonial nature of the 7uerto (ican ca!e) %ith thi! group) unli e their European predece!!or!) co#ing fro# a nation politicall" !ubordinated to the 9nited State!. Even the >radical? criti+ue! of thi! #ain!trea# re!earch #odel) !uch a! the criti+ue developed in i-ided Societ") attach the i!!ue of ethnic a!!i#ilation too #echanicall" to factor! of econo#ic and !ocial #obilit" and are thu! unable to illu#inate the cultural !ubordination of 7uerto (ican! a! a colonial #inorit". In contra!t) the >coloniali!t? approach of i!land-ba!ed %riter! !uch a! Eduardo Seda-'onilla) =anuel =aldonado-/eni!) and Bui! Nieve!-;alcon tend! to vie% a!!i#ilation a! the forced lo!! of national culture in an une+ual conte!t %ith i#po!ed foreign value!. There i!) of cour!e) a !trong tradition of cultural acco##odation a#ong other 7uerto (ican thin er!. The %riting! of Eugenio ;ernande* =ende* clearl" exe#plif" thi! tradition) and #an" !upporter! of 7uerto (ico$! co##on%ealth !tatu! !hare the !a#e univer!ali*ing orientation. 'ut the 7uerto (ican intellectual! %ho have %ritten #o!t about the a!!i#ilation proce!! in the 9nited State! all advance cultural nationali!t vie%!) advocating the pre!ervation of #inorit" cultural di!tinction! and re1ecting %hat the" !ee a! the !ub1ugation of colonial nationalitie!. Thi! cultural and political e#pha!i! i! appropriate) but the coloniali!t thin er! #i!direct it) overloo ing the cla!! relation! at %or in both 7uerto (ican and North

GRE

17)

A#erican hi!tor". The" po!e the cla!h of national culture! a! an ab!olute polarit") %ith each culture under!tood a! !tatic and undifferentiated. Aet both the 7uerto (ican and North A#erican tradition! have been !ub1ect to con!tant challenge fro# cultural force! %ithin their o%n !ocietie!) force! that #a" #ove to%ard each other in %a"! that cannot be %ritten off a! #ere >a!!i#ilation.? Con!ider) for exa#ple) the indigenou! and Afro-Caribbean tradition! in 7uerto (ican culture and ho% the" influence and are influenced b" other Caribbean culture! and 'lac culture! in the 9nited State!. The ele#ent! of coercion and ine+ualit") !o central to cultural contact according to the coloniali!t fra#e%or pla" no role in thi! ind of convergence of raciall" and ethnicall" different ele#ent! of the !a#e !ocial cla!!.

,1. The author's main ur ose is to (A) criticize the em hasis on social standing in discussions of the assimilation of 1uerto 5icans in the 6nited +tates (") su ort the thesis that assimilation has not been a benign rocess for 1uerto 5icans (#) defend a vie( of the assimilation of 1uerto 5icans that em hasizes the reservation of national culture ($) indicate deficiencies in t(o schools of thought on the assimilation of 1uerto 5icans in the 6nited +tates (!) re7ect the attem t to formulate a general frame(ork for discussion of the assimilation of 1uerto 5icans in the 6nited +tates ,,. According to the assage8 cultural accommodation is romoted by (A) !duardo +eda-"onilla (") @anuel @aldonado-$enis (#) the author of -i+ided *ociet ($) the ma7ority of social scientists (riting on immigration (!) many su orters of 1uerto 5ico's common(ealth status ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that a (riter such as !ugenio >ernandez @endez (ould most likely agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements concerning members of minority ethnic grou s* (A) :t is necessary for the members of such grou s to ada t to the culture of the ma7ority. (") The members of such grou s generally encounter a culture that is static and undifferentiated. (#) +ocial mobility is the most im ortant feature of the e% erience of members of such grou s. ($) +ocial scientists should em hasize the cultural and olitical as ects of the e% erience of members of such grou s.

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(!) The assimilation of members of such grou s requires the forced abandonment of their authentic national roots. ,9. The author im lies that the 1uerto 5ican (riters (ho have (ritten most about assimilation do ABT do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 5egard assimilation as benign. (") 5esist cultural integration. (#) $escribe in detail the rocess of assimilation. ($) Take into account the colonial nature of the 1uerto 5ican case. (!) #riticize su orters of 1uerto 5ico's common(ealth status. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the EcolonialistF a roach is so called because its ractitioners (A) su ort 1uerto 5ico's common(ealth status (") have a strong tradition of cultural accommodation (#) em hasize the class relations at (ork in both 1uerto 5ican and Aorth American history ($) ose the clash of national cultures as an absolute olarity in (hich each culture is understood as static and undifferentiated (!) regard the olitical relation of 1uerto 5ico to the 6nited +tates as a significant factor in the e% erience of 1uerto 5icans ,<. The author regards the em hasis by island-based (riters on the cultural and olitical dimensions of assimilation as (A) ironic (") dangerous (#) fitting but misdirected ($) illuminating but easily misunderstood (!) eculiar but benign ,7. The e%am le discussed in lines ;1-;9 is intended by the author to illustrate a (A) strength of the sociodemogra hic a roach (") strength of the EcolonialistF a roach (#) (eakness of the sociodemogra hic a roach ($) (eakness of the EcolonialistF a roach (!) (eakness of the cultural-accommodationist a roach No. F-: SECTION A
Cla!!ical ph"!ic! define! the vacuu# a! a !tate of ab!ence< a vacuu# i! !aid to exi!t in a region of !pace if there i! nothing in it. In the +uantu# field theorie!

GRE

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that de!cribe the ph"!ic! of ele#entar" particle!) the vacuu# beco#e! !o#e%hat #ore co#plicated. Even in e#pt" !pace) particle! can appear !pontaneou!l" a! a re!ult of fluctuation! of the vacuu#. ;or exa#ple) an electron and a po!itron) or antielectron) can be created out of the void. 7article! created in thi! %a" have onl" a fleeting exi!tence6 the" are annihilated al#o!t a! !oon a! the" appear) and their pre!ence can never be detected directl". The" are called virtual particle! in order to di!tingui!h the# fro# real particle!) %ho!e lifeti#e! are not con!trained in the !a#e %a") and %hich can be detected. Thu! it i! !till po!!ible to define that vacuu# a! a !pace that ha! no real particle! in it. One #ight expect that the vacuu# %ould al%a"! be the !tate of lo%e!t po!!ible energ" for a given region of !pace. If an area i! initiall" e#pt" and a real particle i! put into it) the total energ") it !ee#!) !hould be rai!ed b" at lea!t the energ" e+uivalent of the #a!! of the added particle. A !urpri!ing re!ult of !o#e recent theoretical inve!tigation! i! that thi! a!!u#ption i! not invariabl" true. There are condition! under %hich the introduction of a real particle of finite #a!! into an e#pt" region of !pace can reduce the total energ". If the reduction in energ" i! great enough) an electron and a po!itron %ill be !pontaneou!l" created. 9nder the!e condition! the electron and po!itron are not a re!ult of vacuu# fluctuation! but are real particle!) %hich exi!t indefinitel" and can be detected. In other %ord!) under the!e condition! the vacuu# i! an un!table !tate and can deca" into a !tate of lo%er energ"6 i.e.) one in %hich real particle! are created. The e!!ential condition for the deca" of the vacuu# i! the pre!ence of an inten!e electric field. A! a re!ult of the deca" of the vacuu#) the !pace per#eated b" !uch a field can be !aid to ac+uire an electric charge) and it can be called a charged vacuu#. The particle! that #ateriali*e in the !pace #a e the charge #anife!t. An electric field of !ufficient inten!it" to create a charged vacuu# i! li el" to be found in onl" one place< in the i##ediate vicinit" of a !uperheav" ato#ic nucleu!) one %ith about t%ice a! #an" proton! a! the heavie!t natural nuclei no%n. A nucleu! that large cannot be !table) but it #ight be po!!ible to a!!e#ble one next to a vacuu# for long enough to ob!erve the deca" of the vacuu#. Experi#ent! atte#pting to achieve thi! are no% under %a".

17. -hich of the follo(ing titles best describes the assage as a (hole* (A) The ?acuum= :ts >luctuations and $ecay (") The ?acuum= :ts #reation and :nstability (#) The ?acuum= A +tate of Absence ($) 1articles That @aterialize in the ?acuum (!) #lassical 1hysics and the ?acuum 1&. According to the assage8 the assum tion that the introduction of a real article into a vacuum raises the total energy of that region of s ace has been cast into doubt by (hich of the follo(ing* (A) >indings from laboratory e% eriments

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(") >indings from observational field e% eriments (#) Accidental observations made during other e% eriments ($) $iscovery of several erroneous ro ositions in acce ted theories (!) 1redictions based on theoretical (ork 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that scientists are currently making efforts to observe (hich of the follo(ing events* (A) The decay of a vacuum in the resence of virtual articles (") The decay of a vacuum ne%t to a su erheavy atomic nucleus (#) The creation of a su erheavy atomic nucleus ne%t to an intense electric field ($) The creation of a virtual electron and a virtual ositron as a result of fluctuations of a vacuum (!) The creation of a charged vacuum in (hich only real electrons can be created in the vacuum's region of s ace ,.. 1hysicists' recent investigations of the decay of the vacuum8 as described in the assage8 most closely resemble (hich of the follo(ing hy othetical events in other disci lines* (A) Bn the basis of data gathered in a carefully controlled laboratory e% eriment8 a chemist redicts and then demonstrates the hysical ro erties of a ne(ly synthesized olymer. (") Bn the basis of mani ulations of macroeconomic theory8 an economist redicts that8 contrary to acce ted economic theory8 inflation and unem loyment (ill both decline under conditions of ra id economic gro(th. (#) Bn the basis of a rereading of the te%ts of 2ane Austen's novels8 a literary critic suggests that8 contrary to acce ted literary inter retations. Austen's lots (ere actually meta hors for olitical events in early nineteenth-century !ngland. ($) Bn the basis of data gathered in carefully lanned observations of several s ecies of birds8 a biologist ro oses a modification in the acce ted theory of inters ecies com etition. (!) Bn the basis of a study of observations incidentally recorded in ethnogra hers' descri tions of non--estern societies8 an anthro ologist ro oses a ne( theory of kinshi relations. ,1. According to the assage8 the author considers the reduction of energy in an em ty region of s ace to (hich a real article has been added to be (A) a (ell-kno(n rocess (") a frequent occurrence (#) a fleeting aberration ($) an unim ortant event

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(!) an une% ected outcome ,,. According to the assage8 virtual articles differ from real articles in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* :. ::. ?irtual articles have e%tremely short lifetimes. ?irtual articles are created in an intense electric field.

:::. ?irtual articles cannot be detected directly. (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) : and ::: only ,3. The author's assertions concerning the conditions that lead to the decay of the vacuum (ould be most (eakened if (hich of the follo(ing occurred* (A) +cientists created an electric field ne%t to a vacuum8 but found that the electric field (as not intense enough to create a charged vacuum. (") +cientists assembled a su erheavy atomic nucleus ne%t to a vacuum8 but found that no virtual articles (ere created in the vacuum's region of s ace. (#) +cientists assembled a su erheavy atomic nucleus ne%t to a vacuum8 but found that they could not then detect any real articles in the vacuum's region of s ace. ($) +cientists introduced a virtual electron and a virtual ositron into a vacuum's region of s ace8 but found that the vacuum did not then fluctuate. (!) +cientists introduced a real electron and a real ositron into a vacuum's region of s ace8 but found that the total energy of the s ace increased by the energy equivalent of the mass of the articles.
Si#one de 'eauvoir$! %or greatl" influenced 'ett" ;riedan$!2Indeed) #ade it po!!ible. &h") then) %a! it ;riedan %ho beca#e the prophet of %o#en$! e#ancipation in the 9nited State!M 7olitical condition!) a! %ell a! a certain antiintellectual bia!) prepared A#erican! and the A#erican #edia to better receive ;riedan$! deradicali*ed and highl" prag#atic The Fe$inine M"sti1ue) publi!hed in 1FL:) than 'eauvoir$! theoretical reading of %o#en$! !ituation in The Second Se+. In 1F3: %hen The Second Se+ fir!t appeared in tran!lation in the 9nited State!) the countr" had entered the !ilent) fearful fortre!! of the antico##uni!t =cCarth" "ear! -1F34-1F3D0) and 'eauvoir %a! !u!pected of =arxi!t !"#pathie!. Even The 0ation) a generall" liberal #aga*ine) %arned it! reader! again!t >certain political leaning!? of the author. Open ac no%ledge#ent of the exi!tence of %o#en$! oppre!!ion %a! too radical for the 9nited State! in the fiftie!) and 'eauvoir$! conclu!ion) that change in %o#en$! econo#ic condition) though in!ufficient b" it!elf) >re#ain! the ba!ic factor? in i#proving %o#en$! !ituation) %a! particularl" unacceptable.

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,9. According to the assage8 one difference bet(een The Fe%inine M sti.ue and The *econd *e" is that >riedan's book (A) re7ects the idea that (omen are o ressed (") rovides a rimarily theoretical analysis of (omen's lives (#) does not reflect the olitical beliefs of its author ($) suggests that (omen's economic condition has no im act on their status (!) concentrates on the ractical as ects of the questions of (omen's emanci ation ,;. The author quotes from The /ation most robably in order to (A) modify an earlier assertion (") oint out a ossible e%ce tion to her argument (#) illustrate her central oint ($) clarify the meaning of a term (!) cite an e% ert o inion ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing is not a factor in the e% lanation of (hy The Fe%inine M sti.ue (as received more ositively in the 6nited +tates than (as The *econd *e"* (A) "y 1)<3 olitical conditions in the 6nited +tates had changed. (") >riedan's book (as less intellectual and abstract than "eauvoir's. (#) 5eaders did not recognize the o(erful influence of "eauvoir's book on >riedan's ideas. ($) >riedan's a roach to the issue of (omen's emanci ation (as less radical than "eauvoir's. (!) American readers (ere more (illing to consider the roblem of the o ression of (omen in the si%ties than they had been in the fifties. ,7. According to the assage8 "eauvoir's book asserted that the status of (omen (A) is the outcome of olitical o ression (") is inherently tied to their economic condition (#) can be best im roved under a communist government ($) is a theoretical8 rather than a ragmatic8 issue (!) is a critical area of discussion in @ar%ist economic theory SECTION '
One of the +ue!tion! of intere!t in the !tud" of the evolution of !pider! i! %hether the %eaving of orb %eb! evolved onl" once or !everal ti#e!. About half the :3)444 no%n ind! of !pider! #a e %eb!6 a third of the %eb %eaver! #a e orb %eb!. Since #o!t orb %eaver! belong either to the Araneidae or the 9loboridae fa#ilie!) the origin of the orb %eb can be deter#ined onl" b"

GRE
a!certaining %hether the fa#ilie! are related.

1&;

(ecent taxono#ic anal"!i! of individual! fro# both fa#ilie! indicate! that the fa#ilie! evolved fro# different ance!tor!) thereb" contradicting &iehle$! theor". Thi! theor" po!tulate! that the fa#ilie! #u!t be related) ba!ed on the a!!u#ption that co#plex behavior) !uch a! %eb building) could evolve onl" once. According to Gull#an) %eb !tructure i! the onl" characteri!tic that !ugge!t! a relation!hip bet%een fa#ilie!. The fa#ilie! differ in appearance) !tructure of bod" hair) and arrange#ent of e"e!. Onl" 9loborid! lac veno# gland!. ;urther identification and !tud" of characteri!tic feature! %ill undoubtedl" an!%er the +ue!tion of the evolution of the orb %eb.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) settle the question of (hether orb (ebs evolved once or more than once (") describe scientific s eculation concerning an issue related to the evolution of orb (ebs (#) analyze the differences bet(een the characteristic features of s iders in the Araneidae and 6loboridae families ($) question the methods used by earlier investigators of the habits of s iders (!) demonstrate that Araneidae s iders are not related to 6loboridae s iders 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that all orb-(eaving s iders belong to ty es of s iders that (A) lack venom glands (") are included either in the 6loboridae or Araneidae families (#) share fe( characteristic features (ith other s ider ty es ($) com rise less than a third of all kno(n ty es of s iders (!) are more recently evolved than other ty es of s iders 1). According to the assage8 members of the Araneidae family can be distinguished from members of the 6loboridae family by all of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) the resence of venom glands (") the ty e of (eb they s in (#) the structure of their body hair ($) the arrangement of their eyes (!) their a earance ,.. -hich of the follo(ing statements8 if true8 most (eakens -iehle's theory that com le% behavior could evolve only once* (A) 4orses8 introduced to the Ae( -orld by the + aniards8 thrived under diverse climatic conditions. (") 1lants of the 1almaceae family8 descendants of a common ancestor8 evolved unique seed forms even though the lants occu y similar habitats throughout

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the (orld. (#) All mammals are descended from a small8 rodentlike animal (hose hysical characteristics in some form are found in all its descendants. ($) 1lants in the #actaceae and !u horbiaceae families8 although they often look alike and have develo ed similar mechanisms to meet the rigors of the desert8 evolved inde endently. (!) The #uban anole8 (hich (as recently introduced in the >lorida (ilds8 is quickly re lacing the native >lorida chameleon because the anole has no com etitors.
>7opular art? ha! a nu#ber of #eaning!) i#po!!ible to define %ith an" preci!ion) %hich range fro# fol lore to 1un . The pole! are clear enough) but the #iddle tend! to blur. The .oll"%ood &e!tern of the 1F:4$!) for exa#ple) ha! ele#ent! of fol lore) but i! clo!er to 1un than to high art or fol art. There can be great tra!h) 1u!t a! there i! bad high art. The #u!ical! of 8eorge 8er!h%in are great popular art) never a!piring to high art. Schubert and 'rah#!) ho%ever) u!ed ele#ent! of popular #u!ic2fol the#e!2in %or ! clearl" intended a! high art. The ca!e of Cerdi i! a different one< he too a popular genre2bourgeoi! #elodra#a !et to #u!ic -an accurate definition of nineteenth-centur" opera02 and) %ithout altering it! funda#ental nature) tran!#uted it into high art. Thi! re#ain! one of the greate!t achieve#ent! in #u!ic) and one that cannot be full" appreciated %ithout recogni*ing the e!!ential tra!hine!! of the genre. A! an exa#ple of !uch a tran!#utation) con!ider %hat Cerdi #ade of the t"pical political ele#ent! of nineteenth-centur" opera. 8enerall" in the plot! of the!e opera!) a hero or heroine2u!uall" portra"ed onl" a! an individual) unfettered b" cla!!2i! caught bet%een the i##oral corruption of the ari!tocrac" and the doctrinaire rigidit" or !ecret greed of the leader! of the proletariat. Cerdi tran!for#! thi! naive and unli el" for#ulation %ith #u!ic of extraordinar" energ" and rh"th#ic vitalit") #u!ic #ore !ubtle than it !ee#! at fir!t hearing. There are !cene! and aria! that !till !ound li e call! to ar#! and %ere clearl" under!tood a! !uch %hen the" %ere fir!t perfor#ed. Such piece! lend an i##ediac" to the other%i!e veiled political #e!!age of the!e opera! and call up feeling! be"ond tho!e of the opera it!elf. Or con!ider Cerdi$! treat#ent of character. 'efore Cerdi) there %ere rarel" an" character! at all in #u!ical dra#a) onl" a !erie! of !ituation! %hich allo%ed the !inger! to expre!! a !erie! of e#otional !tate!. An" atte#pt to find coherent p!"chological portra"al in the!e opera! i! #i!placed ingenuit". The onl" coherence %a! the !inger$! vocal techni+ue< %hen the ca!t changed) ne% aria! %ere al#o!t al%a"! !ub!tituted) generall" adapted fro# other opera!. Cerdi$! character!) on the other hand) have genuine con!i!tenc" and integrit") even if) in #an" ca!e!) the con!i!tenc" i! that of pa!teboard #elodra#a. The integrit" of the character i! achieved through the #u!ic< once he had beco#e e!tabli!hed) Cerdi did not re%rite hi! #u!ic for different !inger! or countenance alteration! or

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!ub!titution! of !o#ebod" el!e$! aria! in one of hi! opera!) a! ever" eighteenthcentur" co#po!er had done. &hen he revi!ed an opera) it %a! onl" for dra#atic econo#" and effectivene!!.

,1. The author refers to +chubert and "rahms in order to suggest (A) that their achievements are no less substantial than those of ?erdi (") that their (orks are e%am les of great trash (#) the e%tent to (hich +chubert and "rahms influenced the later com ositions of ?erdi ($) a contrast bet(een the conventions of nineteenth-century o era and those of other musical forms (!) that o ular music could be em loyed in com ositions intended as high art ,,. According to the assage8 the immediacy of the olitical message in ?erdi's o eras stems from the (A) vitality and subtlety of the music (") audience's familiarity (ith earlier o eras (#) ortrayal of heightened emotional states ($) individual talents of the singers (!) verisimilitude of the characters ,3. According to the assage8 all of the follo(ing characterize musical drama before ?erdi !C#!1T= (A) arias tailored to a articular singer's ability (") ada tation of music from other o eras (#) sychological inconsistency in the ortrayal of characters ($) e% ression of emotional states in a series of dramatic situations (!) music used for the ur ose of defining a character ,9. :t can be inferred that the author regards ?erdi's revisions to his o eras (ith (A) regret that the original music and te%ts (ere altered (") concern that many of the revisions altered the lots of the original (ork (#) a roval for the intentions that motivated the revisions ($) uzzlement8 since the revisions seem largely insignificant (!) enthusiasm8 since the revisions (ere aimed at reducing the conventionality of the o eras' lots ,;. According to the assage8 one of ?erdi's achievements (ithin the frame(ork of nineteenth-century o era and its conventions (as to (A) limit the e%tent to (hich singers influenced the musical com ositions and erformance of his o eras (") use his o eras rimarily as forums to rotest both the moral corru tion and

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dogmatic rigidity of the olitical leaders of his time (#) ortray sychologically com le% characters sha ed by the olitical environment surrounding them ($) incor orate elements of folklore into both the music and lots of his o eras (!) introduce olitical elements into an art form that had traditionally avoided olitical content ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the relationshi of the first aragra h of the assage to the assage as a (hole* (A) :t rovides a grou of s ecific e%am les from (hich generalizations are dra(n later in the assage. (") :t leads to an assertion that is su orted by e%am les later in the assage. (#) :t defines terms and relationshi s that are challenged in an argument later in the assage. ($) :t briefly com ares and contrasts several achievements that are e%amined in detail later in the assage. (!) :t e% lains a method of 7udging a (ork of art8 a method that is used later in the assage. ,7. :t can be inferred that the author regards the inde endence from social class of the heroes and heroines of nineteenth-century o era as (A) an idealized but fundamentally accurate ortrayal of bourgeois life (") a lot convention (ith no real connection to olitical reality (#) a lot refinement unique to ?erdi ($) a symbolic re resentation of the osition of the bourgeoisie relative to the aristocracy and the roletariat (!) a convention largely seen as irrelevant by audiences No. F-D SECTION A
-The article fro# %hich the pa!!age %a! ta en appeared in 1FK2.0 Theori!t! are divided concerning the origin of the =oon. So#e h"pothe!i*e that the =oon %a! for#ed in the !a#e %a" a! %ere the planet! in the inner !olar !"!te# -=ercur") Cenu!) =ar!) and Earth02fro# planet-for#ing #aterial! in the pre!olar nebula. 'ut) unli e the core! of the inner planet!) the =oon$! core contain! little or no iron) %hile the t"pical planet-for#ing #aterial! %ere +uite rich in iron. Other theori!t! propo!e that the =oon %a! ripped out of the Earth$! roc " #antle b" the Earth$! colli!ion %ith another large cele!tial bod" after #uch of the Earth$! iron fell to it! core. One proble# %ith the colli!ion h"pothe!i! i! the +ue!tion of ho% a !atellite for#ed in thi! %a" could have !ettled into the nearl" circular orbit that the =oon ha! toda". ;ortunatel") the colli!ion h"pothe!i! i!

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te!table. If it i! true) the #antleroc ! of the =oon and the Earth !hould be the !a#e geoche#icall".

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) resent t(o hy otheses concerning the origin of the @oon (") discuss the strengths and (eaknesses of the collision hy othesis concerning the origin of the @oon (#) ro ose that hy otheses concerning the @oon's origin be tested ($) argue that the @oon could not have been formed out of the ty ical lanetforming materials of the resolar nebula (!) describe one reason (hy the @oon's geochemical makeu should resemble that of the !arth 1&. According to the assage8 @ars and the !arth are similar in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* :. ::. Their satellites (ere formed by collisions (ith other celestial bodies. Their cores contain iron.

:::. They (ere formed from the resolar nebula. (A) ::: only (") : and :: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1). The author im lies that a nearly circular orbit is unlikely for a satellite that (A) circles one of the inner lanets (") is deficient in iron (#) is different from its lanet geochemically ($) (as formed by a collision bet(een t(o celestial bodies (!) (as formed out of the lanet-forming materials in the resolar nebula ,.. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould be most likely to make it difficult to verify the collision hy othesis in the manner suggested by the author* (A) The @oon's core and mantlerock are almost inactive geologically. (") The mantlerock of the !arth has changed in com osition since the formation of the @oon8 (hile the mantlerock of the @oon has remained chemically inert. (#) @uch of the !arth's iron fell to the !arth's core long before the formation of the @oon8 after (hich the !arth's mantlerock remained unchanged. ($) #ertain of the !arth's elements8 such as latinum8 gold8 and iridium8 follo(ed iron to the !arth's core.

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(!) The mantlerock of the @oon contains elements such as latinum8 gold8 and iridium.
Surpri!ingl" enough) #odern hi!torian! have rarel" intere!ted the#!elve! in the hi!tor" of the A#erican South in the period before the South began to beco#e !elf-con!ciou!l" and di!tinctivel" >Southern?2the decade! after 1K13. Con!e+uentl") the cultural hi!tor" of 'ritain$! North A#erican e#pire in the !eventeenth and eighteenth centurie! ha! been %ritten al#o!t a! if the Southern colonie! had never exi!ted. The A#erican culture that e#erged during the Colonial and (evolutionar" era! ha! been depicted a! having been !i#pl" an exten!ion of Ne% England 7uritan culture. .o%ever) 7rofe!!or /avi! ha! recentl" argued that the South !tood apart fro# the re!t of A#erican !ociet" during thi! earl" period) follo%ing it! o%n uni+ue pattern of cultural develop#ent. The ca!e for Southern di!tinctivene!! re!t! upon t%o related pre#i!e!< fir!t) that the cultural !i#ilaritie! a#ong the five Southern colonie! %ere far #ore i#pre!!ive than the difference!) and !econd) that %hat #ade tho!e colonie! ali e al!o #ade the# different fro# the other colonie!. The fir!t) for %hich /avi! offer! an enor#ou! a#ount of evidence) can be accepted %ithout #a1or re!ervation!6 the !econd i! far #ore proble#atic. &hat #a e! the !econd pre#i!e proble#atic i! the u!e of the 7uritan colonie! a! a ba!i! for co#pari!on. Ouite properl") /avi! decrie! the exce!!ive influence a!cribed b" hi!torian! to the 7uritan! in the for#ation of A#erican culture. Aet /avi! inadvertentl" add! %eight to !uch a!cription! b" u!ing the 7uritan! a! the !tandard again!t %hich to a!!e!! the achieve#ent! and contribution! of Southern colonial!. Throughout) /avi! focu!e! on the i#portant) and undeniable) difference! bet%een the Southern and 7uritan colonie! in #otive! for and pattern! of earl" !ettle#ent) in attitude! to%ard nature and Native A#erican!) and in the degree of receptivit" to #etropolitan cultural influence!. .o%ever) recent !cholar!hip ha! !trongl" !ugge!ted that tho!e a!pect! of earl" Ne% England culture that !ee# to have been #o!t di!tinctl" 7uritan) !uch a! the !trong religiou! orientation and the co##unal i#pul!e) %ere not even t"pical of Ne% England a! a %hole) but %ere largel" confined to the t%o colonie! of =a!!achu!ett! and Connecticut. Thu!) %hat in contra!t to the 7uritan colonie! appear! to /avi! to be peculiarl" Southern2ac+ui!itivene!!) a !trong intere!t in politic! and the la%) and a tendenc" to cultivate #etropolitan cultural #odel!2 %a! not onl" #ore t"picall" Engli!h than the cultural pattern! exhibited b" 7uritan =a!!achu!ett! and Connecticut) but al!o al#o!t certainl" characteri!tic of #o!t other earl" #odern 'riti!h colonie! fro# 'arbado! north to (hode I!land and Ne% .a#p!hire. &ithin the larger fra#e%or of A#erican colonial life) then) not the Southern but the 7uritan colonie! appear to have been di!tinctive) and even the" !ee# to have been rapidl" a!!i#ilating to the do#inant cultural pattern! b" the late Colonial period.

,1. The author is rimarily concerned (ith

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(A) refuting a claim about the influence of 1uritan culture on the early American +outh (") refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American +outh (#) refuting the t(o remises that underlie $avis' discussion of the culture of the American +outh in the eriod before 1&1; ($) challenging the hy othesis that early American culture (as homogeneous in nature (!) challenging the contention that the American +outh made greater contributions to early American culture than 1uritan Ae( !ngland did ,,. The assage im lies that the attitudes to(ard Aative Americans that revailed in the +outhern colonies (A) (ere in conflict (ith the cosmo olitan outlook of the +outh (") derived from +outherners' strong interest in the la( (#) (ere modeled after those that revailed in the Aorth ($) differed from those that revailed in the 1uritan colonies (!) develo ed as a res onse to attitudes that revailed in @assachusetts and #onnecticut ,3. According to the author8 the de iction of American culture during the #olonial and 5evolutionary eras as an e%tension of Ae( !ngland 1uritan culture reflects the (A) fact that historians have overestimated the im ortance of the 1uritans in the develo ment of American culture (") fact that early American culture (as dee ly influenced by the strong religious orientation of the colonists (#) failure to recognize im ortant and undeniable cultural differences bet(een Ae( 4am shire and 5hode :sland on the one hand and the +outhern colonies on the other ($) e%tent to (hich @assachusetts and #onnecticut served as cultural models for the other American colonies (!) e%tent to (hich colonial America resisted assimilating cultural atterns that (ere ty ically !nglish ,9. The author of the assage is in agreement (ith (hich of the follo(ing elements of $avis' book* :. ::. $avis' claim that acquisitiveness (as a characteristic unique to the +outh during the #olonial eriod $avis' argument that there (ere significant differences bet(een 1uritan and +outhern culture during the #olonial eriod

:::. $avis' thesis that the +outhern colonies shared a common culture

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(A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) :: and ::: only ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould find $avis' second remise (lines 1&-,.) more lausible if it (ere true that (A) 1uritan culture had dis layed the tendency characteristic of the +outh to cultivate metro olitan cultural models (") 1uritan culture had been dominant in all the non-+outhern colonies during the seventeenth and eighteen centuries (#) the communal im ulse and a strong religious orientation had been more revalent in the +outh ($) the various cultural atterns of the +outhern colonies had more closely resembled each other (!) the cultural atterns characteristic of most early modern "ritish colonies had also been characteristic of the 1uritan colonies ,<. The assage suggests that by the late #olonial eriod the tendency to cultivate metro olitan cultural models (as a cultural attern that (as (A) dying out as 1uritan influence began to gro( (") self-consciously and distinctively +outhern (#) s reading to @assachusetts and #onnecticut ($) more characteristic of the +outhern colonies than of !ngland (!) beginning to s read to 5hode :sland and Ae( 4am shire ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements could most logically follo( the last sentence of the assage* (A) Thus8 had more attention been aid to the evidence8 $avis (ould not have been tem ted to argue that the culture of the +outh diverged greatly from 1uritan culture in the seventeenth century. (") Thus8 convergence8 not divergence8 seems to have characterized the cultural develo ment of the American colonies in the eighteenth century. (#) Thus8 (ithout the cultural diversity re resented by the America +outh8 the culture of colonial America (ould certainly have been homogeneous in nature. ($) Thus8 the contribution of +outhern colonials to American culture (as certainly overshado(ed by that of the 1uritans. (!) Thus8 the culture of America during the #olonial eriod (as far more sensitive to outside influences than historians are accustomed to

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ackno(ledge. SECTION '

;or !o#e ti#e !cienti!t! have believed that chole!terol pla"! a #a1or role in heart di!ea!e becau!e people %ith fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia) a genetic defect) have !ix to eight ti#e! the nor#al level of chole!terol in their blood and the" invariabl" develop heart di!ea!e. The!e people lac cell-!urface receptor! for lo%-den!it" lipoprotein! -B/B$!0) %hich are the funda#ental carrier! of blood chole!terol to the bod" cell! that u!e chole!terol. &ithout an ade+uate nu#ber of cell-!urface receptor! to re#ove B/B$! fro# the blood) the chole!terol-carr"ing B/B$! re#ain in the blood) increa!ing blood chole!terol level!. Scienti!t! al!o noticed that people %ith fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia appear to produce #ore B/B$! than nor#al individual!. .o%) !cienti!t! %ondered) could a genetic #utation that cau!e! a !lo%do%n in the re#oval of B/B$! fro# the blood al!o re!ult in an increa!e in the !"nthe!i! of thi! chole!terol-carr"ing proteinM Since !cienti!t! could not experi#ent on hu#an bod" ti!!ue) their no%ledge of fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia %a! !everel" li#ited. .o%ever) a brea through ca#e in the laboratorie! of Ao!hio &atanabe of Gobe 9niver!it" in @apan in 1FK4. &atanabe noticed that a #ale rabbit in hi! colon" had ten ti#e! the nor#al concentration of chole!terol in it! blood. '" appropriate breeding) &atanabe obtained a !train of rabbit! that had ver" high chole!terol level!. The!e rabbit! !pontaneou!l" developed heart di!ea!e. To hi! !urpri!e) &atanabe further found that the rabbit!) li e hu#an! %ith fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia) lac ed B/B receptor!. Thu!) !cienti!t! could !tud" the!e &atanabe rabbit! to gain a better under!tanding of fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia in hu#an!. 7rior to the brea through at Gobe 9niver!it") it %a! no%n that B/B$! are !ecreted fro# the liver in the for# of a precur!or) called ver" lo%-den!it" lipoprotein! -CB/B$!0) %hich carr" trigl"ceride! a! %ell a! relativel" !#all a#ount! of chole!terol. The trigl"ceride! are re#oved fro# the CB/B$! b" fatt" and other ti!!ue!. &hat re#ain! i! a re#nant particle that #u!t be re#oved fro# the blood. &hat !cienti!t! learned b" !tud"ing the &atanabe rabbit! i! that the re#oval of the CB/B re#nant re+uire! the B/B receptor. Nor#all") the #a1orit" of the CB/B re#nant! go to the liver %here the" bind to B/B receptor! and are degraded. In the &atanabe rabbit) due to a lac of B/B receptor! on liver cell!) the CB/B re#nant! re#ain in the blood and are eventuall" converted to B/B$!. The B/B receptor! thu! have a dual effect in controlling B/B level!. The" are nece!!ar" to prevent over!"nthe!i! of B/B$! fro# CB/B re#nant! and the" are nece!!ar" for the nor#al re#oval of B/B$! fro# the blood. &ith thi! no%ledge) !cienti!t! are no% %ell on the %a" to%ard developing drug! that dra#aticall" lo%er chole!terol level! in people afflicted %ith certain for#! of fa#ilial h"perchole!terole#ia.

17. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) resenting a hy othesis and describing com elling evidence in su ort of it

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(") raising a question and describing an im ortant discovery that led to an ans(er (#) sho(ing that a certain genetically caused disease can be treated effectively (ith drugs ($) e% laining (hat causes the genetic mutation that leads to heart disease (!) discussing the im ortance of research on animals for the study of human disease 1&. -hich of the follo(ing drugs8 if develo ed8 (ould most likely be an e%am le of the kind of drug mentioned in line ;3* (A) A drug that stimulates the roduction of ?D$D remnants (") A drug that stimulates the roduction of D$D rece tors on the liver (#) A drug that stimulates the roduction of an enzyme needed for cholesterol roduction ($) A drug that su 1). The assage su resses the roduction of body cells that use cholesterol (!) A drug that revents triglycerides from attaching to ?D$D's lies information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) -hich body cells are the rimary users of cholesterol* (") 4o( did scientists discover that D$D's are secreted from the liver in the form of a recursor* (#) -here in the body are ?D$D remnants degraded* ($) -hich body tissues roduce triglycerides* (!) -hat techniques are used to determine the resence or absence of cell-surface rece tors* ,.. According to the assage8 by studying the -atanabe rabbits scientists learned that (A) ?D$D remnants are removed from the blood by D$D rece tors in the liver (") D$D's are secreted from the liver in the form of recursors called ?D$D's (#) ?D$D remnant articles contain small amounts of cholesterol ($) triglycerides are removed from ?D$D's by fatty tissues (!) D$D rece tors remove D$D's from the blood ,1. The develo ment of drug treatments for some forms of familial hy ercholesterolemia is regarded by the author as (A) ossible8 but not very im ortant (") interesting8 but too costly to be ractical (#) romising8 but many years off ($) e%tremely unlikely (!) highly robable ,,. The assage im lies that if the -atanabe rabbits had had as many D$D rece tors

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on their livers as do normal rabbits8 the -atanabe rabbits (ould have been (A) less likely than normal rabbits to develo heart disease (") less likely than normal rabbits to develo high concentrations of cholesterol in their blood (#) less useful than they actually (ere to scientists in the study of familial hy ercholesterolemia in humans ($) unable to secrete ?D$D's from their livers (!) immune to drugs that lo(er cholesterol levels in eo le (ith certain forms of familial hy ercholesterolemia ,3. The assage im lies that -atanabe rabbits differ from normal rabbits in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* (A) -atanabe rabbits have more D$D rece tors than do normal rabbits. (") The blood of -atanabe rabbits contains more ?D$D remnants than does the blood of normal rabbits. (#) -atanabe rabbits have fe(er fatty tissues than do normal rabbits. ($) -atanabe rabbits secrete lo(er levels of ?D$D's than do normal rabbits. (!) The blood of -atanabe rabbits contains fe(er D$D's than does the blood of normal rabbits.
-The article fro# %hich thi! pa!!age %a! ta en appeared in 1FK1.0 &hen !pea ing of (o#are 'earden) one i! te#pted to !a") >A great 'lac A#erican arti!t.? The !ub1ect #atter of 'earden$! collage! i! certainl" 'lac . 7ortra"al! of the fol of =ec lenburg Count") North Carolina) %ho# he re#e#ber! fro# earl" childhood) of the 1a** #u!ician! and tene#ent roof! of hi! .arle# da"!) of 7itt!burgh !teel%or er!) and hi! recon!truction of cla!!ical 8ree #"th! in the gui!e of the ancient 'lac ingdo# of 'enin) atte!t to thi!. In natural har#on" %ith thi! choice of !ub1ect #atter are the !ocial !en!ibilitie! of the arti!t) %ho re#ain! active toda" %ith the Cin+ue 8aller" in =anhattan) %hich he helped found and %hich i! devoted to !ho%ing the %or of #inorit" arti!t!. Then %h" not call 'earden a 'lac A#erican arti!tM 'ecau!e ulti#atel" thi! categori*ation i! too narro%. >&hat !tand! up in the end i! !tructure)? 'earden !a"!. >&hat I tr" to do i! a#plif". If I %ere 1u!t creating a picture of a far# %o#an fro# bac ho#e) it %ould have #eaning to her and people there. 'ut art a#plifie! it!elf to !o#ething univer!al.?

,9. According to the assage8 all of the follo(ing are de icted in "earden's collages !C#!1T= (A) (orkers in 1ittsburgh's steel mills (") scenes set in the ancient kingdom of "enin (#) eo le "earden kne( as a child ($) traditional re resentations of the classical heroes of /reek mythology

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(!) the 7azz musicians of the 4arlem "earden used to kno( ,;. The author suggests that "earden should not be called a "lack American artist because (A) there are many collages by "earden in (hich the sub7ect matter is not "lack (") "earden's (ork reflects the "lack American e% erience in a highly individual style (#) through the structure of "earden's art his "lack sub7ects come to re resent all of humankind ($) "earden's true significance lies not so much in his o(n (ork as in his efforts to hel other minority artists (!) much of "earden's (ork uses the ancient "lack kingdom of "enin for its setting ,<. "earden's social sensibilities and the sub7ect matter of his collages are mentioned by the author in order to e% lain (A) (hy one might be tem ted to call "earden a "lack American artist (") (hy "earden cannot be readily categorized (#) (hy "earden's a eal is thought by many to be ultimately universal ($) ho( dee ly an artist's artistic creations are influenced by he artist's social conscience (!) (hat makes "earden unique among contem orary "lack American artists ,7. The author of the assage is chiefly concerned (ith (A) discussing "earden's hiloso hy of art (") assessing the significance of the ethnic element in "earden's (ork (#) ackno(ledging "earden's success in giving artistic e% ression to the "lack American e% erience ($) ointing out "earden's hel fulness to other minority artists (!) tracing "earden's rogress to(ard artistic maturity No. F-3 SECTION A
Qooplan ton) tin" ani#al! adapted to an exi!tence in the ocean) have evolved clever #echani!#! for obtaining their food) #ini!cule ph"toplan ton -plant plan ton0. A ver" !peciali*ed feeding adaptation in *ooplan ton i! that of the tadpoleli e appendicularian %ho live! in a %alnut-!i*ed -or !#aller0 balloon of #ucu! e+uipped %ith filter! that capture and concentrate ph"toplan ton. The balloon) a tran!parent !tructure that varie! in de!ign according to the t"pe of appendicularian in habiting it) al!o protect! the ani#al and help! to eep it afloat. &ater containing ph"toplan ton i! pu#ped b" the appendicularian$! #u!cular tail into the balloon$! incurrent filter!) pa!!e! through the feeding filter %here the

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appendicularian !uc ! the food into it! #outh) and then goe! through an exit pa!!age. ;ound in all the ocean! of the %orld) including the Arctic Ocean) appendicularian! tend to re#ain near the %ater$! !urface %here the den!it" of ph"toplan ton i! greate!t.

17. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing is true of a endicularians* (A) They are e%clusively carnivorous. (") They have more than one method of obtaining food. (#) They can tolerate frigid (ater. ($) They can disguise themselves by secreting mucus. (!) They are more sensitive to light than are other zoo lankton. 1&. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) e% laining ho( a endicularians obtain food (") e%amining the flotation methods of a endicularians (#) ma ing the distribution of a endicularians around the (orld ($) describing ho( a endicularians differ from other zoo lankton (!) com aring the various ty es of balloons formed by a endicularians 1). According to the assage8 all of the follo(ing are descri tive of a endicularians !C#!1T= (A) tailed (") vegetarian (#) small-sized ($) single-celled (!) ocean-d(elling ,.. The assage suggests that a endicularians tend to remain in surface (aters because they (A) refer the (armer (ater near the surface (") are unable to secrete mucus at the lo(er levels of the ocean (#) use the contrast of light and shado( at the surface to hide from redators ($) live in balloons that cannot (ithstand he (ater ressure dee er in the ocean (!) eat food that gro(s more rofusely near the surface
Student! of 9nited State! hi!tor") !ee ing to identif" the circu#!tance! that encouraged the e#ergence of fe#ini!t #ove#ent!) have thoroughl" inve!tigated the #id-nineteenth-centur" A#erican econo#ic and !ocial condition! that affected the !tatu! of %o#en. The!e hi!torian!) ho%ever) have anal"*ed le!! full" the develop#ent of !pecificall" fe#ini!t idea! and activitie! during the !a#e period. ;urther#ore) the ideological origin! of fe#ini!# in the 9nited State! have

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been ob!cured becau!e) even %hen hi!torian! did ta e into account tho!e fe#ini!t idea! and activitie! occurring %ithin the 9nited State!) the" failed to recogni*e that fe#ini!# %a! then a trul" international #ove#ent actuall" centered in Europe. A#erican fe#ini!t activi!t! %ho have been de!cribed a! >!olitar"? and >individual theori!t!? %ere in realit" connected to a #ove#ent2 utopian !ociali!#2%hich %a! alread" populari*ing fe#ini!t idea! in Europe during the t%o decade! that cul#inated in the fir!t %o#en$! right! conference held at Seneca ;all!) Ne% Aor ) in 1KDK. Thu!) a co#plete under!tanding of the origin! and develop#ent of nineteenth-centur" fe#ini!# in the 9nited State! re+uire! that the geographical focu! be %idened to include Europe and that the detailed !tud" alread" #ade of !ocial condition! be expanded to include the ideological develop#ent of fe#ini!#. The earlie!t and #o!t popular of the utopian !ociali!t! %ere the SaintSi#onian!. The !pecificall" fe#ini!t part of Saint-Si#oniani!# ha!) ho%ever) been le!! !tudied than the group$! contribution to earl" !ociali!#. Thi! i! regrettable on t%o count!. '" 1K:2 fe#ini!# %a! the central concern of Saint-Si#oniani!# and entirel" ab!orbed it! adherent!$ energ"6 hence) b" ignoring it! fe#ini!#) European hi!torian! have #i!under!tood Saint-Si#oniani!#. =oreover) !ince #an" fe#ini!t idea! can be traced to Saint-Si#oniani!#) European hi!torian!$ appreciation of later fe#ini!# in ;rance and the 9nited State! re#ained li#ited. Saint-Si#on$! follo%er!) #an" of %ho# %ere %o#en) ba!ed their fe#ini!# on an interpretation of hi! pro1ect to reorgani*e the globe b" replacing brute force %ith the rule of !piritual po%er!. The ne% %orld order %ould be ruled together b" a #ale) to repre!ent reflection) and a fe#ale) to repre!ent !enti#ent. Thi! co#ple#entarit" reflect! the fact that) %hile the Saint-Si#onian! did not re1ect the belief that there %ere innate difference! bet%een #en and %o#en) the" neverthele!! fore!a% an e+uall" i#portant !ocial and political role for both !exe! in their utopia. Onl" a fe% Saint-Si#onian! oppo!ed a definition of !exual e+ualit" ba!ed on gender di!tinction. Thi! #inorit" believed that individual! of both !exe! %ere born !i#ilar in capacit" and character) and the" a!cribed #ale-fe#ale difference! to !ociali*ation and education. The envi!ioned re!ult of both current! of thought) ho%ever) %a! that %o#en %ould enter public life in the ne% age and that !exual e+ualit" %ould re%ard #en a! %ell a! %o#en %ith an i#proved %a" of life.

,1. :t can be inferred that the author considers those historians (ho describe early feminists in the 6nited +tates as EsolitaryF to be (A) insufficiently familiar (ith the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thought (") overly concerned (ith the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the eriod before 1&9& (#) not focused narro(ly enough in their geogra hical sco e

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($) insufficiently a(are of the ideological consequences of the +eneca >alls conference (!) insufficiently concerned (ith the social conditions out of (hich feminism develo ed ,,. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of the +eneca >alls conference on (omen's rights* (A) :t (as rimarily a roduct of nineteenth-century +aint-+imonian feminist thought. (") :t (as the (ork of American activists (ho (ere inde endent of feminists abroad. (#) :t (as the culminating achievement of the uto ian socialist movement. ($) :t (as a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism. (!) :t (as the final manifestation of the (omen's rights movement in the 6nited +tates in the nineteenth century. ,3. The author's attitude to(ard most !uro ean historians (ho have studied the +aint-+imonians is rimarily one of (A) a roval of the s ecific focus of their research (") disa roval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the +aint-+imonians' energy after 1&3, (#) a roval of their general focus on social conditions ($) disa roval of their lack of attention to links bet(een the +aint-+imonians and their American counter arts (!) disagreement (ith their inter retation of the +aint-+imonian belief in se%ual equality ,9. The author mentions all of the follo(ing as characteristic of the +aint-+imonians !C#!1T= (A) The grou included many (omen among its members. (") The grou believed in a (orld that (ould be characterized by se%ual equality. (#) The grou (as among the earliest !uro ean socialist grou s. ($) @ost members believed that (omen should enter ublic life. (!) @ost members believed that (omen and men (ere inherently similar in ability and character. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the +aint-+imonians envisioned a uto ian society having (hich of the follo(ing characteristics* (A) :t (ould be (orld(ide. (") :t (ould em hasize dogmatic religious rinci les. (#) :t (ould most influence the 6nited +tates.

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($) :t (ould have armies com osed of (omen rather than of men. (!) :t (ould continue to develo ne( feminist ideas. ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes that study of +aint+imonianism is necessary for historians of American feminism because such study (A) (ould clarify the ideological origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminism (") (ould increase understanding of a movement that dee ly influenced the uto ian socialism of early American feminists (#) (ould focus attention on the most im ortant as ect of +aint-+imonian thought before 1&3, ($) romises to offer insight into a movement that (as a direct outgro(th of the +eneca >alls conference of 1&9& (!) could increase understanding of those ideals that absorbed most of the energy of the earliest American feminists ,7. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing (ould be the most accurate descri tion of the society envisioned by most +aint-+imonians* (A) A society in (hich (omen (ere highly regarded for their e%tensive education (") A society in (hich the t(o genders layed com lementary roles and had equal status (#) A society in (hich (omen did not enter ublic life ($) A social order in (hich a body of men and (omen (ould rule together on the basis of their s iritual o(er (!) A social order in (hich distinctions bet(een male and female (ould not e%ist and all (ould share equally in olitical o(er SECTION '
.i!toricall") a corner!tone of cla!!ical e#pirici!# ha! been the notion that ever" true generali*ation #u!t be confir#able b" !pecific ob!ervation!. In cla!!ical e#pirici!#) the truth of >All ball! are red)? for exa#ple) i! a!!e!!ed b" in!pecting ball!6 an" ob!ervation of a non red ball refute! une+uivocall" the propo!ed generali*ation. ;or &. C. O. Ouine) ho%ever) thi! con!titute! an overl" >narro%? conception of e#pirici!#. >All ball! are red)? he #aintain!) for#! one !trand %ithin an entire %eb of !tate#ent! -our no%ledge06 individual ob!ervation! can be referred onl" to thi! %eb a! a %hole. A! ne% ob!ervation! are collected) he explain!) the" #u!t be integrated into the %eb. 7roble#! occur onl" if a contradiction develop! bet%een a ne% ob!ervation) !a") >That ball i! blue)? and the preexi!ting !tate#ent!. In that ca!e) he argue!) an" !tate#ent or co#bination of !tate#ent! -not #erel" the >offending? generali*ation) a! in cla!!ical e#pirici!#0 can be

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altered to achieve the funda#ental re+uire#ent) a !"!te# free of contradiction!) even if) in !o#e ca!e!) the alteration con!i!t! of labeling the ne% ob!ervation a >hallucination.?

17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith resenting (A) criticisms of Kuine's vie(s on the ro er conce tualization of em iricism (") evidence to su em iricism ort Kuine's claims about the roblems inherent in classical

(#) an account of Kuine's counter ro osal to one of the traditional assum tions of classical em iricism ($) an overvie( of classical em iricism and its contributions to Kuine's alternate understanding of em iricism (!) a history of classical em iricism and Kuine's reservations about it 1&. According to Kuine's conce tion of em iricism8 if a ne( observation (ere to contradict some statement already (ithin our system of kno(ledge8 (hich of the follo(ing (ould be true* (A) The ne( observation (ould be re7ected as untrue. (") "oth the observation and the statement in our system that it contradicted (ould be discarded. (#) Ae( observations (ould be added to our (eb of statements in order to e% and our system of kno(ledge. ($) The observation or some art of our (eb of statements (ould need to be ad7usted to resolve the contradiction. (!) An entirely ne( field of kno(ledge (ould be created. 1). As described in the assage8 Kuine's s ecific argument against classical em iricism (ould be most strengthened if he did (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 1rovided evidence that many observations are actually hallucinations. (") !% lained (hy ne( observations often invalidate ree%isting generalizations. (#) #hallenged the mechanism by (hich s ecific generalizations are derived from collections of articular observations. ($) @entioned other critics of classical em iricism and the substance of their a roaches. (!) /ave an e%am le of a s ecific generalization that has not been invalidated des ite a contrary observation. ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that Kuine considers classical em iricism to be Eoverly Mnarro(' F (lines 7-&) for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* :. ::. #lassical em iricism requires that our system of generalizations be free of contradictions. #lassical em iricism demands that in the case of a contradiction bet(een an

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individual observation and a generalization8 the generalization must be abandoned. :::. #lassical em iricism asserts that every observation (ill either confirm an e%isting generalization or initiate a ne( generalization. (A) :: only (") : and :: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and :::
9ntil recentl" a!trono#er! have been pu**led b" the fate of red giant and !upergiant !tar!. &hen the core of a giant !tar %ho!e #a!! !urpa!!e! 1.D ti#e! the pre!ent #a!! of our Sun -=R0 exhau!t! it! nuclear fuel) it i! unable to !upport it! o%n %eight and collap!e! into a tin" neutron !tar. The gravitational energ" relea!ed during thi! i#plo!ion of the core blo%! off the re#ainder of the !tar in a gigantic explo!ion) or a !upernova. Since around 34 percent of all !tar! are believed to begin their live! %ith #a!!e! greater than 1.D=R) %e #ight expect that one out of ever" t%o !tar! %ould die a! a !upernova. 'ut in fact) onl" one !tar in thirt" die! !uch a violent death. The re!t expire #uch #ore peacefull" a! planetar" nebula!. Apparentl" #o!t #a!!ive !tar! #anage to lo!e !ufficient #aterial that their #a!!e! drop belo% the critical value of 1.D =R before the" exhau!t their nuclear fuel. Evidence !upporting thi! vie% co#e! fro# ob!ervation! of I(CS1421L) a pul!ating giant !tar located N44 light-"ear! a%a" fro# Earth. A huge rate of #a!! lo!! -1 =R ever" 14)444 "ear!0 ha! been deduced fro# infrared ob!ervation! of a##onia -N.:0 #olecule! located in the circu#!tellar cloud around I(CS1421L. (ecent #icro%ave ob!ervation! of carbon #onoxide -CO0 #olecule! indicate a !i#ilar rate of #a!! lo!! and de#on!trate that the e!caping #aterial extend! out%ard fro# the !tar for a di!tance of at lea!t one light-"ear. 'ecau!e %e no% the !i*e of the cloud around I(CS1421L and can u!e our ob!ervation! of either N.: or CO to #ea!ure the outflo% velocit") %e can calculate an age for the circu#!tellar cloud. I(CS1421L ha! apparentl" expelled) in the for# of #olecule! and du!t grain!) a #a!! e+ual to that of our entire Sun %ithin the pa!t ten thou!and "ear!. Thi! i#plie! that !o#e !tar! can !hed huge a#ount! of #atter ver" +uic l" and thu! #a" never expire a! !upernova!. Theoretical #odel! a! %ell a! !tati!tic! on !upernova! and planetar" nebula! !ugge!t that !tar! that begin their live! %ith #a!!e! around L =R !hed !ufficient #aterial to drop belo% the critical value of 1.D =R. I(CS1421L) for exa#ple) !hould do thi! in a #ere 34)444 "ear! fro# it! birth) onl" an in!tant in the life of a !tar. 'ut %hat place doe! I(CS1421L have in !tellar evolutionM A!trono#er! !ugge!t that !tar! li e I(CS1421L are actuall" >protoplanetar" nebula!?2old giant !tar! %ho!e den!e core! have al#o!t but not +uite rid the#!elve! of the fluff" envelope! of ga! around the#. Once the !tar ha! lo!t the entire envelope)

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it! expo!ed core beco#e! the central !tar of the planetar" nebula and heat! and ioni*e! the la!t ve!tige! of the envelope a! it flo%! a%a" into !pace. Thi! configuration i! a full-fledged planetar" nebula) long fa#iliar to optical a!trono#er!.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) offer a method of calculating the age of circumstellar clouds (") describe the conditions that result in a star's e% iring as a su ernova (#) discuss ne( evidence concerning the com osition of lanetary nebulas ($) e% lain (hy fe(er stars than redicted e% ire as su ernovas (!) survey conflicting theories concerning the com osition of circumstellar clouds ,,. The assage im lies that at the beginning of the life of :5#N1.,1<8 its mass (as a ro%imately (A) 7.. @R (") <.. @R (#) ;.. @R ($) 1.9 @R (!) 1.. @R ,3. The vie( to (hich line 1& refers serves to (A) reconcile seemingly contradictory facts (") undermine a reviously held theory (#) take into account data reviously held to be insignificant ($) resolve a controversy (!) question ne( methods of gathering data ,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author assumes (hich of the follo(ing in the discussion of the rate at (hich :5#N1.,1< loses mass* (A) The circumstellar cloud surrounding :5#N1.,1< consists only of #B and A43 molecules. (") The circumstellar cloud surrounding :5#N1.,1< consists of material e% elled from that star. (#) The age of a star is equal to that of its circumstellar cloud. ($) The rate at (hich :5#N1.,1< loses mass varies significantly from year to year. (!) +tars (ith a mass greater than < @R lose mass at a rate faster than stars (ith a mass less than < @R do. ,;. According to information rovided by the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing stars (ould astronomers most likely describe as a lanetary nebula*

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(A) A star that began its life (ith a mass of ;.; @R8 has e%hausted its nuclear fuel8 and has a core that is visible to astronomers (") A star that began its life (ith a mass of < @R8 lost mass at a rate of 1 @R er 1.8... years8 and e%hausted its nuclear fuel in 9.8... years (#) A star that has e%hausted its nuclear fuel8 has a mass of 1., @R8 and is surrounded by a circumstellar cloud that obscures its core from vie( ($) A star that began its life (ith a mass greater than < @R8 has 7ust recently e%hausted its nuclear fuel8 and is in the rocess of releasing massive amounts of gravitational energy (!) A star that began its life (ith a mass of ;.; @R8 has yet to e%haust its nuclear fuel8 and e%hibits a rate of mass loss similar to that of :5#N1.,1< ,<. -hich of the follo(ing statements (ould be most likely to follo( the last sentence of the assage* (A) +u ernovas are not necessarily the most s ectacular events that astronomers have occasion to observe. (") A arently8 stars that have a mass of greater than < @R are some(hat rare. (#) 5ecent studies of #B and A43 in the circumstellar clouds of stars similar to :5#N1.,1< have led astronomers to believe that the formation of lanetary nebulas recedes the develo ment of su ernovas. ($) :t a ears8 then8 that :5#N1.,1< actually re resents an intermediate ste in the evolution of a giant star into a lanetary nebula. (!) Astronomers have yet to develo a consistently accurate method for measuring the rate at (hich a star e%hausts its nuclear fuel. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing titles best summarizes the content of the assage* (A) Ae( @ethods of #alculating the Age of #ircumstellar #louds (") Ae( !vidence #oncerning the #om osition of 1lanetary Aebulas (#) 1roto lanetary Aebula= A 5arely Bbserved 1henomenon ($) 1lanetary Aebulas= An !nigma to Astronomers (!) The $iminution of a +tar's @ass= A #rucial >actor in +tellar !volution No. F-L SECTION A
-Thi! pa!!age i! fro# an article publi!hed in 1FN:0 The recent change to all-volunteer ar#ed force! in the 9nited State! %ill eventuall" produce a gradual increa!e in the proportion of %o#en in the ar#ed force! and in the variet" of %o#en$! a!!ign#ent!) but probabl" not the dra#atic gain! for %o#en that #ight have been expected. Thi! i! !o even though the ar#ed force! operate in an etho! of in!titutional change oriented to%ard occupational e+ualit" and under the federal !anction of e+ual pa" for e+ual %or .

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The difficult" i! that %o#en are unli el" to be trained for an" direct co#bat operation!. A !ignificant portion of the larger !ociet" re#ain! unco#fortable a! "et %ith extending e+ualit" in thi! direction. Therefore) for %o#en in the #ilitar") the !earch for e+ualit" %ill !till be ba!ed on functional e+uivalence) not identit" or even !i#ilarit" of ta! . Opportunitie! !ee# certain to ari!e. The gro%ing e#pha!i! on deterrence i! bound to offer increa!ing !cope for %o#en to beco#e involved in novel t"pe! of nonco#bat #ilitar" a!!ign#ent!.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) resent an overvie( of the different ty es of assignments available to (omen in the ne( 6nited +tates all-volunteer armed forces (") resent a reasoned rognosis of the status of (omen in the ne( 6nited +tates all-volunteer armed forces (#) resent the ne( 6nited +tates all-volunteer armed forces as a model case of equal em loyment olicies in action ($) analyze reforms in the ne( 6nited +tates all-volunteer armed forces necessitated by the increasing number of (omen in the military (!) analyze the use of functional equivalence as a substitute for occu ational equality in the ne( 6nited +tates all-volunteer armed forces 1&. According to the assage8 des ite the 6nited +tates armed forces' commitment to occu ational equality for (omen in the military8 certain other factors reclude (omen's (A) receiving equal ay for equal (ork (") having access to ositions of res onsibility at most levels (#) dra(ing assignments from a (ider range of assignments than before ($) benefiting from o ortunities arising from ne( noncombat functions (!) being assigned all of the military tasks that are assigned to men 1). The assage im lies that (hich of the follo(ing is a factor conducive to a more equitable re resentation of (omen in the 6nited +tates armed forces than has e%isted in the ast* (A) The all-volunteer character of the resent armed forces (") The ast service records of (omen (ho had assignments functionally equivalent to men's assignments (#) The level of a(areness on the art of the larger society of military issues ($) A decline in the ro ortion of deterrence oriented noncombat assignments (!) 5estrictive ast olicies governing the military assignments o en to (omen ,.. The Edramatic gains for (omenF (line ;) and the attitude8 as described in lines 11-1,8 of a Esignificant ortion of the larger societyF are logically related to each other inasmuch as the author uts for(ard the latter as

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(A) a ublic res onse to achievement of the former (") the ma7or reason for absence of the former (#) a recondition for any ros ect of achieving the former ($) a catalyst for a further e%tension of the former (!) a reason for some of the former being lost again
Of the thou!and! of !peci#en! of #eteorite! found on Earth and no%n to !cience) onl" about 144 are igneou!6 that i!) the" have undergone #elting b" volcanic action at !o#e ti#e !ince the planet! %ere fir!t for#ed. The!e igneou! #eteorite! are no%n a! achondrite! becau!e the" lac chondrule!2!#all !ton" !pherule! found in the thou!and! of #eteorite! -called >chondrite!?0 co#po!ed pri#aril" of unaltered #ineral! that conden!ed fro# du!t and ga! at the origin of the !olar !"!te#. Achondrite! are the onl" no%n !a#ple! of volcanic roc ! originating out!ide the Earth-=oon !"!te#. =o!t are thought to have been di!lodged b" interbod" i#pact fro# a!teroid!) %ith dia#eter! of fro# 14 to 344 ilo#eter!) in !olar orbit bet%een =ar! and @upiter. Shergottite!) the na#e given to three ano#alou! achondrite! !o far di!covered on Earth) pre!ent !cienti!t! %ith a genuine enig#a. Shergottite! cr"!talli*ed fro# #olten roc le!! than 1.1 billion "ear! ago -!o#e :.3 billion "ear! later than t"pical achondrite!0 and %ere pre!u#abl" e1ected into !pace %hen an ob1ect i#pacted on a bod" !i#ilar in che#ical co#po!ition to Earth. &hile #o!t #eteorite! appear to derive fro# co#parativel" !#all bodie!) !hergottite! exhibit propertie! that indicate that their !ource %a! a large planet) conceivabl" =ar!. In order to account for !uch an unli el" !ource) !o#e unu!ual factor #u!t be invo ed) becau!e the i#pact needed to accelerate a frag#ent of roc to e!cape the gravitational field of a bod" even a! !#all a! the =oon i! !o great that no #eteorite! of lunar origin have been di!covered. &hile !o#e !cienti!t! !peculate that !hergottite! derive fro# Io -a volcanicall" active #oon of @upiter0) recent #ea!ure#ent! !ugge!t that !ince Io$! !urface i! rich in !ulfur and !odiu#) the che#ical co#po!ition of it! volcanic product! %ould probabl" be unli e that of the !hergottite!. =oreover) an" frag#ent! di!lodged fro# Io b" interbod" i#pact %ould be unli el" to e!cape the gravitational pull of @upiter. The onl" other logical !ource of !hergottite! i! =ar!. Space-probe photograph! indicate the exi!tence of giant volcanoe! on the =artian !urface. ;ro# the !#all nu#ber of i#pact crater! that appear on =artian lava flo%!) one can e!ti#ate that the planet %a! volcanicall" active a! recentl" a! a half-billion "ear! ago2and #a" be active toda". The great ob1ection to the =artian origin of !hergottite! i! the ab!ence of lunar #eteorite! on Earth. An i#pact capable of e1ecting a frag#ent of the =artian !urface into an Earth-inter!ecting orbit i! even le!! probable than !uch an event on the =oon) in vie% of the =oon$! !#aller !i*e and clo!er proxi#it" to Earth. A recent !tud" !ugge!t!) ho%ever) that per#afro!t ice!

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belo% the !urface of =ar! #a" have altered the effect! of i#pact on it. If the ice! had been rapidl" vapori*ed b" an i#pacting ob1ect) the expanding ga!e! #ight have helped the e1ected frag#ent! reach e!cape velocit". ;inall") anal"!e! perfor#ed b" !pace probe! !ho% a re#ar able che#ical !i#ilarit" bet%een =artian !oil and the !hergottite!.

,1. The assage im lies (hich of the follo(ing about shergottites* :. ::. They are roducts of volcanic activity. They derive from a lanet larger than !arth.

:::. They come from a lanetary body (ith a chemical com osition similar to that of :o. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,,. According to the assage8 a meteorite discovered on !arth is unlikely to have come from a large lanet for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) There are fe(er large lanets in the solar system than there are asteroids. (") @ost large lanets have been volcanically inactive for more than a billion years. (#) The gravitational ull of a large lanet (ould robably rohibit fragments from esca ing its orbit. ($) There are no chondrites occurring naturally on !arth and robably none on other large lanets. (!) :nterbody im act is much rarer on large than on small lanets because of the density of the atmos here on large lanets. ,3. The assage suggests that the age of shergottites is robably (A) still entirely undetermined (") less than that of most other achondrites (#) about 3.; billion years ($) the same as that of ty ical achondrites (!) greater than that of the !arth ,9. According to the assage8 the resence of chondrules in a meteorite indicates that the meteorite (A) has robably come from @ars (") is older than the solar system itself (#) has not been melted since the solar system formed

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($) is certainly less than 9 billion years old (!) is a small fragment of an asteroid ,;. The assage rovides information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) -hat is the recise age of the solar system* (") 4o( did shergottites get their name* (#) -hat are the chemical ro erties shared by shergottites and @artian soils* ($) 4o( volcanically active is the lanet 2u iter* (!) -hat is a ma7or feature of the @artian surface* ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that each of the follo(ing is a consideration in determining (hether a articular lanet is a ossible source of shergottites that have been discovered on !arth !C#!1T the (A) lanet's size (") lanet's distance from !arth (#) strength of the lanet's field of gravity ($) ro%imity of the lanet to its moons (!) chemical com osition of the lanet's surface ,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that most meteorites found on !arth contain (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #rystals (") #hondrules (#) @etals ($) +odium (!) +ulfur SECTION '
The tran!plantation of organ! fro# one individual to another nor#all" involve! t%o #a1or proble#!< -10 organ re1ection i! li el" unle!! the tran!plantation antigen! of both individual! are nearl" identical) and -20 the introduction of an" un#atched tran!plantation antigen! induce! the develop#ent b" the recipient of donor-!pecific l"#phoc"te! that %ill produce violent re1ection of further tran!plantation! fro# that donor. .o%ever) %e have found that a#ong #an" !train! of rat! the!e >nor#al? rule! of tran!plantation are not obe"ed b" liver tran!plant!. Not onl" are liver tran!plant! never re1ected) but the" even induce a !tate of donor-!pecific unre!pon!ivene!! in %hich !ub!e+uent tran!plant! of other organ!) !uch a! ! in) fro# that donor are accepted per#anentl". Our h"pothe!i! i! that -10 #an" !train! of rat! !i#pl" cannot #ount a !ufficientl" vigorou! de!tructive i##une-re!pon!e -u!ing l"#phoc"te!0 to out!trip the liver$! relativel" great capacit" to protect it!elf fro# i##une-re!pon!e da#age and that -20 the !"!te#ic unre!pon!ivene!! ob!erved i! due to concentration of the recipient$!

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donor-!pecific l"#phoc"te! at the !ite of the liver tran!plant.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to treat the acce ted generalizations about organ trans lantation in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* (A) !% licate their main features (") +uggest an alternative to them (#) !%amine their virtues and limitations ($) #riticize the ma7or evidence used to su (!) 1resent findings that qualify them 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes that an im ortant difference among strains of rats is the (A) size of their livers (") constitution of their skin (#) strength of their immune-res onse reactions ($) sensitivity of their antigens (!) ada tability of their lym hocytes 1). According to the hy othesis of the author8 after a successful liver trans lant8 the reason that rats do not re7ect further trans lants of other organs from the same donor is that the (A) trans lantation antigens of the donor and the reci ient become matched (") lym hocytes of the reci ient are (eakened by the activity of the trans lanted liver (#) subsequently trans lanted organ is able to re air the damage caused by the reci ient's immune-res onse reaction ($) trans lanted liver continues to be the rimary locus for the reci ient's immune-res onse reaction (!) reci ient is unable to manufacture the lym hocytes necessary for the immuneres onse reaction ,.. -hich of the follo(ing ne( findings about strains of rats that do not normally re7ect liver trans lants8 if true8 (ould su ort the authors' hy othesis* :. ::. +tomach trans lants are acce ted by the reci ients in all cases. :ncreasing the strength of the reci ient's immune-res onse reaction can induce liver-trans lant re7ection. ort them

:::. Brgans from any other donor can be trans lanted (ithout re7ection after liver trans lantation. :?. 1reventing lym hocytes from being concentrated at the liver trans lant roduces acce tance of skin trans lants. (A) :: only

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,1.

(") : and ::: only (#) :: and :? only ($) :8 ::8 and ::: only (!) :8 :::8 and :? only
7racticall" !pea ing) the arti!tic #aturing of the cine#a %a! the !inglehanded achieve#ent of /avid &. 8riffith -1KN3-1FDK0. 'efore 8riffith) photograph" in dra#atic fil#! con!i!ted of little #ore than placing the actor! before a !tationar" ca#era and !ho%ing the# in full length a! the" %ould have appeared on !tage. ;ro# the beginning of hi! career a! a director) ho%ever) 8riffith) becau!e of hi! love of Cictorian painting) e#plo"ed co#po!ition. .e conceived of the ca#era i#age a! having a foreground and a rear ground) a! %ell a! the #iddle di!tance preferred b" #o!t director!. '" 1F14 he %a! u!ing clo!eup! to reveal !ignificant detail! of the !cene or of the acting and extre#e long !hot! to achieve a !en!e of !pectacle and di!tance. .i! appreciation of the ca#era$! po!!ibilitie! produced novel dra#atic effect!. '" !plitting an event into frag#ent! and recording each fro# the #o!t !uitable ca#era po!ition) he could !ignificantl" var" the e#pha!i! fro# ca#era !hot to ca#era !hot. 8riffith al!o achieved dra#atic effect! b" #ean! of creative editing. '" 1uxtapo!ing i#age! and var"ing the !peed and rh"th# of their pre!entation) he could control the dra#atic inten!it" of the event! a! the !tor" progre!!ed. /e!pite the reluctance of hi! producer!) %ho feared that the public %ould not be able to follo% a plot that %a! #ade up of !uch 1uxtapo!ed i#age!) 8riffith per!i!ted) and experi#ented a! %ell %ith other ele#ent! of cine#atic !"ntax that have beco#e !tandard ever !ince. The!e included the fla!hbac ) per#itting broad p!"chological and e#otional exploration a! %ell a! narrative that %a! not chronological) and the cro!!cut bet%een t%o parallel action! to heighten !u!pen!e and excite#ent. In thu! exploiting full" the po!!ibilitie! of editing) 8riffith tran!po!ed device! of the Cictorian novel to fil# and gave fil# #a!ter" of ti#e a! %ell a! !pace. 'e!ide! developing the cine#a$! language) 8riffith i##en!el" broadened it! range and treat#ent of !ub1ect!. .i! earl" output %a! re#ar abl" eclectic< it included not onl" the !tandard co#edie!) #elodra#a!) %e!tern!) and thriller!) but al!o !uch noveltie! a! adaptation! fro# 'ro%ning and Tenn"!on) and treat#ent! of !ocial i!!ue!. A! hi! !ucce!!e! #ounted) hi! a#bition! gre%) and %ith the# the %hole of A#erican cine#a. &hen he re#ade *noch 'rden in 1F11) he in!i!ted that a !ub1ect of !uch i#portance could not be treated in the then conventional length of one reel. 8riffith$! introduction of the A#erican-#ade #ultireel picture began an i##en!e revolution. T%o "ear! later) 2udith of &ethu!ia) an elaborate hi!toricophilo!ophical !pectacle) reached the unprecedented length of four reel!) or one hour$! running ti#e. ;ro# our conte#porar" vie%point) the preten!ion! of thi! fil# #a" !ee# a trifle ludicrou!) but at the ti#e it provo ed endle!! debate and di!cu!!ion and gave a ne% intellectual re!pectabilit" to the cine#a.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to

GRE

,11

(A) discuss the im ortance of /riffith to the develo ment of the cinema (") describe the im act on cinema of the flashback and other editing innovations (#) de lore the state of American cinema before the advent of /riffith ($) analyze the changes in the cinema (rought by the introduction of the multireel film (!) document /riffith's im act on the choice of sub7ect matter in American films ,,. The author suggests that /riffith's film innovations had a direct effect on all of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) film editing (") camera (ork (#) scene com osing ($) sound editing (!) directing ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that before 1)1. the normal running time of a film (as (A) 1; minutes or less (") bet(een 1; and 3. minutes (#) bet(een 3. and 9; minutes ($) bet(een 9; minutes and 1 hour (!) 1 hour or more ,9. The author asserts that /riffith introduced all of the follo(ing into American cinema !C#!1T= (A) consideration of social issues (") ada tations from Tennyson (#) the flashback and other editing techniques ($) hotogra hic a roaches ins ired by ?ictorian ainting (!) dramatic lots suggested by ?ictorian theater ,;. The author suggests that /riffith's contributions to the cinema had (hich of the follo(ing results* :. ::. Diterary (orks8 es ecially ?ictorian novels8 became o ular sources for film sub7ects. Audience a reciation of other film directors' e% erimentations (ith cinematic synta% (as increased.

:::. @any of the artistic limitations thought to be inherent in filmmaking (ere sho(n to be really none%istent. (A) :: only (") ::: only

GRE

,1,

(#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that /riffith (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements* (A) The good director (ill attem t to e% lore ne( ideas as quickly as ossible. (") The most im ortant element contributing to a film's success is the ability of the actors. (#) The camera must be considered an integral and active element in the creation of a film. ($) The cinema should em hasize serious and sober e%aminations of fundamental human roblems. (!) The ro er com osition of scenes in a film is more im ortant than the details of their editing. ,7. The author's attitude to(ard hotogra hy in the cinema before /riffith can best be described as (A) sym athetic (") nostalgic (#) amused ($) condescending (!) hostile GRE RC 1FF4 4D SECTION A
'ecau!e of it! accurac" in outlining the Earth$! !ub!urface) the !ei!#icreflection #ethod re#ain! the #o!t i#portant tool in the !earch for petroleu# re!erve!. In field practice) a !ub!urface i! #apped b" arranging a !erie! of %avetrain !ource!) !uch a! !#all d"na#ite explo!ion!) in a grid pattern. A! each !ource i! activated) it generate! a %ave train that #ove! do%n%ard at a !peed deter#ined uni+uel" b" the roc $! ela!tic characteri!tic!. A! roc interface! are cro!!ed) the ela!tic characteri!tic! encountered generall" change abruptl") %hich cau!e! part of the energ" to be reflected bac to the !urface) %here it i! recorded b" !ei!#ic in!tru#ent!. The !ei!#ic record! #u!t be proce!!ed to correct for po!itional difference! bet%een the !ource and the receiver) for unrelated %ave train!) and for #ultiple reflection! fro# the roc interface!. Then the data ac+uired at each of the !pecific !ource location! are co#bined to generate a ph"!ical profile of the !ub!urface) %hich can eventuall" be u!ed to !elect target! for drilling.

GRE

,13

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) describing an im ortant technique (") discussing a ne( method (#) investigating a controversial rocedure ($) announcing a significant discovery (!) romoting a novel a lication 1&. According to the assage8 in the seismic-reflection method all of the follo(ing have a significant effect on the signal detected by the seismic instruments !C#!1T the (A) resence of unrelated (ave trains (") lacement of the seismic instruments (#) number of sources in the grid attern ($) nature of the reflectivity of the rock interfaces (!) ro erties of rocks through (hich the (ave train has traveled 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the seismic-reflection method (ould be likely to yield an inaccurate hysical rofile of the subsurface in (hich of the follo(ing circumstances* (A) :f the s eed at (hich the (ave train moved do(n(ard changed (") :f the receiver (ere not ositioned directly at the (ave-train source (#) :f the rock on one side of a rock interface had similar elastic characteristics to those of the rock on the other side ($) :f the seismic records obtained for the different sources in a grid (ere highly similar to each other (!) :f there (ere no etroleum de osits beneath the area defined by the grid of (ave-train sources ,.. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) A method is criticized8 and an alternative is suggested. (") An illustration is e%amined8 and some errors are e% osed. (#) An assertion is made8 and a rocedure is outlined. ($) A series of e%am les is resented8 and a conclusion is dra(n. (!) A hy othesis is advanced8 and su orting evidence is su lied.
=odern archaeological find! can !till contribute #uch to the !tud" of ancient literature. ;or exa#ple) fort" "ear! ago a !urve" of the earl" 8ree dra#ati!t Ae!ch"lu!$ pla"! %ould have !tarted %ith The Su))!iant Wo$en. =an" factor! internal to the pla") but perhap! #o!t e!peciall" the pro#inence of the choru! -%hich in thi! pla" ha! the #ain role0) led !cholar! to con!ider it one of Ae!ch"lu!$ earlier %or !. The con!en!u! %a! that here %a! a dra#a trul" reflecting an earl" !tage in the evolution of traged" out of choral l"ric. The pla" %a! dated a! earl"

GRE

,19

a! the DF4$! '.C.) in an" event) %ell before Ae!ch"lu!$ pla" The Persians of DN2 '.C. Then) in 1F32) a frag#ent of pap"ru! found at Ox"rh"nchu! %a! publi!hed !tating the official circu#!tance! and re!ult! of a dra#atic conte!t. The frag#ent announced that Ae!ch"lu! %on fir!t pri*e %ith hi! /anaid tetralog") of %hich The Su))!iant Wo$en i! the opening pla") and defeated Sophocle! in the proce!!. Sophocle! did not co#pete in an" dra#atic conte!t before DLK '.C.) %hen he %on hi! fir!t victor". .ence) except b" !pecial pleading -e. g.) that the tetralog" %a! co#po!ed earl" in Ae!ch"lu!$ career but not produced until the DL4$! '.C.0) the /anaid tetralog" #u!t be put after DLK '.C. In addition) a fe% letter! in the frag#ent !ugge!t the na#e Archede#ide!) archon in DL: '.C.) thu! perhap! t"ing the pla"! to that preci!e date) al#o!t exactl" half%a" bet%een Ae!ch"lu!$ Se-en 'gainst The(es of DLN '.C. and hi! .resteia. The i#plication of the pap"ru! ad#ini!tered a !evere !hoc to the va!t #a1orit" of cla!!ical !cholar!) %ho had confidentl" a!!erted that not onl" the role of the choru! but al!o language) #etric!) and characteri*ation all pointed to an earl" date. The di!cover" ha! re!ulted in no le!! than a total reevaluation of ever" chronological criterion that ha! been applied to or derived fro# Ae!ch"lu!$ pla"!. The activit" ha! been bri! ) and a ne% creed ha! no% !pread. The pro#inence of the choru! in The Su))!iant Wo$en no% i! !een not a! a !ign of pri#itivi!# but a! analogou! to the #a!!ive choral !ong! of the .resteia. Stati!tic! have been for#ulated) or refor#ulated) to !ho% that !t"li!ticall" The Su))!iant Wo$en doe! actuall" occup" a po!ition after The Persians and Se-en 'gainst The(es, %hich no% beco#e the >pri#itive? pla"!) and before the .resteia. &hile the ne% doctrine !ee#! al#o!t certainl" correct) the one pap"ru! frag#ent rai!e! the !pecter that another #a" be unearthed) !ho%ing) for in!tance) that it %a! a po!thu#ou! production of the /anaid tetralog" %hich be!ted Sophocle!) and thro%ing the date once #ore into utter confu!ion. Thi! i! unli el" to happen) but it %arn! u! that perhap! the #o!t !alutar" feature of the pap"ru! !crap i! it! #e!!age of the extre#e difficult" of cla!!if"ing and categori*ing rigidl" the develop#ent of a creative arti!t.

,1. The author of the assage focuses rimarily on (A) discussing a series of modern archaeological finds and their im act on the study of /reek literature (") recounting the effect of one archaeological find on modern ideas concerning a articular author's (ork (#) giving a definitive and coherent account of the chronology of a articular author's (ork ($) illustrating the many varieties of difficulties involved in establishing facts concerning ancient literature (!) determining the e%act value of archaeological finds in relation to the history of ancient literature

GRE

,1;

,,. -ith res ect to the study of ancient literature8 (hich of the follo(ing statements best e% resses the author's main oint concerning modern archaeological finds* (A) They can rofoundly alter acce ted vie(s of ancient literary (orks8 and can encourage fle%ibility in the (ay scholars look at the creative develo ment of any artist. (") They can be severely shocking and can have a revivifying effect on the study of ancient literature8 (hich has recently suffered from a lack of interest on the art of scholars. (#) They can raise more questions than they ans(er and can be unreliable sources of information. ($) They generally confirm scholars' ideas about ancient literary (orks and allo( them to dis ense (ith inferences dra(n from the (orks' internal structure. (!) They often undermine scholarly consensus in certain areas and create utter confusion concerning an author's (ork. ,3. According to the assage8 in the absence of definite kno(ledge concerning the dates of com osition of ancient literary (orks8 literary historians do (hich of the follo(ing (hen trying to establish the chronology of an author's (ork* (A) @ake assum tions about a single (ork's date of com osition if such assum tions (ould not seriously affect inter retations of other (orks by the same author. (") $ra( inferences concerning the date of a (ork's com osition based on evidence internal to that (ork and on the author's other (orks. (#) :gnore the date of a (ork's com osition (hich is su lied by archaeological research (hen literary factors internal to the (ork contradict that date. ($) 5efrain from s eculation concerning a (ork's date of com osition unless archaeological finds roduce information concerning it. (!) !stimate the date of a (ork's com osition (ithout attem ting to relate it to the author's develo ment as an artist. ,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing lays or grou s of lays is considered the latest in the date of its com osition* (A) The 1ersians (") The $anaid tetralogy (#) The )resteia ($) +even Against Thebes (!) The +u liant -omen ,;. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the chronological criteria mentioned in line 33-39 (ould the author be most likely to agree* (A) +uch criteria8 (hether a lied to or derived from the lays8 should only be used to confirm already e%isting kno(ledge.

GRE

,1<

(") +uch criteria8 although derived from reliable e%ternal and internal evidence8 should be changed continually to avoid rigidity in thinking. (#) +uch criteria8 based on statistical analysis8 are inherently more reliable than those of forty years ago. ($) +uch criteria8 even (hen unsu questions. orted by e%ternal evidence8 can resolve most

(!) +uch criteria8 based on often ambiguous internal evidence8 can lead to erroneous reconstructions of the chronology of an author's (ork. ,<. The author's attitude to(ard the EactivityF mentioned in line 3; and its consequences can best be described as one of (A) amused tolerance (") mocking envy (#) grave doubt ($) angry disa roval (!) unrestrained enthusiasm ,7. The allusion to the hy othetical a yrus fragment in line 9;-9) does (hich of the follo(ing* (A) +u orts an argument concerning the date of The *uppliant Wo%en. (") 5efutes the vie(s of the ma7ority of scholars concerning the B%yrhynchus a yrus find. (#) 1redicts the future results of archaeological research ro osed in the assage. ($) 6ndermines the validity of the currently acce ted chronology of Aeschylus' (orks. (!) Kualifies the author's agreement (ith the Ene( creedF develo ed since the B%yrhynchus a yrus find. SECTION '
Scholar! often fail to !ee that #u!ic pla"ed an i#portant role in the pre!ervation of African culture in the 9nited State!. The" correctl" note that !laver" !tripped !o#e cultural ele#ent! fro# 'lac people2their political and econo#ic !"!te#!2but the" undere!ti#ate the !ignificance of #u!ic in !u!taining other African cultural value!. African #u!ic) unli e the #u!ic of !o#e other culture!) %a! ba!ed on a total vi!ion of life in %hich #u!ic %a! not an i!olated !ocial do#ain. In African culture #u!ic %a! perva!ive) !erving not onl" religion) but all pha!e! of life) including birth) death) %or ) and pla". The #ethod! that a co##unit" devi!e! to perpetuate it!elf co#e into being to pre!erve a!pect! of the cultural legac" that that co##unit" perceive! a! e!!ential. =u!ic) li e art in general) %a! !o inextricabl" a part of African culture that it beca#e a crucial #ean! of pre!erving the culture during and after the di!location! of !laver".

GRE

,17

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) analyze the im act that slavery had on African olitical and economic systems (") revie( the attem t of recent scholarshi to study the influence of African music on other music (#) correct the failure of some scholars to a reciate the significance of music in African culture ($) survey the (ays by (hich eo le attem t to reserve their culture against the effects of o ression (!) com are the relative im ortance of music (ith that of other art forms in culture 1&. :n line )8 the hrase Eisolated social domainF refers to (A) African music in relation to contem orary culture as a (hole (") music as it may be erceived in non-African cultures (#) a feature of African music that aided in transmitting African cultural values ($) an as ect of the African cultural legacy (!) the influence of music on contem orary culture 1). -hich of the follo(ing statements concerning the function of African music can be inferred from the assage* (A) :t reserved cultural values because it (as thoroughly integrated into the lives of the eo le. (") :t (as more im ortant in the develo ment of African religious life than in other areas of culture. (#) :t (as develo ed in res onse to the loss of olitical and economic systems. ($) :ts ervasiveness in African culture hindered its effectiveness in minimizing the im act of slavery. (!) :ts isolation from the economic domains of life enabled it to survive the destructive im act of slavery. ,.. According to the author8 scholars (ould err in dra(ing (hich of the follo(ing conclusions* :. ::. +lavery stri ed the slaves of their olitical and economic systems. African music (as similar to all other traditions of music in that it originated in a total vision of life.

:::. @usic (as a crucial art of the African cultural legacy. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only

GRE

,1&

(!) :8 ::8 and :::

Traditionall") pollination b" %ind ha! been vie%ed a! a reproductive proce!! #ar ed b" rando# event! in %hich the vagarie! of the %ind are co#pen!ated for b" the generation of va!t +uantitie! of pollen) !o that the ulti#ate production of ne% !eed! i! a!!ured at the expen!e of producing #uch #ore pollen than i! actuall" u!ed. 'ecau!e the potential ha*ard! pollen grain! are !ub1ect to a! the" are tran!ported over long di!tance! are enor#ou!) %ind-pollinated plant! have) in the vie% above) co#pen!ated for the en!uing lo!! of pollen through happen!tance b" virtue of producing an a#ount of pollen that i! one to three order! of #agnitude greater than the a#ount produced b" !pecie! pollinated b" in!ect!. .o%ever) a nu#ber of feature! that are characteri!tic of %ind-pollinated plant! reduce pollen %a!te. ;or exa#ple) #an" %ind-pollinated !pecie! fail to relea!e pollen %hen %ind !peed! are lo% or %hen hu#id condition! prevail. (ecent !tudie! !ugge!t another %a" in %hich !pecie! co#pen!ate for the inefficienc" of %ind pollination. The!e !tudie! !ugge!t that !pecie! fre+uentl" ta e advantage of the ph"!ic! of pollen #otion b" generating !pecific aerod"na#ic environ#ent! %ithin the i##ediate vicinit" of their fe#ale reproductive organ!. It i! the #orpholog" of the!e organ! that dictate! the pattern of airflo% di!turbance! through %hich pollen #u!t travel. The !peed and direction of the airflo% di!turbance! can co#bine %ith the ph"!ical propertie! of a !pecie!$ pollen to produce a !pecie!-!pecific pattern of pollen colli!ion on the !urface! of fe#ale reproductive organ!. 7rovided that the!e !urface! are !trategicall" located) the con!e+uence! of thi! co#bination can !ignificantl" increa!e the pollen-capture efficienc" of a fe#ale reproductive organ. A critical +ue!tion that re#ain! to be an!%ered i! %hether the #orphological attribute! of the fe#ale reproductive organ! of %ind-pollinated !pecie! are evolutionar" adaptation! to %ind pollination or are #erel" fortuitou!. A co#plete re!olution of the +ue!tion i! a! "et i#po!!ible !ince adaptation #u!t be evaluated for each !pecie! %ithin it! o%n uni+ue functional context. .o%ever) it #u!t be !aid that) %hile evidence of !uch evolutionar" adaptation! doe! exi!t in !o#e !pecie!) one #u!t be careful about attributing #orpholog" to adaptation. ;or exa#ple) the !piral arrange#ent of !cale-bract co#plexe! on ovule-bearing pine cone!) %here the fe#ale reproductive organ! of conifer! are located) i! i#portant to the production of airflo% pattern! that !piral over the cone$! !urface!) thereb" pa!!ing airborne pollen fro# one !cale to the next. .o%ever) the!e pattern! cannot be vie%ed a! an adaptation to %ind pollination becau!e the !piral arrange#ent occur! in a nu#ber of non-%ind-pollinated plant lineage! and i! regarded a! a characteri!tic of va!cular plant!) of %hich conifer! are onl" one ind) a! a %hole. Therefore) the !piral arrange#ent i! not li el" to be the re!ult of a direct adaptation to %ind pollination.

,1. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith discussing

GRE

,1)

(A) the current debate on (hether the mor hological attributes of (ind- ollinated lants are evolutionary ada tations (") the kinds of airflo( atterns that ermit (ind- ollinated lants to ca ture ollen most efficiently (#) the (ays in (hich the re roductive rocesses of (ind- ollinated lants are controlled by random events ($) a recently ro osed e% lanation of a (ay in (hich (ind- ollinated lants reduce ollen (aste (!) a s ecific mor hological attribute that ermits one s ecies of (ind- ollinated lant to ca ture ollen ,,. The author suggests that e% lanations of (ind ollination that em hasize the roduction of vast quantities of ollen to com ensate for the randomness of the ollination rocess are (A) debatable and misleading (") ingenious and convincing (#) accurate but incom lete ($) intriguing but controversial (!) lausible but unverifiable ,3. According to the assage8 the Eaerodynamic environmentsF mentioned in line ,38 (hen they are roduced8 are rimarily determined by the (A) resence of insects near the lant (") hysical ro erties of the lant's ollen (#) sha e of the lant's female re roductive organs ($) amount of ollen generated by the lant (!) number of seeds roduced by the lant ,9. According to the assage8 true statements about the release of ollen by (indollinated lants include (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. The release can be affected by certain environmental factors. The amount of ollen released increases on a rainy day.

:::. 1ollen is sometimes not released by lants (hen there is little (ind. (A) :: only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,;. The assage suggests that the recent studies cited in lines 1)-,1 have not done (hich of the follo(ing*

GRE

,,.

(A) @ade any distinctions bet(een different s ecies of (ind- ollinated lants. (") #onsidered the hysical ro erties of the ollen that is roduced by (indollinated lants. (#) :ndicated the general range (ithin (hich lant-generated airflo( disturbances are a t to occur. ($) :ncluded investigations of the hysics of ollen motion and its relationshi to the efficient ca ture of ollen by the female re roductive organs of (indollinated lants. (!) $emonstrated that the mor hological attributes of the female re roductive organs of (ind- ollinated lants are usually evolutionary ada tations to (ind ollination. ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that the claim that the s iral arrangement of scale-bract com le%es on an ovule-bearing ine cone is an ada tation to (ind ollination (ould be more convincing if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) +uch an arrangement occurred only in (ind- ollinated lants. (") +uch an arrangement occurred in vascular lants as a (hole. (#) +uch an arrangement could be sho(n to be beneficial to ollen release. ($) The number of bracts could be sho(n to have increased over time. (!) The airflo( atterns over the cone's surfaces could be sho(n to be roduced by such arrangements. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing8 if kno(n8 is likely to have been the kind of evidence used to su ort the vie( described in the first aragra h* (A) -ind s eeds need not be very lo( for (ind- ollinated lants to fail to release ollen. (") The female re roductive organs of lants often have a sticky surface that allo(s them to tra airborne ollen systematically. (#) /rasses8 as (ell as conifers8 generate s ecific aerodynamic environments (ithin the immediate vicinity of their re roductive organs. ($) 5ain sho(ers often (ash airborne ollen out of the air before it ever reaches an a ro riate lant. (!) The density and size of an airborne ollen grain are of equal im ortance in determining (hether that grain (ill be ca tured by a lant. 1FF4 14 SECTION A
It ha! been no%n for #an" decade! that the appearance of !un!pot! i! roughl" periodic) %ith an average c"cle of eleven "ear!. =oreover) the incidence of !olar flare! and the flux of !olar co!#ic ra"!) ultraviolet radiation) and xradiation all var" directl" %ith the !un!pot c"cle. 'ut after #ore than a centur" of

GRE

,,1

inve!tigation) the relation of the!e and other pheno#ena) no%n collectivel" a! the !olar-activit" c"cle) to terre!trial %eather and cli#ate re#ain! unclear. ;or exa#ple) the !un!pot c"cle and the allied #agnetic-polarit" c"cle have been lin ed to periodicitie! di!cerned in record! of !uch variable! a! rainfall) te#perature) and %ind!. Invariabl") ho%ever) the relation i! %ea ) and co##onl" of dubiou! !tati!tical !ignificance. Effect! of !olar variabilit" over longer ter#! have al!o been !ought. The ab!ence of recorded !un!pot activit" in the note! ept b" European ob!erver! in the late !eventeenth and earl" eighteenth centurie! ha! led !o#e !cholar! to po!tulate a brief ce!!ation of !un!pot activit" at that ti#e -a period called the =aunder #ini#u#0. The =aunder #ini#u# ha! been lin ed to a !pan of unu!ual cold in Europe extending fro# the !ixteenth to the earl" nineteenth centurie!. The realit" of the =aunder #ini#u# ha! "et to be e!tabli!hed) ho%ever) e!peciall" !ince the record! that Chine!e na ed-e"e ob!erver! of !olar activit" #ade at that ti#e appear to contradict it. Scienti!t! have al!o !ought evidence of long-ter# !olar periodicitie! b" exa#ining indirect cli#atological data) !uch a! fo!!il record! of the thic ne!! of ancient tree ring!. The!e !tudie!) ho%ever) failed to lin une+uivocall" terre!trial cli#ate and the !olar-activit" c"cle) or even to confir# the c"cle$! pa!t exi!tence. If con!i!tent and reliable geological or archaeological evidence tracing the !olar-activit" c"cle in the di!tant pa!t could be found) it #ight al!o re!olve an i#portant i!!ue in !olar ph"!ic!< ho% to #odel !olar activit". Currentl") there are t%o #odel! of !olar activit". The fir!t !uppo!e! that the Sun$! internal #otion! -cau!ed b" rotation and convection0 interact %ith it! large-!cale #agnetic field to produce a d"na#o) a device in %hich #echanical energ" i! converted into the energ" of a #agnetic field. In !hort) the Sun$! large-!cale #agnetic field i! ta en to be !elf-!u!taining) !o that the !olar-activit" c"cle it drive! %ould be #aintained %ith little overall change for perhap! billion! of "ear!. The alternative explanation !uppo!e! that the Sun$! large-!cale #agnetic field i! a re#nant of the field the Sun ac+uired %hen it for#ed) and i! not !u!tained again!t deca". In thi! #odel) the !olar #echani!# dependent on the Sun$! #agnetic field run! do%n #ore +uic l". Thu!) the characteri!tic! of the !olar-activit" c"cle could be expected to change over a long period of ti#e. =odern !olar ob!ervation! !pan too !hort a ti#e to reveal %hether pre!ent c"clical !olar activit" i! a long-lived feature of the Sun) or #erel" a tran!ient pheno#enon.

17. The author focuses rimarily on (A) resenting t(o com eting scientific theories concerning solar activity and evaluating geological evidence often cited to su ort them (") giving a brief overvie( of some recent scientific develo ments in solar hysics and assessing their im act on future climatological research (#) discussing the difficulties involved in linking terrestrial henomena (ith solar activity and indicating ho( resolving that issue could have an im act on our

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understanding of solar hysics ($) ointing out the futility of a certain line of scientific inquiry into the terrestrial effects of solar activity and recommending its abandonment in favor of urely hysics-oriented research (!) outlining the s ecific reasons (hy a roblem in solar hysics has not yet been solved and faulting the overly theoretical a roach of modern hysicists 1&. -hich of the follo(ing statements about the t(o models of solar activity8 as they are described in lines 37-;;8 is accurate* (A) :n both models cyclical solar activity is regarded as a long-lived feature of the +un8 ersisting (ith little change over billions of years. (") :n both models the solar-activity cycle is hy othesized as being de endent on the large-scale solar magnetic field. (#) :n one model the +un's magnetic field is thought to lay a role in causing solar activity8 (hereas in the other model it is not. ($) :n one model solar activity is resumed to be unrelated to terrestrial henomena8 (hereas in the other model solar activity is thought to have observable effects on the !arth. (!) :n one model cycles of solar activity (ith eriodicities longer than a fe( decades are considered to be im ossible8 (hereas in the other model such cycles are redicted. 1). According to the assage8 late seventeenth and early eighteenth-century #hinese records are im ortant for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) They suggest that the data on (hich the @aunder minimum (as redicated (ere incorrect. (") They suggest that the @aunder minimum cannot be related to climate. (#) They suggest that the @aunder minimum might be valid only for !uro e. ($) They establish the e%istence of a s an of unusually cold (eather (orld(ide at the time of the @aunder minimum. (!) They establish that solar activity at the time of the @aunder minimum did not significantly vary from its resent attern. ,.. The author im lies (hich of the follo(ing about currently available geological and archaeological evidence concerning the solar-activity cycle* (A) :t best su (") :t best su orts the model of solar activity described in lines 37-9;. orts the model of solar activity described in lines 9;-;,.

(#) :t is insufficient to confirm either model of solar activity described in the third aragra h. ($) :t contradicts both models of solar activity as they are resented in the third aragra h. (!) :t dis roves the theory that terrestrial (eather and solar activity are linked in

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some (ay. ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the argument in favor of the model described in lines 37-9; (ould be strengthened if (hich of the follo(ing (ere found to be true* (A) ! isodes of intense volcanic eru tions in the distant ast occurred in cycles having very long eriodicities. (") At the resent time the global level of thunderstorm activity increases and decreases in cycles (ith eriodicities of a ro%imately 11 years. (#) :n the distant ast cyclical climatic changes had eriodicities of longer than ,.. years. ($) :n the last century the length of the suns ot cycle has been kno(n to vary by as much as , years from its average eriodicity of 11 years. (!) 4undreds of millions of years ago8 solar-activity cycles dis layed the same eriodicities as do resent-day solar-activity cycles. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that #hinese observations of the +un during the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries (A) are ambiguous because most suns ots cannot be seen (ith the naked eye (") robably (ere made under the same (eather conditions as those made in !uro e (#) are more reliable than !uro ean observations made during this eriod ($) record some suns ot activity during this eriod (!) have been em loyed by scientists seeking to argue that a change in solar activity occurred during this eriod ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that studies attem ting to use tree-ring thickness to locate ossible links bet(een solar eriodicity and terrestrial climate are based on (hich of the follo(ing assum tions* (A) The solar-activity cycle e%isted in its resent form during the time eriod in (hich the tree rings gre(. (") The biological mechanisms causing tree gro(th are unaffected by short-term (eather atterns. (#) Average tree-ring thickness varies from s ecies to s ecies. ($) Tree-ring thicknesses reflect changes in terrestrial climate. (!) "oth terrestrial climate and the solar-activity cycle randomly affect tree-ring thickness.
The co##on belief of !o#e lingui!t! that each language i! a perfect vehicle for the thought! of the nation !pea ing it i! in !o#e %a"! the exact counterpart of the conviction of the =anche!ter !chool of econo#ic! that !uppl" and de#and %ill regulate ever"thing for the be!t. @u!t a! econo#i!t! %ere blind to the nu#erou! ca!e! in %hich the la% of !uppl" and de#and left actual %ant! un!ati!fied) !o al!o

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#an" lingui!t! are deaf to tho!e in!tance! in %hich the ver" nature of a language call! forth #i!under!tanding! in ever"da" conver!ation) and in %hich) con!e+uentl") a %ord ha! to be #odified or defined in order to pre!ent the idea intended b" the !pea er< >.e too hi! !tic 2no) not @ohn$!) but hi! o%n.? No language i! perfect) and if %e ad#it thi! truth) %e #u!t al!o ad#it that it i! not unrea!onable to inve!tigate the relative #erit! of different language! or of different detail! in language!.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) analyze an interesting feature of the !nglish language (") refute a belief held by some linguists (#) sho( that economic theory is relevant to linguistic study ($) illustrate the confusion that can result from the im ro er use of language (!) suggest a (ay in (hich languages can be made more nearly erfect ,;. The misunderstanding resented by the author in lines 13-19 is similar to (hich of the follo(ing* :. ::. C uses the (ord EyouF to refer to a grou 8 but O thinks that C is referring to one erson only. C mistakenly uses the (ord EanomalyF to refer to a ty ical e%am le8 but O kno(s that EanomalyF means Ee%ce tion.F

:::. C uses the (ord EbachelorF to mean Eunmarried man8F but O mistakenly thinks that bachelor means Eunmarried (oman.F (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) :: and ::: only ,<. :n resenting the argument8 the author does all of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) give an e%am le (") dra( a conclusion (#) make a generalization ($) make a com arison (!) resent a arado% ,7. -hich of the follo(ing contributes to the misunderstanding described by the author in lines 13-19* (A) :t is unclear (hom the s eaker of the sentence is addressing. (") :t is unclear to (hom the (ord EhisF refers the first time it is used. (#) :t is unclear to (hom the (ord EhisF refers the second time it is used.

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($) The meaning of EtookF is ambiguous. (!) :t is unclear to (hom E4eF refers. SECTION '
It i! fre+uentl" a!!u#ed that the #echani*ation of %or ha! a revolutionar" effect on the live! of the people %ho operate the ne% #achine! and on the !ociet" into %hich the #achine! have been introduced. ;or exa#ple) it ha! been !ugge!ted that the e#plo"#ent of %o#en in indu!tr" too the# out of the hou!ehold) their traditional !phere) and funda#entall" altered their po!ition in !ociet". In the nineteenth centur") %hen %o#en began to enter factorie!) @ule! Si#on) a ;rench politician) %arned that b" doing !o) %o#en %ould give up their fe#ininit". ;riedrich Engel!) ho%ever) predicted that %o#en %ould be liberated fro# the >!ocial) legal) and econo#ic !ubordination? of the fa#il" b" technological develop#ent! that #ade po!!ible the recruit#ent of >the %hole fe#ale !ex into public indu!tr".? Ob!erver! thu! differed concerning the !ocial de!irabilit" of #echani*ation$! effect!) but the" agreed that it %ould tran!for# %o#en$! live!. .i!torian!) particularl" tho!e inve!tigating the hi!tor" of %o#en) no% !eriou!l" +ue!tion thi! a!!u#ption of tran!for#ing po%er. The" conclude that !uch dra#atic technological innovation! a! the !pinning 1enn") the !e%ing #achine) the t"pe%riter) and the vacuu# cleaner have not re!ulted in e+uall" dra#atic !ocial change! in %o#en$! econo#ic po!ition or in the prevailing evaluation of %o#en$! %or . The e#plo"#ent of "oung %o#en in textile #ill! during the Indu!trial (evolution %a! largel" an exten!ion of an older pattern of e#plo"#ent of "oung) !ingle %o#en a! do#e!tic!. It %a! not the change in office technolog") but rather the !eparation of !ecretarial %or ) previou!l" !een a! an apprentice!hip for beginning #anager!) fro# ad#ini!trative %or that in the 1KK4$! created a ne% cla!! of >dead-end? 1ob!) thenceforth con!idered >%o#en$! %or .? The increa!e in the nu#ber! of #arried %o#en e#plo"ed out!ide the ho#e in the t%entieth centur" had le!! to do %ith the #echani*ation of hou!e%or and an increa!e in lei!ure ti#e for the!e %o#en than it did %ith their o%n econo#ic nece!!it" and %ith high #arriage rate! that !hran the available pool of !ingle %o#en %or er!) previou!l") in #an" ca!e!) the onl" %o#en e#plo"er! %ould hire. &o#en$! %or ha! changed con!iderabl" in the pa!t 244 "ear!) #oving fro# the hou!ehold to the office or the factor") and later beco#ing #o!tl" %hite-collar in!tead of blue-collar %or . ;unda#entall") ho%ever) the condition! under %hich %o#en %or have changed little !ince before the Indu!trial (evolution< the !egregation of occupation! b" gender) lo%er pa" for %o#en a! a group) 1ob! that re+uire relativel" lo% level! of ! ill and offer %o#en little opportunit" for advance#ent all per!i!t) %hile %o#en$! hou!ehold labor re#ain! de#anding. (ecent hi!torical inve!tigation ha! led to a #a1or revi!ion of the notion that technolog" i! al%a"! inherentl" revolutionar" in it! effect! on !ociet".

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=echani*ation #a" even have !lo%ed an" change in the traditional po!ition of %o#en both in the labor #ar et and in the ho#e.

17. -hich of the follo(ing statements best summarizes the main idea of the assage* (A) The effects of the mechanization of (omen's (ork have not borne out the frequently held assum tion that ne( technology is inherently revolutionary. (") 5ecent studies have sho(n that mechanization revolutionizes a society's traditional values and the customary roles of its members. (#) @echanization has caused the nature of (omen's (ork to change since the :ndustrial 5evolution. ($) The mechanization of (ork creates (hole ne( classes of 7obs that did not reviously e%ist. (!) The mechanization of (omen's (ork8 (hile e%tremely revolutionary it its effects8 has not8 on the (hole8 had the deleterious effects that some critics had feared. 1&. The author mentions all of the follo(ing inventions as e%am les of dramatic technological innovations !C#!1T the (A) se(ing machine (") vacuum cleaner (#) ty e(riter ($) tele hone (!) s inning 7enny 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that8 before the :ndustrial 5evolution8 the ma7ority of (omen's (ork (as done in (hich of the follo(ing settings* (A) Te%tile mills (") 1rivate households (#) Bffices ($) >actories (!) +mall sho s ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould consider (hich of the follo(ing to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of (omen's (ork* (A) +tatistics sho(ing that the ma7ority of (omen no( occu y (hite-collar ositions (") :ntervie(s (ith married men indicating that they are no( doing some household tasks (#) +urveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a ne( class of 7obs in electronics in (hich (omen (orkers outnumber men four to one ($) #ensus results sho(ing that (orking (omen's (ages and salaries are8 on the

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average8 as high as those of (orking men (!) !nrollment figures from universities demonstrating that increasing numbers of young (omen are choosing to continue their education beyond the undergraduate level ,1. The assage states that8 before the t(entieth century8 (hich of the follo(ing (as true of many em loyers* (A) They did not em loy (omen in factories. (") They tended to em loy single rather than married (omen. (#) They em loyed (omen in only those 7obs that (ere related to (omen's traditional household (ork. ($) They resisted technological innovations that (ould radically change (omen's roles in the family. (!) They hired (omen only (hen qualified men (ere not available to fill the o en ositions. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author most robably believes (hich of the follo(ing to be true concerning those historians (ho study the history of (omen* (A) Their (ork rovides insights im ortant to those e%amining social henomena affecting the lives of both se%es. (") Their (ork can only be used cautiously by scholars in other disci lines. (#) "ecause they concentrate only on the role of (omen in the (ork lace8 they dra( more reliable conclusions than do other historians. ($) -hile highly interesting8 their (ork has not had an im act on most historians' current assum tions concerning the revolutionary effect of technology in the (ork lace. (!) They o ose the further mechanization of (ork8 (hich8 according to their findings8 tends to er etuate e%isting inequalities in society. ,3. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the function of the concluding sentence of the assage* (A) :t sums u the general oints concerning the mechanization of (ork made in the assage as a (hole. (") :t dra(s a conclusion concerning the effects of the mechanization of (ork (hich goes beyond the evidence resented in the assage as a (hole. (#) :t restates the oint concerning technology made in the sentence immediately receding it. ($) :t qualifies the author's agreement (ith scholars (ho argue for a ma7or revision in the assessment of the im act of mechanization on society. (!) :t suggests a com romise bet(een t(o seemingly contradictory vie(s concerning the effects of mechanization on society.

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-Thi! pa!!age i! excerpted fro# an article that %a! publi!hed in 1FK2.0 &ar#-blooded ani#al! have elaborate ph"!iological control! to #aintain con!tant bod" te#perature -in hu#an!) :N50. &h" then during !ic ne!! !hould te#perature ri!e) apparentl" increa!ing !tre!! on the infected organi!#M It ha! long been no%n that the level of !eru# iron in ani#al! fall! during infection. 8aribaldi fir!t !ugge!ted a relation!hip bet%een fever and iron. .e found that #icrobial !"nthe!i! of !iderophore!2!ub!tance! that bind iron2in bacteria of the genu! Sa!$one!!a declined at environ#ental te#perature! above :N5 and !topped at D4.:5. Thu!) fever %ould #a e it #ore difficult for an infecting bacteriu# to ac+uire iron and thu! to #ultipl". Cold-blooded ani#al! %ere u!ed to te!t thi! h"pothe!i! becau!e their bod" te#perature can be controlled in the laborator". Gluger reported that of iguana! infected %ith the potentiall" lethal bacteriu# '. h"dro)hi!ia) #ore !urvived at te#perature! of D25 than at :N5) even though health" ani#al! prefer the lo%er te#perature. &hen ani#al! at D25 %ere in1ected %ith an iron !olution) ho%ever) #ortalit" rate! increa!ed !ignificantl". (e!earch to deter#ine %hether !i#ilar pheno#ena occur in %ar#blooded ani#al! i! !orel" needed.

,9. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith attem ts to determine (A) the role of sidero hores in the synthesis of serum iron (") ne( treatments for infections that are caused by A0 h drophilia (#) the function of fever in (arm-blooded animals ($) the mechanisms that ensure constant body tem erature (!) iron utilization in cold-blooded animals ,;. According to the assage8 /aribaldi determined (hich of the follo(ing* (A) That serum iron is roduced through microbial synthesis. (") That microbial synthesis of sidero hores in (arm-blooded animals is more efficient at higher tem eratures. (#) That only iron bound to other substances can be used by bacteria. ($) That there is a relationshi bet(een the synthesis of sidero hores in bacteria of the genus *al%onella and environmental tem erature. (!) That bacteria of the genus *al%onella require iron as a nutrient. ,<. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about (arm-blooded animals solely on the basis of information in the assage* (A) The body tem eratures of (arm-blooded animals cannot be easily controlled in the laboratory. (") -arm-blooded animals require more iron in eriods of stress than they do at other times. (#) -arm-blooded animals are more comfortable at an environmental tem erature of 375 than they are at a tem erature of 9,5.

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($) :n (arm-blooded animals8 bacteria are res onsible for the roduction of sidero hores8 (hich8 in turn8 make iron available to the animal. (!) :n (arm-blooded animals8 infections that lead to fever are usually traceable to bacteria. ,7. :f it (ere to be determined that Esimilar henomena occur in (arm-blooded animalsF (lines ,1-,,)8 (hich of the follo(ing8 assuming each is ossible8 is likely to be the most effective treatment for (arm-blooded animals (ith bacterial infections* (A) Administering a medication that lo(ers the animals' body tem erature (") :n7ecting the animals (ith an iron solution (#) Administering a medication that makes serum iron unavailable to bacteria ($) 1roviding the animals (ith reduced-iron diets (!) Jee ing the animals in an environment (ith tem eratures higher than 375 1FF1 42 SECTION A
A! 8ilbert &hite) /ar%in) and other! ob!erved long ago) all !pecie! appear to have the innate capacit" to increa!e their nu#ber! fro# generation to generation. The ta! for ecologi!t! i! to untangle the environ#ental and biological factor! that hold thi! intrin!ic capacit" for population gro%th in chec over the long run. The great variet" of d"na#ic behavior! exhibited b" different population! #a e! thi! ta! #ore difficult< !o#e population! re#ain roughl" con!tant fro# "ear to "ear6 other! exhibit regular c"cle! of abundance and !carcit"6 !till other! var" %ildl") %ith outbrea ! and cra!he! that are in !o#e ca!e! plainl" correlated %ith the %eather) and in other ca!e! not. To i#po!e !o#e order on thi! aleido!cope of pattern!) one !chool of thought propo!e! dividing population! into t%o group!. The!e ecologi!t! po!it that the relativel" !tead" population! have >den!it"-dependent? gro%th para#eter!6 that i!) rate! of birth) death) and #igration %hich depend !trongl" on population den!it". The highl" var"ing population! have >den!it"-independent? gro%th para#eter!) %ith vital rate! buffeted b" environ#ental event!6 the!e rate! fluctuate in a %a" that i! %holl" independent of population den!it". Thi! dichoto#" ha! it! u!e!) but it can cau!e proble#! if ta en too literall". ;or one thing) no population can be driven entirel" b" den!it"-independent factor! all the ti#e. No #atter ho% !everel" or unpredictabl" birth) death and #igration rate! #a" be fluctuating around their long-ter# average!) if there %ere no den!it"-dependent effect!) the population %ould) in the long run) either increa!e or decrea!e %ithout bound -barring a #iracle b" %hich gain! and lo!!e! canceled exactl"0. 7ut another %a") it #a" be that on average FF percent of all death! in a population ari!e fro# den!it"-independent cau!e!) and onl" one percent fro# factor! var"ing %ith den!it". The factor! #a ing up the one percent #a" !ee#

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uni#portant) and their cau!e #a" be corre!pondingl" hard to deter#ine. Aet) %hether recogni*ed or not) the" %ill u!uall" deter#ine the long-ter# average population den!it". In order to under!tand the nature of the ecologi!t$! inve!tigation) %e #a" thin of the den!it"-dependent effect! on gro%th para#eter! a! the >!ignal? ecologi!t! are tr"ing to i!olate and interpret) one that tend! to #a e the population increa!e fro# relativel" lo% value! or decrea!e fro# relativel" high one!) %hile the den!it"-independent effect! act to produce >noi!e? in the population d"na#ic!. ;or population! that re#ain relativel" con!tant) or that o!cillate around repeated c"cle!) the !ignal can be fairl" ea!il" characteri*ed and it! effect! de!cribed) even though the cau!ative biological #echani!# #a" re#ain un no%n. ;or irregularl" fluctuating population!) %e are li el" to have too fe% ob!ervation! to have an" hope of extracting the !ignal fro# the over%hel#ing noi!e. 'ut it no% !ee#! clear that all population! are regulated b" a #ixture of den!it"-dependent and den!it"-independent effect! in var"ing proportion!.

17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) discussing t(o categories of factors that control o ulation gro(th and assessing their relative im ortance (") describing ho( gro(th rates in natural o ulations fluctuate over time and e% laining (hy these changes occur (#) ro osing a hy othesis concerning o ulation sizes and suggesting (ays to test it ($) osing a fundamental question about environmental factors in o ulation gro(th and resenting some currently acce ted ans(ers (!) refuting a commonly acce ted theory about o ulation density and offering a ne( alternative 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author considers the dichotomy discussed in the second aragra h to be (A) a licable only to erratically fluctuating o ulations (") useful8 but only if its limitations are recognized (#) dangerously misleading in most circumstances ($) a com lete and sufficient (ay to account for observed henomena (!) conce tually valid8 but too confusing to a ly on a ractical basis 1). -hich of the follo(ing statements can be inferred from the last aragra h* (A) >or irregularly fluctuating o ulations8 doubling the number of observations made (ill robably result in the isolation of density-de endent effects. (") $ensity-de endent effects on o ulation dynamics do not occur as frequently as do density-inde endent effects.

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(#) At resent8 ecologists do not understand any of the underlying causes of the density-de endent effects they observe in o ulation dynamics. ($) $ensity-de endent effects on gro(th arameters are thought to be caused by some sort of biochemical EsignalingF that ecologists ho e eventually to understand. (!) :t is sometimes ossible to infer the e%istence of a density-de endent factor controlling o ulation gro(th (ithout understanding its causative mechanism. ,.. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is a true statement about density-de endent factors in o ulation gro(th* (A) They ultimately account for long-term o ulation levels. (") They have little to do (ith long-term o ulation dynamics. (#) They are al(ays more easily isolated and described than those that are density-inde endent. ($) They include random environmental events. (!) They contradict current ecological assum tions about o ulation dynamics. ,1. According to the assage8 all of the follo(ing behaviors have been e%hibited by different o ulations !C#!1T= (A) roughly constant o ulation levels from year to year (") regular cycles of increases and decreases in numbers (#) erratic increases in numbers correlated (ith the (eather ($) unchecked increases in numbers over many generations (!) sudden declines in numbers from time to time ,,. The discussion concerning o ulation in lines ,9-9. serves rimarily to (A) demonstrate the difficulties ecologists face in studying density-de endent factors limiting o ulation gro(th (") advocate more rigorous study of density-de endent factors in o ulation gro(th (#) rove that the death rates of any o ulation are never entirely densityinde endent ($) give an e%am le of ho( death rates function to limit o ulation densities in ty ical o ulations (!) underline the im ortance of even small density-de endent factors in regulating long-term o ulation densities ,3. :n the assage8 the author does all of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) cite the vie(s of other biologists (") define a basic roblem that the assage addresses (#) resent conce tual categories used by other biologists

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,3,

($) describe the results of a articular study (!) dra( a conclusion

In %aisin in the Sun) Borraine .an!berr" doe! not re1ect integration or the econo#ic and #oral pro#i!e of the A#erican drea#6 rather) !he re#ain! lo"al to thi! drea# %hile loo ing) reali!ticall") at it! inco#plete reali*ation. Once %e recogni*e thi! dual vi!ion) %e can accept the pla"$! ironic nuance! a! deliberate !ocial co##entarie! b" .an!berr" rather than a! the >unintentional? iron" that 'ig!b" attribute! to the %or . Indeed a curiou!l" per!i!tent refu!al to credit .an!berr" %ith a capacit" for intentional iron" ha! led !o#e critic! to interpret the pla"$! the#atic conflict! a! #ere confu!ion) contradiction) or eclectici!#. I!aac!) for exa#ple) cannot ea!il" reconcile .an!berr"$! inten!e concern for her race %ith her ideal of hu#an reconciliation. 'ut the pla"$! co#plex vie% of 'lac !elfe!tee# and hu#an !olidarit" a! co#patible i! no #ore >contradictor"? than /u 'oi!$ fa#ou!) %ell-con!idered ideal of ethnic !elf-a%arene!! coexi!ting %ith hu#an unit") or ;anon$! e#pha!i! on an ideal internationali!# that al!o acco##odate! national identitie! and role!.

,9. The author's rimary ur ose in this assage is to (A) e% lain some critics' refusal to consider &aisin in the *un a deliberately ironic lay (") suggest that ironic nuances ally &aisin in the *un (ith $u "ois' and >anon's (ritings (#) analyze the fundamental dramatic conflicts in &aisin in the *un ($) 7ustify the inclusion of contradictory elements in &aisin in the *un (!) affirm the thematic coherence underlying &aisin in the *un ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author believes (hich of the follo(ing about 4ansberry's use of irony in &aisin in the *un* (A) :t derives from 4ansberry's eclectic a roach to dramatic structure. (") :t is 7ustified by 4ansberry's loyalty to a favorable de iction of American life. (#) :t is influenced by the themes of (orks by $u "ois and >anon. ($) :t is more consistent (ith 4ansberry's concern for "lack Americans than (ith her ideal of human reconciliation. (!) :t reflects 4ansberry's reservations about the e%tent to (hich the American dream has been realized. ,<. :n (hich of the follo(ing does the author of the assage reinforce his criticism of res onses such as :saacs' to &aisin in the *un* (A) The statement that 4ansberry is EloyalF (line 3) to the American dream (") The descri tion of 4ansberry's concern for "lack Americans as EintenseF (line 13)

GRE

,33

(#) The assertion that 4ansberry is concerned (ith Ehuman solidarityF (line 1;) ($) The descri tion of $u "ois' ideal as E(ell-consideredF (line 17) (!) The descri tion of >anon's internationalism as EidealF (line 1)) ,7. The author of the assage (ould robably consider (hich of the follo(ing 7udgments to be most similar to the reasoning of critics described in lines &-1,* (A) The (orld is certainly flatG therefore8 the erson ro osing to sail around it is unquestionably foolhardy. (") 5adioactivity cannot be directly erceivedG therefore8 a scientist could not ossibly control it in a laboratory. (#) The ainter of this icture could not intend it to be funny8 therefore8 its humor must result from a lack of skill. ($) Traditional social mores are beneficial to cultureG therefore8 anyone (ho deviates from them acts destructively. (!) >ilmmakers (ho roduce documentaries deal e%clusively (ith factsG therefore8 a filmmaker (ho reinter rets articular events is misleading us. SECTION '
So#e recent hi!torian! have argued that life in the 'riti!h colonie! in A#erica fro# approxi#atel" 1NL: to 1NKF %a! #ar ed b" internal conflict! a#ong coloni!t!. Inheritor! of !o#e of the vie%point! of earl" t%entieth-centur" 7rogre!!ive hi!torian! !uch a! 'eard and 'ec er) the!e recent hi!torian! have put for%ard argu#ent! that de!erve evaluation. The ind of conflict #o!t e#pha!i*ed b" the!e hi!torian! i! cla!! conflict. Aet %ith the (evolutionar" &ar do#inating the!e "ear!) ho% doe! one di!tingui!h cla!! conflict %ithin that larger conflictM Certainl" not b" the !ide a per!on !upported. Although #an" of the!e hi!torian! have accepted the earlier a!!u#ption that Bo"ali!t! repre!ented an upper cla!!) ne% evidence indicate! that Bo"ali!t!) li e rebel!) %ere dra%n fro# all !ocioecono#ic cla!!e!. -It i! nonethele!! probabl" true that a larger percentage of the %ell-to-do 1oined the Bo"ali!t! than 1oined the rebel!.0 Boo ing at the rebel !ide) %e find little evidence for the contention that lo%er-cla!! rebel! %ere in conflict %ith upper-cla!! rebel!. Indeed) the %ar effort again!t 'ritain tended to !uppre!! cla!! conflict!. &here it did not) the di!puting rebel! of one or another cla!! u!uall" beca#e Bo"ali!t!. Bo"ali!# thu! operated a! a !afet" valve to re#ove !ocioecono#ic di!content that exi!ted a#ong the rebel!. /i!pute! occurred) of cour!e) a#ong tho!e %ho re#ained on the rebel !ide) but the extraordinar" !ocial #obilit" of eighteenthcentur" A#erican !ociet" -%ith the obviou! exception of !lave!0 u!uall" prevented !uch di!pute! fro# hardening along cla!! line!. Social !tructure %a! in fact !o fluid2though recent !tati!tic! !ugge!t a narro%ing of econo#ic opportunit" a! the latter half of the centur" progre!!ed2that to tal about !ocial cla!!e! at all re+uire! the u!e of loo!e econo#ic categorie! !uch a! rich) poor) and #iddle cla!!) or eighteenth-centur" de!ignation! li e >the better !ort.? /e!pite the!e

GRE

,39

vague categorie!) one !hould not clai# une+uivocall" that ho!tilit" bet%een recogni*able cla!!e! cannot be legiti#atel" ob!erved. Out!ide of Ne% Aor ) ho%ever) there %ere ver" fe% in!tance! of openl" expre!!ed cla!! antagoni!#. .aving !aid thi!) ho%ever) one #u!t add that there i! #uch evidence to !upport the further clai# of recent hi!torian! that !ectional conflict! %ere co##on bet%een 1NL: and 1NKF. The >7axton 'o"!? incident and the (egulator #ove#ent are repre!entative exa#ple! of the %ide!pread) and 1u!tified) di!content of %e!tern !ettler! again!t colonial or !tate govern#ent! do#inated b" ea!tern intere!t!. Although undertone! of cla!! conflict exi!ted beneath !uch ho!tilit") the oppo!ition %a! pri#aril" geographical. Sectional conflict2%hich al!o exi!ted bet%een North and South2de!erve! further inve!tigation. In !u##ar") hi!torian! #u!t be careful about the ind of conflict the" e#pha!i*e in eighteenth-centur" A#erica. Aet tho!e %ho !tre!! the achieve#ent of a general con!en!u! a#ong the coloni!t! cannot full" under!tand that con!en!u! %ithout under!tanding the conflict! that had to be overco#e or repre!!ed in order to reach it.

17. The author considers the contentions made by the recent historians discussed in the assage to be (A) otentially verifiable (") artially 7ustified (#) logically contradictory ($) ingenious but fla(ed (!) ca ricious and unsu orted 1&. The author most likely refers to Ehistorians such as "eard and "eckerF (lines ;-<) in order to (A) isolate the t(o historians (hose (ork is most re resentative of the vie( oints of 1rogressive historians (") em hasize the need to find connections bet(een recent historical (riting and the (ork of earlier historians (#) make a case for the im ortance of the vie(s of the 1rogressive historians concerning eighteenth-century American life ($) suggest that 1rogressive historians (ere the first to discover the articular internal conflicts in eighteenth-century American life mentioned in the assage (!) oint out historians (hose vie(s of history antici ated some of the vie(s of the recent historians mentioned in the assage 1). According to the assage8 Doyalism during the American 5evolutionary -ar served the function of (A) eliminating the dis utes that e%isted among those colonists (ho su orted the

GRE

,3;

rebel cause (") dra(ing u er8 as o rebel cause osed to lo(er8 socioeconomic classes a(ay from the

(#) tolerating the kinds of socioeconomic discontent that (ere not allo(ed to e%ist on the rebel side ($) channeling conflict that e%isted (ithin a socioeconomic class into the (ar effort against the rebel cause (!) absorbing members of socioeconomic grou s on the rebel side (ho felt themselves in contention (ith members of other socioeconomic grou s ,.. The assage suggests that the author (ould be likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about the social structure of eighteenth-century American society* :. ::. :t allo(ed greater economic o :t ermitted greater economic o ortunity than it did social mobility. ortunity rior to 17;. than after 17;..

:::. :t did not contain rigidly defined socioeconomic divisions. :?. :t revented economic dis utes from arising among members of the society. (A) : and :? only (") :: and ::: only (#) ::: and :? only ($) :8 ::8 and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 :::8 and :? ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding socioeconomic class and su ort for the rebel and Doyalist causes during the American 5evolutionary -ar* (A) :dentifying a erson's socioeconomic class is the least accurate method of ascertaining (hich side that erson su orted. (") :dentifying a erson as a member of the rebel or of the Doyalist side does not necessarily reveal that erson's articular socioeconomic class. (#) "oth the rebel and the Doyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes8 although there (ere fe(er dis utes among socioeconomic classes on the Doyalist side. ($) "oth the rebel and the Doyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes8 although the Doyalist side (as made u members of the u er classes. rimarily of

(!) "oth the rebel and the Doyalist sides contained members of all socioeconomic classes8 although many u er-class rebels eventually 7oined the Doyalists. ,,. The author suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the re resentativeness of colonial or state governments in America from 17<3 to 17&)*

GRE

,3<

(A) The governments inadequately re resented the interests of eo le in (estern regions. (") The governments more often re resented class interests than sectional interests. (#) The governments (ere less re resentative than they had been before 17<3. ($) The governments (ere dominated by the interests of eo le of an u socioeconomic class. er

(!) The governments of the northern colonies (ere less re resentative than (ere the governments of the southern colonies. ,3. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is a true statement about sectional conflicts in America bet(een 17<3 and 17&)* (A) These conflicts (ere instigated by eastern interests against (estern settlers. (") These conflicts (ere the most serious kind of conflict in America. (#) The conflicts eventually led to o enly e% ressed class antagonism. ($) These conflicts contained an element of class hostility. (!) These conflicts (ere motivated by class conflicts.
Since 1F3:) #an" experi#ental atte#pt! to !"nthe!i*e the che#ical con!tituent! of life under >pri#itive Earth condition!? have been perfor#ed) but none of the!e experi#ent! ha! produced an"thing approaching the co#plexit" of the !i#ple!t organi!#. The" have de#on!trated) ho%ever) that a variet" of the co#plex #olecule! currentl" #a ing up living organi!#! could have been pre!ent in the earl" ocean and at#o!phere) %ith onl" one li#itation< !uch #olecule! are !"nthe!i*ed far le!! readil" %hen ox"gen-containing co#pound! do#inate the at#o!phere. Therefore !o#e !cienti!t! po!tulate that the Earth$! earlie!t at#o!phere) unli e that of toda") %a! do#inated b" h"drogen) #ethane) and a##onia. ;ro# the!e !tudie!) !cienti!t! have concluded that the !urface of the pri#itive Earth %a! covered %ith ocean! containing the #olecule! funda#ental to life. Although) at pre!ent) !cienti!t! cannot explain ho% the!e relativel" !#all #olecule! co#bined to produce larger) #ore co#plex #olecule!) !o#e !cienti!t! have precipitou!l" ventured h"pothe!e! that atte#pt to explain the develop#ent) fro# lager #olecule!) of the earlie!t !elf-duplicating organi!#!.

,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about the rocess by (hich the chemical constituents of life (ere synthesized under rimitive !arth conditions* (A) The synthesis is unlikely to occur under current atmos heric conditions. (") The synthesis is common in modern laboratories. (#) The synthesis occurs more readily in the atmos here than in the ocean. ($) The synthesis easily roduces the most com le% organic molecules.

GRE

,37

(!) The synthesis is accelerated by the resence of o%ygen-containing com ounds. ,;. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) oint out that theories about ho( life develo ed on !arth have changed little since 1);3 (") (arn of increasing levels of hydrogen8 methane8 and ammonia in the !arth's atmos here (#) describe the develo ment since 1);3 of some scientists' understanding of ho( life began on !arth ($) demonstrate that the synthesis of life in the laboratory is too difficult for modern technology (!) describe ho( rimitive atmos heric conditions roduced the com le% molecules of living organisms ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that Esome scientistsF assume (hich of the follo(ing concerning Elarger8 more com le% moleculesF (line ,.)* (A) The earliest atmos here (as formed rimarily of these molecules. (") #hemical rocesses involving these molecules roceeded much more slo(ly under rimitive !arth conditions. (#) The resence of these molecules (ould necessarily recede the e%istence of sim le organisms. ($) !% erimental techniques (ill never be sufficiently so histicated to roduce in the laboratory sim le organisms from these chemical constituents. (!) !% lanations could easily be develo ed to e% lain ho( sim le molecules combined to form these more com le% ones. ,7. The author's reaction to the attem ts that have been made to e% lain the develo ment of the first self-du lication organisms can best be described as one of (A) enthusiasm (") e% ectation (#) dismay ($) ske ticism (!) anti athy 1FF1 4D SECTION A
I!adora /uncan$! #a!terl" %riting! on the dance reveal the depth of her deter#ination to create a l"ric for# of the art %hich %a! free of characteri*ation) !tor"telling) and the theatrical exhibition of ! ill!. She %i!hed to di!card the traditional #ethod! and e!tabli!hed vocabularie! of !uch dance for#! a! ballet

GRE

,3&

and to explore the internal !ource! of hu#an expre!!ivene!!. She !hunned bodil" orna#entation and !trove to u!e onl" the natural #ove#ent! of her bod") undi!torted b" acrobatic exaggeration and !ti#ulated onl" b" internal co#pul!ion. In her recital! /uncan danced to the #u!ic of 'eethoven) &agner) and 8luc ) a#ong other!) but) contrar" to popular belief) !he #ade no atte#pt to vi!uali*e or to interpret the #u!ic6 rather) !he !i#pl" relied on it to provide the in!piration for expre!!ing inner feeling! through #ove#ent. She did not regard thi! u!e of #u!ic a! ideal) ho%ever) believing that !he %ould !o#eda" di!pen!e %ith #u!ic entirel". That da" never ca#e.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith $uncan's (A) masterful lyricism as e% ressed in her (ritings on the dance (") concerted efforts to subdue the natural movements of the dance (#) belated recognition that she could not actually fulfill all of her ideals for the dance ($) basic standards for the dance form that she (ished to create and erform (!) continuous res onsiveness to a o ular misconce tion about the nature of her ne( art form 1&. The author im lies that $uncan relied on music in her recitals in order to (A) inter ret musical (orks solely by means of natural body movements (") foster the illusion that music serves as an ins iration for the dance (#) ins ire the e% ression of inner feeling (hen she danced ($) validate the ublic belief that music ins ires the e% ression of feeling through movement (!) counter the ublic belief that she made no attem t to visualize music 1). According to the assage8 $uncan intended to develo an art form that (ould do all of the follo(ing !C#!1T (A) avoid the use of standard ballet techniques (") revitalize an earlier established vocabulary (#) dra( on internal sources of human e% ressiveness ($) create intended effects (ithout the use of acrobatic e%aggeration (!) derive ins iration solely from inner feelings ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing endeavors is D!A+T com atible (ith $uncan's ideals for the dance* (A) 6sing music to stimulate the ins iration to dance (") Attem ting to free an art form of both characterization and storytelling (#) @inimizing the theatrical e%hibition of skills ($) "eing ins ired to e% ress inner feeling through movement (!) #reating a lyric art form by dra(ing on inner ersonal resources

GRE

,3)

The recent) apparentl" !ucce!!ful) prediction b" #athe#atical #odel! of an appearance of El Nino2the %ar# ocean current that periodicall" develop! along the 7acific coa!t of South A#erica2ha! excited re!earcher!. @acob '1er ne! pointed out over 24 "ear! ago ho% %ind! #ight create either abnor#all" %ar# or abnor#all" cold %ater in the ea!tern e+uatorial 7acific. Nonethele!!) until the develop#ent of the #odel! no one could explain %h" condition! !hould regularl" !hift fro# one to the other) a! happen! in the periodic o!cillation! bet%een appearance! of the %ar# El Nino and the cold !o-called anti-El Nino. The an!%er) at lea!t if the current #odel that lin ! the behavior of the ocean to that of the at#o!phere i! correct) i! to be found in the ocean. It ha! long been no%n that during an El Nino) t%o condition! exi!t< -10 unu!uall" %ar# %ater extend! along the ea!tern 7acific) principall" along the coa!t! of Ecuador and 7eru) and -20 %ind! blo% fro# the %e!t into the %ar#er air ri!ing over the %ar# %ater in the ea!t. The!e %ind! tend to create a feedbac #echani!# b" driving the %ar#er !urface %ater into a >pile? that bloc ! the nor#al up%elling of deeper) cold %ater in the ea!t and further %ar#! the ea!tern %ater) thu! !trengthening the %ind !till #ore. The contribution of the #odel i! to !ho% that the %ind! of an El Nino) %hich rai!e !ea level in the ea!t) !i#ultaneou!l" !end a !ignal to the %e!t lo%ering !ea level. According to the #odel) that !ignal i! generated a! a negative (o!!b" %ave) a %ave of depre!!ed) or negative) !ea level) that #ove! %e!t%ard parallel to the e+uator at 23 to K3 ilo#eter! per da". Ta ing #onth! to traver!e the 7acific) (o!!b" %ave! #arch to the %e!tern boundar" of the 7acific ba!in) %hich i! #odeled a! a !#ooth %all but in realit" con!i!t! of +uite irregular i!land chain!) !uch a! the 7hilippine! and Indone!ia. &hen the %ave! #eet the %e!tern boundar") the" are reflected) and the #odel predict! that (o!!b" %ave! %ill be bro en into nu#erou! coa!tal Gelvin %ave! carr"ing the !a#e negative !ea-level !ignal. The!e eventuall" !hoot to%ard the e+uator) and then head ea!t%ard along the e+uator propelled b" the rotation of the Earth at a !peed of about 234 ilo#eter! per da". &hen enough Gelvin %ave! of !ufficient a#plitude arrive fro# the %e!tern 7acific) their negative !ealevel !ignal overco#e! the feedbac #echani!# tending to rai!e the !ea level) and the" begin to drive the !"!te# into the oppo!ite cold #ode. Thi! produce! a gradual !hift in %ind!) one that %ill eventuall" !end po!itive !ea-level (o!!b" %ave! %e!t%ard) %ave! that %ill eventuall" return a! cold c"cle-ending po!itive Gelvin %ave!) beginning another %ar#ing c"cle.

,1. The rimary function of the assage as a (hole is to (A) introduce a ne( e% lanation of a hysical henomenon (") e% lain the difference bet(een t(o related hysical henomena (#) illustrate the limitations of a lying mathematics to com licated hysical henomena ($) indicate the direction that research into a articular hysical henomenon

GRE

,9.

should take (!) clarify the differences bet(een an old e% lanation of a hysical henomenon and a ne( model of it ,,. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the first aragra h* (A) A theory is resented and criticized. (") A model is described and evaluated. (#) A result is re orted and its im ortance e% lained. ($) A henomenon is noted and its significance debated. (!) A hy othesis is introduced and contrary evidence resented. ,3. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing features is characteristic of an !l Aino* (A) #old coastal (ater near 1eru (") -inds blo(ing from the (est (#) 5andom occurrence ($) -orld(ide effects (!) +hort duration ,9. According to the model resented in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing normally signals the disa earance of an !l Aino* (A) The arrival in the eastern 1acific of negative sea-level Jelvin (aves. (") A shift in the direction of the (inds roduced by the start of an anti-!l Aino else(here in the 1acific. (#) The reflection of Jelvin (aves after they reach the eastern boundary of the 1acific8 along !cuador and 1eru. ($) An increase in the s eed at (hich negative 5ossby (aves cross the 1acific. (!) The creation of a reservoir of colder8 dee ocean (ater tra ed under the ile of (armer8 surface ocean (ater. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing (ould result fairly immediately from the cessation of the (inds of an !l Aino* :. ::. Aegative 5ossby (aves (ould cease to be generated in the eastern 1acific. The sea level in the eastern 1acific (ould fall.

:::. The surface (ater in the eastern 1acific (ould again be cooled by being mi%ed (ith dee (ater. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and :::

GRE

,91

,<. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most seriously undermine the validity of the model of !l Aino that is resented in the assage* (A) $uring some years !l Aino e%tends significantly farther along the coasts of !cuador and 1eru than during other years. (") $uring eriods of unusually cool tem eratures along the eastern 1acific8 an !l Aino is much colder than normal. (#) The normal u (elling of cold (ater in the eastern 1acific de ends much more on the local characteristics of the ocean than on atmos heric conditions. ($) The variations in the time it takes 5ossby (aves to cross the 1acific de end on the o(er of the (inds that the (aves encounter. (!) The (estern boundary of the 1acific basin is so irregular that it im edes most coastal Jelvin (aves from heading east(ard. ,7. The assage best su orts the conclusion that during an anti-!l Aino the fastestmoving signal (aves are (A) negative 5ossby (aves moving east along the equator (") ositive 5ossby (aves moving (est along the equator (#) negative Jelvin (aves moving (est along the equator ($) ositive Jelvin (aves moving (est along the equator (!) ositive Jelvin (aves moving east along the equator SECTION '
.i!torian! have onl" recentl" begun to note the increa!e in de#and for luxur" good! and !ervice! that too place in eighteenth-centur" England. =cGendric ha! explored the &edg%ood fir#$! re#ar able !ucce!! in #ar eting luxur" potter"6 7lu#b ha! %ritten about the proliferation of provincial theater!) #u!ical fe!tival!) and children$! to"! and boo !. &hile the fact of thi! con!u#er revolution i! hardl" in doubt) three e" +ue!tion! re#ain< &ho %ere the con!u#er!M &hat %ere their #otive!M And %hat %ere the effect! of the ne% de#and for luxurie!M An an!%er to the fir!t of the!e ha! been difficult to obtain. Although it ha! been po!!ible to infer fro# the good! and !ervice! actuall" produced %hat #anufacture! and !ervicing trade! thought their cu!to#er! %anted) onl" a !tud" of relevant per!onal docu#ent! %ritten b" actual con!u#er! %ill provide a preci!e picture of who %anted %hat. &e !till need to no% ho% large thi! con!u#er #ar et %a! and ho% far do%n the !ocial !cale the con!u#er de#and for luxur" good! penetrated. &ith regard to thi! la!t +ue!tion) %e #ight note in pa!!ing that Tho#p!on) %hile rightl" re!toring laboring people to the !tage of eighteenthcentur" Engli!h hi!tor") ha! probabl" exaggerated the oppo!ition of the!e people to the inroad! of capitali!t con!u#eri!# in general6 for exa#ple) laboring people in eighteenth-centur" England readil" !hifted fro# ho#e-bre%ed beer to !tandardi*ed beer produced b" huge) heavil" capitali*ed urban bre%erie!.

GRE

,9,

To an!%er the +ue!tion of %h" con!u#er! beca#e !o eager to bu") !o#e hi!torian! have pointed to the abilit" of #anufacturer! to adverti!e in a relativel" uncen!ored pre!!. Thi!) ho%ever) hardl" !ee#! a !ufficient an!%er. =cGendric favor! a Ceblen #odel of con!picuou! con!u#ption !ti#ulated b" co#petition for !tatu!. The >#iddling !ort? bought good! and !ervice! becau!e the" %anted to follo% fa!hion! !et b" the rich. Again) %e #a" %onder %hether thi! explanation i! !ufficient. /o not people en1o" bu"ing thing! a! a for# of !elf-gratificationM If !o) con!u#eri!# could be !een a! a product of the ri!e of ne% concept! of individuali!# and #ateriali!#) but not nece!!aril" of the fren*" for con!picuou! co#petition. ;inall") %hat %ere the con!e+uence! of thi! con!u#er de#and for luxurie!M =cGendric clai#! that it goe! a long %a" to%ard explaining the co#ing of the Indu!trial (evolution. 'ut doe! itM &hat) for exa#ple) doe! the production of high+ualit" potter" and to"! have to do %ith the develop#ent of iron #anufacture or textile #ill!M It i! perfectl" po!!ible to have the p!"cholog" and realit" of a con!u#er !ociet" %ithout a heav" indu!trial !ector. That future exploration of the!e e" +ue!tion! i! undoubtedl" nece!!ar" !hould not) ho%ever) di#ini!h the force of the conclu!ion of recent !tudie!< the in!atiable de#and in eighteenth-centur" England for frivolou! a! %ell a! u!eful good! and !ervice! fore!hado%! our o%n %orld.

17. :n the first aragra h8 the author mentions @cJendrick and 1lumb most robably in order to (A) contrast their vie(s on the sub7ect of lu%ury consumerism in eighteenthcentury !ngland (") indicate the inadequacy of historiogra hical a roaches to eighteenth-century !nglish history (#) give e%am les of historians (ho have hel ed to establish the fact of gro(ing consumerism in eighteenth-century !ngland ($) su ort the contention that key questions about eighteenth-century consumerism remain to be ans(ered (!) com are one historian's interest in lu%ury goods such as ottery to another historian's interest in lu%ury services such as musical festivals 1&. -hich of the follo(ing items8 if reserved from eighteenth-century !ngland8 (ould rovide an e%am le of the kind of documents mentioned in lines 1<-17* (A) A (ritten agreement bet(een a su lu%ury goods lier of ra( materials and a su lier of

(") A diary that mentions lu%ury goods and services urchased by its author (#) A theater ticket stam ed (ith the date and name of a articular lay ($) A ayroll record from a com any that roduced lu%ury goods such as ottery (!) A ne(s a er advertisement describing lu%ury goods and services available at

GRE

,93

a seaside resort 1). According to the assage8 Thom son attributes to laboring eo le in eighteenthcentury !ngland (hich of the follo(ing attitudes to(ard ca italist consumerism* (A) !nthusiasm (") #uriosity (#) Ambivalence ($) +tubbornness (!) 4ostility ,.. :n the third aragra h8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) contrasting t(o theses and offering a com romise (") questioning t(o e% lanations and ro osing a ossible alternative to them (#) ara hrasing the (ork of t(o historians and questioning their assum tions ($) e%amining t(o theories and endorsing one over the other (!) raising several questions but im lying that they cannot be ans(ered ,1. According to the assage8 a ?eblen model of cons icuous consum tion has been used to (A) investigate the e%tent of the demand for lu%ury goods among social classes in eighteenth-century !ngland (") classify the kinds of lu%ury goods desired by eighteenth-century consumers (#) e% lain the motivation of eighteenth-century consumers to buy lu%ury goods ($) establish the e%tent to (hich the tastes of rich consumers (ere sha ed by the middle classes in eighteenth-century !ngland (!) com are lu%ury consumerism in eighteenth-century !ngland (ith such consumerism in the t(entieth century ,,. According to the assage8 eighteenth-century !ngland and the contem orary (orld of the assage's readers are (A) dissimilar in the e%tent to (hich lu%ury consumerism could be said to be (ides read among the social classes (") dissimilar in their definitions of lu%ury goods and services (#) dissimilar in the e%tent to (hich lu%ury goods could be said to be a stimulant of industrial develo ment ($) similar in their strong demand for a variety of goods and services (!) similar in the e%tent to (hich a middle class could be identified as imitating the habits of a (ealthier class ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould most robably agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about the relationshi bet(een the :ndustrial 5evolution and the demand for lu%ury goods and services in

GRE

,99

eighteenth-century !ngland* (A) The gro(ing demand for lu%ury goods and services (as a ma7or factor in the coming of the :ndustrial 5evolution. (") The :ndustrial 5evolution e% loited the already e%isting demand for lu%ury goods and services. (#) Although the demand for lu%ury goods may have hel ed bring about the :ndustrial 5evolution8 the demand for lu%ury services did not. ($) There is no reason to believe that the :ndustrial 5evolution (as directly driven by a gro(ing demand for lu%ury goods and services. (!) The increasing demand for lu%ury goods and services (as a cultural henomenon that has been conclusively demonstrated to have been se arate from the coming of the :ndustrial 5evolution.
(e!earcher! are finding that in #an" %a"! an individual bacteriu# i! #ore analogou! to a co#ponent cell of a #ulticellular organi!# than it i! to a freeliving) autono#ou! organi!#. 'na(aena) a fre!h%ater bacteria) i! a ca!e in point. A#ong photo!"nthetic bacteria) 'na(aena i! unu!ual< it i! capable of both photo!"nthe!i! and nitrogen fixation. &ithin a !ingle cell) the!e t%o bioche#ical proce!!e! are inco#patible< ox"gen produced during photo!"nthe!i!) inactivate! the nitrogena!e re+uired for nitrogen fixation. In 'na(aena co##unitie!) ho%ever) the!e proce!!e! can coexi!t. &hen fixed nitrogen co#pound! are abundant) 'na(aena i! !trictl" photo!"nthetic and it! cell! are all ali e. &hen nitrogen level! are lo%) ho%ever) !peciali*ed cell! called heteroc"!t! are produced %hich lac chloroph"ll -nece!!ar" for photo!"nthe!i!0 but %hich can fix nitrogen b" converting nitrogen ga! into a u!able for#. Sub#icro!copic channel! develop %hich connect the heteroc"!t cell! %ith the photo!"nthetic one! and %hich are u!ed for tran!ferring cellular product! bet%een the t%o ind! of 'na(aena cell!.

,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements is true of bacteria that engage in hotosynthesis* (A) They eventually become t(o autonomous cells. (") They cannot normally also engage in nitrogen fi%ation. (#) B%ygen normally inactivates them. ($) #ellular roducts are constantly transferred bet(een such bacteria. (!) They normally lack chloro hyll. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that cell differentiation (ithin Anabaena is regulated by the (A) amount of o%ygen Anabaena cells roduce (") season of the year (#) amount of fi%ed nitrogen com ounds available ($) number of microsco ic channels uniting Anabaena cells

GRE

,9;

(!) amount of chloro hyll in Anabaena cells ,<. The assage su orts (hich of the follo(ing inferences about heterocysts* (A) 4eterocysts do not roduce o%ygen. (") Aitrogen gas inactivates heterocysts. (#) #hloro hyll increases the roductivity of heterocysts. ($) 4eterocysts allo( nitrogen fi%ation and hotosynthesis to occur in the same cell. (!) 4eterocysts are more im ortant for Anabaena1s functioning than are hotosynthetic cells. ,7. The author uses the e%am le of Anabaena to illustrate the (A) uniqueness of bacteria among unicellular organisms (") inadequacy of an e%isting vie( of bacteria (#) ability of unicellular organisms to engage in hotosynthesis ($) variability of a fresh(ater bacteria (!) difficulty of investigating even the sim lest unicellular organisms 1FF1 14 SECTION A
Aided b" the recent abilit" to anal"*e !a#ple! of air trapped in glacier!) !cienti!t! no% have a clearer idea of the relation!hip bet%een at#o!pheric co#po!ition and global te#perature change over the pa!t 1L4)444 "ear!. In particular) deter#ination of at#o!pheric co#po!ition during period! of glacial expan!ion and retreat -cooling and %ar#ing0 i! po!!ible u!ing data fro# the 2)444 #eter Co!to ice core drilled in Antarctica. The techni+ue involved i! !i#ilar to that u!ed in anal"*ing core! of #arine !edi#ent!) %here the ratio of the t%o co##on i!otope! of ox"gen)
1K

O and

1L

O) accuratel" reflect! pa!t te#perature

change!. I!otopic anal"!i! of ox"gen in the Co!to core !ugge!t! #ean global te#perature fluctuation! of up to 14 degree! centigrade over the pa!t 1L4)444 "ear!. /ata fro# the Co!to core al!o indicate that the a#ount of carbon dioxide ha! fluctuated %ith te#perature over the !a#e period< the higher the te#perature) the higher the concentration of carbon dioxide and the lo%er the te#perature) the lo%er the concentration. Although change in carbon dioxide content clo!el" follo%! change in te#perature during period! of deglaciation) it apparentl" lag! behind te#perature during period! of cooling. The correlation of carbon dioxide %ith te#perature) of cour!e) doe! not e!tabli!h %hether change! in at#o!pheric co#po!ition cau!ed the %ar#ing and cooling trend! or %ere cau!ed b" their. The correlation bet%een carbon dioxide and te#perature throughout the Co!to record i! con!i!tent and predictable. The ab!olute te#perature change!) ho%ever) are fro# 3 to 1D ti#e! greater than %ould be expected on the ba!i! of

GRE

,9<

carbon dioxide$! o%n abilit" to ab!orb infrared radiation) or radiant heat. Thi! reaction !ugge!t! that) +uite a!ide fro# change! in heat-trapping ga!e!) co##onl" no%n a! greenhou!e ga!e!) certain po!itive feedbac ! are al!o a#plif"ing the te#perature change. Such feedbac ! #ight involve ice on land and !ea) cloud!) or %ater vapor) %hich al!o ab!orb radiant heat. Other data fro# the Co!to core !ho% that #ethane ga! al!o correlate! clo!el" %ith te#perature and carbon dioxide. The #ethane concentration nearl" doubled) for exa#ple) bet%een the pea of the penulti#ate glacial period and the follo%ing interglacial period. &ithin the pre!ent interglacial period it ha! #ore than doubled in 1u!t the pa!t :44 "ear! and i! ri!ing rapidl". Although the concentration of at#o!pheric #ethane i! #ore than t%o order! of #agnitude lo%er than that of carbon dioxide) it cannot be ignored< the radiative propertie! of #ethane #a e it 24 ti#e! #ore effective) #olecule for #olecule) than carbon dioxide in ab!orbing radiant heat. On the ba!i! of a !i#ulation #odel that cli#atological re!earcher! have developed) #ethane appear! to have been about 23 percent a! i#portant a! carbon dioxide in the %ar#ing that too place during the #o!t recent glacial retreat K)444 to 14)444 "ear! ago.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) inter ret data (") e% lain research methodology (#) evaluate a conclusion ($) suggest a ne( technique (!) attack a theory 1&. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements about methane is true* (A) @ethane is found in marine sediments. (") @ethane is more effective than carbon dio%ide in absorbing radiant heat. (#) The !arth's atmos here no( contains more than t(ice as much methane as it does carbon dio%ide. ($) The higher the concentration of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here8 the lo(er the concentration of methane. (!) @ost of the global (arming that has occurred during the ast 1. years has been associated (ith increased methane concentration. 1). According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements best describes the relationshi bet(een carbon dio%ide and global tem erature* (A) #arbon dio%ide levels change immediately in res onse to changes in tem erature. (") #arbon dio%ide levels correlate (ith global tem erature during cooling eriods only.

GRE

,97

(#) Bnce carbon dio%ide levels increase8 they remain high regardless of changes in global tem erature. ($) #arbon dio%ide levels increase more quickly than global tem erature does. (!) $uring cooling eriods8 carbon dio%ide levels initially remain high and then decline. ,.. The author mentions Ecertain ositive feedbacksF (lines 3;-3<) in order to indicate that (A) increased concentration of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here is res onsible for global tem erature increase (") some climate simulation models have roduced useful information (#) greenhouse gases alone do not account for global tem erature increase ($) variables that benefit life are causing global tem erature to increase (!) beneficial substances that are not heat-tra ing gases and that contribute to global tem erature increase have been found in the ?ostok ice core ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that a long-term decrease in the concentration of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here (ould (A) increase methane concentration in the !arth's atmos here (") accom any a eriod of glaciation (#) encourage the formation of more o%ygen isoto es in the !arth's atmos here ($) romote the formation of more (ater in the !arth's global environment (!) increase the amount of infrared radiation absorbed by the !arth's atmos here ,,. The assage suggests that (hen the methane concentration in the !arth's atmos here decreases8 (hich of the follo(ing also ha ens* (A) /laciers melt faster. (") The concentration of carbon dio%ide increases. (#) The mean global tem erature decreases. ($) #arbon dio%ide absorbs more radiant beat. (!) @ore clouds form in the !arth's atmos here. ,3. :n the fourth aragra h8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) restating the main idea of the assage (") using research findings to develo a simulation model (#) outlining the direction of future reserves ($) roviding an additional e%am le of a henomenon (!) introducing a conflicting hy othesis
In The Wo$en of Me+ico Cit", 3456,3784) S"lvia =arina Arro# argue! that the !tatu! of %o#en in =exico Cit" i#proved during the nineteenth centur". According to Arro#) hou!ehold! headed b" fe#ale! and in!tance! of %o#en

GRE

,9&

%or ing out!ide the ho#e %ere #uch #ore co##on than !cholar! have e!ti#ated6 effort! b" the =exican govern#ent to encourage fe#ale education re!ulted in increa!ed fe#ale literac"6 and influential #ale %riter! %rote piece! advocating education) e#plo"#ent) and increa!ed fa#il" re!pon!ibilitie! for %o#en) %hile deploring %o#en$! political and #arital ine+ualit". =ention of the fact that the civil code! of 1KN4 and 1KKD !ignificantl" advanced %o#en$! right! %ould have further !trengthened Arro#$! argu#ent. Arro# doe! not di!cu!! %hether %o#en$! i#proved !tatu! counteracted the effect! on %o#en of in!tabilit" in the =exican econo#" during the nineteenth centur". .o%ever) thi! i! not !o #uch a %ea ne!! in her %or a! it i! the inevitable re!ult of !cholar!$ neglect of thi! period. Indeed) !uch gap! in =exican hi!tor" are preci!el" %hat #a e Arro#$! pioneering !tud" an i#portant addition to Batin A#erican %o#en$! hi!tor".

,9. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith doing (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 5evie(ing a historical study of the status of (omen in @e%ico #ity during the nineteenth century (") Analyzing the effects of economic instability on the status of (omen in @e%ico during the nineteenth century (#) Advancing a thesis e% laining (hy (omen's status in @e%ico #ity im roved during the nineteenth century ($) 5e7ecting the thesis that the status of (omen in @e%ico #ity during the nineteenth century actually im roved (!) 1raising an author for a ioneering attem t to bridge significant ga s in @e%ico's economic history rior to 17). ,;. According to the author of the assage8 Arrom's study can be characterized as Ean im ortant addition to Datin American (omen's historyF (lines ,1-,,) because it (A) offers a radical thesis concerning the status of (omen's civil rights in @e%ican society during the nineteenth century (") relies on a ne( method of historical analysis that has not reviously been a lied to Datin American history (#) focuses only on the status of (omen in @e%ican society ($) addresses a eriod in @e%ican history that scholars have to some e%tent neglected (!) is the first study to recognize the role of the @e%ican government in encouraging (omen's education ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that Arrom (ould agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing assertions* (A) !fforts by the @e%ican government to encourage education for (omen during the nineteenth century (ere ham ered by the economic instability of

GRE

,9)

that eriod. (") The most significant advances in the rights of @e%ican (omen during the nineteenth century occurred rior to 1&;7. (#) :m rovements in the status of (omen in @e%ico #ity during the nineteenth century (ere accom anied by similar im rovements in the status of (omen in other large Datin American cities. ($) +cholars have in the ast accorded the most significance to nineteenthcentury @e%ican literature that su orted the status quo in (omen's olitical and marital rights. (!) +cholars have in the ast underestimated the number of households headed by females in @e%ico #ity. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the author's attitude to(ard Arrom's (ork* (A) 6ncritical a roval (") !nthusiasm tem ered by minor reservations (#) 1raise for her thesis8 des ite ske ticism regarding the sources of her evidence ($) 5eluctant acce tance8 des ite lingering doubts regarding the accuracy of her thesis (!) 5e7ection8 des ite admiration for her attem t to break ne( ground in a hitherto neglected field SECTION '
7re!ent-da" philo!opher! u!uall" envi!ion their di!cipline a! an endeavor that ha! been) !ince anti+uit") di!tinct fro# and !uperior to an" particular intellectual di!cipline) !uch a! theolog" or !cience. Such philo!ophical concern! a! the #indbod" proble# or) #ore generall") the nature of hu#an no%ledge) the" believe) are ba!ic hu#an +ue!tion! %ho!e tentative philo!ophical !olution! have !erved a! the nece!!ar" foundation! on %hich all other intellectual !peculation ha! re!ted. The ba!i! for thi! vie%) ho%ever) lie! in a !eriou! #i!interpretation of the pa!t) a pro1ection of #odern concern! onto pa!t event!. The idea of an autono#ou! di!cipline called >philo!oph")? di!tinct fro# and !itting in 1udg#ent on !uch pur!uit! a! theolog" and !cience turn! out) on clo!e exa#ination) to be of +uite recent origin. &hen) in the !eventeenth centur") /e!carte! and .obbe! re1ected #edieval philo!oph") the" did not thin of the#!elve!) a! #odern philo!opher! do) a! propo!ing a ne% and better philo!oph") but rather a! furthering >the %arfare bet%een !cience and theolog".? The" %ere fighting) albeit di!creetl") to open the intellectual %orld to the ne% !cience and to liberate intellectual life fro# eccle!ia!tical philo!oph" and envi!ioned their %or a! contributing to the gro%th) not of philo!oph") but of re!earch in #athe#atic! and ph"!ic!. Thi! lin bet%een philo!ophical intere!t! and !cientific practice per!i!ted until the nineteenth centur") %hen decline in eccle!ia!tical po%er over !cholar!hip and change! in the nature of !cience provo ed the final !eparation of philo!oph"

GRE
fro# both.

,;.

The de#arcation of philo!oph" fro# !cience %a! facilitated b" the develop#ent in the earl" nineteenth centur" of a ne% notion) that philo!oph"$! core intere!t !hould be epi!te#olog") the general explanation of %hat it #ean! to no% !o#ething. =odern philo!opher! no% trace that notion bac at lea!t to /e!carte! and Spino*a) but it %a! not explicitl" articulated until the late eighteenth centur") b" Gant) and did not beco#e built into the !tructure of acade#ic in!titution! and the !tandard !elf-de!cription! of philo!oph" profe!!or! until the late nineteenth centur". &ithout the idea of epi!te#olog") the !urvival of philo!oph" in an age of #odern !cience i! hard to i#agine. =etaph"!ic!) philo!oph"$! traditional core2con!idered a! the #o!t general de!cription of ho% the heaven! and the earth are put together2had been rendered al#o!t co#pletel" #eaningle!! b" the !pectacular progre!! of ph"!ic!. Gant) ho%ever) b" focu!ing philo!oph" on the proble# of no%ledge) #anaged to replace #etaph"!ic! %ith epi!te#olog") and thu! to tran!for# the notion of philo!oph" a! >+ueen of !cience!? into the ne% notion of philo!oph" a! a !eparate) foundational di!cipline. 7hilo!oph" beca#e >pri#ar"? no longer in the !en!e of >highe!t? but in the !en!e of >underl"ing?. After Gant) philo!opher! %ere able to reinterpret !eventeenth-and eighteenth-centur" thin er! a! atte#pting to di!cover >.o% i! our no%ledge po!!ibleM? and to pro1ect thi! +ue!tion bac even on the ancient!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the author's main oint* (A) 1hiloso hy's overriding interest in basic human questions is a legacy rimarily of the (ork of Jant. (") 1hiloso hy (as dee ly involved in the seventeenth-century (arfare bet(een science and religion. (#) The set of roblems of rimary im ortance to hiloso hers has remained relatively constant since antiquity. ($) The status of hiloso hy as an inde endent intellectual ursuit is a relatively recent develo ment. (!) The role of hiloso hy in guiding intellectual s eculation has gradually been usur ed by science. 1&. According to the assage8 resent-day hiloso hers believe that the mind-body roblem is an issue that (A) has im lications rimarily for hiloso hers (") may be affected by recent advances in science (#) has sha ed recent (ork in e istemology ($) has little relevance to resent-day hiloso hy (!) has served as a basis for intellectual s eculation since antiquity 1). According to the author8 hiloso hy became distinct from science and theology during the

GRE

,;1

(A) ancient eriod (") medieval eriod (#) seventeenth century ($) nineteenth century (!) t(entieth century ,.. The author suggests that $escartes' su ort for the ne( science of the seventeenth century can be characterized as (A) ragmatic and hy ocritical (") cautious and inconsistent (#) daring and o ortunistic ($) intense but fleeting (!) strong but rudent ,1. The author of the assage im lies (hich of the follo(ing in discussing the develo ment of hiloso hy during the nineteenth century* (A) Aineteenth-century hiloso hy took science as its model for understanding the bases of kno(ledge. (") The role of academic institutions in sha ing meta hysical hiloso hy gre( enormously during the nineteenth century. (#) Aineteenth-century hiloso hers carried out a rogram of investigation e% licitly laid out by $escartes and + inoza. ($) Jant had an over(helming im act on the direction of nineteenth-century hiloso hy. (!) Aineteenth-century hiloso hy made ma7or advances in understanding the nature of kno(ledge. ,,. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements concerning the (riting of history (ould the author of the assage be most likely to agree* (A) 4istory should not em hasize the role layed by ideas over the role layed by individuals. (") 4istory should not be distorted by attributing resent-day consciousness to historical figures. (#) 4istory should not be focused rimarily on those ast events most relevant to the resent. ($) 4istory should be concerned (ith describing those as ects of the ast that differ most from those of the resent. (!) 4istory should be e%amined for the lessons it can rovide in understanding current roblems. ,3. The rimary function of the assage as a (hole is to (A) com are t(o com eting models

GRE

,;,

(") analyze a difficult theory (#) resent ne( evidence for a theory ($) correct an erroneous belief by describing its origins (!) resolve a long-standing theoretical controversy
'iologi!t! have long #aintained that t%o group! of pinniped!) !ea lion! and %alru!e!) are de!cended fro# a terre!trial bearli e ani#al) %herea! the re#aining group) !eal!) !hare! an ance!tor %ith %ea!el!. 'ut the recent di!cover" of detailed !i#ilaritie! in the ! eletal !tructure of the flipper! in all three group! under#ine! the atte#pt to explain a%a" !uperficial re!e#blance a! due to convergent evolution2the independent develop#ent of !i#ilaritie! bet%een unrelated group! in re!pon!e to !i#ilar environ#ental pre!!ure!. ;lipper! #a" indeed be a nece!!ar" re!pon!e to a+uatic life6 turtle!) %hale!) and dugong! al!o have the#. 'ut the co##on detailed de!ign found a#ong the pinniped! probabl" indicate! a co##on ance!tor. =oreover) %alru!e! and !eal! drive the#!elve! through the %ater %ith thru!t! of their hind flipper!) but !ea lion! u!e their front flipper!. If anato#ical !i#ilarit" in the flipper! re!ulted fro# !i#ilar environ#ental pre!!ure!) a! po!ited b" the convergent evolution theor") one %ould expect %alru!e! and !eal!) but not !eal! and !ea lion!) to have !i#ilar flipper!.

,9. According to the assage8 it has been recently discovered that (A) there are detailed skeletal similarities in the fli ers of inni eds (") sea lions8 seals8 and (alruses are all inni eds (#) inni eds are descended from animals that once lived on land ($) animals (ithout common ancestors sometimes evolve in similar (ays (!) animals that have fli ers do not all use them in the same (ay ,;. The author im lies that (hich of the follo(ing (as art of the long-standing vie( concerning inni eds* (A) 1inni eds are all descended from a terrestrial bearlike animal. (") 1inni eds share a common ancestor (ith turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs. (#) +imilarities among inni eds are due to their all having had to ada t to aquatic life. ($) There are detailed similarities in the skeletal structure of the fli inni eds. ers in all

(!) #onvergent evolution cannot account for the similarities among inni eds. ,<. The author im lies (hich of the follo(ing about the fact that turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs all have fli ers* (A) :t can be e% lained by the hy othesis that turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs are very closely related. (") :t can be e% lained by the idea of convergent evolution. (#) :t suggests that turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs evolved in se arate arts of the

GRE

,;3

(orld. ($) :t undermines the vie( that turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs are all descended from terrestrial ancestors. (!) :t is the rimary difference bet(een turtles8 (hales8 and dugongs8 on the one hand8 and inni eds8 on the other. ,7. :n resenting the argument in the assage8 the author does (hich of the follo(ing* (A) #ontends that key terms in an o (") #ontends that o osing vie( have been im ro erly used. onents have ur osely obscured im ortant evidence.

(#) +ho(s that t(o theories thought to be in conflict are actually com lementary. ($) +ho(s that advocates of a theory have not al(ays stated their vie( in the same manner. (!) +ho(s that an im lication of a theory is contradicted by the facts. 1FF2 42 SECTION A
The #ore that i! di!covered about the intricate organi*ation of the nervou! !"!te#) the #ore it !ee#! re#ar able that gene! can !ucce!!full" !pecif" the develop#ent of that !"!te#. .u#an gene! contain too little infor#ation even to !pecif" %hich he#i!phere of the brain each of a hu#an$! 1411 neuron! !hould occup") let alone the hundred! of connection! that each neuron #a e!. ;or !uch rea!on!) %e can a!!u#e that there #u!t be an i#portant rando# factor in neural develop#ent) and in particular) that error! #u!t and do occur in the develop#ent of all nor#al brain!. The #o!t vivid expre!!ion of !uch error! occur! in geneticall" identical -i!ogenic0 organi!#!. Even %hen reared under the !a#e condition!) i!ogenic organi!#! are rarel" exact copie! of one another) and their difference! have revealed #uch about the rando# variation! that re!ult fro# an organi!#$! li#ited !uppl" of genetic infor#ation. In i!ogenic /aphniae) for exa#ple) even though the po!ition) !i*e) and branching pattern of each optic neuron are re#ar abl" con!tant) there i! !o#e variabilit" in connectivit") and the nu#ber of !"nap!e! varie! greatl". Thi! variabilit" i! probabl" the re!ult of rando# !catter be"ond the re!olution of genetic control and i! be!t ter#ed >i#preci!ion)? !ince it! conver!e) the degree of clu!tering about a #ean) i! conventionall") called >preci!ion.? I#preci!ion !hould be di!tingui!hed fro# develop#ental #i!ta e!< %rongl" #igrated neuron!) incorrect connection!) and the li e. To u!e a co#puter analog") #inor rounding-off error! occur univer!all" and are analogou! to i#preci!ion) but occa!ionall" a binar" digit i! incorrectl" tran!#itted) perhap! ruining a calculation) and thi! incorrect tran!#i!!ion i! analogou! to a develop#ental #i!ta e. Thu!) i#preci!ion i! a for# of inaccurac" inherent %ithin the li#it! of de!ign) but #i!ta e! are for#! of gro!! fallibilit".

GRE

,;9

'oth i#preci!ion and gro!! fallibilit" can plau!ibl" be bla#ed on the in!ufficienc" of genetic infor#ation) !ince either could be reduced b" adding #ore infor#ation. It i! univer!all" accepted a#ong infor#ation theori!t! that code! and language! can be #ade #i!ta e-re!i!tant b" incorporating redundanc". .o%ever) !ince the a#ount of !pace available in an" infor#ation !"!te# i! li#ited) increa!ed redundanc" re!ult! in decrea!ed preci!ion. ;or exa#ple) T %hen %ritten incorrectl" in Engli!h) >three point oen four t%o) >can be under!tood correctl" even though a t"pographical error ha! occurred. =ore preci!ion could be gained) ho%ever) if tho!e 2D !pace! %ere filled %ith Arabic nu#eral!6 then T could be expre!!ed to 2: !ignificant digit!) although an" error %ould !ignificantl" change the #eaning. There exi!t! a trade-off) the #ore preci!el" a !"!te# i! !pecified) u!ing a given li#ited a#ount of infor#ation) the greater the danger of gro!! #i!ta e!. The overall !che#e b" %hich genetic infor#ation i! rationed out in organi!#!) therefore) #u!t involve a co#pro#i!e bet%een t%o conflicting prioritie!< preci!ion and the avoidance of gro!! #i!ta e!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the main idea of the assage* (A) Although studies of isogenic organisms have sho(n that all organisms are sub7ect to develo mental variations8 there is still scientific debate over the e%act causes of these variations. (") "ecause of limitations on the amount of information contained in the genes of organisms8 develo ing nervous systems are sub7ect to t(o basic kinds of error8 the likelihood of one of (hich is reduced only (hen the likelihood of the other is increased. (#) The com le%ity of an organism's genetic information means that much of the unusual variation that occurs among organisms can best be e% lained as the result of develo mental mistakes. ($) Ae( findings about the nature of the genetic control of neural develo ment su ort the (ork of some scientists (ho argue that the com uter is an e%tremely useful model for understanding the nervous system. (!) The ma7or discovery made by scientists studying the genetic control of neural develo ment is that both im recision and gross develo mental error can be traced to s ecific ty es of mutations in s ecific genes. 1&. According to the assage8 one of the reasons it has been assumed that there is an im ortant random element in human neural develo ment is that (A) genes cannot s ecify certain ty es of develo mental rocesses as (ell as they can others (") the intricacy of the nervous system allo(s small develo mental errors to occur (ithout harmful effects (#) the amount of information contained in the genes is less than the amount necessary to s ecify the location of the neurons ($) the number of neurons in the human brain varies greatly from individual to

GRE

,;;

individual (!) it is theoretically im ossible for an organism to rotect itself com letely from gross develo mental mistakes 1). The author suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the findings of information theorists* (A) Their findings rovocatively challenge the standard e% lanation of redundancy in genes. (") Their findings rovide useful insights into understanding the rationing of genetic information. (#) Their findings hel to e% lain (hy im recision can occur in neural develo ment but not (hy gross mistakes can occur. ($) Their findings suggest that genes may be able to s ecify neural develo ment more accurately than had reviously been thought. (!) Their findings su ort the (ork of those (ho use com uter o erations as models for understanding genetic control. ,.. According to the assage8 of the follo(ing as ects of the o tic neurons of isogenic $a hniae8 (hich varies the most* (A) +ize (") #onnectivity (#) 1osition ($) "ranching attern (!) Aumber of syna ses ,1. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the first aragra h* (A) A s ecific case is resented8 its details are analyzed8 and a conclusion is dra(n from it. (") A discovery is announced8 its most significant a lication is discussed8 and ossibilities for the future are suggested. (#) A generalization is made8 s ecific situations in (hich it is a licable are noted8 and roblems (ith it are suggested. ($) An observation is made8 s ecifics are rovided to su generalization is derived. ort it8 and a

(!) A hy othesis is resented8 its im lications are clarified8 and a lications of it are discussed. ,,. The author uses all of the follo(ing to clarify the distinction bet(een im recision and gross mistake in neural develo ment !C#!1T (A) classification of borderline henomena (") a descri tion of the relationshi bet(een the henomena denoted by each term

GRE

,;<

(#) s ecific e%am les of the henomena denoted by each term ($) an e% lanation of at least one of the key terms involved (!) analogies to other ty es of henomena ,3. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the genetic information of $a hniae* :. ::. There is robably some degree of redundancy in the information controlling neural develo ment. @ost of the information for neural develo ment stored in the genes is used to s ecify the ositions of the o tic neurons.

:::. There is sufficient information to reclude the occurrence of gross mistakes during neural develo ment. (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and :: only (!) :: and ::: only
In a recent !tud") /avid Cre!!" exa#ine! t%o central +ue!tion! concerning Engli!h i##igration to Ne% England in the 1L:4$!< %hat ind! of people i##igrated and %h"M 9!ing conte#porar" literar" evidence) !hipping li!t!) and cu!to#! record!) Cre!!" find! that #o!t adult i##igrant! %ere ! illed in far#ing or craft!) %ere literate) and %ere organi*ed in fa#ilie!. Each of the!e characteri!tic! !harpl" di!tingui!he! the 21)444 people %ho left for Ne% England in the 1L:4$! fro# #o!t of the approxi#atel" :NN)444 Engli!h people %ho had i##igrating to A#erica b" 1N44. &ith re!pect to their rea!on! for i##igrating) Cre!!" doe! not den" the fre+uentl" noted fact that !o#e of the i##igrant! of the 1L:4$!) #o!t notabl" the organi*er! and clerg") advanced religiou! explanation! for departure) but he find! that !uch explanation! u!uall" a!!u#ed pri#ac" onl" in retro!pect. &hen he #ove! be"ond the principal actor!) he find! that religiou! explanation! %ere le!! fre+uentl" offered and he conclude! that #o!t people i##igrated becau!e the" %ere recruited b" pro#i!e! of #aterial i#prove#ent.

,9. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) summarizing the findings of an investigation (") analyzing a method of argument (#) evaluating a oint of vie( ($) hy othesizing about a set of circumstances (!) establishing categories ,;. According to the assage8 #ressy (ould agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about the organizers among the !nglish immigrants to Ae( !ngland

GRE

,;7

in the 1<3.'s* :. ::. @ost of them (ere clergy. +ome of them offered a religious e% lanation for their immigration.

:::. They did not offer any reasons for their immigration until some time after they had immigrated. :?. They (ere more likely than the average immigrant to be motivated by material considerations. (A) : only (") :: only (#) :: and ::: only ($) :8 :::8 and :? only (!) ::8 :::8 and :? only ,<. According to the assage8 #ressy has made (hich of the follo(ing claims about (hat motivated !nglish immigrants to go to Ae( !ngland in the 1<3.'s* (A) They (ere motivated by religious considerations alone. (") They (ere motivated by economic considerations alone. (#) They (ere motivated by religious and economic considerations equally. ($) They (ere motivated more often by economic than by religious considerations. (!) They (ere motivated more often by religious than by economic considerations. ,7. The assage suggests that the ma7ority of those !nglish eo le (ho had immigrated to America by the late seventeenth century (ere (A) clergy (") young children (#) organized in families ($) skilled in crafts (!) illiterate SECTION '
I! the literar" critic li e the poet) re!ponding creativel") intuitivel") !ub1ectivel" to the %ritten %ord a! the poet re!pond! to hu#an experienceM Or i! the critic #ore li e a !cienti!t) follo%ing a !erie! of de#on!trable) verifiable !tep!) u!ing an ob1ective #ethod of anal"!i!M ;or the %o#an %ho i! a practitioner of fe#ini!t literar" critici!#) the !ub1ectivit" ver!u! ob1ectivit") or critic-a!-arti!t-or-!cienti!t) debate ha! !pecial !ignificance6 for her) the +ue!tion i! not onl" acade#ic) but political a! %ell) and her definition %ill court !pecial ri! ! %hichever !ide of the i!!ue it favor!. If !he define! fe#ini!t critici!# a! ob1ective and !cientific2a valid) verifiable)

GRE

,;&

intellectual #ethod that an"one) %hether #an or %o#an) can perfor#2the definition not onl" preclude! the critic-a!-arti!t approach) but #a" al!o i#pede acco#pli!h#ent of the utilitarian political ob1ective! of tho!e %ho !ee to change the acade#ic e!tabli!h#ent and it! thin ing) e!peciall" about !ex role!. If !he define! fe#ini!t critici!# a! creative and intuitive) privileged a! art) then her %or beco#e! vulnerable to the pre1udice! of !tereot"pic idea! about the %a"! in %hich %o#en thin ) and %ill be di!#i!!ed b" #uch of the acade#ic e!tabli!h#ent. 'ecau!e of the!e pre1udice!) %o#en %ho u!e an intuitive approach in their critici!# #a" find the#!elve! charged %ith inabilit" to be anal"tical) to be ob1ective) or to thin criticall". &herea! #en #a" be free to clai# the role of critic-a!-arti!t) %o#en run different profe!!ional ri! ! %hen the" choo!e intuition and private experience a! critical #ethod and defen!e. The!e +ue!tion! are political in the !en!e that the debate over the# %ill inevitabl" be le!! an exploration of ab!tract #atter! in a !pirit of di!intere!ted in+uir" than an acade#ic po%er !truggle in %hich the career! and profe!!ional fortune! of #an" %o#en !cholar!2onl" no% entering the acade#ic profe!!ion in !ub!tantial nu#ber!2%ill be at !ta e) and %ith the# the chance! for a di!tinctive contribution to hu#ani!tic under!tanding) a contribution that #ight be an i#portant influence again!t !exi!# in our !ociet". A! long a! the acade#ic e!tabli!h#ent continue! to regard ob1ective anal"!i! a! >#a!culine? and an intuitive approach a! >fe#inine)? the theoretician #u!t !teer a delicate philo!ophical cour!e bet%een the t%o. If !he %i!he! to con!truct a theor" of fe#ini!t critici!#) !he %ould be %ell advi!ed to place it %ithin the fra#e%or of a general theor" of the critical proce!! that i! neither purel" ob1ective nor purel" intuitive. .er theor" i! then #ore li el" to be co#pared and contra!ted %ith other theorie! of critici!# %ith !o#e degree of di!pa!!ionate di!tance.

17. -hich of the follo(ing titles best summarizes the content of the assage* (A) 4o( Theories of Diterary #riticism #an "est "e 6sed (") 1roblems #onfronting -omen -ho Are >eminist Diterary #ritics (#) A 4istorical overvie( of >eminist literary #riticism ($) A Ae( Theory of Diterary #riticism (!) Diterary #riticism= Art or +cience* 1&. :t can be inferred that the author believes (hich of the follo(ing about (omen (ho are literary critics* :. ::. They can make a unique contribution to society. They must develo a ne( theory of the critical rocess.

:::. Their criticisms of literature should be entirely ob7ective. (A) : only (") :: only

GRE

,;)

(#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: 1). The author s ecifically mentions all of the follo(ing as difficulties that articularly affect (omen (ho are theoreticians of feminist literary criticism !C#!1T the (A) tendency of a redominantly male academic establishment to form reconce tions about (omen (") limitations that are im osed (hen criticism is defined as ob7ective and scientific (#) likelihood that the (ork of a (oman theoretician (ho claims the rivilege of art (ill be vie(ed (ith re7udice by some academics ($) inesca ability of o(er struggles bet(een (omen in the academic rofession and the academic establishment (!) tendency of members of the academic establishment to treat all forms of feminist literary theory (ith hostility ,.. According to the author8 the debate mentioned in the assage has s ecial significance for the (oman (ho is a theoretician of feminist literary criticism for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) There are large numbers of ca able (omen (orking (ithin the academic establishment. (") There are a fe( o(erful feminist critics (ho have been recognized by the academic establishment. (#) Dike other critics8 most (omen (ho are literary critics define criticism as either scientific or artistic. ($) -omen (ho are literary critics face rofessional risks different from those faced by men (ho are literary critics. (!) -omen (ho are literary critics are more likely to artici ate in the debate than are men (ho are literary critics. ,1. -hich of the follo(ing is resented by the author in su ort of the suggestion that there is stereoty ic thinking among members of the academic establishment* (A) A distinctively feminist contribution to humanistic understanding could (ork against the influence of se%ism among members of the academic establishment. (") -omen (ho define criticism as artistic may be seen by the academic establishment as being inca able of critical thinking. (#) The debate over the role of the literary critic is often seen as a olitical one. ($) -omen scholars are only no( entering academia in substantial numbers. (!) The (oman (ho is a critic is forced to construct a theory of literary criticism.

GRE

,<.

,,. -hich of the follo(ing is most likely to be one of the Eutilitarian olitical ob7ectivesF mentioned by the author in line 1<* (A) To forge a ne( theory of literary criticism (") To ursue truth in a disinterested manner (#) To demonstrate that (omen are interested in literary criticism that can be vie(ed either sub7ectively or ob7ectively ($) To convince the academic establishment to revise the (ays in (hich it assesses (omen scholars' rofessional qualities (!) To dissuade (omen (ho are literary critics from taking a sub7ective a roach to literary criticism ,3. :t can be inferred that the author (ould define as E oliticalF (line 3.) questions that (A) are contested largely through contentions over o(er (") are rimarily academic in nature and o en to abstract analysis (#) are not in themselves im ortant ($) cannot be resolved (ithout e%tensive debate (!) (ill be debated by both men and (omen
HThi! pa!!age %a! excerpted fro# an article publi!hed in 1FNF.I Ouantu# #echanic! i! a highl" !ucce!!ful theor"< it !upplie! #ethod! for accuratel" calculating the re!ult! of diver!e experi#ent!) e!peciall" %ith #inute particle!. The prediction! of +uantu# #echanic!) ho%ever) give onl" the probabilit" of an event) not a deter#ini!tic !tate#ent of %hether or not the event %ill occur. 'ecau!e of thi! probabili!#) Ein!tein re#ained !trongl" di!!ati!fied %ith the theor" throughout hi! life) though he did not #aintain that +uantu# #echanic! i! %rong. (ather) he held that it i! inco#plete< in +uantu# #echanic! the #otion of a particle #u!t be de!cribed in ter#! of probabilitie!) he argued) onl" becau!e !o#e para#eter! that deter#ine the #otion have not been !pecified. If the!e h"pothetical >hidden para#eter!? %ere no%n) a full" deter#ini!tic tra1ector" could be defined. Significantl") thi! hidden-para#eter +uantu# theor" lead! to experi#ental prediction! different fro# tho!e of traditional +uantu# #echanic!. Ein!tein$! idea! have been te!ted b" experi#ent! perfor#ed !ince hi! death) and a! #o!t of the!e experi#ent! !upport traditional +uantu# #echanic!) Ein!tein$! approach i! al#o!t certainl" erroneou!.

,9. The author regards the idea that traditional quantum mechanics is incom lete (ith (A) a roval (") sur rise (#) indifference ($) a rehension

GRE

,<1

(!) ske ticism ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author's conclusion that !instein's a roach is EerroneousF (line ,,) might have to be modified because (A) it is theoretically ossible to generate lausible theories (ith hidden arameters (ithin them (") some e% erimental tests of !instein's theory do not disconfirm the hiddenarameter theory of quantum mechanics (#) it is ossible for a theory to have hidden arameters and yet be robabilistic ($) traditional quantum mechanics has not yet been used to analyze all of the henomena to (hich it could be a lied (!) there are too many ossible hidden arameters to develo meaningful tests of hidden- arameter theories ,<. According to the assage8 !instein osed ob7ections to the (A) e%istence of hidden arameters in quantum theory (") robabilistic nature of quantum mechanics (#) idea that quantum mechanics is incom lete ($) results of e% eriments testing quantum theory (!) im ortance accorded quantum mechanics in hysics ,7. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould have resulted if the e% eriments mentioned in lines 1&-,. had not su orted the redictions of traditional quantum mechanics* (A) !instein8 had he been alive8 (ould have revised his a roach to quantum mechanics. (") 4idden- arameter theories (ould have been considered inaccurate descri tions of real-(orld henomena. (#) A deterministic descri tion of the motion of a article might still be considered ossible. ($) Kuantum mechanics (ould have ceased to attract the attention of hysicists. (!) !instein8 had he been alive8 (ould have abandoned attem ts to s ecify the hidden arameters that describe motion. 1FF2 4D SECTION A
The 1FL4$! %itne!!ed t%o profound !ocial #ove#ent!< the civil right! #ove#ent and the #ove#ent prote!ting the %ar in Cietna#. Although the" overlapped in ti#e) the" %ere largel" di!tinct. ;or a brief #o#ent in 1FLN) ho%ever) it appeared that the t%o #ove#ent! #ight unite under the leader!hip of =artin Buther Ging) @r. Ging$! role in the anti%ar #ove#ent appear! to re+uire little explanation)

GRE

,<,

!ince he %a! the fore#o!t advocate of nonviolence of hi! ti#e. 'ut Ging$! !tance on the Cietna# &ar cannot be explained in ter#! of pacifi!# alone. After all) he %a! !o#ething of a lateco#er to the anti%ar #ove#ent) even though b" 1FL3 he %a! convinced that the role of the 9nited State! in the %ar %a! indefen!ible. &h" then the t%o "ear! that pa!!ed before he tran!lated hi! private #i!giving! into public di!!entM 7erhap! he believed that he could not critici*e A#erican foreign polic" %ithout endangering the !upport for civil right! that he had %on fro# the federal govern#ent.

17. According to the assage8 the delay referred to in lines 1,-1; is erha s attributable to (hich of the follo(ing* (A) Jing's ambivalence concerning the role of the 6nited +tates in the (ar in ?ietnam (") Jing's attem ts to consolidate su rights movement ort for his leadershi (ithin the civil

(#) Jing's desire to kee the leadershi of the civil rights movement distinct from that of the anti(ar movement ($) Jing's desire to dra( su ort for the civil rights movement from the leadershi of the anti(ar movement (!) Jing's reluctance to 7eo ardize federal su ort for the civil rights movement 1&. The author su orts the claim that EJing's stance on the ?ietnam -ar cannot be e% lained in terms of acifism aloneF (lines 1.-1,) by im lying (hich of the follo(ing* (A) There is little evidence that Jing (as ever a student of acifist doctrine. (") Jing8 des ite acifist sym athies8 (as not convinced that the olicy of the federal government in ?ietnam (as (rong. (#) Jing's belief in nonviolence (as formulated in terms of domestic olicy rather than in terms of international issues. ($) 4ad Jing's actions been based on acifism alone8 he (ould have 7oined the anti(ar movement earlier than he actually did. (!) B onents of 6nited +tates foreign olicy (ithin the federal government convinced Jing of their need for su ort. 1). -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the movement o osing the (ar in ?ietnam* (A) :t receded the civil rights movement. (") :t began in 1)<;. (#) :t (as su ($) :t dre( su orted by many (ho other(ise o osed ublic dissent. ort from most civil rights leaders.

(!) :t (as (ell under(ay by 1)<7. ,.. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the assage*

GRE

,<3

(A) :t discusses an a arent inconsistency and suggests a reason for it. (") :t outlines a sequence of historical events. (#) :t sho(s (hy a commonly held vie( is inaccurate. ($) :t evaluates an e% lanation and finally acce ts that e% lanation. (!) :t contrasts t(o vie(s of an issue.
&hat cau!e! a helix in nature to appear %ith either a dextral ->right-handed)? or cloc %i!e0 t%i!t or a !ini!tral ->left-handed)? or countercloc %i!e0 t%i!t i! one of the #o!t intriguing pu**le! in the !cience of for#. =o!t !piral-!haped !nail !pecie! are predo#inantl" dextral. 'ut at one ti#e) handedne!! -t%i!t direction of the !hell0 %a! e+uall" di!tributed %ithin !o#e !nail !pecie! that have beco#e predo#inantl" dextral or) in a fe% !pecie!) predo#inantl" !ini!tral. &hat #echani!#!) control handedne!! and eep left-handedne!! rareM It %ould !ee# unli el" that evolution !hould di!cri#inate again!t !ini!tral !nail! if !ini!tral and dextral !nail! are exact #irror i#age!) for an" di!advantage that a !ini!tral t%i!t in it!elf could confer on it! po!!e!!or i! al#o!t inconceivable. 'ut left- and right-handed !nail! are not actuall" true #irror i#age! of one another. Their !hape! are noticeabl" different. Sini!tral rarit" #ight) then) be a con!e+uence of po!!ible di!advantage! conferred b" the!e other conco#itant !tructural feature!. In addition) perhap! left- and right-handed !nail! cannot #ate %ith each other) having inco#patible t%i!t direction!. 7re!u#abl" an individual of the rarer for# %ould have relative difficult" in finding a #ate of the !a#e hand) thu! eeping the rare for# rare or creating geographicall" !eparated right-and left-handed population!. 'ut thi! evolutionar" #echani!# co#bining di!!"##etr") anato#") and chance doe! not provide an ade+uate explanation of %h" right-handedne!! !hould have beco#e predo#inant. It doe! not explain) for exa#ple) %h" the infre+uent union! bet%een !nail! of oppo!ing hand! produce fe%er off!pring of the rarer than the co##oner for# in !pecie! %here each parent contribute! e+uall" to handedne!!. Nor doe! it explain %h") in a !pecie! %here one parent deter#ine! handedne!!) a brood i! not exclu!ivel" right- or left-handed %hen the off!pring %ould have the !a#e genetic predi!po!ition. In the European pond !nail 9"$naea )eregra) a predo#inantl" dextral !pecie! %ho!e handedne!! i! #aternall" deter#ined) a brood #ight be expected to be exclu!ivel" right or left-handed2 and thi! often occur!. .o%ever) !o#e brood! po!!e!! a fe% !nail! of the oppo!ing hand) and in predo#inantl" !ini!tral brood!) the incidence of dextralit" i! !urpri!ingl" high. .ere) the evolutionar" theor" #u!t defer to a theor" ba!ed on an explicit develop#ental #echani!# that can favor either right or left-handedne!!. In the ca!e of 9"$naea )eregra) !tudie! indicate that a dextral gene i! expre!!ed during egg for#ation6 i.e.) before egg fertili*ation) the gene produce! a protein) found in the c"topla!# of the egg) that control! the pattern of cell divi!ion and thu! handedne!!. In experi#ent!) an in1ection of c"topla!# fro# dextral egg! change!

GRE

,<9

the pattern of !ini!tral egg!) but an in1ection fro# !ini!tral egg! doe! not influence dextral egg!. One explanation for the differing effect! i! that all 9"$naea )eregra egg! begin left-handed but #o!t !%itch to being right-handed. Thu!) the path to a !olution to the pu**le of handedne!! in all !nail! appear! to be a! t%i!ted a! the helix it!elf.

,1. -hich of the follo(ing (ould serve as an e%am le of Econcomitant structural featuresF (line 1)) that might disadvantage a snail of the rarer form* (A) A shell and body that are an e%act mirror image of a snail of the commoner form (") A smaller o ulation of the snails of the rarer form (#) A chi or fracture in the shell caused by an ob7ect falling on it ($) A attern on the shell that better camouflages it (!) A smaller shell o ening that restricts mobility and ingestion relative to that of a snail of the commoner form ,,. The second aragra h of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith offering ossible reasons (hy (A) it is unlikely that evolutionary mechanisms could discriminate against sinistral snails (") sinistrality is relatively uncommon among snail s ecies (#) de%tral and sinistral o ulations of a snail s ecies tend to intermingle ($) a theory based on a develo mental mechanism inadequately accounts for the redominance of de%trality across snail s ecies (!) de%tral snails breed more readily than sinistral snails8 even (ithin redominantly sinistral o ulations ,3. :n describing the Eevolutionary mechanismF (line ,7)8 the author mentions (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The favorable conditions for nurturing ne( offs ring (") The variable environmental conditions that affect survival of adult snails (#) The availability of otential mates for breeding ($) The structural identity of offs ring to arents of the same hand (!) The frequency of unions bet(een snails of different s ecies ,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of 2 %naea peregra* (A) 4andedness (ithin the s ecies (as at one time equally distributed bet(een left and right. (") 6nder laboratory conditions8 de%tral eggs from 2 %naea peregra can be artificially induced to develo into sinistral snails. (#) "roods of 2 %naea peregra are8 (ithout variation8 e%clusively sinistral or de%tral.

GRE

,<;

($) 4andedness in 2 %naea peregra offs ring is determined by only one of the arents. (!) /eogra hic factors have layed a larger role than has genetics in the evolution of the s ecies. ,;. The assage im lies that in 2 %naea peregra8 there (ill generally be (A) more offs ring of the nondominant hand in broods (here handedness is determined after8 rather than before8 fertilization (") a sinistral gene that roduces a rotein in the cyto lasm of the egg cell (#) fe(er sinistral offs ring in de%tral broods than de%tral offs ring in sinistral broods ($) equal numbers of e%clusively left-and right-handed broods (!) an increasing occurrence of left-handedness in successive broods ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that a redominantly sinistral snail s ecies might stay redominantly sinistral for each of the follo(ing reasons !C#!1T for (A) a develo mental mechanism that affects the cell-division attern of snails (") structural features that advantage de%tral snails of the s ecies (#) a relatively small number of snails of the same hand for de%tral snails of the s ecies to mate (ith ($) anatomical incom atibility that revents mating bet(een snails of o hands (ithin the s ecies (!) geogra hic se aration of sinistral and de%tral o ulations ,7. -hich of the follo(ing accurately describes the relationshi bet(een the evolutionary and develo mental theories discussed in the assage* (A) Although the t(o theories reach the same conclusion8 each is based on different assum tions. (") They resent contradictory e% lanations of the same henomenon. (#) The second theory accounts for certain henomena that the first cannot e% lain. ($) The second theory demonstrates (hy the first is valid only for very unusual8 s ecial cases. (!) They are identical and interchangeable in that the second theory merely restates the first in less technical terms. SECTION '
(ecentl" !o#e !cienti!t! have concluded that #eteorite! found on Earth and long believed to have a =artian origin #ight actuall" have been bla!ted free of =ar!$! gravit" b" the i#pact on =ar! of other #eteorite!. Thi! conclu!ion ha! led to another +ue!tion< %hether #eteorite i#pact! on Earth have !i#ilarl" driven roc ! fro# thi! planet to =ar!.

osing

GRE

,<<

According to a!trono#er S. A. 7hinne") ic ing a roc hard enough to free it fro# Earth$! gravit" %ould re+uire a #eteorite capable of #a ing a crater #ore than L4 #ile! acro!!. =oreover) even if Earth roc ! %ere freed b" #eteorite i#pact) =ar!$! orbit i! #uch larger than Earth$!) !o 7hinne" e!ti#ate! that the probabilit" of the!e roc ! hitting =ar! i! about one-tenth a! great a! that of =ar!$! roc ! hitting Earth. To de#on!trate thi! e!ti#ate) 7hinne" u!ed a co#puter to calculate %here 1)444 h"pothetical particle! %ould go if e1ected fro# Earth in rando# direction!. .e found that 1N of the 1)444 particle! %ould hit =ar!.

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) resenting an argument to su ort a articular hy othesis (") suggesting an ans(er to a theoretical question (#) questioning the assum tions of a research ro7ect ($) criticizing e% erimental results (!) e% laining the origin of certain scientific data 1&. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing events may have initiated the rocess that led to the resence on !arth of meteorites from @ars* (A) A meteorite struck the !arth (ith tremendous velocity. (") A meteorite collided (ith @ars. (#) A ro%imately 18... rocks (ere e7ected from @ars. ($) The orbits of !arth and @ars brought the lanets to their closest oints. (!) 5ocks from a meteorite im act broke free of !arth's gravity. 1). The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is true concerning the robability that a rock8 if e7ected from @ars8 (ill hit the !arth* (A) The robability is increased (hen articles are e7ected from @ars in random directions. (") The robability is increased by the resence of large craters on the surface of @ars. (#) The robability is decreased (hen @ars's orbit brings the lanet close to !arth. ($) The robability is greater than the robability that a rock from !arth (ill hit @ars. (!) The robability is less than the robability that a rock from !arth (ill esca e !arth's gravity. ,.. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould cast most doubt on 1hinney's estimate of the robability of !arth rocks hitting @ars* (A) 5ather than going in random directions8 about ,; ercent of all articles e7ected from !arth go in the same direction into s ace. (") A ro%imately 1.. meteorites large enough to make a noticeable crater hit

GRE

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the !arth each year. (#) Ao rocks of !arth origin have been detected on @ars. ($) The velocity of rocks esca ing from !arth's gravity is lo(er than the velocity of meteorites hitting the !arth. (!) Ao craters more than <. miles across have been found on @ars.
A >!cienti!tic? vie% of language %a! do#inant a#ong philo!opher! and lingui!t! %ho affected to develop a !cientific anal"!i! of hu#an thought and behavior in the earl" part of thi! centur". 9nder the force of thi! vie%) it %a! perhap! inevitable that the art of rhetoric !hould pa!! fro# the !tatu! of being regarded a! of +ue!tionable %orth -becau!e although it #ight be both a !ource of plea!ure and a #ean! to urge people to right action) it #ight al!o be a #ean! to di!tort truth and a !ource of #i!guided action0 to the !tatu! of being %holl" conde#ned. If people are regarded onl" a! #achine! guided b" logic) a! the" %ere b" the!e >!cienti!tic? thin er!) rhetoric i! li el" to be held in lo% regard6 for the #o!t obviou! truth about rhetoric i! that it !pea ! to the %hole per!on. It pre!ent! it! argu#ent! fir!t to the per!on a! a rational being) becau!e per!ua!ive di!cour!e) if hone!tl" conceived) al%a"! ha! a ba!i! in rea!oning. Bogical argu#ent i! the plot) a! it %ere) of an" !peech or e!!a" that i! re!pectfull" intended to per!uade people. Aet it i! a characteri*ing feature of rhetoric that it goe! be"ond thi! and appeal! to the part! of our nature that are involved in feeling) de!iring) acting) and !uffering. It recall! relevant in!tance! of the e#otional reaction! of people to circu#!tance!2real or fictional2that are !i#ilar to our o%n circu#!tance!. Such i! the purpo!e of both hi!torical account! and fable! in per!ua!ive di!cour!e< the" indicate literall" or !"#bolicall" ho% people #a" react e#otionall") %ith hope or fear) to particular circu#!tance!. A !peech atte#pting to per!uade people can achieve little unle!! it ta e! into account the a!pect of their being related to !uch hope! and fear!. (hetoric) then) i! addre!!ed to hu#an being! living at particular ti#e! and in particular place!. ;ro# the point of vie% of rhetoric) %e are not #erel" logical thin ing #achine!) creature! ab!tracted fro# ti#e and !pace. The !tud" of rhetoric !hould therefore be con!idered the #o!t hu#ani!tic of the hu#anitie!) !ince rhetoric i! not directed onl" to our rational !elve!. It ta e! into account %hat the >!cienti!tic? vie% leave! out. If it i! a %ea ne!! to harbor feeling!) then rhetoric #a" be thought of a! dealing in %ea ne!!. 'ut tho!e %ho re1ect the idea of rhetoric becau!e the" believe it deal! in lie! and %ho at the !a#e ti#e hope to #ove people to action) #u!t either be liar! the#!elve! or be ver" naive6 pure logic ha! never been a #otivating force unle!! it ha! been !ubordinated to hu#an purpo!e!) feeling!) and de!ire!) and thereb" cea!ed to be pure logic.

,1. According to the assage8 to re7ect rhetoric and still ho e to ersuade eo le is (A) an aim of most s eakers and (riters (") an indication either of dishonesty or of credulity

GRE

,<&

(#) a (ay of dis laying distrust of the audience's motives ($) a characteristic of most humanistic discourse (!) a (ay of avoiding e%cessively abstract reasoning ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that in the late nineteenth century rhetoric (as regarded as (A) the only necessary element of ersuasive discourse (") a dubious art in at least t(o (ays (#) an outmoded and tedious am lification of logic ($) an o en offense to the rational mind (!) the most im ortant of the humanistic studies ,3. The assage suggests that the dis aragement of rhetoric by some eo le can be traced to their (A) reaction against science (") lack of training in logic (#) desire to ersuade eo le as com letely as ossible ($) misunderstanding of the use of the term EscientisticF (!) vie( of human motivation ,9. The assage suggests that a s eech that attem ts to ersuade eo le to act is likely to fail if it does ABT (A) distort the truth a little to make it more acce table to the audience (") a eal to the self-interest as (ell as the humanitarianism of the audience (#) address listeners' emotions as (ell as their intellects ($) concede the logic of other oints of vie( (!) sho( ho( an immediately desirable action is consistent (ith timeless rinci les ,;. The assage suggests that to consider eo le as Ethinking machinesF (line 37) is to consider them as (A) beings se arated from a historical conte%t (") re laceable arts of a larger social machine (#) more com le% than other animals ($) liars rather than honest eo le (!) infallible in their reasoning ,<. -hich of the follo(ing ersuasive devices is ABT used in the assage* (A) A sam le of an actual s eech delivered by an orator (") The contrast of different oints of vie( (#) The re etition of key ideas and e% ressions

GRE

,<)

($) An analogy that seeks to e% lain logical argument (!) !valuative or 7udgmental (ords ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best states the author's main oint about logical argument* (A) :t is a sterile8 abstract disci line8 of little use in real life. (") :t is an essential element of ersuasive discourse8 but only one such element. (#) :t is an im ortant means of ersuading eo le to act against their desires. ($) :t is the lo(est order of discourse because it is the least imaginative. (!) :t is essential to ersuasive discourse because it deals (ith universal truths. 1FF2 14 SECTION A
.an =organ) the hero of =ar T%ain$! ' Connecticut :ankee in King 'rthur#s Court, i! a nineteenth-centur" #a!ter #echanic %ho #"!teriou!l" a%a ening in !ixth-centur" 'ritain) launche! %hat he hope! %ill be a peaceful revolution to tran!for# Arthurian 'ritain into an indu!triali*ed #odern de#ocrac". The novel) %ritten a! a !poof of Tho#a! =alor"$! Morte d# 'rthur) a popular collection of fifteenth-centur" legend! about !ixth-centur" 'ritain) ha! been #ade into three upbeat #ovie! and t%o #u!ical co#edie!. None of the!e tran!lation! to !creen and !tage) ho%ever) dra#ati*e the anarch" at the conclu!ion of ' Connecticut :ankee) %hich end! %ith the violent overthro% of =organ$! three-"ear-old progre!!ive order and hi! return to the nineteenth centur") %here he apparentl" co##it! !uicide after being labeled a lunatic for hi! incoherent babbling! about dra%bridge! and battle#ent!. The A#erican public) although en1o"ing T%ain$! hu#or) evidentl" re1ected hi! c"nici!# about technological advance#ent and change through peaceful revolution a! antithetical to the 9nited State! doctrine of progre!!.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is a true statement about the rece tion of A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt by the American ublic* (A) The ublic had too strong a belief in the doctrine of rogress to acce t the cynicism demonstrated at the conclusion of T(ain's novel. (") T(ain's novel received little ublic recognition until the (ork (as ada ted for motion ictures and lays. (#) Although the ublic en7oyed T(ain's humor8 his use of both si%th-century and nineteenth-century characters confused many eo le. ($) The ublic has continued to en7oy T(ain's story8 but the last art of the novel seems too violent to American minds. (!) "ecause of the cynicism at the end of the book8 the ublic re7ected T(ain's (ork in favor of the (ork of Thomas @alory.

GRE

,7.

1&. The author uses the e%am les of Ethree u beat movies and t(o musical comediesF (lines )-1.) rimarily in order to demonstrate that (A) (ell-(ritten novels like A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt8 regardless of their tone or theme8 can be translated to the stage and screen (") the American ublic has traditionally been more interested in (atching lays and movies than in reading novels like A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt (#) T(ain's overall message in A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt is one that had a rofound im act on the American ublic ($) T(ain's A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt has been a more o ular version of the Arthurian legends than has @alory's Morte d1 Arthur (!) A $onnecticut 3ankee in 4ing Arthur1s $ourt has been acce ted as an en7oyable and humorous tale in versions that have omitted the anarchy at the novel's conclusion 1). The author of the assage characterizes Thomas @alory's Morte d1 Arthur as (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The best-kno(n and most authoritative collection of Arthurian tales (ritten in the !nglish language (") A collection of legends that have been used as the basis for three movies and t(o musical comedies (#) A historical account of Jing Arthur8 the si%th-century king of "ritain ($) A collection of legends about si%th-century "ritain that have e%isted since at least the fifteenth century (!) The novel about the life of Jing Arthur that ins ired T(ain's cynicism about nineteenth-century notions of rogress ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that @ark T(ain (ould most robably have believed in (hich of the follo(ing statements about societal change* (A) 5evolutions8 in order to be successful in changing society8 have to be carried out (ithout violence. (") Technological advancements are limited in their ability to change society and (ill likely bring liabilities along (ith any otential benefits. (#) The belief in the unmitigated benefits of societal change is antithetical to the American doctrine of rogress. ($) The olitical system of si%th-century "ritain (as more conducive to societal change than (as the olitical system of nineteenth-century America. (!) Technological advances and eaceful revolutions8 although sometimes accom anied by unintended violence and resistance to societal change8 eventually lead to a more rogressive order.
The inten!ive %or of #aterial! !cienti!t! and !olid-!tate ph"!ici!t! ha! given

GRE

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ri!e to a cla!! of !olid! no%n a! a#orphou! #etallic allo"!) or gla!!" #etal!. There i! a gro%ing intere!t a#ong theoretical and applied re!earcher! ali e in the !tructural propertie! of the!e #aterial!. &hen a #olten #etal or #etallic allo" i! cooled to a !olid) a cr"!talline !tructure i! for#ed that depend! on the particular allo" co#po!ition. In contra!t) #olten non#etallic gla!!-for#ing #aterial!) %hen cooled) do not a!!u#e a cr"!talline !tructure) but in!tead retain a !tructure !o#e%hat li e that of the li+uid 2an a#orphou! !tructure. At roo# te#perature) the natural long-ter# tendenc" for both t"pe! of #aterial! i! to a!!u#e the cr"!talline !tructure. The difference bet%een the t%o i! in the inetic! or rate of for#ation of the cr"!talline !tructure) %hich i! controlled b" factor! !uch a! the nature of the che#ical bonding and the ea!e %ith %hich ato#! #ove relative to each other. Thu!) in #etal!) the inetic! favor! rapid for#ation of a cr"!talline !tructure) %herea! in non#etallic gla!!e! the rate of for#ation i! !o !lo% that al#o!t an" cooling rate i! !ufficient to re!ult in an a#orphou! !tructure. ;or gla!!" #etal! to be for#ed) the #olten #etal #u!t be cooled extre#el" rapidl" !o that cr"!talli*ation i! !uppre!!ed. The !tructure of gla!!" #etal! i! thought to be !i#ilar to that of li+uid #etal!. One of the fir!t atte#pt! to #odel the !tructure of a li+uid %a! that b" the late @. /. 'ernal of the 9niver!it" of Bondon) %ho pac ed hard !phere! into a rubber ve!!el in !uch a %a" a! to obtain the #axi#u# po!!ible den!it". The re!ulting den!e) rando#-pac ed !tructure %a! the ba!i! for #an" atte#pt! to #odel the !tructure of gla!!" #etal!. Calculation! of the den!it" of allo"! ba!ed on 'ernalt"pe #odel! of the allo"! #etal co#ponent agreed fairl" %ell %ith the experi#entall" deter#ined value! fro# #ea!ure#ent! on allo"! con!i!ting of a noble #etal together %ith a #etalloid) !uch a! allo"! of palladiu# and !ilicon) or allo"! con!i!ting of iron) pho!phoru!) and carbon) although !#all di!crepancie! re#ained. One difference bet%een real allo"! and the hard !phere! u!ed in 'ernal #odel! i! that the co#ponent! of an allo" have different !i*e!) !o that #odel! ba!ed on t%o !i*e! of !phere! are #ore appropriate for a binar" allo") for exa#ple. The !#aller #etalloid ato#! of the allo" #ight fit into hole! in the den!e) rando#-pac ed !tructure of the larger #etal ato#!. One of the #o!t pro#i!ing propertie! of gla!!" #etal! i! their high !trength co#bined %ith high #alleabilit". In u!ual cr"!talline #aterial!) one find! an inver!e relation bet%een the t%o propertie!) %herea! for #an" practical application! !i#ultaneou! pre!ence of both propertie! i! de!irable. One re!idual ob!tacle to practical application! that i! li el" to be overco#e i! the fact that gla!!" #etal! %ill cr"!talli*e at relativel" lo% te#perature! %hen heated !lightl".

,1. The author is rimarily concerned (ith discussing (A) crystalline solids and their behavior at different tem eratures (") molten materials and the kinetics of the formation of their crystalline structure (#) glassy metals and their structural characteristics

GRE

,7,

($) metallic alloys and roblems in determining their density (!) amor hous materials and their ractical utilization ,,. The author im lies that the rate at (hich the molten materials discussed in the assage are cooled is a determinant of the (A) chemical com osition of the resulting solids (") strength of the chemical bonds that are formed (#) kinetics of the materials' crystalline structure ($) structure the materials assume (!) stability of the materials' crystalline structure ,3. The author's s eculation about the a ro riateness of models using s heres of t(o sizes for binary alloys (ould be strongly su orted if models using s heres of t(o sizes yielded (A) values for density identical to values yielded by one-s here models using the smaller s heres only (") values for density agreeing nearly erfectly (ith e% erimentally determined values (#) values for density agreeing nearly erfectly (ith values yielded by models using s heres of three sizes ($) significantly different values for density de ending on the size ratio bet(een the t(o kinds of s heres used (!) the same values for density as the values for a ro riately chosen models that use only medium-sized s heres ,9. The author's attitude to(ard the ros ects for the economic utilization of glassy metals is one of (A) disinterest (") im atience (#) o timism ($) a rehension (!) ske ticism ,;. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing determines the crystalline structure of a metallic alloy* (A) At (hat rate the molten alloy is cooled (") 4o( ra id the rate of formation of the crystalline hase is (#) 4o( the different-sized atoms fit into a dense8 random- acked structure ($) -hat the alloy consists of and in (hat ratios (!) At (hat tem erature the molten alloy becomes solid ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the relationshi bet(een the structure of

GRE

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liquid metals and the structure of glassy metals8 as it is resented in the assage* (A) The latter is an illustrative e%am le of the former. (") The latter is a large-scale version of the former. (#) The former is a structural elaboration of the latter. ($) The former rovides an instructive contrast to the latter. (!) The former is a fair a ro%imation of the latter. ,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that8 theoretically8 molten nonmetallic glasses assume a crystalline structure rather than an amor hous structure only if they are cooled (A) very evenly8 regardless of the rate (") ra idly8 follo(ed by gentle heating (#) e%tremely slo(ly ($) to room tem erature (!) to e%tremely lo( tem eratures SECTION '
In a perfectl" free and open #ar et econo#") the t"pe of e#plo"er2 govern#ent or private2!hould have little or no i#pact on the earning! differential! bet%een %o#en and #en. .o%ever) if there i! di!cri#ination again!t one !ex) it i! unli el" that the degree of di!cri#ination b" govern#ent and private e#plo"er! %ill be the !a#e. /ifference! in the degree of di!cri#ination %ould re!ult in earning! differential! a!!ociated %ith the t"pe of e#plo"er. 8iven the nature of govern#ent and private e#plo"er!) it !ee#! #o!t li el" that di!cri#ination b" private e#plo"er! %ould be greater. Thu!) one %ould expect that) if %o#en are being di!cri#inated again!t) govern#ent e#plo"#ent %ould have a po!itive effect on %o#en$! earning! a! co#pared %ith their earning! fro# private e#plo"#ent. The re!ult! of a !tud" b" ;uch! !upport thi! a!!u#ption. ;uch!$! re!ult! !ugge!t that the earning! of %o#en in an indu!tr" co#po!ed entirel" of govern#ent e#plo"er! %ould be 1D. L percent greater than the earning! of %o#en in an indu!tr" co#po!ed exclu!ivel" of private e#plo"ee!) other thing! being e+ual. In addition) both ;uch! and Sanborn have !ugge!ted that the effect of di!cri#ination b" con!u#er! on the earning! of !elf-e#plo"ed %o#en #a" be greater than the effect of either govern#ent or private e#plo"er di!cri#ination on the earning! of %o#en e#plo"ee!. To te!t thi! h"pothe!i!) 'ro%n !elected a large !a#ple of &hite #ale and fe#ale %or er! fro# the 1FN4 Cen!u! and divided the# into three categorie!< private e#plo"ee!) govern#ent e#plo"ee!) and !elf-e#plo"ed. -'lac %or er! %ere excluded fro# the !a#ple to avoid pic ing up earning! differential! that %ere the re!ult of racial di!paritie!.0 'ro%n$! re!earch de!ign controlled for education) labor-force participation) #obilit") #otivation) and age in order to eli#inate the!e factor! a! explanation! of the

GRE

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!tud"$! re!ult!. 'ro%n$! re!ult! !ugge!t that #en and %o#en are not treated the !a#e b" e#plo"er! and con!u#er!. ;or #en) !elf-e#plo"#ent i! the highe!t earning! categor") %ith private e#plo"#ent next) and govern#ent lo%e!t. ;or %o#en) thi! order i! rever!ed. One can infer fro# 'ro%n$! re!ult! that con!u#er! di!cri#inate again!t !elfe#plo"ed %o#en. In addition) !elf-e#plo"ed %o#en #a" have #ore difficult" than #en in getting good e#plo"ee! and #a" encounter di!cri#ination fro# !upplier! and fro# financial in!titution!. 'ro%n$! re!ult! are clearl" con!i!tent %ith ;uch$! argu#ent that di!cri#ination b" con!u#er! ha! a greater i#pact on the earning! of %o#en than doe! di!cri#ination b" either govern#ent or private e#plo"er!. Al!o) the fact that %o#en do better %or ing for govern#ent than for private e#plo"er! i#plie! that private e#plo"er! are di!cri#inating again!t %o#en. The re!ult! do not prove that govern#ent doe! not di!cri#inate again!t %o#en. The" do) ho%ever) de#on!trate that if govern#ent i! di!cri#inating again!t %o#en) it! di!cri#ination i! not having a! #uch effect on %o#en$! earning! a! i! di!cri#ination in the private !ector.

17. The assage mentions all of the follo(ing as difficulties that self-em loyed (omen may encounter !C#!1T= (A) discrimination from su liers (") discrimination from consumers (#) discrimination from financial institutions ($) roblems in obtaining good em loyees (!) roblems in obtaining government assistance 1&. The author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing conclusions about discrimination against (omen by rivate em loyers and by government em loyers* (A) "oth rivate em loyers and government em loyers discriminate8 (ith equal effects on (omen's earnings. (") "oth rivate em loyers and government em loyers discriminate8 but the discrimination by rivate em loyers has a greater effect on (omen's earnings. (#) "oth rivate em loyers and government em loyers discriminate8 but the discrimination by government em loyers has a greater effect on (omen's earnings. ($) 1rivate em loyers discriminateG it is ossible that government em loyers discriminate. (!) 1rivate em loyers discriminateG government em loyers do not discriminate. 1). A study of the ractices of financial institutions that revealed no discrimination against self-em loyed (omen (ould tend to contradict (hich of the follo(ing*

GRE

,7;

(A) +ome tentative results of >uchs's study (") +ome e% licit results of "ro(n's study (#) A suggestion made by the author ($) >uchs's hy othesis (!) +anborn's hy othesis ,.. According to "ro(n's study8 (omen's earnings categories occur in (hich or the follo(ing orders8 from highest earnings to lo(est earnings* (A) /overnment em loyment8 self-em loyment8 rivate em loyment (") /overnment em loyment8 rivate em loyment8 self-em loyment (#) 1rivate em loyment8 self-em loyment8 government em loyment ($) 1rivate em loyment8 government em loyment8 self-em loyment (!) +elf-em loyment8 rivate em loyment8 government em loyment ,1. The assage e% licitly ans(ers (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) -hy (ere "lack (orkers e%cluded from the sam le used in "ro(n's study* (") -hy do rivate em loyers illuminate more against (omen than do government em loyers* (#) -hy do self-em loyed (omen have more difficulty than men in hiring highquality em loyees* ($) -hy do su liers discriminate against self-em loyed (omen* (!) Are "lack (omen and "lack men treated similarly by em loyers and consumers* ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the statements in the last aragra h are most robably (hich of the follo(ing* (A) "ro(n's elaboration of his research results (") "ro(n's tentative inference from his data (#) "ro(n's conclusions8 based on common-sense reasoning ($) The author's conclusions8 based on >uchs's and "ro(n's results (!) The author's criticisms of >uchs's argument8 based on "ro(n's results ,3. -hich of the follo(ing titles best describes the content of the assage as a (hole* (A) The Aecessity for !arnings $ifferentials in a >ree @arket !conomy (") -hy $iscrimination Against !m loyed -omen by /overnment !m loyers and 1rivate !m loyers $iffers from $iscrimination Against +elf-!m loyed -omen by #onsumers (#) 4o( $iscrimination Affects -omen's #hoice of Ty e of !m loyment ($) The 5elative !ffect of 1rivate !m loyer $iscrimination on @en's !arnings as #om ared to -omen's !arnings

GRE

,7<

(!) The 5elative !ffect of $iscrimination by /overnment !m loyers8 1rivate !m loyers8 and #onsumers on -omen's !arnings
The !ucce!! of fluoride in co#bating dental deca" i! %ell e!tabli!hed and) %ithout a doubt) !ociall" beneficial. .o%ever) fluoride$! toxic propertie! have been no%n for a centur". In hu#an! exce!!ive inta e -for adult!) over D #illigra#! per da"0 over #an" "ear! can lead to ! eletal fluoro!i!) a %ell-defined ! eletal di!order) and in !o#e plant !pecie!) fluoride i! #ore toxic than o*one) !ulfur dioxide) or pe!ticide!. So#e i#portant +ue!tion! re#ain. ;or exa#ple) the preci!e lo%er li#it at %hich the fluoride content of bone beco#e! toxic i! !till undeter#ined. And %hile fluoride inta e fro# %ater and air can be evaluated relativel" ea!il") it i! #uch harder to e!ti#ate ho% #uch a given population inge!t! fro# food!tuff! becau!e of the %ide variation! in individual eating habit! and in fluoride concentration! in food!tuff!. The!e difficultie! !ugge!t that %e !hould b" %ar" of indi!cri#inatel" u!ing fluoride) even in the for# of fluoride-containing dental product!.

,9. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) analyzing and categorizing (") com aring and contrasting (#) synthesizing and redicting ($) describing and cautioning (!) summarizing and reinter reting ,;. The assage suggests that it (ould be easier to calculate fluoride intake from food if (A) adequate diets (ere available for most eo le. (") individual eating habits (ere more uniform (#) the fluoride content of food (as more varied ($) more eo le (ere a(are of the fluoride content of food (!) methods for measuring the fluoride content of food (ere more generally agreed on ,<. Bne function of the second aragra h of the assage is to (A) raise doubts about fluoride's to%icity (") introduce the issue of fluoride's to%icity (#) differentiate a to%ic from a nonto%ic amount of fluoride ($) indicate that necessary kno(ledge of fluoride remains incom lete (!) discuss the foodstuffs that are most likely to contain significant concentrations of fluoride ,7. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the effect of fluoride on humans*

GRE

,77

(A) The effect is more easily measured than is the effect of e% osure to esticides. (") The effect of fluoride intake from (ater and air is relatively difficult to monitor. (#) :n general the effect is not likely to be as harmful as the effect of e% osure to sulfur dio%ide. ($) An intake of 9 milligrams over a long eriod of time usually leads to a skeletal disorder in humans. (!) An intake of slightly more than 9 milligrams for only a fe( months is not likely to be life-threatening. 1FF: 42 SECTION A
It i! no% e!tabli!hed that the =il " &a" i! far #ore extended and of #uch greater #a!! than %a! hitherto thought. .o%ever) all that i! vi!ible of the con!tituent! of the =il " &a"$! corona -outer edge0) %here #uch of the galax"$! #a!! #u!t be located) i! a tin" fraction of the corona$! #a!!. Thu!) #o!t of the =il " &a"$! outl"ing #atter #u!t be dar . &h"M Three fact! are !alient. ;ir!t) d%arf galaxie! and globular clu!ter!) into %hich #o!t of the !tar! of the =il " &a"$! corona are probabl" bound) con!i!t #ainl" of old !tar!. Second) old !tar! are not highl" lu#inou!. Third) no one ha! detected in the corona the cloud! of ga!eou! #atter !uch a! h"drogen and carbon #onoxide that are characteri!tic of the bright part! of a galax". At pre!ent) therefore) the be!t explanation2though !till +uite tentative2for the dar ne!! of the corona i! that the corona i! co#po!ed #ainl" of old) burned-out !tar!.

17. The assage as a (hole is rimarily concerned (ith (A) analyzing a current debate (") criticizing a (ell-established theory (#) sho(ing ho( ne( facts su ort a reviously dismissed hy othesis ($) stating a conclusion and adducing evidence that may 7ustify it (!) contrasting t(o ty es of henomena and sho(ing ho( they are related 1&. According to the assage8 a bright art of a gala%y ty ically includes (A) d(arf gala%ies and clusters of stars (") a balanced mi%ture of old and ne( stars (#) a large ortion of the gala%y's mass ($) art of the corona of the gala%y (!) gases such as hydrogen and carbon mono%ide 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that8 com ared (ith (hat they no( think8 until fairly recently astronomers believed that the @ilky -ay (A) (as much darker

GRE

,7&

(") (as much smaller (#) (as moving much more slo(ly ($) had a much larger corona (!) had much less gaseous matter ,.. The assage resents (hich of the follo(ing as incontrovertible* :. ::. The lo( luminosity of old stars The absence of clouds of gaseous matter from the corona of the @ilky -ay

:::. The redominance of globular clusters and d(arf gala%ies in the corona of the @ilky -ay (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and :::
One of the principal the#e! of &al*er$! criti+ue of liberal capitali!# i! that it i! in!ufficientl" egalitarian. &al*er$! ca!e again!t the econo#ic ine+ualit" generated b" capitali!# and in favor of >a radical redi!tribution of %ealth? i! pre!ented in a %idel" cited e!!a" entitled >In /efen!e of E+ualit".? The #o!t !tri ing feature of &al*er$! criti+ue i! that) far fro# re1ecting the principle of re%ard according to #erit) &al*er in!i!t! on it! validit". 7eople %ho excel !hould receive the !uperior benefit! appropriate to their excellence. 'ut people exhibit a great variet" of +ualitie!2>intelligence) ph"!ical !trength) agilit" and grace) arti!tic creativit") #echanical ! ill) leader!hip) endurance) #e#or") p!"chological in!ight) the capacit" for hard %or 2even #oral !trength) !en!itivit") the abilit" to expre!! co#pa!!ion.? Each de!erve! it! proper reco#pen!e) and hence a proper di!tribution of #aterial good! !hould reflect hu#an difference! a! #ea!ured on all the!e different !cale!. Aet) under capitali!#) the abilit" to #a e #one" ->the green thu#b of bourgeoi! !ociet"?0 enable! it! po!!e!!or to ac+uire al#o!t >ever" other !ort of !ocial good)? !uch a! the re!pect and e!tee# of other!. The centerpiece of &al*er$! argu#ent i! the invocation of a +uotation fro# 7a!cal$! Pensees) %hich conclude!< >T"rann" i! the %i!h to obtain b" one #ean! %hat can onl" be had b" another.? 7a!cal believe! that %e o%e different dutie! to different +ualitie!. So %e #ight !a" that infatuation i! the proper re!pon!e to char#) and a%e the proper re!pon!e to !trength. In thi! light) &al*er characteri*e! capitali!# a! the t"rann" of #one" -or of the abilit" to #a e it0. And &al*er advocate! a! the #ean! of eli#inating thi! t"rann" and of re!toring genuine e+ualit" >the abolition of the po%er of #one" out!ide it! !phere.? &hat &al*er envi!ion! i! a !ociet" in %hich %ealth i! no longer convertible into !ocial good! %ith %hich it ha! no intrin!ic connection.

GRE

,7)

&al*er$! argu#ent i! a pu**ling one. After all) %h" !hould tho!e +ualitie! unrelated to the production of #aterial good! be re%arded %ith #aterial good!M I! it not t"rannical) in 7a!cal$! !en!e) to in!i!t that tho!e %ho excel in >!en!itivit"? or >the abilit" to expre!! co#pa!!ion? #erit e+ual %ealth %ith tho!e %ho excel in +ualitie! -!uch a! >the capacit" for hard %or ?0 e!!ential in producing %ealthM Aet &al*er$! argu#ent) ho%ever deficient) doe! point to one of the #o!t !eriou! %ea ne!!e! of capitali!#2na#el") that it bring! to predo#inant po!ition! in a !ociet" people %ho) no #atter ho% legiti#atel" the" have earned their #aterial re%ard!) often lac tho!e other +ualitie! that evo e affection or ad#iration. So#e even argue plau!ibl" that thi! %ea ne!! #a" be irre#ediable< in an" !ociet" that) li e a capitali!t !ociet") !ee ! to beco#e ever %ealthier in #aterial ter#! di!proportionate re%ard! are bound to flo% to the people %ho are in!tru#ental in producing the increa!e in it! %ealth.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) argue that -alzer's critique of liberal ca italism is the cornerstone of -alzer's thinking (") identify and to de recate the origins of the intellectual tradition cham ioned by -alzer (#) resent more clearly than does the essay E:n $efense of !qualityF the distinctive features of -alzer's olitico-economic theories ($) demonstrate that -alzer's critique of liberal ca italism is neither original nor ersuasive (!) outline and to e%amine critically -alzer's osition on economic equality ,,. The author mentions all of the follo(ing as issues addressed by -alzer !C#!1T= (A) ro er recom ense for individual e%cellence (") ro er inter retation of Eeconomic equalityF (#) ro er level of a society's (ealth ($) grounds for calling ca italism Ethe tyranny of moneyF (!) e%changeability of money for social goods ,3. The argumentation in the assage turns im ortantly on the question of (hat should be the ro er relation bet(een (A) Eliberal ca italismF (line ,) and Ebourgeois societyF (lines ,.-,1) (") Ere(ardF (line &) and Erecom enseF (line 17) (#) EsensitivityF (line 1;) and Ethe ability to e% ress com assionF (lines 1;-1<) ($) Edistribution of material goodsF (lines 17-1&) and Eredistribution of (ealthF (lines 9-;) (!) Esocial goodsF (line 37) and Ematerial goodsF (line 91) ,9. The assage rovides sufficient information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions*

GRE

,&.

(A) -hat (eight in relation to other qualities should a quality like sensitivity have8 according to -alzer8 in determining the ro er distribution of goods* (") -hich quality does -alzer deem too highly valued under liberal ca italism* (#) -hich are the social goods that are8 according to -alzer8 outside the reach of the o(er of money* ($) -hat ractical ste s does -alzer suggest be taken to relieve the economic inequality generated by ca italism* (!) -hat deficiencies in -alzer's o(n argument does -alzer ackno(ledge* ,;. The author im lies that -alzer's inter retation of the rinci le of re(ard according to merit is distinctive for its (A) insistence on ma%imizing everyone's re(ards (") em hasis on equality (#) roven validity ($) broad conce tion of (hat constitutes merit (!) broad conce tion of (hat constitutes a re(ard ,<. The author's inter retation of the rinci le that E(e o(e different duties to different qualitiesF (lines ,&-,)) suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould most robably be the duty aired (ith the quality of veracity* (A) $ignity (") Trust (#) Affection ($) Bbedience (!) :ntegrity ,7. The author im lies that sensitivity is not a quality that (A) is essential in roducing (ealth (") (ealthy eo le lack (#) can be sensibly measured on a scale ($) characterizes tyrannical eo le (!) is o(ed a duty in 1ascal's sense SECTION '
The outpouring of conte#porar" A#erican Indian literature in the la!t t%o decade!) often called the Native A#erican (enai!!ance) repre!ent! for #an" the fir!t opportunit" to experience Native A#erican poetr". The appreciation of traditional oral A#erican Indian literature ha! been li#ited) ha#pered b" poor tran!lation! and b" the difficult") even in the rare culturall" !en!itive and ae!theticall" !ati!f"ing tran!lation) of co#pletel" conve"ing the original$! ver!e !tructure) tone) and !"ntax.

GRE

,&1

'" %riting in Engli!h and experi#enting %ith European literar" for#!) conte#porar" A#erican Indian %riter! have broadened their potential audience) %hile clearl" retaining #an" e!!ential characteri!tic! of their ance!tral oral tradition!. ;or exa#ple) 7ulit*er-pri*e%inning author N. Scott =o#ada"$! poetr" often treat! art and #ortalit" in a #anner that recall! 'riti!h ro#antic poetr") %hile hi! poetic re!pon!e to the po%er of natural force! recall! Chero ee oral literature. In the !a#e %a") hi! novel!) an art for# European in origin) di!pla" an elo+uence that echoe! the oratorical grandeur of the great nineteenth-centur" A#erican Indian chief!.

17. According to the assage8 @omaday's oetry shares (hich of the follo(ing (ith "ritish romantic oetry* (A) ?erse structure (") Bratorical techniques (#) @anner of treating certain themes ($) 6se of certain syntactical constructions (!) 1atterns of rhythm and rhyme 1&. -hich of the follo(ing is most likely one of the reasons that the author mentions the (ork of A. +cott @omaday* (A) To illustrate ho( the author believes that members of the Aative American 5enaissance have broadened their otential audience (") To em hasize the similarities bet(een @omaday's (ritings and their !uro ean literary models (#) To demonstrate the contem orary a eal of traditional Aative American oral literature ($) To suggest that contem orary American :ndian (riters have sacrificed traditional values for o ular literary success (!) To im ly the continuing o ularity of translations of oral American :ndian literature 1). -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about (ritten translations of oral Aative American oetry* (A) They (ere less (idely read than are the (orks of contem orary Aative American oets (riting in !nglish. (") They (ere often made by (riters (ho (ere intimately familiar (ith both !nglish and Aative American languages. (#) They often gave their readers aesthetic satisfaction8 des ite their inaccuracies. ($) They usually lacked com le% verse structure. (!) They (ere overly de endent on !uro ean literary models. ,.. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about American :ndian oets before the Aative American 5enaissance*

GRE

,&,

(A) Art and mortality (ere rarely the sub7ects of their oetry. (") Their oratorical grandeur reached its eak in the nineteenth century. (#) They occasionally translated their o(n oetry. ($) They seldom (rote oetry in !nglish. (!) They em hasized structure8 tone8 and synta% rather than literary form.
(ecent finding! !ugge!t that vi!ual !ignal! are fed into at lea!t three !eparate proce!!ing !"!te#! in the brain) each %ith it! o%n di!tinct function. One !"!te# appear! to proce!! infor#ation about !hape perception6 a !econd) infor#ation about color6 a third) infor#ation about #ove#ent) location) and !patial organi*ation. An under!tanding of the function! and capabilitie! of the!e three !"!te#! can !hed light on ho% arti!t! #anipulate #aterial! to create !urpri!ing vi!ual effect!. It i! po!!ible to !u##ari*e the function! of the three !ub!"!te#! of the vi!ual !"!te# a! follo%!. The parvo !"!te# carrie! highl" detailed infor#ation about !tationar" ob1ect! and about border! that are for#ed b" contra!ting color!. It doe! not) ho%ever) carr" infor#ation about !pecific color!. 'ecau!e #uch of the infor#ation about the !hape of ob1ect! can be repre!ented b" their border!) %e !u!pect that thi! !"!te# i! i#portant in !hape perception. The blob !"!te# proce!!e! infor#ation about color!) but not about #ove#ent) !hape di!cri#ination) or depth. The #agno !"!te# carrie! infor#ation about #ove#ent and depth. It i! good at detecting #otion but poor at !crutini*ing !tationar" i#age!. In addition it appear! to be colorblind6 it i! unable to perceive border! that are vi!ible onl" on the ba!i! of color contra!t. Cell! in the parvo !"!te# can di!tingui!h bet%een t%o color! at an" relative brightne!! of the t%o. Cell! in the color-blind #agno !"!te#) on the other hand) are analogou! to a blac -and-%hite photograph in the %a" the" function< the" !ignal infor#ation about the brightne!! of !urface! but not about their color!. ;or an" pair of color! there i! a particular brightne!! ratio at %hich t%o color!) for exa#ple red and green) %ill appear a! the !a#e !hade of gra" in a blac -and%hite photograph) hence an" border bet%een the# %ill vani!h. Si#ilarl" at !o#e relative red-to-green brightne!! level) the red and green %ill appear identical to the #agno !"!te#. The red and green are then called e+uilu#inant. A border bet%een t%o e+uilu#inant color! ha! color contra!t but no lu#inance contra!t. =an" arti!t! have !ee#ed to be e#piricall" a%are of the!e underl"ing principle! and have u!ed the# to #axi#i*e particular effect!. So#e of the peculiar effect! of Op Art) for exa#ple) probabl" ari!e fro# color co#bination! that are !trong activator! of the parvo !"!te# but are %ea !ti#uli for the #agno !"!te#. An ob1ect that i! e+uilu#inant %ith it! bac ground loo ! vibrant and un!table. The rea!on i! that the parvo !"!te# can !ignal the ob1ect$! !hape but the #agno !"!te# cannot !ee it! border! and therefore cannot !ignal either the #ove#ent or the po!ition of the ob1ect. .ence it !ee#! to 1u#p around) drift) or vibrate on the canva!.

GRE

,&3

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) describing subsystems of the visual system and sho(ing their relevance to art (") com aring three theories on ho( the visual system analyzes images in a (ork of art (#) e% laining ho( artists use color contrasts to create articular visual effects ($) e% laining ho( the visual system distinguishes among different colors (!) describing functions of the first three hases of the visual system ,,. -hich of the follo(ing (ould create visual effects most similar to those discussed in lines 93-9&* (A) A (atercolor in (hich colors are a lied im recisely to outlined sha es (") A ainting in (hich different shades of the same color are used to obscure the boundaries bet(een ob7ects (#) A black-and-(hite sketch in (hich shading is used to convey a sense of de th ($) An advertisement in (hich key (ords are at the same level of brightness as a background of contrasting color (!) A design in (hich t(o different shades of gray are 7u%ta osed to heighten the contrast bet(een them ,3. The assage rovides information about (hich of the follo(ing* (A) -hy the same system can rocess information about movement and location (") -hy the arvo system is considered to be res onsible for sha e erce tion (#) -hy the blob system can rocess information about colors but not movement ($) The mechanism that enables the blob system to distinguish bet(een stationary ob7ects (!) The mechanism that enables the magno system to carry information about sha e discrimination ,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of the visual system* (A) :t rocesses visual signals in three consecutive stages. (") :t rocesses visual signals through se arate rocessing systems in the brain. (#) :t consists of only three se arate systems. ($) :t consists of a single hierarchical system rather than a multi artite system. (!) :t consists of se arate system (ith high overla in rocessing functions. ,;. The author mentions a Eblack-and-(hite hotogra hF (line ,)) most robably in order to e% lain (A) ho( the arvo system distinguishes bet(een different sha es and colors (") ho( the magno system uses luminosity to identify borders bet(een ob7ects (#) the mechanism that makes the magno system color-blind ($) (hy the magno system is ca able of erceiving moving images

GRE

,&9

(!) the brightness ratio at (hich colors become indistinguishable to the arvo system ,<. The author uses all of the follo(ing in the discussion in the third aragra h !C#!1T= (A) an e%am le (") definition of terms (#) contrast ($) a rhetorical question (!) analogy ,7. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the magno system* (A) :t erceives borders on the basis of luminance contrast. (") :t erceives sha es on the basis of color contrast. (#) :t is better at erceiving stationary ob7ects than it is at detecting movement. ($) :t can detect motion but it cannot signal the osition of an ob7ect. (!) :t is better at rocessing information about movement than it is at rocessing information about de th. 1FF: 4D SECTION A
Although) recent "ear! have !een !ub!tantial reduction! in noxiou! pollutant! fro# individual #otor vehicle!) the nu#ber of !uch vehicle! ha! been !teadil" increa!ing con!e+uentl") #ore than 144 citie! in the 9nited State! !till have level! of carbon #onoxide) particulate #atter) and o*one -generated b" photoche#ical reaction! %ith h"drocarbon! fro# vehicle exhau!t0 that exceed legall" e!tabli!hed li#it!. There i! a gro%ing reali*ation that the onl" effective %a" to achieve further reduction! in vehicle e#i!!ion!2!hort of a #a!!ive !hift a%a" fro# the private auto#obile2i! to replace conventional die!el fuel and ga!oline %ith cleanerburning fuel! !uch a! co#pre!!ed natural ga!) li+uefied petroleu# ga!) ethanol) or #ethanol. All of the!e alternative! are carbon-ba!ed fuel! %ho!e #olecule! are !#aller and !i#pler than tho!e of ga!oline. The!e #olecule! burn #ore cleanl" than ga!oline) in part becau!e the" have fe%er) if and) carbon-carbon bond!) and the h"drocarbon! the" do e#it are le!! li el" to generate o*one. The co#bu!tion of larger #olecule!) %hich have #ultiple carbon-carbon bond!) involve! a #ore co#plex !erie! of reaction!. The!e reaction! increa!e the probabilit" of inco#plete co#bu!tion and are #ore li el" to relea!e unco#bu!ted and photoche#icall" active h"drocarbon co#pound! into the at#o!phere. On the other hand) alternative fuel! do have dra%bac !. Co#pre!!ed natural ga! %ould re+uire that vehicle! have a !et of heav" fuel tan !2a !eriou! liabilit" in ter#! of perfor#ance and fuel efficienc"2and li+uefied petroleu# ga! face! funda#ental

GRE
li#it! on !uppl".

,&;

Ethanol and #ethanol) on the other hand) have i#portant advantage! over other carbon-ba!ed alternative fuel!< the" have a higher energ" content per volu#e and %ould re+uire #ini#al change! in the exi!ting net%or for di!tributing #otor fuel. Ethanol i! co##onl" u!ed a! a ga!oline !upple#ent) but it i! currentl" about t%ice a! expen!ive a! #ethanol) the lo% co!t of %hich i! one of it! attractive feature!. =ethanol$! #o!t attractive feature) ho%ever) i! that it can reduce b" about F4 percent the vehicle e#i!!ion! that for# o*one) the #o!t !eriou! urban air pollutant. Bi e an" alternative fuel) #ethanol ha! it! critic!. Aet #uch of the critici!# i! ba!ed on the u!e of >ga!oline clone? vehicle! that do not incorporate even the !i#ple!t de!ign i#prove#ent! that are #ade po!!ible %ith the u!e of #ethanol. It i! true) for exa#ple) that a given volu#e of #ethanol provide! onl" about one-half of the energ" that ga!oline and die!el fuel do6 other thing! being e+ual) the fuel tan %ould have to be !o#e%hat larger and heavier. .o%ever) !ince #ethanolfueled vehicle! could be de!igned to be #uch #ore efficient than >ga!oline clone? vehicle! fueled %ith #ethanol) the" %ould need co#parativel" le!! fuel. Cehicle! incorporating onl" the !i#ple!t of the engine i#prove#ent! that #ethanol #a e! fea!ible %ould !till contribute to an i##ediate le!!ening of urban air pollution.

17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) countering a fla(ed argument that dismisses a ossible solution to a roblem (") reconciling contradictory oints of vie( about the nature of a roblem (#) identifying the strengths of ossible solutions to a roblem ($) discussing a roblem and arguing in favor of one solution to it (!) outlining a lan of action to solve a roblem and discussing the obstacles blocking that lan 1&. According to the assage8 incom lete combustion is more likely to occur (ith gasoline than (ith an alternative fuel because (A) the combustion of gasoline releases hotochemically active hydrocarbons (") the combustion of gasoline involves an intricate series of reactions (#) gasoline molecules have a sim le molecular structure ($) gasoline is com osed of small molecules. (!) gasoline is a carbon-based fuel 1). The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about air ollution* (A) >urther attem ts to reduce emissions from gasoline-fueled vehicles (ill not hel lo(er urban air- ollution levels. (") Attem ts to reduce the ollutants that an individual gasoline-fueled vehicle emits have been largely unsuccessful. (#) >e( serious attem ts have been made to reduce the amount of ollutants

GRE

,&<

emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles. ($) 1ollutants emitted by gasoline-fueled vehicles are not the most critical source of urban air ollution. (!) 5eductions in ollutants emitted by individual vehicles have been offset by increases in ollution from sources other than gasoline-fueled vehicles. ,.. (hich of the follo(ing most closely arallels the situation described in the first sentence of the assage* (A) Although a to(n reduces its ublic services in order to avoid a ta% increase8 the to(n's ta% rate e%ceeds that of other to(ns in the surrounding area. (") Although a state asses strict la(s to limit the ty e of to%ic material that can be dis osed of in ublic landfills8 illegal dum ing continues to increase. (#) Although a to(n's citizens reduce their individual use of (ater8 the to(n's (ater su lies continue to d(indle because of a steady increase in the total o ulation of the to(n. ($) Although a country attem ts to increase the sale of domestic goods by adding a ta% to the rice of im orted goods8 the sale of im orted goods (ithin the country continues to increase. (!) Although a country reduces the s eed limit on its national high(ays8 the number of fatalities caused by automobile accidents continues to increase. ,1. The author describes (hich of the follo(ing as the most a ealing feature of methanol* (A) :t is substantially less e% ensive than ethanol. (") :t could be rovided to consumers through the e%isting motor fuel distribution system. (#) :t has a higher energy content than other alternative fuels. ($) :ts use (ould make design im rovements in individual vehicles feasible. (!) :ts use (ould substantially reduce ozone levels. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that a vehicle s ecifically designed to use methanol for fuel (ould (A) be some(hat lighter in total body (eight than a conventional vehicle fueled (ith gasoline (") be more e% ensive to o erate than a conventional vehicle fueled (ith gasoline (#) have a larger and more o(erful engine than a conventional vehicle fueled (ith gasoline ($) have a larger and heavier fuel tank than a Egasoline cloneF vehicle fueled (ith methanol (!) average more miles er gallon than a Egasoline cloneF vehicle fueled (ith methanol

GRE

,&7

,3. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage most likely regards the criticism of methanol in the last aragra h as (A) fla(ed because of the assum tions on (hich it is based (") ina licable because of an inconsistency in the critics' arguments (#) misguided because of its e%clusively technological focus ($) inaccurate because it ignores consumers' concerns (!) invalid because it reflects the ersonal bias of the critics
7aule =ar!hall$! &rown Gir!, &rownstones -1F3F0 %a! a land#ar in the depiction of fe#ale character! in 'lac A#erican literature. =ar!hall avoided the oppre!!ed and tragic heroine in conflict %ith &hite !ociet" that had been t"pical of the prote!t novel! of the earl" t%entieth centur". Bi e her i##ediate predece!!or!) Qora Neale .ur!ton and 8%endol"n 'roo !) !he focu!ed her novel on an ordinar" 'lac %o#an$! !earch for identit" %ithin the context of a 'lac co##unit". 'ut =ar!hall extended the anal"!i! of 'lac fe#ale character! begun b" .ur!ton and 'roo ! b" depicting her heroine$! develop#ent in ter#! of the relation!hip bet%een her 'arbadian A#erican parent!) and b" exploring ho% #ale and fe#ale role! %ere defined b" their i##igrant culture) %hich in turn %a! influenced b" the #ateriali!# of &hite A#erica. '" placing character! %ithin a %ider cultural context) =ar!hall attac ed racial and !exual !tereot"pe! and paved the %a" for exploration! of race) cla!!) and gender in the novel! of the 1FN4$!.

,9. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) com aring the (orks of three "lack American authors (") describing common themes in "lack American literature (#) discussing an im ortant (ork in "lack American literature ($) roviding insights about "lack American literature in the early t(entieth century (!) roviding historical information about the (riting of "lack American novels in the second half the t(entieth century ,;. According to the assage8 4urston8 "rooks8 and @arshall are alike in that they (A) did not e%amine the effects of -hite culture on their characters' lives (") (ere heavily influenced by the rotest novels of the early t(entieth century (#) used "lack communities as the settings for their novels ($) (rote rimarily about the difficulties their characters encountered in -hite culture (!) (rote e%clusively about female characters and the e% eriences of (omen ,<. The author's descri tion of the (ay in (hich @arshall de icts her heroine's develo ment is most robably intended to (A) continue the discussion of similarities in the (orks of "rooks8 4urston8 and @arshall

GRE

,&&

(") describe the s ecific racial and se%ual stereoty es that @arshall attacked (#) contrast the characters in @arshall's novels (ith those in later (orks ($) sho( ho( @arshall e%tends the ortrayal of character initiated by her redecessors (!) com are themes in @arshall's early (ork (ith themes in her later novels ,7. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage (ould describe Brown Girl, Brownstones as being (A) com letely different from novels (ritten before 1);) (") highly influenced by novels (ritten in the early t(entieth century (#) similar to the rotest novels that receded it ($) im ortant in the late 1);.'s but dated today (!) an im ortant influence on novels (ritten in the 1)7.'s SECTION '
=an" philo!opher! di!agree over the definition of #oralit") but #o!t di!putant! fall into one of t%o categorie!< egocentric!) %ho define #oralit" a! the pur!uit of !elf-fulfill#ent) and !ociocentric!) %ho define #oralit" a! an individual$! obligation! to !ociet". &here doe! the truth lieM ;ortunatel") the !te# of the %ord >#oralit"? provide! !o#e clue!. The %ord >#ore!? originall" referred to the cu!to#! of preliterate culture!. =ore!) %hich e#bodied each culture$! ideal principle! for governing ever" citi*en) %ere developed in the belief that the foundation of a co##unit" lie! in the cultivation of individual po%er! to be placed in !ervice to the co##unit". The!e #ore! %ere concerned %ith !uch ! ill! a! foodgathering and %arfare a! %ell a! an individual$! relation!hip! %ith other!. Thu!) I !ub#it) >#oralit"? #u!t be concerned %ith %hat i! honored b" the co##unit" at large. .o%ever) !elf-fulfill#ent i! i#portant to #oralit" becau!e unfulfilled citi*en!) no #atter ho% virtuou!) cannot perfor# the dutie! #oralit" a!!ign! the#.

17. The rimary ur ose of this assage is to (A) summarize an argument (") resolve a dis ute (#) trace a (ord's origin ($) rove a hy othesis (!) initiate a debate 1&. According to the assage8 mores in reliterate cultures concerned such skills as (arfare and food-gathering because these skills (ere (A) characteristic of an individual's self-fulfillment (") e%am les of a culture's traditions (#) manifestations of an individual's ideals

GRE

,&)

($) demonstrations of an individual's contributions to the community (!) e%am les of a community's governing rinci les 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding sociocentrics and egocentrics* (A) The osition of the sociocentrics is stronger than that of the egocentrics. (") The ositions of the egocentrics and sociocentrics are of equal merit. (#) There is no merit in the osition of the egocentrics. ($) Aeither osition contributes very much to an understanding of the definition of morality. (!) The dis ute bet(een the egocentrics and sociocentrics is based on trivial issues. ,.. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding the relationshi bet(een the individual and morality (ould the author be most likely to agree* (A) >ailure in social obligations is the rice of success in individual endeavors. (") The unfulfilled citizen cannot fulfill his moral obligations to the community. (#) @orality is unconcerned (ith conflicts among citizens. ($) The unfulfilled citizen is (ithout virtue. (!) -ealth harms a citizen's moral standing in the community.
-Thi! pa!!age %a! %ritten in 1FN3.0 The co#plication! fre+uentl" acco#pan"ing diabete!) !uch a! i#pair#ent of vi!ion and of idne" function) are no% thought to re!ult fro# the lac of continuou! control of blood gluco!e concentration!. The health" pancrea!) in re!pon!e to increa!e! in blood gluco!e concentration) relea!e! !#all +uantitie! of in!ulin throughout the da" and thereb" #aintain! the concentration %ithin ph"!iological li#it! -nor#ogl"ce#ia0. 'ut the diabetic generall" receive! onl" one large do!e dail". The diabetic$! blood gluco!e concentration can thu! fluctuate greatl" during the interval bet%een do!e!) and it ha! been !ugge!ted that the co#plication! re!ult fro# the period! of high concentration! of blood gluco!e -h"pergl"ce#ia0. =an" inve!tigator! thu! believe that re!toration of nor#ogl"ce#ia #ight halt the progre!!ion of !uch co#plication! and perhap! even rever!e the#. There are three pri#ar" techni+ue! that have been inve!tigated for re!toration of nor#ogl"ce#ia. The" are< tran!plantation of %hole) health" pancrea!e!6 tran!plantation of i!let! of Bangerhan!) that portion of the pancrea! that actuall" !ecrete! in!ulin6 and i#plantation of artificial pancrea!e!. There ha!) in fact) been a great deal of !ucce!! in the develop#ent of the!e techni+ue! and each !ee#!) on the %hole) pro#i!ing. Nonethele!!) it %ill undoubtedl" be #an" "ear! before an" one of the# i! accepted a! a treat#ent for diabete!. To #an" people) the obviou! approach %ould !ee# to be !i#pl" to tran!plant

GRE

,).

pancrea!e! fro# cadaver! in the !a#e #anner that idne"! and other organ! are routinel" tran!planted. That %a! the rationale in 1FLL %hen the fir!t recorded pancrea! tran!plant %a! perfor#ed. 'et%een 1FLL and 1FN3) there %ere fort"-!ix pancrea! tran!plant! in fort"-five other patient! in the 9nited State! and five other countrie!. 'ut onl" one of the!e patient! i! !till alive %ith a functioning graft) and !urgeon! have found that the procedure i! not a! !i#ple a! the" once thought. The !urviving patient ha! re+uired no in!ulin !ince the operation. Another patient !urvived L:K da"! %ithout re+uiring in!ulin. And one patient !urvived a tran!plantation for #ore than a "ear) but died %hen he cho!e not to ta e the i##uno!uppre!!ive drug!. The!e re!ult!) though #eager) !ugge!t that the procedure ha! the potential for !ucce!!. The re!t of the patient!) ho%ever) either re1ected the tran!plant or died %ithin a !hort period. There doe! not appear to be an" technical proble# %ith the procedure. (ather) #o!t of the patient! %ere alread" !o !everel" debilitated b" the co#plication! of diabete! that the" could not %ith!tand the !urger" and the i##uno!uppre!!ive regi#en re+uired to prevent re1ection. =ore than half of the patient!) further#ore) al!o re+uired a idne" tran!plant. =o!t inve!tigator! no% agree that the !i#ultaneou! tran!plantation of both organ! i! too great a !hoc to the patient and greatl" increa!e! the total ri! .

,1. -hich of the follo(ing best states one of the main conclusions of the assage* (A) Although the techniques for ancreas trans lants a ear to be theoretically correct8 there are roblems that must be solved before the o eration can be used as a treatment for diabetes. (") Although the techniques for ancreas trans lants are still being develo ed8 the e% erimental results sho( that the o eration (ill be a successful treatment for diabetes in the near future. (#) Although ancreas trans lants are reliable8 many diabetics are reluctant to undergo the o eration because of the side effects of immunosu ressive drugs. ($) Although ancreas trans lants alone are not generally successful8 the o eration can be used in con7unction (ith other rocedures to treat diabetes. (!) Although ancreas trans lants have not been successful in treating diabetes8 research indicates that other rocedures may soon be develo ed. ,,. According to the assage8 (idely s aced doses of insulin can cause. (A) reversal of normal kidney function (") delay in the onset of diabetes (#) radical changes in the concentration of blood glucose ($) restoration of normoglycemia (!) marked variations in the islets of Dangerhans

GRE

,)1

,3. According to the assage8 a eriodic high concentration of blood glucose in diabetics is a ossible cause of (A) deterioration of the ancreas (") damage to the eyes and kidneys (#) re7ection of trans lanted organs ($) inadequate secretion of insulin (!) increased roduction of blood cells ,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that one of the im ortant contributing causes of the failure of most ancreas trans lants has been the (A) reluctance of atients to coo erate (ith hysicians (") im erfect techniques used in the o erations (#) scarcity of immunosu ressive drugs ($) unavailability or healthy ancreases (!) (eakened condition of the atients ,;. The author rovides information that (ould ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* :. ::. -hat is hy erglycemia* -hat is one cause of hy erglycemia*

:::. -hat are some of the organs that can be adversely affected by hy erglycemia* (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and ::: only ($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and ::: ,<. Bn the basis of the information in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about the islets of Dangerhans* :. ::. They are im ortant for the normal control of blood glucose concentration. They can be trans lanted inde endently of other ancreatic cells. ressive reactions.

:::. They regulate immunosu (A) : only (") ::: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 ::8 and :::

,7. The assage suggests that the author considers the data concerning the success of ancreas trans lants to be

GRE

,),

(A) invalid (") indirect (#) inaccurate ($) insufficient (!) ina ro riate SECTION C
In ;ebruar" 1KDK the people of 7ari! ro!e in revolt again!t the con!titutional #onarch" of Boui!-7hilippe. /e!pite the exi!tence of excellent narrative account!) the ;ebruar" /a"!) a! thi! revolt i! called) have been largel" ignored b" !ocial hi!torian! of the pa!t t%o decade!. ;or each of the three other #a1or in!urrection! in nineteenth-centur" 7ari!2@ul" 1K:4) @une 1KDK) and =a" 1KN12there exi!t! at lea!t a ! etch of participant!$ bac ground! and an anal"!i!) #ore or le!! rigorou!) of the rea!on! for the occurrence of the upri!ing!. Onl" in the ca!e of the ;ebruar" (evolution do %e lac a u!eful de!cription of participant! that #ight characteri*e it in the light of %hat !ocial hi!tor" ha! taught u! about the proce!! of revolutionar" #obili*ation. T%o rea!on! for thi! relative neglect !ee# obviou!. ;ir!t) the in!urrection of ;ebruar" ha! been over!hado%ed b" that of @une. The ;ebruar" (evolution overthre% a regi#e) to be !ure) but #et %ith !o little re!i!tance that it failed to generate an" real !en!e of hi!torical dra#a. It! !ucce!!or) on the other hand) appeared to pit e" !ocioecono#ic group! in a life-or-death !truggle and %a! %idel" !een b" conte#porar" ob!erver! a! #ar ing a hi!torical departure. Through their interpretation!) %hich exert a continuing influence on our under!tanding of the revolutionar" proce!!) the i#pact of the event! of @une ha! been #agnified) %hile) a! an unintended con!e+uence) the !ignificance of the ;ebruar" in!urrection ha! been di#ini!hed. Second) li e other >!ucce!!ful? in!urrection!) the event! of ;ebruar" failed to generate the #o!t de!irable ind! of hi!torical record!. Although the @une in!urrection of 1KDK and the 7ari! Co##une of 1KN1 %ould be con!idered %ater!hed! of nineteenth-centur" ;rench hi!tor" b" an" !tandard) the" al!o pre!ent the !ocial hi!torian %ith a !ignal advantage< the!e failed in!urrection! created a #a!! of invaluable docu#entation a! a b"-product of authoritie!$ effort! to !earch out and puni!h the rebel!. Ouite different i! the outco#e of !ucce!!ful in!urrection! li e tho!e of @ul" 1K:4 and ;ebruar" 1KDK. Experience! are retold) but participant! t"picall" re!u#e their dail" routine! %ithout ever recording their activitie!. Tho!e %ho pla"ed !alient role! #a" beco#e the ob1ect! of highl" e#belli!hed verbal account! or in rare ca!e!) of celebrator" article! in conte#porar" periodical!. And it i! true that the publicl" ac no%ledged leader! of an upri!ing fre+uentl" %rite #e#oir!. .o%ever) !uch docu#ent! are li el" to be highl" unreliable) unrepre!entative) and un!"!te#aticall" pre!erved) e!peciall" %hen co#pared to the detailed 1udicial do!!ier! prepared for ever"one arre!ted follo%ing a failed in!urrection. A! a

GRE

,)3

con!e+uence) it #a" prove difficult or i#po!!ible to e!tabli!h for a !ucce!!ful revolution a co#prehen!ive and tru!t%orth" picture of tho!e %ho participated) or to an!%er even the #o!t ba!ic +ue!tion! one #ight po!e concerning the !ocial origin! of the in!urgent!.

17. According to the assage8 Ea useful descri tion of artici antsF (lines 11-1,) e%ists for (hich of the follo(ing insurrections of nineteenth-century >rance* :. ::. The 2uly :nsurrection of 1&3. The >ebruary 5evolution of 1&9&

:::. The 2une insurrection of 1&9& :?. The @ay insurrection of 1&71 (A) : and ::: only (") :: and :? only (#) :8 ::8 and ::: only ($) :8 :::8 and :? only (!) ::8 :::8 and :? only 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that su 5evolution (as (A) negligible (") misguided (#) fanatical ($) s ontaneous (!) (ides read 1). -hich of the follo(ing8 best describes the organization of the second aragra h* (A) The thesis of the assage is stated and su resented. orting evidence systematically ort for the ob7ectives of the >ebruary

(") T(o vie(s regarding the thesis resented in the first aragra h are com ared and contrasted. (#) !vidence refuting the thesis resented in the first aragra h is systematically resented. ($) The thesis resented in the first aragra h is systematically su orted. (!) The thesis resented in the first aragra h is further defined and a conclusion dra(n. ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author considers (hich of the follo(ing essential for understanding a revolutionary mobilization* (A) A com rehensive theory of revolution that can be a lied to the ma7or insurrections of the nineteenth century (") A(areness of the events necessary for a revolution to be successful

GRE

,)9

(#) Access to narratives and memoirs (ritten by eye(itnesses of a given revolution ($) The historical ers ective rovided by the assage of a considerable amount of time (!) Jno(ledge of the socioeconomic backgrounds of a revolution's artici ants ,1. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about the Edetailed 7udicial dossiersF referred to in line 9)* (A) :nformation contained in the dossiers sheds light on the social origins of a revolution's artici ants. (") The dossiers closely resemble the narratives (ritten by the revolution's leaders in their ersonal memoirs. (#) The information that such dossiers contain is untrust(orthy and unre resentative of a revolution's artici ants. ($) +ocial historians refer to avoid such dossiers (henever ossible because they are e%cessively detailed. (!) The >ebruary 5evolution of 1&9& roduced more of these dossiers than did the 2une insurrection. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing is the most logical ob7ection to the claim made in lines 3&-3)* (A) The >ebruary 5evolution of 1&9& is much less significant than the 2uly insurrection of 1&3.. (") The backgrounds and motivations of artici ants in the 2uly insurrection of 1&3. have been identified8 ho(ever cursorily. (#) !ven less is kno(n about the 2uly insurrection of 1&3. than about the >ebruary 5evolution of 1&9&. ($) 4istorical records made during the 2uly insurrection of 1&3. are less reliable than those made during the @ay insurrection of 1&71. (!) The im ortance of the 2uly insurrection of 1&3. has been magnified at the e% ense of the significance of the >ebruary 5evolution of 1&9&. ,3. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding revolution (ould the author most likely agree* (A) 5evolutionary mobilization requires a great deal of lanning by eo le re resenting disaffected grou s. (") The ob7ectives of the >ebruary 5evolution (ere more radical than those of the 2une insurrection. (#) The rocess of revolutionary mobilization varies greatly from one revolution to the ne%t. ($) 5evolutions vary greatly in the usefulness of the historical records that they roduce.

GRE

,);

(!) As kno(ledge of the >ebruary 5evolution increases8 chances are good that its im ortance (ill eventually ecli se that of the 2une insurrection.
One advantage of breeding African bee! %ith other bee t"pe! -Africani*ation0 #a" be re!i!tance to the para!itic #ite ;arroa <aco(soni, a #a1or threat to #odern bee eeping. In part! of Europe) thi! #ite i! deva!tating hone"bee! and illing #an" colonie! de!pite preventive #ea!ure! b" bee eeper!. 'ut in 'ra*il ;arroa <aco(soni ha! been pre!ent in Africani*ed bee! !ince 1FN2 %ithout the lo!! of a !ingle colon") even though bee eeper! there undertoo no preventive #ea!ure!. The #ite! la" egg! %ithin the brood cell! of i##ature bee!) and developing #ite! feed on the he#ol"#ph -blood0 of bee pupae. 'ut fe%er #ite! reproduce in Africani*ed bee! than in European bee!. So#e re!earcher! point out that thi! re!i!tance #a" be related to the Africani*ed %or er bee$! !horter develop#ent period) %hich prevent! !o#e #ite! fro# reaching #aturit". (ecentl" the #ite ha! beco#e a !eriou! proble# in colonie! of European bee! in North A#erica. Africani*ation of the!e bee! #a" be the be!t !afeguard again!t thi! para!ite.

,9. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (as true of the honeybee colonies described in line 9-<* (A) Their life e% ectancy8 (hen free of disease8 (as shorter than that of !uro ean bee colonies in Aorth America. (") They (ere not Africanized. (#) Their life cycle did not accommodate the feeding habits of Varroa 5acobsoni0 ($) They res onded (ell to measures to control Varroa 5acobsoni. (!) They (ere managed using methods that (ere more modern than those em loyed in "razil. ,;. The author cites all of the follo(ing as evidence that Africanized bees' resistance to Varroa 5acobsoni is su erior to that of !uro ean bees !C#!1T= (A) >e(er Varroa 5acobsoni mites re roduce in Africanized bees. (") Varroa 5acobsoni is killing many bee colonies in !uro e. (#) "eekee ers in "razil have not used reventive measures to rotect their colonies. ($) "razilian bee colonies have endured Varroa 5acobsoni since 1)7,. (!) At least some !uro ean bee colonies have been saved by reventive measures. ,<. According to the assage8 research suggests that one ossible reason the Africanized bees in "razil have successfully resisted Varroa 5acobsoni is that (A) the life cycle of the Africanized bee may limit the Varroa 5acobsoni mite's o ortunity to reach full develo ment (") the Africanized bees may have had an o ortunity to develo a chemical

GRE

,)<

resistance to Varroa 5acobsoni (#) the location of bee colonies in "razil may rovide a natural deterrent to Varroa 5acobsoni ($) Varroa 5acobsoni may be relatively ne( to "razil and may not have had time to become (ides read (!) beekee ers may have develo ed effective control techniques for Varroa 5acobsoni ,7. The author's argument regarding the resistance of Africanized bees to Varroa 5acobsoni (ould be most (eakened if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) The bees in "razil (ere resistant before being Africanized. (") The number of bee colonies in Aorth American increased dramatically (hereas the number in "razil remained unchanged. (#) @ites found in !uro ean bees re roduce at a faster rate than mites of identical s ecies found in the bees in "razil. ($) Africanized bees retain many of the characteristics of !uro ean bees. (!) "ee colonies in !uro e continue to roduce greater quantities of honey than do those in "razil. 1FF: 14 SECTION A
National character i! not for#all" con!idered b" !ocial !cienti!t! in di!cu!!ing econo#ic and !ocial develop#ent toda". The" believe that people differ and that the!e difference! !hould be ta en into account !o#eho%) but the" have a! "et di!covered no %a" to include !uch variable! in their for#al #odel! of econo#ic and !ocial develop#ent. The difficult" lie! in the nature of the data that !uppo!edl" define different national character!. Anthropologi!t! and other! are on #uch fir#er ground %hen the" atte#pt to de!cribe the cultural nor#! for a !#all ho#ogeneou! tribe or village than %hen the" underta e the for#idable ta! of di!covering the nor#! that exi!t in a co#plex #odern nation-!tate co#po!ed of #an" di!parate group!. The !ituation i! further co#plicated b" the nature of 1udg#ent! about character) !ince !uch 1udg#ent! are overl" dependent on i#pre!!ion! and !ince) further#ore) i#pre!!ion! are u!uall" !tated in +ualitative ter#!) it i! i#po!!ible to #a e a reliable co#pari!on bet%een the national character! of t%o countrie!.

17. The author's main oint in the assage is that national character (A) is too elusive to merit attention by anthro ologists and other social scientists (") is of greater interest to social scientists today than it has been in the ast (#) is still too difficult to describe (ith the recision required by many social scientists ($) has become increasingly irrelevant because of the com le%ity of modern life

GRE

,)7

(!) can be described more accurately by anthro ologists than by other social scientists 1&. /iven the information in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is ABT true of modern nation-states* (A) They are com le%. (") They are heterogeneous. (#) They are of interest to social scientists. ($) They lack cultural norms. (!) They differ from one another in terms of national character. 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the social scientists mentioned in lines 1-7 (ould agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements* :. ::. :t is e%tremely difficult to create models that account for both economic and social develo ment. @odels of economic and social develo ment (ould be im roved by the inclusion of adequate descri tions of national character.

:::. :t is im ortant to su lement formal models of economic and social develo ment (ith qualitative im ressions of national character. (A) : only (") :: only (#) ::: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :: and ::: only ,.. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) A roblem is resented and reasons for its e%istence are su lied. lied. (") A controversial vie( is resented and evidence for its validity is su ($) A recent develo ment is described and then analyzed. (!) A dis ute is summarized and one side defended.
One of the !i#ple!t and be!t no%n ind! of cr"!tal i! the ionic !alt) of %hich a t"pical exa#ple i! !odiu# chloride or ordinar" table !alt. The funda#ental co#ponent! of an ionic !alt are ion!< ato#! or #olecule! that have beco#e electricall" charged b" gaining or lo!ing one or #ore electron!. In for#ing !odiu# chloride) for exa#ple) !odiu# ato#! give up an electron -thereb" beco#ing po!itivel" charged0 and chlorine ato#! gain an electron -thereb" beco#ing negativel" charged0. The ion! are attracted to one another b" their oppo!ite charge!) and the" !tac together co#pactl") li e tightl" pac ed !phere!. (ecentl") !cienti!t! at =ichigan State 9niver!it" created a ne% ind of cr"!tal called an electride. In electride!) the anion! -negative ion!0 are co#pletel"

(#) A hy othesis is resented and ossible means of verifying it are suggested.

GRE

,)&

replaced b" electron!) %hich are trapped in naturall" for#ed cavitie! %ithin a fra#e%or of regularl" !tac ed cation! -po!itive ion!0. Electride! are the fir!t exa#ple! of ionic !alt! in %hich all the!e anionic !ite! are occupied !olel" b" electron!. 9nli e other t"pe! of anion!) anionic electron! do not behave a! if the" %ere !i#ple charged !phere!. In particular) becau!e of their lo% #a!! and their tendenc" to interact %ith one another over great di!tance!) the" cannot be >pinned do%n? to an" one location. In!tead) the" %ander clo!e to and a#ong the ato#! lining the cavit" and interact %ith electron! in nearb" cavitie!) perhap! changing place! %ith the#. The propertie! of an electride depend largel" on the di!tance bet%een the cavitie! that hold trapped electron!. &hen the trapped electron! are far apart) the" do not interact !trongl") and !o behave !o#e%hat li e an arra" of i!olated negative charge!. &hen the" are clo!er together) the" begin to di!pla" propertie! a!!ociated %ith large en!e#ble! of identical particle!. &hen the" are !till clo!er) the en!e#ble propertie! do#inate and the electron! >delocali*e?< the" are no longer tightl" bound %ithin individual cavitie! but are #ore or le!! free to pa!! through the !pace! %ithin the fra#e-%or of po!itive ion!. '" !"nthe!i*ing electride! fro# a variet" of #aterial!) one can var" the geo#etr" of the anionic cavitie! and their relation to the !urrounding cation!. The re!ulting propertie! #a" #a e it po!!ible for electride! to beco#e a ba!i! for econo#icall" u!eful ne% #aterial! and device!. ;or in!tance) becau!e the electron! in !o#e electride! are ver" %ea l" bound) the!e cr"!tal! could be effective a! photo!en!itive detector!) in %hich an i#pinging photon liberate! an electron) re!ulting in a !#all electric current. The !a#e %ea binding could al!o #a e electride! u!eful in !olar-energ" converter! and a! cathode! in batterie!. One ob!tacle i! the tendenc" of electride! to deco#po!e through reaction %ith air and %ater. (e!earcher! are !ee ing %a"! to increa!e their !tabilit".

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith discussing (A) a (ay to isolate electrons (") the characteristics of a ne( kind of crystal (#) the structure of an ionic salt ($) commercial uses for electrides (!) the ro erties of ions ,,. :n the first aragra h8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) introducing a variant on the standard atomic theory (") describing ho( chlorine atoms can become negatively charged (#) describing some early research at @ichigan +tate 6niversity ($) resenting the identifying ro erties of an electride (!) roviding background for the technical discussion to follo(

GRE

,))

,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that the differences bet(een the behavior of anionic electrons and normal anions result from (hich of the follo(ing features of electrons8 as com ared to normal anions* :. ::. The much lo(er mass of electrons The much greater tendency of electrons to interact (ith one another over large distances ed in naturally

:::. The much greater likelihood of electrons to remain tra formed anionic cavities (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :: and ::: only

,9. According to the assage8 the defining characteristic of an electride is (hich of the follo(ing* (A) :ts ositive ions are of articularly lo( mass. (") :ts ions ossess identical electrical charges. (#) :t contains a frame(ork of regularly stacked ions. ($) :ts ions demonstrate strong mutual attraction. (!) :ts negative ions consist solely of electrons. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that anions behaving as Esim le charged s heresF (line ,,) could be e% ected to (A) readily lose electrons and become ositively charged (") move freely in and out of their cavities (#) res ond to hotons by liberating electrons ($) stack (ith other anions to create a regular frame(ork (!) remain fi%ed relative to their cations ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that an electride behaves most like a normal ionic crystal (hen the electride has (hich of the follo(ing features* (A) The anionic cavities are (idely se arated. (") All of the tra ed electrons are able to delocalize. (#) The tra ed electrons are liberated by im inging hotons. ($) The ions are tightly acked together. (!) @ost of the cations have lost their electrical charge. ,7. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding electrides (ould the author most likely agree* (A) They have roven themselves to be of great commercial value.

GRE

3..

(") Their future commercial value is romising but uncertain. (#) They are interesting but of no ractical value. ($) They have commercial value mainly in solar-energy a lications. (!) Their rinci al im ortance (ill lie in scientific research. SECTION '
T"picall" the +ueen hone"bee i! #other to all the bee! in a hive6 after #ating %ith !everal #ale drone! fro# other colonie!) !he la"! fertili*ed egg! that develop into all-fe#ale %or er bee! and la"! unfertili*ed egg! that beco#e all-#ale drone!. &hen a +ueen die!) %or er! often la" unfertili*ed egg! that hatch into drone!. Aet %or er! rarel" reproduce %hile a +ueen reign!. According to natural !election theor") a %or er %ould enhance her fitne!!2or abilit" to propagate her gene!2b" hatching her o%n egg! in addition to or in place of the +ueen$!. 'ut a t"pical %or er$! fitne!! %ould be di#ini!hed if other %or er!$ !on!) %ho have le!! genetic #aterial in co##on %ith the %or er) !upplanted the +ueen$! !on! -the %or er$! brother!0. (e!earcher!) te!ting the h"pothe!i! that %or er! u!uall" !o#eho% bloc each other$! atte#pt! to reproduce) put unfertili*ed egg! laid b" %or er! and b" the +ueen into a hive. Other %or er! +uic l" devoured the %or er!$ egg! %hile leaving the +ueen$! egg! alone.

17. The author refers to the e% eriment described in lines 1<-1) in order to (A) e% lain ho( (orker bees are revented from mating (ith drones (") e% lain ho( (orker bees hatch and nurture the queen's young (#) demonstrate the universality of natural selection ($) sho( that (orker bees are ca able of th(arting each other's attem ts to re roduce (!) rovide a model of daily life in a ty ical honeybee hive 1&. The inner (orkings in a honeybee hive that regulate re roduction8 as they are described in the assage8 are most similar to (hich of the follo(ing ty es of human societies* (A) A totalitarian society in (hich citizens' E olicingF of each other's actions hel s to maintain the status quo. (") A acifist state in (hich the individuals are strongly o violence or aggression to settle dis utes. osed to the use of

(#) A democratic society in (hich the voice of the ma7ority rules. ($) A arliamentary society in (hich a fe( members8 organized as a cabinet (ield e%ecutive o(er. (!) An anarchic state in (hich order and stable social structures are lacking. 1). The assage best su orts (hich of the follo(ing inferences about the fitness of

GRE

3.1

honeybees* (A) 5e roduction diminishes any individual honeybee's fitness. (") An individual (orker's fitness can be maintained (ithout the individual herself re roducing. (#) A hierarchy of stronger and (eaker individuals among the (orker bees determines (hich individuals (ill re roduce (hen a queen dies. ($) -hile a queen reigns8 the fitness of the (orker bees is increased and that of the drones is diminished. (!) >itness encourages (orker bees to hatch honeybee eggs (ithout regard for the relatedness of the young to the E arent.F ,.. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the eggs laid by (orker bees* (A) Bne of the eggs hatches into the ne%t queen. (") The eggs are invariably destroyed by other (orker bees. (#) !ach (orker tries to hide her eggs from the other (orker bees. ($) The eggs hatch only if the (orker has mated (ith a drone from another hive. (!) The eggs are less likely to be harmed by other (orkers if the queen is dead.
In the field! of /elano) California) in 1FL3) Bui! Calde* !tarted the Teatro Ca#pe!ino -;ar#%or er$! Theater0) and %ith it initiated the renai!!ance of =exican A#erican theater. The Teatro Ca#pe!ino had an avo%edl" political purpo!e< to rall" ca$)esinos -far#%or er!0 in !upport of the far# %or er!$ !tri e then being organi*ed b" Ce!ar Chave*. Calde*$ dra#atic pre!entation!) called actos, !po e to a ca$)esino audience and addre!!ed topic! and the#e! directl" related to the !tri e. Calde*$ earl" actos %ere co#po!ed of a !erie! of !cene! about the !tri e experience acted b" ca$)esino volunteer!. .i! later actos %ere pre!ented b" a ne%l" con!tituted profe!!ional co#pan") !till called the Teatro Ca#pe!ino) and addre!!ed !uch the#e! a! the i#pact of the Cietna# &ar on =exican A#erican! and the danger! of a!!i#ilation) the#e! relevant to urban =exican A#erican! a! %ell a! to ca$)esinos. All Calde*$ actos contained ele#ent! of !ong and dance) relied little on !tage effect! or prop!) and featured the u!e of #a! !. The!e dra#atic ele#ent!) along %ith an inten!el" !ocial or political purpo!e and the u!e of a #ixture of Spani!h) Engli!h) and =exican A#erican dialect! in the dialogue!) %hich reali!ticall" capture the flavor of =exican A#erican conver!ation) are !till characteri!tic both of the acto and of #o!t other for#! of =exican A#erican theater toda". Innovative a! it i!) the acto o%e! #uch to the theater tradition! of other period! and region!. Bi e earl" Spani!h A#erican religiou! dra#a!) !ecular fol dra#a!) and the =exican car)as of a !o#e%hat later period) actos are u!uall" perfor#ed outdoor! b" traveling group! of pla"er! or b" local theater group!. The i#provi!ed co#ic !atire of the actos i! often attributed to Calde*$ !tud" of the Italian co$$edia de!!# arte of the !ixteenth centur") although !o#e critic! !ee it a! a direct reflection of the co#ic and i#provi!ational +ualitie! of the #ore

GRE

3.,

conte#porar" and local car)as of =exican theater. The Italian influence i! li el") %hatever Calde* i##ediate !ource< the =exican car)as the#!elve! are !aid to have originated fro# the theater piece! of a !ixteenth-centur" Spani!h %riter in!pired b" encounter! %ith Italian co$$edia de!!# arte troupe! on tour in Spain. The Engli!h-language theater ha! provided ele#ent! a! %ell< Calde* hi#!elf ha! ac no%ledged hi! debt to the agitprop !ociali!t theater that appeared in the 9nited State! during the 1F24$! and 1F:4$!. In particular) hi! actos contain the !a#e a!!ort#ent of !e#iallegorical character! and the !a#e blend of #u!ic) choru!) and dialogue found in !o#e of the agitprop piece!) a! %ell a! the !a#e fierce !pirit of !ocial and political criti+ue. ;inall") #an" of Calde*$ later theater piece! freel" incorporate character!) plot! and !"#bol! dra%n fro# the indigenou! #"th! and ritual! of the pre-.i!panic people! of Batin A#erica. In fact) no other art for# illu!trate! #ore clearl" the depth and co#plexit" of the =exican A#erican heritage it!elf than doe! the acto of Bui! Calde* and the Teatro Ca#pe!ino.

,1. According to the assage8 the original im etus behind the establishment of the Teatro #am esino (as (hich of the follo(ing* (A) To hel urban @e%ican Americans understand the roblems confronting striking ca%pesinos in #alifornia (") To romote an attitude of ride in the de th and richness of the @e%ican American heritage among striking ca%pesinos (#) To rovide striking cam esinos an o e% ress their olitical o inions ortunity to use their creative talents to ort of the ca%pesinos1 strike

($) To allo( its founder to e% ress his ersonal su effort (!) To mobilize ca%pesinos to su

ort the farm (orkers' strike in #alifornia

,,. The author cites all of the follo(ing as robable influences on ?aldez' develo ment of the acto !C#!1T the (A) theater of si%teenth-century :taly (") carpas of @e%ico (#) drama of classical /reece ($) !nglish-language theater of the 6nited +tates (!) myths and rituals of re-4is anic America ,3. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (as true of the later actos of the Teatro #am esino* (A) They (ere more olitically effective than (ere earlier actos. (") They (ere resented rimarily outdoors8 (hereas earlier actos (ere resented inside theaters. (#) They used a greater mi%ture of dialects than did the earlier actos.

GRE

3.3

($) They addressed a broader audience than did the earlier actos. (!) They differed from earlier actos in that they contained fe(er im rovisational elements. ,9. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the author's evaluation of the vie(s of the critics cited in lines 3<-3)* (A) Their vie(s8 if correct8 do not reclude the e%istence of an :talian influence on the acto. (") Their vie(s are unlikely to be correct8 given the differences e%isting bet(een @e%ican and @e%ican American theater. (#) Their vie(s concerning the @e%ican carpas are essentially correct8 but they lack familiarity (ith the acto0 ($) Their vie(s are robably more correct than the vie(s of those (ho have attributed the comic and im rovisational elements of the acto to earlier sources. (!) Their vie(s betray a lack of familiarity (ith the co%%edia dell1 arte. ,;. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing e% lains the characteristic use of a mi%ture of + anish8 !nglish8 and @e%ican American dialects in the (orks of @e%ican American lay(rights* (A) @e%ican American lay(rights (ish to include in their (orks elements dra(n from the traditions and history of re-4is anic America. (") @e%ican American lay(rights try to guarantee that their (orks are fully understood by the broadest ossible audience8 including those (ho may s eak only one language. (#) +uch a linguistic mi% faithfully reflects the linguistic diversity of @e%ican American culture8 and is easily understood by most @e%ican Americans. ($) @any @e%ican American lay(rights are quite familiar (ith both the + anish-language and the !nglish-language theater traditions. (!) @any different languages are still s oken (ithin the confines of the 6nited +tates8 although !nglish is still the most common first language of its citizens. ,<. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing elements characteristic of the acto are also found in some agit ro theater ieces* (A) The use of masks (") #omic im rovisation (#) An outdoor setting ($) @inimal use of com le% stage effects or ro s (!) An assortment of semiallegorical characters ,7. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 most strengthens the author's argument

GRE

3.9

concerning the debt of the acto to the theater traditions of other eriods and regions* (A) @any o ular forms of theater rely heavily on im rovisation. (") 1lays resembling the acto in structure (ere (ritten in the 1)7.'s by -est African lay(rights (ho are interested in dramatizing the richness of their o(n cultures. (#) The use of masks has8 at one time or another8 been characteristic of the theater traditions of almost all cultures8 even those most isolated from outside influences. ($) $uring a strike8 it is common for union members to resent musical skits dramatizing the values of solidarity and resistance. (!) "efore 1)<; Duis ?aldez had attended many erformances of traditional @e%ican theater grou s touring the (estern 6nited +tates. 1FFD 42 SECTION A
Anal"*ing the ph"!ic! of dance can add funda#entall" to a dancer$! ! ill. Although dancer! !eldo# !ee the#!elve! totall" in ph"!ical ter#!2a! bod" #a!! #oving through !pace under the influence of %ell- no%n force! and obe"ing ph"!ical la%!2neither can the" afford to ignore the ph"!ic! of #ove#ent. ;or exa#ple) no #atter ho% #uch a dancer %i!he! to leap off the floor and then !tart turning) the la% of con!ervation of angular #o#entu# ab!olutel" prevent! !uch a #ove#ent. So#e #ove#ent! involving pri#aril" vertical or hori*ontal #otion! of the bod" a! a %hole) in %hich rotation! can be ignored) can be !tudied u!ing !i#ple e+uation! of linear #otion in three di#en!ion!. .o%ever) rotational #otion! re+uire #ore co#plex approache! that involve anal"!e! of the %a" the bod"$! #a!! i! di!tributed) the axe! of rotation involved in different t"pe! of #ove#ent) and the !ource! of the force! that produce the rotational #ove#ent.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) initiate a debate over t(o a roaches to analyzing a field of study (") describe ho( one field of kno(ledge can be a lied to another field (#) oint out the contradictions bet(een t(o distinct theories ($) define and elaborate on an acce ted scientific rinci le (!) discuss the a lication of a ne( theory (ithin a ne( setting 1&. The author mentions all of the follo(ing as contributing to an understanding of the hysics of dance !C#!1T= (A) the la( of conservation of angular momentum (") analyses of the (ay in (hich the body's mass is distributed

GRE

3.;

(#) equations of linear motion in three dimensions ($) analyses of the sources that roduce rotational motions (!) the technical terms for movements such as lea s and turns 1). The author im lies that dancers can become more skilled by doing (hich of the follo(ing* (A) :gnoring rotational movements (") 6nderstanding the forces that ermit various movements (#) +olving sim le linear equations ($) Dearning the technical terms utilized by choreogra hers (!) #ircumventing the la( of conservation of angular momentum ,.. Analysis of (hich of the follo(ing (ould require the kind of com le% a roach described in lines 19-1)* (A) A long lea across s ace (") A short 7um u (ard (ith a return to the same lace (#) A sustained and controlled turn in lace ($) +hort8 ra id ste s for(ard and then back(ard (ithout turning (!) Kuick sideste s in a diagonal line
.u#an relation! have co##anded people$! attention fro# earl" ti#e!. The %a"! of people have been recorded in innu#erable #"th!) fol tale!) novel!) poe#!) pla"!) and popular or philo!ophical e!!a"!. Although the full !ignificance of a hu#an relation!hip #a" not be directl" evident) the co#plexit" of feeling! and action! that can be under!tood at a glance i! !urpri!ingl" great. ;or thi! rea!on p!"cholog" hold! a uni+ue po!ition a#ong the !cience!. >Intuitive? no%ledge #a" be re#ar abl" penetrating and can !ignificantl" help u! under!tand hu#an behavior) %herea! in the ph"!ical !cience! !uch co##on!en!e no%ledge i! relativel" pri#itive. If %e era!ed all no%ledge of !cientific ph"!ic! fro# our #ode# %ord) not onl" %ould %e not have car! and televi!ion !et!) %e #ight even find that the ordinar" per!on %a! unable to cope %ith the funda#ental #echanical proble#! of pulle"! and lever!. On the other hand if %e re#oved all no%ledge of !cientific p!"cholog" fro# our %orld) proble#! in interper!onal relation! #ight ea!il" be coped %ith and !olved #uch a! before. &e %ould !till > no%? ho% to avoid doing !o#ething a! ed of u! and ho% to get !o#eone to agree %ith u!6 %e %ould !till > no%? %hen !o#eone %a! angr" and %hen !o#eone %a! plea!ed. One could even offer !en!ible explanation! for the >%h"!? of #uch of the !elf$! behavior and feeling!. In other %ord!) the ordinar" per!on ha! a great and profound under!tanding of the !elf and of other people %hich) though unfor#ulated or onl" vaguel" conceived) enable! one to interact %ith other! in #ore or le!! adaptive %a"!. Gohler) in referring to the lac of great di!coverie! in p!"cholog" a! co#pared %ith ph"!ic!) account! for thi! b" !a"ing that >people %ere ac+uainted %ith practicall" all territorie! of #ental life a long

GRE

3.<

ti#e before the founding of !cientific p!"cholog".? 7aradoxicall") %ith all thi! natural) intuitive) co##on!en!e capacit" to gra!p hu#an relation!) the !cience of hu#an relation! ha! been one of the la!t to develop. /ifferent explanation! of thi! paradox have been !ugge!ted. One i! that !cience %ould de!tro" the vain and plea!ing illu!ion! people have about the#!elve!6 but %e #ight a! %h" people have al%a"! loved to read pe!!i#i!tic) debun ing %riting!) fro# Eccle!ia!te! to ;reud. It ha! al!o been propo!ed that 1u!t becau!e %e no% !o #uch about people intuitivel") there ha! been le!! incentive for !tud"ing the# !cientificall"6 %h" !hould one develop a theor") carr" out !"!te#atic ob!ervation!) or #a e prediction! about the obviou!M In an" ca!e) the field of hu#an relation!) %ith it! va!t literar" docu#entation but #eager !cientific treat#ent) i! in great contra!t to the field of ph"!ic in %hich there are relativel" fe% non!cientific boo !.

,1. According to the assage8 it has been suggested that the science of human relations (as slo( to develo because (A) intuitive kno(ledge of human relations is derived from hiloso hy (") early scientists (ere more interested in the hysical (orld (#) scientific studies of human relations a ear to investigate the obvious ($) the scientific method is difficult to a ly to the study of human relations (!) eo le generally seem to be more attracted to literary than to scientific (ritings about human relations ,,. The author's statement that E1sychology holds a unique osition among the sciencesF (lines &-)) is su orted by (hich of the follo(ing claims in the assage* (A) The full meaning of a human relationshi may not be obvious. (") #ommonsense understanding of human relations can be incisive. (#) :ntuitive kno(ledge in the hysical sciences is relatively advanced. ($) +ub7ective bias is difficult to control in sychological research. (!) 1sychological facts are too im recise to lead to great discoveries. ,3. According to the assage8 an understanding of the self can be (A) highly biased due to unconscious factors (") rofound even (hen vaguely conceived (#) im roved by s ecialized training ($) irrelevant for understanding human relations (!) more reliable than kno(ledge about other eo le ,9. :t can be inferred that the author (ould most likely agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding eo le (ho lived before the advent of scientific sychology*

GRE

3.7

(A) Their understanding of human relations (as quite limited. (") They (ere uninterested in acquiring kno(ledge of the hysical (orld. (#) They misunderstood others more frequently than do eo le today. ($) Their intuitions about human relations (ere reasonably so histicated. (!) They (ere more likely to hold leasing illusions about themselves than are eo le today. ,;. The author im lies that attem ts to treat human relations scientifically have thus far been relatively (A) unilluminating (") arado%ical (#) essimistic ($) encouraging (!) uninter retable ,<. The author refers to eo le (ho are attracted to E essimistic8 debunking (ritingsF (line 99) in order to su ort (hich of the follo(ing ideas* (A) :nteresting books about human relations are ty ically essimistic. (") 1eo le tend to ignore scientific e% lanations of human relations. (#) 1eo le rarely hold leasing illusions about themselves. ($) A scientific a roach human relations (ould undermine the leasing illusions eo le hold of themselves. (!) :t is doubtful that the science of human relations develo ed slo(ly because of a desire to maintain leasing illusions. ,7. :t can be inferred that the author assumes that commonsense kno(ledge of human relations is (A) equally (ell develo ed among all adults (ithin a given society (") considerably more accurate in some societies than in others (#) biased insofar as it is based on myths and folktales ($) ty ically unrelated to an individual's interactions (ith other eo le (!) usually sufficiently accurate to facilitate interactions (ith others SECTION '
Although a hi!torical lac of acce!! to for#al Spani!h-language education initiall" li#ited the opportunitie! of !o#e Chicano! to hone their ! ill! a! %riter! of Spani!h) their bilingual culture clearl" fo!tered an exuberant and co#pelling oral tradition. It ha! thu! generall" been b" %a" of the e#pha!i! on oral literar" creativit" that the!e Chicano %riter!) %ho!e Engli!h-language %or ! are !o#eti#e! unin!pired) developed the po%erful and arre!ting language that characteri*ed their Spani!h-language %or !. Thi! Spani!h-Engli!h difference i! not

GRE

3.&

!urpri!ing. &hen %riting in Spani!h) the!e author! !ta"ed clo!e to the !po en tradition! of their co##unitie! %here publication) !upport) and in!tructive re!pon!e %ould co#e +uic l" in local or regional ne%!paper!. &or ! in Engli!h) ho%ever) often re+uired the eli#ination of nuance or collo+uiali!#) the adoption of a for#al tone) and the ad1u!t#ent of the#e! or idea! to !ati!f" the different de#and! of national publication!.

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith doing (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $ebating the historical value of a literary movement (") $escribing and accounting for a difference in literary styles (#) !% laining a ublishing decision and evaluating its results ($) Analyzing the e% ectations of a articular grou of readers (!) #lassifying several kinds of literary roduction 1&. According to the author8 the #hicano oral e% erience contributed directly to (hich of the follo(ing characteristics in the (ork of some #hicano (riters* (A) A sensitivity to and ade tness in using the s oken language (") A tendency to a ear in national rather than regional ublications (#) A style reflecting the influence of + anish language education ($) A reliance on a rather formal style (!) A ca acity to a eal to a broad range of audiences 1). -hich of the follo(ing best describes the function of the last t(o sentences of the assage (lines 11-1))* (A) They e% and on an advantage mentioned in the first sentence of the assage(lines 1-;). (") They outline the consequences of a limitation discussed in the first sentence of the assage (lines 1-;). (#) They rovide e% licit e%am les dra(n from the oral and the (ritten (orks mentioned in the second sentence of the assage (lines ;-1.). ($) They e% lain the causes of a henomenon mentioned in the third sentence of the assage(lines 1.-11). (!) They limit the a licability of a generalization made in the third sentence of the assage (lines 1.-11). ,.. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (as robably characteristic of the Enational ublicationsF mentioned in line 1)* (A) They rimarily resented scholarly material of little interest to a general audience. (") They sometimes ublished articles treating controversial themes. (#) They encouraged authors to feature local issues in articles in order to increase circulation.

GRE

3.)

($) They included a significant number of articles by minority authors. (!) They took a stylistically formal a roach to material of interest to a general audience.
The t%o cla%! of the #ature A#erican lob!ter are decidedl" different fro# each other. The cru!her cla% i! !hort and !tout6 the cutter cla% i! long and !lender. Such bilateral a!"##etr") in %hich the right !ide of the bod" i!) in all other re!pect!) a #irror i#age of the left !ide) i! not unli e handedne!! in hu#an!. 'ut %here the #a1orit" of hu#an! are right-handed) in lob!ter! the cru!her cla% appear! %ith e+ual probabilit" on either the right or left !ide of the bod". 'ilateral a!"##etr" of the cla%! co#e! about graduall". In the 1uvenile fourth and fifth !tage! of develop#ent) the paired cla%! are !"##etrical and cutterli e. A!"##etr" begin! to appear in the 1uvenile !ixth !tage of develop#ent) and the paired cla%! further diverge to%ard %ell-defined cutter and cru!her cla%! during !ucceeding !tage!. An intriguing a!pect of thi! develop#ent %a! di!covered b" Cictor E##el. .e found that if one of the paired cla%! i! re#oved during the fourth or fifth !tage) the intact cla% invariabl" beco#e! a cru!her) %hile the regenerated cla% beco#e! a cutter. (e#oval of a cla% during a later 1uvenile !tage or during adulthood) %hen a!"##etr" i! pre!ent) doe! not alter the a!"##etr"6 the intact and the regenerate cla%! retain their original !tructure!. The!e ob!ervation! indicate that the condition! that trigger differentiation #u!t operate in a rando# #anner %hen the paired cla%! are intact but in a nonrando# #anner %hen one of the cla%! i! lo!t. One po!!ible explanation i! that differential u!e of the cla%! deter#ine! their a!"##etr". 7erhap! the cla% that i! u!ed #ore beco#e! the cru!her. Thi! %ould explain %h") %hen one of the cla%! i! #i!!ing during the fourth or fifth !tage) the intact cla% al%a"! beco#e! a cru!her. &ith t%o intact cla%!) initial u!e of one cla% #ight pro#pt the ani#al to u!e it #ore than the other throughout the 1uvenile fourth and fifth !tage!) cau!ing it to beco#e a cru!her. To te!t thi! h"pothe!i!) re!earcher! rai!ed lob!ter! in the 1uvenile fourth and fifth !tage! of develop#ent in a laborator" environ#ent in %hich the lob!ter! could #anipulate o"!ter chip!. -Not coincidentall") at thi! !tage of develop#ent lob!ter! t"picall" change fro# a habitat %here the" drift pa!!ivel") to the ocean floor %here the" have the opportunit" to be #ore active b" burro%ing in the !ub!trate.0 9nder the!e condition!) the lob!ter! developed a!"##etric cla%!) half %ith cru!her cla%! on the left) and half %ith cru!her cla%! on the right. In contra!t) %hen 1uvenile lob!ter! %ere reared in a !#ooth tan %ithout the o"!ter chip!) the #a1orit" developed t%o cutter cla%!. Thi! unu!ual configuration of !"##etrical cutter cla%! did not change %hen the lob!ter! %ere !ub!e+uentl" placed in a #anipulatable environ#ent or %hen the" lo!t and regenerated one or both cla%!.

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith

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(A) dra(ing an analogy bet(een asymmetry in lobsters and handedness in humans (") develo ing a method for redicting (hether crusher cla(s in lobsters (ill a ear on the left or right side (#) e% laining differences bet(een lobsters' crusher cla(s and cutter cla(s ($) discussing a ossible e% lanation for the (ay bilateral asymmetry is determined in lobsters (!) summarizing the stages of develo ment of the lobster ,,. !ach of the follo(ing statements about the develo ment of a lobster's crusher cla( is su orted by information in the assage !C#!1T= (A) :t can be sto stage. ed on one side and begun on the other after the 7uvenile si%th

(") :t occurs gradually over a number of stages. (#) :t is initially a arent in the 7uvenile si%th stage. ($) :t can occur even (hen a ros ective crusher cla( is removed in the 7uvenile si%th stage. (!) :t is less likely in the absence of a mani ulatable environment. ,3. -hich of the follo(ing e% erimental results8 if observed8 (ould most clearly contradict the findings of ?ictor !mmel* (A) A left cutterlike cla( is removed in the fifth stage and a crusher cla( develo s on the right side. (") A left cutterlike cla( is removed in the fourth stage and a crusher cla( develo s on the left side. (#) A left cutterlike cla( is removed in the si%th stage and a crusher cla( develo s on the right side. ($) "oth cutterlike cla(s are removed in the fifth stage and a crusher cla( develo s on the left side. (!) "oth cutterlike cla(s are removed in the fourth stage and a crusher cla( develo s on the right side. ,9. :t can be inferred that of the t(o laboratory environments mentioned in the assage8 the one (ith oyster chi s (as designed to (A) rove that the resence of oyster chi s (as not necessary for the develo ment of a crusher cla( (") rove that the relative length of time that the lobsters (ere e% osed to the oyster-chi environment had little im act on the develo ment of a crusher cla( (#) eliminate the environment as a ossible influence in the develo ment of a crusher cla(

GRE

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($) control on (hich side the crusher cla( develo s (!) simulate the conditions that lobsters encounter in their natural environment ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that one difference bet(een lobsters in the earlier stages of develo ment and those in the 7uvenile fourth and fifth stages is that lobsters in the early stages are (A) likely to be less active (") likely to be less symmetrical (#) more likely to lose a cla( ($) more likely to re lace a crusher cla( (ith a cutter cla( (!) more likely to regenerate a lost cla( ,<. -hich of the follo(ing conditions does the assage suggest is a ossible cause for the failure of a lobster to develo a crusher cla(* (A) The loss of a cla( during the third or earlier stage of develo ment (") The loss of a cla( during the fourth or fifth stage of develo ment (#) The loss of a cla( during the si%th stage of develo ment ($) $evelo ment in an environment devoid of material that can be mani ulated (!) $evelo ment in an environment that changes frequently throughout the stages of develo ment ,7. The author regards the idea that differentiation is triggered randomly (hen aired cla(s remain intact as (A) irrefutable considering the authoritative nature of !mmel's observations (") likely in vie( of resent evidence (#) contradictory to conventional thinking on lobster-cla( differentiation ($) urely s eculative because it is based on scattered research and e% erimentation (!) unlikely because of a arent inconsistencies (ith theories on handedness in humans 1FFD 4D SECTION A
/efender! of !pecial protective labor legi!lation for %o#en often #aintain that eli#inating !uch la%! %ould de!tro" the fruit! of a centur"-long !truggle for the protection of %o#en %or er!. Even a brief exa#ination of the hi!toric practice of court! and e#plo"er! %ould !ho% that the fruit of !uch la%! ha! been bitter< the" are) in practice) #ore of a cur!e than a ble!!ing. Sex-defined protective la%! have often been ba!ed on !tereot"pical a!!u#ption! concerning %o#en$! need! and abilitie!) and e#plo"er! have fre+uentl" u!ed the# a! legal excu!e! for di!cri#inating again!t %o#en. After the

GRE

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Second &orld &ar) for exa#ple) bu!ine!!e! and govern#ent !ought to per!uade %o#en to vacate 1ob! in factorie!) thu! #a ing roo# in the labor force for returning veteran!. The revival or pa!!age of !tate la%! li#iting the dail" or %ee l" %or hour! of %o#en convenientl" acco#pli!hed thi!. E#plo"er! had onl" to declare that overti#e hour! %ere a nece!!ar" condition of e#plo"#ent or pro#otion in their factor") and %o#en could be +uite legall" fired) refu!ed 1ob!) or ept at lo% %age level!) all in the na#e of >protecting? their health. '" validating !uch la%! %hen the" are challenged b" la%!uit!) the court! have colluded over the "ear! in e!tabli!hing different) le!! advantageou! e#plo"#ent ter#! for %o#en than for #en) thu! reducing %o#en$! co#petitivene!! on the 1ob #ar et. At the !a#e ti#e) even the #o!t %ell-intentioned la%#a er!) court!) and e#plo"er! have often been blind to the real need! of %o#en. The la%#a er! and the court! continue to per#it e#plo"er! to offer e#plo"ee health in!urance plan! that cover all no%n hu#an #edical di!abilitie! except tho!e relating to pregnanc" and childbirth. ;inall") labor la%! protecting onl" !pecial group! are often ineffective at protecting the %or er! %ho are actuall" in the %or place. So#e che#ical!) for exa#ple) po!e reproductive ri! ! for %o#en of childbearing "ear!6 #anufacturer! u!ing the che#ical! co#pl" %ith la%! protecting %o#en again!t the!e ha*ard! b" refu!ing to hire the#. Thu! the !ex-defined legi!lation protect! the h"pothetical fe#ale %or er) but ha! no effect %hatever on the !afet" of an" actual e#plo"ee. The health ri! ! to #ale e#plo"ee! in !uch indu!trie! cannot be negligible) !ince che#ical! toxic enough to cau!e birth defect! in fetu!e! or !terilit" in %o#en are pre!u#abl" har#ful to the hu#an #etaboli!#. 7rotective la%! ai#ed at changing production #aterial! or techni+ue! in order to reduce !uch ha*ard! %ould benefit all e#plo"ee! %ithout di!cri#inating again!t an". In !u#) protective labor la%! for %o#en are di!cri#inator" and do not #eet their intended purpo!e. Begi!lator! !hould recogni*e that %o#en are in the %or force to !ta") and that their need!2good health care) a decent %age) and a !afe %or place2are the need! of all %or er!. Ba%! that ignore the!e fact! violate %o#en$! right! for e+ual protection in e#plo"#ent.

17. According to the author8 (hich of the follo(ing resulted from the assage or revival of state la(s limiting the (ork hours of (omen (orkers* (A) -omen (orkers (ere com elled to leave their 7obs in factories. (") @any em loyers had difficulty in roviding 7obs for returning veterans. (#) @any em loyers found it hard to attract (omen (orkers. ($) The health of most (omen factory (orkers im roved. (!) !m loyment ractices that addressed the real needs of (omen (orkers became common. 1&. The author laces the (ord E rotectingF in quotation marks in line ,1 most likely in order to suggest that

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(A) she is quoting the actual (ording of the la(s in question (") the rotective nature of the la(s in question should not be overlooked (#) rotecting the health of (orkers is im ortant to those (ho su labor la(s ort rotective

($) the la(s in question (ere really used to the detriment of (omen (orkers8 des ite being overtly rotective in intent (!) the health of (orkers is not in need of rotection8 even in 7obs (here many hours of overtime (ork are required 1). The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is a shortcoming of rotective labor la(s that single out a articular grou of (orkers for rotection* (A) +uch la(s are often too (eak to be effective at rotecting the grou in question. (") +uch la(s are usually drafted by legislators (ho8 do not have the best interests of (orkers at heart. (#) +uch la(s e%ert no ressure on em loyers to eliminate hazards in the (ork lace. ($) #om liance (ith such la(s is often costly for em loyers and rovokes la(suits by em loyees claiming discrimination. (!) !m loyer com liance (ith such la(s results in increased tension among (orkers on the 7ob8 because such la(s unfairly rivilege one grou of em loyees over another. ,.. According to the first aragra h of the assage8 the author considers (hich of the follo(ing to be most hel ful in determining the value of s ecial rotective labor legislation for (omen* (A) A com arative study of atterns of (ork-related illnesses in states that had such la(s and in states that did not (") An estimate of ho( many (omen (orkers are in favor of such la(s (#) An analysis of the cost to em loyers of com lying (ith such la(s ($) A consideration of (hat intentions the advocates of such la(s really had concerning (omen (orkers (!) An e%amination of the actual effects that such la(s have had in the ast on (omen (orkers ,1. The main oint of the assage is that s ecial rotective labor la(s for (omen (orkers are (A) unnecessary because most (orkers are (ell rotected by e%isting labor la(s (") harmful to the economic interests of (omen (orkers (hile offering them little or no actual rotection (#) not (orth reserving even though they do re resent a hard-(on legacy of the labor movement

GRE

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($) controversial because male (orkers receive less rotection than they require (!) inadequate in that they often do not revent em loyers from e% osing (omen (orkers to many health hazards ,,. The author im lies that (hich of the follo(ing is characteristic of many em loyee health insurance lans* (A) They cover all the common medical conditions affecting men8 but only some of those affecting (omen. (") They lack the s ecial rovisions for (omen (orkers that ro osed s ecial labor la(s for (omen (ould rovide. (#) They ay the medical costs associated (ith regnancy and childbirth only for the s ouses of male em loyees8 not for female em loyees. ($) They meet minimum legal requirements8 but do not adequately safeguard the health of either male or female em loyees. (!) They have recently been im roved as a result of the assage of ne( labor la(s8 but continue to e%clude coverage of certain uncommon medical conditions affecting (omen. ,3. According to the assage8 s ecial labor la(s rotecting (omen (orkers tend generally to have (hich of the follo(ing effects* (A) They tend to modify the stereoty es em loyees often hold concerning (omen. (") They increase the advantage to em loyers of hiring men instead of (omen8 making it less likely that (omen (ill be hired. (#) They decrease the likelihood that em loyers (ill offer more rotection to (omen (orkers than that (hich is absolutely required by la(. ($) They increase the tendency of em loyers to deny health insurance and disability lans to (omen (orkers. (!) They have little im act of any kind on (omen (orkers8 since ty ically very fe( (omen are em loyed in those classes of 7obs covered by the la(s.
&hile it i! true that living organi!#! are profoundl" affected b" their environ#ent) it i! e+uall" i#portant to re#e#ber that #an" organi!#! are al!o capable of altering their habitat !ignificantl") !o#eti#e! li#iting their o%n gro%th. The influence of the biological co#ponent of an eco!"!te# i! often greater in fre!h %ater! that in #arine or terre!trial !"!te#!) becau!e of the !#all !i*e of #an" fre!h%ater bodie!. =an" of the i#portant effect! of organi!#! are related to their ph"!iolog") e!peciall" gro%th and re!piration. '" their gro%th #an" !pecie! can deplete e!!ential nutrient! %ithin the !"!te#) thu! li#iting their o%n gro%th or that of other !pecie!. Bund ha! de#on!trated that in Ba e &inder#ere the alga 'sterione!!a i! unable to gro% in condition! that it it!elf ha! created. Once a "ear) in the !pring) thi! plant !tart! to gro% rapidl" in the la e) u!ing up !o #uch !ilica fro# the %ater that b" late !pring there i! no longer

GRE

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enough to #aintain it! o%n gro%th. The population decrea!e! dra#aticall" a! a re!ult.

,9. -hich of the follo(ing is an e%am le of the ty e of organism described in lines ,-;* (A) A kind of ant that feeds on the s(eet 7uice e%uded by the t(igs of a s ecies of thorn tree that gro(s in dry areas. (") A kind of fish that8 after gro(ing to maturity in the ocean8 returns to fresh (ater. (#) A kind of flo(er that has markings distinctly erce tible in ultraviolet light to the s ecies of bee that ollinates the flo(er. ($) A kind of tree (ith seeds that germinate readily only in a sunny s ot and then develo into mature trees that shade the area belo( them. (!) A kind of butterfly8 itself non oisonous8 (ith the same markings as a kind of butterfly that birds refuse to eat because it is oisonous. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ings is true about Asterionella lants in Dake -indermere* (A) They are not resent e%ce t in early s ring. (") They contribute silica to the (aters as they gro(. (#) They are food for other organisms. ($) They form a silica-rich layer on the lake bottom. (!) Their gro(th eaks in the s ring. ,<. The assage indicates that organisms frequently have the strongest effects on their environment in (A) oceans8 since oceans contain the largest organisms living on !arth (") oceans8 since oceans rovide habitats for many different kinds of s ecies (#) fresh(ater bodies8 since such effects become ronounced in relatively small s aces ($) fresh(ater lakes8 since nutrients in fresh(ater lakes are resent only in small amounts (!) land areas8 since there e%ist ma7or influences of climate on the kinds of small organisms su orted in land areas ,7. The rimary to ic of the assage is the (ay in (hich (A) organisms are affected by the amount of nutrients available (") organisms can change their o(n surroundings (#) elements of fresh(ater habitats im ede the gro(th of small organisms ($) the re roduction of organisms is controlled by factors in the environment (!) lant matter in a given locale can increase u to a limit

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SECTION '
It i! their !en!itive re!pon!e to hu#an circu#!tance that account! for the per!i!tence of certain univer!al idea!. (abbi =eir) a !econd-centur" !cholar) ad#oni!hed hi! di!ciple! to loo not at the pitcher but at it! content! becau!e) he !tated) >=an" a ne% pitcher ha! been found to be full of old %ine.? Thi! %a! hi! %a" of e#pha!i*ing the i#portance of the di!tinction bet%een for# and idea) and of !tre!!ing that the integrit" of an idea i! #ore i#portant than the for# of it! expre!!ion. Creative idea! not onl" produce their o%n in!tru#ent! of !urvival a! ti#e and circu#!tance! de#and) but per#it the !ub!titution of ne% for#! for old under the pre!!ure of changed circu#!tance!. ;or exa#ple de#ocrac") a! an idea) originated in ancient 8reece and %a! carried fro# there to &e!tern Europe and the A#erica!. 'ut it did not retain the ancient 8ree for#< it pa!!ed through !everal refor#ing proce!!e! and exi!t! toda" in #an" countrie!. /e#ocratic govern#ent! differ in for# becau!e de#ocrac" i! in principle d"na#ic and ha! therefore re!ponded to local need!.

17. The author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) illustrating the im ortance of a historical figure (") discussing an im ortant characteristic of human ideas (#) describing the history of the gro(th of democracy ($) contrasting ancient and modern vie(s of the im ortance of creative ideas (!) evaluating the contribution of ancient /reece to modern government 1&. According to the assage8 democracy is an e%am le of (A) a human circumstance that has molded creative ideas (") an instrument of survival that has altered its original form (#) an attribute of a creative idea that has allo(ed that idea to ersist ($) a creative idea that has ersisted because of its ada tability (!) a reforming rocess that has culminated in the creation of modern governments 1). The Ene( itcherF mentioned in line < is the equivalent of (hich of the follo(ing elements in the author's discussion of democracy (lines 1;-,,)* (A) Ancient /reece (") The idea of democracy (#) A modern democratic government ($) A dynamic rinci le (!) The /reek form of democracy ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould disagree most (ith (hich of the follo(ing assertions*

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(A) #hanging circumstances sometimes give rise to original ideas. (") #reative ideas have universal a lications. (#) #hanging human needs influence universal ideas. ($) $emocratic institutions are a ro riate in the modern (orld. (!) An idea must be e% ressed in a traditional (ay.
'efore 1FL3 #an" !cienti!t! pictured the circulation of the ocean$! %ater #a!! a! con!i!ting of large) !lo%-#oving current!) !uch a! the 8ulf Strea#. That vie%) ba!ed on 144 "ear! of ob!ervation! #ade around the globe) produced onl" a rough approxi#ation of the true circulation. 'ut in the 1F34$! and the 1FL4$!) re!earcher! began to e#plo" ne%l" developed techni+ue! and e+uip#ent) including !ub!urface float! that #ove %ith ocean current! and e#it identification !ignal!) and ocean-current #eter! that record data for #onth! at fixed location! in the ocean. The!e in!tru#ent! di!clo!ed an unexpected level of variabilit" in the deep ocean. (ather than being characteri*ed b" !#ooth) large-!cale current! that change !ea!onall" -if at all0) the !ea! are do#inated b" %hat oceanographer! call #e!o!cale field!< fluctuating) energetic flo%! %ho!e velocit" can reach ten ti#e! the #ean velocit" of the #a1or current!. =e!o!cale pheno#ena2the oceanic analogue of %eather !"!te#!2often extend to di!tance! of 144 ilo#eter! and per!i!t for 144 da"! -%eather !"!te#! generall" extend about 1)444 ilo#eter! and la!t : to 3 da"! in an" given area0. =ore than F4 percent of the inetic energ" of the entire ocean #a" be accounted for b" #e!o!cale variabilit" rather than b" large-!cale current!. =e!o!cale pheno#ena #a") in fact) pla" a !ignificant role in oceanic #ixing) air-!ea interaction!) and occa!ional2but far-reaching2cli#atic event! !uch a! El Nino) the at#o!pheric-oceanic di!turbance in the e+uatorial 7acific that affect! global %eather pattern!. 9nfortunatel") it i! not fea!ible to u!e conventional techni+ue! to #ea!ure #e!o!cale field!. To #ea!ure the# properl") #onitoring e+uip#ent %ould have to be laid out on a grid at interval! of at #o!t 34 ilo#eter!) %ith !en!or! at each grid point lo%ered deep in the ocean and ept there for #an" #onth!. 'ecau!e u!ing the!e techni+ue! %ould be prohibitivel" expen!ive and ti#e-con!u#ing) it %a! propo!ed in 1FNF that to#ograph" be adapted to #ea!uring the ph"!ical propertie! of the ocean. In #edical to#ograph" x-ra"! #ap the hu#an bod"$! den!it" variation! -and hence internal organ!06 the infor#ation fro# the x-ra"!) tran!#itted through the bod" along #an" different path!) i! reco#bined to for# three-di#en!ional i#age! of the bod"$! interior. It i! pri#aril" thi! #ultiplicative increa!e in data obtained fro# the #ultipath tran!#i!!ion of !ignal! that account! for oceanographer!$ attraction to to#ograph"< it allo%! the #ea!ure#ent of va!t area! %ith relativel" fe% in!tru#ent!. (e!earcher! rea!oned that lo%-fre+uenc" !ound %ave!) becau!e the" are !o %ell de!cribed #athe#aticall" and becau!e even !#all perturbation! in e#itted !ound %ave! can be detected) could be tran!#itted through the ocean over #an" different path! and that the propertie!

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of the ocean$! interior2it! te#perature) !alinit") den!it") and !peed of current!2 could be deduced on the ba!i! of ho% the ocean altered the !ignal!. Their initial trial! %ere highl" !ucce!!ful) and ocean acou!tic to#ograph" %a! born.

,1. According to the assage8 scientists are able to use ocean acoustic tomogra hy to deduce the ro erties of the ocean's interior in art because (A) lo(-frequency sound (aves are (ell described mathematically (") mesoscale henomena are so large as to be easily detectable (#) information from sound (aves can be recombined more easily than information from %-rays ($) tomogra hy is better suited to measuring mesoscale henomena than to measuring small-scale systems (!) density variations in the ocean are mathematically redictable ,,. The assage suggests that medical tomogra hy o erates on the rinci le that (A) %-rays are su erior to sound (aves for roducing three-dimensional images (") sound (aves are altered as they ass through regions of varying density (#) images of the body's interior can be roduced by analyzing a single %-ray transmission through the body ($) the varying densities (ithin the human body allo( %-rays to ma the internal organs (!) information from %-rays and sound (aves can be combined to roduce a highly detailed image of the body's interior ,3. -hich of the follo(ing is most similar to medical tomogra hy as it is described in the assage* (A) The use of ocean-current meters to determine the direction and velocity of the ocean's mesoscale fields (") The use of earthquake shock(ave data collected at several different locations and combined to create a three-dimensional image of the !arth's interior (#) The use of a grid- oint sensory system to ma global (eather atterns ($) The use of subsurface floats to ma large-scale circulation in the ocean (!) The use of com uter technology to halt the rogress of a articular disease (ithin the human body's internal organs ,9. The author mentions !l Aino (line ,7) rimarily in order to em hasize (hich of the follo(ing oints* (A) The brief duration of (eather atterns (") The variability of mesoscale henomena (#) The difficulty of measuring the ocean's large-scale currents ($) The effectiveness of lo(-frequency sound (aves in ma ing the ocean (!) The ossible im act of mesoscale fields on (eather conditions

GRE

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,;. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the third aragra h of the assage* (A) A theory is ro osed8 considered8 and then attended. (") B osing vie(s are resented8 elaborated8 and then reconciled. (#) A roblem is described8 then a solution is discussed and its effectiveness is affirmed. ($) An argument is advanced8 then refuted8 and an alternative is suggested. (!) A hy othesis is resented8 qualified8 and then reaffirmed. ,<. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould be true if the ocean's circulation consisted rimarily of large8 slo(-moving currents* (A) The influence of mesoscale fields on global (eather atterns (ould remain the same. (") Darge-scale currents (ould e%hibit more variability than is actually observed. (#) The ma7ority of the ocean's kinetic energy (ould be derived from mesoscale fields. ($) Atmos heric-oceanic disturbances such as !l Aino (ould occur more often. (!) #onventional measuring techniques (ould be a feasible method of studying the hysical ro erties of the ocean. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing8 if resented as the first sentence of a succeeding aragra h8 (ould most logically continue the discussion resented in the assage* (A) Timekee ing in medical tomogra hy must be recise because the changes in travel time caused by density fluctuations are slight. (") To understand ho( ocean acoustic tomogra hy (orks8 it is necessary to kno( ho( sound travels in the ocean. (#) +hi s are another ossibility8 but they (ould need to sto every ;. kilometers to lo(er measuring instruments. ($) These variations amount to only about , to 3 ercent of the average s eed of sound in (ater8 (hich is about 18 ;.. meters er second. (!) The device used in medical tomogra hy emits a s ecially coded signal8 easily distinguishable from background noise. 1FFD 14 SECTION A
The ;ourteenth A#end#ent to the 9nited State! Con!titution) ratified in 1KLK) prohibit! !tate govern#ent! fro# den"ing citi*en! the >e+ual protection of the la%!.? Although preci!el" %hat the fra#er! of the a#end#ent #eant b" thi! e+ual protection clau!e re#ain! unclear) all interpreter! agree that the fra#er!$ i##ediate ob1ective %a! to provide a con!titutional %arrant for the Civil (ight!

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Act of 1KLL) %hich guaranteed the citi*en!hip of all per!on! born in the 9nited State! and !ub1ect to 9nited State! 1uri!diction. Thi! declaration) %hich %a! echoed in the text of the ;ourteenth A#end#ent) %a! de!igned pri#aril" to counter the Supre#e Court$! ruling in red Scott -. Sandford that 'lac people in the 9nited State! could be denied citi*en!hip. The act %a! vetoed b" 7re!ident Andre% @ohn!on) %ho argued that the Thirteenth A#end#ent) %hich aboli!hed !laver") did not provide Congre!! %ith the authorit" to extend citi*en!hip and e+ual protection to the freed !lave!. Although Congre!! pro#ptl" overrode @ohn!on$! veto) !upporter! of the act !ought to en!ure it! con!titutional foundation! %ith the pa!!age of the ;ourteenth A#end#ent. The broad language of the a#end#ent !trongl" !ugge!t! that it! fra#er! %ere propo!ing to %rite into the Con!titution not a laundr" li!t of !pecific civil right! but a principle of e+ual citi*en!hip that forbid! organi*ed !ociet" fro# treating an" individual a! a #e#ber of an inferior cla!!. Aet for the fir!t eight decade! of the a#end#ent$! exi!tence) the Supre#e Court$! interpretation of the a#end#ent betra"ed thi! ideal of e+ualit". In the Ci-i! %ights Cases of 1KK:) for exa#ple) the Court invented the >!tate action? li#itation) %hich a!!ert! that >private? deci!ion! b" o%ner! of public acco##odation! and other co##ercial bu!ine!!e! to !egregate their facilitie! are in!ulated fro# the reach of the ;ourteenth A#end#ent$! guarantee of e+ual protection under the la%. After the Second &orld &ar) a 1udicial cli#ate #ore ho!pitable to e+ual protection clai#! cul#inated in the Supre#e Court$! ruling in &rown -. &oard of *ducation that raciall" !egregated !chool! violated the e+ual protection clau!e of the ;ourteenth A#end#ent. T%o doctrine! e#braced b" the Supre#e Court during thi! period extended the a#end#ent$! reach. ;ir!t) the Court re+uired e!peciall" !trict !crutin" of legi!lation that e#plo"ed a >!u!pect cla!!ification)? #eaning di!cri#ination again!t a group on ground! that could be con!trued a! racial. Thi! doctrine ha! broadened the application of the ;ourteenth A#end#ent to other) nonracial for#! of di!cri#ination) for %hile !o#e 1u!tice! have refu!ed to find an" legi!lative cla!!ification other than race to be con!titutionall" di!favored) #o!t have been receptive to argu#ent! that at lea!t !o#e nonracial di!cri#ination!) !exual di!cri#ination in particular) are >!u!pect? and de!erve thi! heightened !crutin" b" the court!. Second) the Court relaxed the !tate action li#itation on the ;ourteenth A#end#ent) bringing ne% for#! of private conduct %ithin the a#end#ent$! reach.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the main idea of the assage* (A) "y resenting a list of s ecific rights8 framers of the >ourteenth Amendment (ere attem ting to rovide a constitutional basis for broad 7udicial rotection of the rinci le of equal citizenshi . (") Bnly after the +u reme #ourt ado ted the sus ect classification a roach to revie(ing otentially discriminatory legislation (as the a licability of the >ourteenth Amendment e%tended to include se%ual discrimination.

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(#) Aot until after the +econd -orld -ar did the +u reme #ourt begin to inter ret the >ourteenth Amendment in a manner consistent (ith the rinci le of equal citizenshi that it e% resses. ($) :nter reters of the >ourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus (ith regard to (hat its framers meant by the equal rotection clause. (!) Although the reluctance of 7udges to e%tend the reach of the >ourteenth Amendment to nonracial discrimination has betrayed the rinci le of equal citizenshi 8 the +u reme #ourt's use of the state action limitation to insulate rivate activity from the amendment's reach has been more harmful. 1&. The assage suggests that the rinci al effect of the state action limitation (as to (A) allo( some discriminatory ractices to continue unim eded by the >ourteenth Amendment (") influence the +u reme #ourt's ruling in Brown +, Board of !ducation (#) rovide e% anded guidelines describing rohibited actions ($) rohibit states from enacting la(s that violated the intent of the #ivil 5ights Act of 1&<< (!) shift to state governments the res onsibility for enforcement of la(s rohibiting discriminatory ractices 1). The author's osition regarding the intent of the framers of the >ourteenth Amendment (ould be most seriously undermined if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) The framers had antici ated state action limitations as they are described in the assage. (") The framers had merely sought to revent discriminatory acts by federal officials. (#) The framers (ere concerned that the #ivil 5ights Act of 1&<< (ould be overturned by the +u reme #ourt. ($) The framers (ere a(are that the hrase Eequal rotection of the la(sF had broad im lications. (!) The framers believed that racial as (ell as non-racial forms of discrimination (ere unacce table. ,.. According to the assage8 the original ro onents of the >ourteenth Amendment (ere rimarily concerned (ith (A) detailing the rights afforded by the rinci le of equal citizenshi (") roviding su ort in the #onstitution for equal rotection for all citizens of the 6nited +tates (#) closing a loo hole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement of their civil rights ($) asserting that the civil rights rotected by the #onstitution included nonracial

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discrimination as (ell as racial discrimination (!) granting state governments broader discretion in inter reting the #ivil 5ights Act of 1&<< ,1. The author im lies that the >ourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if (A) #ongress' authority (ith regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged (") the framers had antici ated the +u reme #ourt's ruling in Brown +0 Board of !ducation (#) the framers had believed that it (ould be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving non-racial grou s ($) most state governments had been (illing to rotect citizens' civil rights (!) its essential elements had not been im licit in the Thirteenth Amendment ,,. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing most accurately indicates the sequence of the events listed belo(* :. ::. #ivil 5ights Act of 1&<< $red +cott v. +andford

:::. >ourteenth Amendment :?. ?eto by 1resident 2ohnson (A) :8 ::8 :::8 :? (") :8 :?8 ::8 ::: (#) :8 :?8 :::8 :: ($) ::8 :8 :?8 ::: (!) :::8 ::8 :8 :? ,3. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about the second of the t(o doctrines referred to in lines 3)-91 of the assage* (A) :t caused some 7ustices to rule that all ty es of discrimination are rohibited by the #onstitution. (") :t shifted the focus of the +u reme #ourt from racial to nonracial discrimination. (#) :t narro(ed the concern of the +u reme #ourt to legislation that em loyed a sus ect classification. ($) :t caused legislators (ho (ere (riting ne( legislation to re7ect language that could be construed as ermitting racial discrimination. (!) :t made it more difficult for commercial businesses to ractice racial discrimination.
The Earth$! #agnetic field i! generated a! the #olten iron of the Earth$! outer core revolve! around it! !olid inner core. &hen !urge! in the #olten iron occur)

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#agnetic te#pe!t! are created. At the Earth$! !urface) the!e te#pe!t! can be detected b" change! in the !trength of the Earth$! #agnetic field. ;or rea!on! not full" under!tood) the field it!elf rever!e! periodicall" ever" #illion "ear! or !o. /uring the pa!t #illion "ear!) for in!tance) the #agnetic north pole ha! #igrated bet%een the Antarctic and the Arctic. Clearl") geoph"!ici!t! %ho !ee to explain and foreca!t change! in the field #u!t under!tand %hat happen! in the outer core. 9nli e #eteorologi!t!) ho%ever) the" cannot rel" on ob!ervation! #ade in their o%n lifeti#e!. &herea! at#o!pheric !tor#! ari!e in a #atter of hour! and la!t for da"!) #agnetic te#pe!t! develop over decade! and per!i!t for centurie!. ;ortunatel" !cienti!t! have been recording change! in the Earth$! #agnetic field for #ore than :44 "ear!.

,9. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) analyzing a com licated scientific henomenon and its im act on the !arth's surface features (") describing a natural henomenon and the challenges its study resents to researchers (#) discussing a scientific field of research and the ga s in researchers' methodological a roaches to it ($) com aring t(o distinct fields of hysical science and the different research methods em loyed in each (!) ro osing an e% lanation for a geo hysical henomenon and an e% eriment that could hel confirm that e% lanation ,;. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about surges in the !arth's outer core* (A) They occur cyclically every fe( decades. (") They can be redicted by changes in the !arth's inner core. (#) They are detected through indirect means. ($) They are linked to disturbances in the !arth's atmos here. (!) They last for eriods of about 1 million years. ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that geo hysicists seeking to e% lain magnetic tem ests ought to conduct research on the !arth's outer core because the !arth's outer core (A) is more fully understood than the !arth's magnetic field (") is more easily observed than the !arth's magnetic field (#) has been the sub7ect of e%tensive scientific observation for 3.. years ($) is involved in generating the !arth's magnetic field (!) reflects changes in the inner core caused by magnetic tem ests

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,7. :n the second aragra h8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) stating a limitation that hel s determine a research methodology (") making a com arative analysis of t(o different research methodologies (#) assessing the amount of em irical data in the field of hysical science ($) suggesting an o timistic (ay of vie(ing a (idely feared henomenon (!) describing a fundamental issue and discussing its future im act on society SECTION '
The defoliation of #illion! of acre! of tree! b" #a!!ive infe!tation! of g"p!" #oth caterpillar! i! a recurring pheno#enon in the northea!tern 9nited State!. In !tud"ing the!e outbrea !) !cienti!t! have di!covered that affected tree! fight bac b" relea!ing toxic che#ical!) #ainl" phenol!) into their foliage. The!e noxiou! !ub!tance! li#it caterpillar!$ gro%th and reduce the nu#ber of egg! that fe#ale #oth! la". 7henol! al!o #a e the egg! !#aller) %hich reduce! the gro%th of the follo%ing "ear$! caterpillar!. 'ecau!e the nu#ber of egg! a fe#ale #oth produce! i! directl" related to her !i*e) and becau!e her !i*e i! deter#ined entirel" b" her feeding !ucce!! a! a caterpillar) the tree!$ defen!ive #echani!# ha! an i#pact on #oth fecundit". The g"p!" #oth i! al!o !ub1ect to attac b" the nucleopol"hedro!i! viru!) or %ilt di!ea!e) a particularl" i#portant iller of the caterpillar! in outbrea "ear!. Caterpillar! contract %ilt di!ea!e %hen the" eat a leaf to %hich the viru!) enca!ed in a protein globule) ha! beco#e attached. Once inge!ted b" a caterpillar) the protein globule di!!olve!) relea!ing thou!and! of viru!e!) or virion!) that after about t%o %ee ! #ultipl" enough to fill the entire bod" cavit". &hen the caterpillar die!) the virion! are relea!ed to the out!ide) enca!ed in a ne% protein globule !"nthe!i*ed fro# the caterpillar$! ti!!ue! and read" to be pic ed up b" other caterpillar!. Gno%ing that phenol!) including tannin!) often act b" a!!ociating %ith and altering the activit" of protein!) re!earcher! focu!ed on the effect! on caterpillar! of inge!ting the viru! and leave! together. The" found that on tannin-rich oa leave!) the viru! i! con!iderabl" le!! effective at illing caterpillar! than %hen it i! on a!pen leave!) %hich are lo%er in phenol!. In general) the #ore concentrated the phenol! in tree leave!) the le!! deadl" the viru!. Thu!) %hile highl" concentrated phenol! in tree leave! reduce the caterpillar population b" li#iting the !i*e of caterpillar! and) con!e+uentl") the !i*e of the fe#ale$! egg clu!ter) the!e !a#e che#ical! al!o help caterpillar! !urvive b" di!abling the %ilt viru!. ;ore!t !tand! of red oa !) %ith their tannin-rich foliage) #a" even provide caterpillar! %ith !afe haven! fro# di!ea!e. In !tand! do#inated b" tree! !uch a! a!pen) ho%ever) incipient g"p!" #oth outbrea ! are +uic l" !uppre!!ed b" viral epide#ic!. ;urther re!earch ha! !ho%n that caterpillar! beco#e virtuall" i##une to the %ilt viru! a! the tree! on %hich the" feed re!pond to increa!ing defoliation. The

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tree!$ o%n defen!e! rai!e the thre!hold of caterpillar vulnerabilit" to the di!ea!e) allo%ing population! to gro% den!er %ithout beco#ing #ore !u!ceptible to infection. ;or the!e rea!on!) the benefit! to the caterpillar! of inge!ting phenol! appear to out%eigh the co!t!. 8iven the pre!ence of the viru!) the tree!$ defen!ive tactic apparentl" ha! bac fired.

17. -hich of the follo(ing statements best e% resses the main oint of the assage* (A) 5ecurring outbreaks of infestation by gy sy moth cater illars have had a devastating im act on trees in the northeastern 6nited +tates. (") A mechanism used by trees to combat the threat from gy sy moth cater illars has actually made some trees more vulnerable to that threat. (#) Although deadly to gy sy moth cater illars8 (ilt disease has failed to significantly affect the o ulation density of the cater illars. ($) The tree s ecies (ith the highest levels of henols in their foliage are the most successful in defending themselves against gy sy moth cater illars. (!) :n their efforts to develo ne( methods for controlling gy sy moth cater illars8 researchers have focused on the effects of henols in tree leaves on the insects' gro(th and re roduction. 1&. :n lines 1,-198 the hrase Ethe trees' defensive mechanism has an im act on moth fecundityF refers to (hich of the follo(ing henomena* (A) >emale moths that ingest henols are more susce tible to (ilt virus8 (hich causes them to lay smaller eggs. (") 4ighly concentrated henols in tree leaves limit cater illars' food su thereby reducing the gy sy moth o ulation. ly8

(#) 1henols attack the rotein globule that rotects moth egg clusters8 making them vulnerable to (ilt virus and lo(ering their survival rate. ($) 1henols in oak leaves drive gy sy moths into forest stands dominated by as ens8 (here they succumb to viral e idemics. (!) The consum tion of henols by cater illars results in undersized female gy sy moths8 (hich tend to roduce small egg clusters. 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that (ilt disease virions de end for their survival on (A) rotein synthesized from the tissues of a host cater illar (") as en leaves (ith high concentrations of henols (#) tannin-rich oak leaves ($) nutrients that they synthesize from gy sy moth egg clusters (!) a rising threshold of cater illar vulnerability to (ilt disease ,.. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most clearly demonstrate the o eration of the trees' defensive mechanism as it is described in the first aragra h of the assage*

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(A) #ater illars feeding on red oaks that (ere more than ;. ercent defoliated gre( to be only t(o-thirds the size of those feeding on trees (ith relatively intact foliage. (") Bak leaves in areas unaffected by gy sy moths (ere found to have higher levels of tannin on average than as en leaves in areas infested (ith gy sy moths. (#) The survival rate of gy sy moth cater illars e% osed to the (ilt virus (as 9. ercent higher for those that fed on as en leaves than for those that ate oak leaves. ($) >emale gy sy moths roduced an average of ,; ercent fe(er eggs in areas (here the (ilt virus flourished than did moths in areas that (ere free of the virus. (!) /y sy moth egg clusters de osited on oak trees (ere found to have relatively large individual eggs com ared to those de osited on as en trees. ,1. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the function of the third aragra h of the assage* (A) :t resolves a contradiction bet(een the ideas resented in the first and second aragra hs. (") :t introduces research data to su aragra h. ort the theory outlined in the second

(#) :t dra(s a conclusion from conflicting evidence resented in the first t(o aragra hs. ($) :t sho(s ho( henomena described in the first and second aragra hs act in combination. (!) :t elaborates on the thesis introduced in the first aragra h after a digression in the second aragra h. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that gy sy moth cater illars become immune to the (ilt virus as a result of (A) consuming a (ide range of nutrients from a variety of leaf ty es (") feeding on leaves that contain high levels of henols (#) roducing fe(er offs ring8 (hich favors the survival of the hardiest individuals ($) ingesting the virus together (ith leaves that do not contain tannin (!) gro(ing o ulation density8 (hich outstri s the ability of the virus to multi ly and s read ,3. -hich of the follo(ing statements about gy sy moth cater illars is su information resented in the assage* orted by

(A) -ilt disease is more likely to strike small gy sy moth cater illars than large ones.

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(") The concentration of henols in tree leaves increases as the gy sy moth cater illar o ulation dies off. (#) >emale gy sy moth cater illars sto gro(ing after they ingest leaves containing henols. ($) $iffering concentrations of henols in leaves have differing effects on the ability of the (ilt virus to kill gy sy moth cater illars. (!) The longer a gy sy moth o ulation is e% osed to (ilt disease8 the greater the likelihood that the gy sy moth cater illars (ill become immune to the virus.
The !%eep of narrative in A. N. &il!on$! biograph" of C. S. Be%i! i! i#pre!!ive and there i! #uch that i! acute and %ell argued. 'ut #uch in thi! %or i! carele!! and un%orth" of it! author. &il!on) a noveli!t and an acco#pli!hed biographer) ha! failed to do %hat an" %riter on !uch a !ub1ect a! Be%i! ought to do) na#el" %or out a coherent vie% of ho% the variou! literar" %or ! b" the !ub1ect are to be de!cribed and co##ented on. /eci!ion! have to be #ade on %hat to loo at in detail and %hat to pa!! b" %ith 1u!t a #ention. &il!on ha! not thought thi! proble# out. ;or in!tance) Ti!! We Ha-e Faces) Be%i!$ treat#ent of the Ero! and 7!"che !tor" and one of hi! be!t-executed and #o!t #oving %or !) i! #erel" #entioned b" &il!on) though it illu#inate! Be%i!$ !piritual develop#ent) %herea! Be%i!$ #inor %or Pi!gri$#s %egress i! loo ed at in con!iderable detail.

,9. The author of the assage im lies that -ilson's e%amination of Pilgri%1s &egress (A) is not as coherent as his treatment of Till We Ha+e Faces (") (ould have been more a ro riate in a se arate treatise because of the sco e of Pilgri%1s 5egress (#) demonstrates ho( -ilson's narro( focus ignores the general themes of De(is' (orks ($) (as more e%tensive than (arranted because of the relative unim ortance of Pilgri%1s &egress (!) (as dis ro ortionately long relative to the amount of effort De(is devoted to (riting Pilgri%1s &egress ,;. The author of the assage (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements regarding Till We Ha+e Faces* (A) :t is an im rovement over the !ros and 1syche story on (hich it is based. (") :t illustrated De(is' attem t to involve his readers emotionally in the story of !ros and 1syche. (#) :t (as more highly regarded by -ilson than by De(is himself. ($) :t is one of the outstanding literary achievements of De(is' career. (!) :t is robably one of the most o ular of De(is' (orks. ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) An evaluation is made8 and as ects of the evaluation are e% anded on (ith

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orting evidence. orting e%am les are rovided.

(") A theory is ro osed8 and su

(#) A osition is e%amined8 analyzed8 and re7ected. ($) A contradiction is described8 then the oints of contention are evaluated and reconciled. (!) B osing vie(s are resented and evaluated8 then modifications are advocated. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the content of the assage* (A) A critique of A. A. -ilson as a biogra her (") An evaluation of the significance of several (orks by #. +. De(is (#) An a raisal of a biogra hy by A. A. -ilson ($) A ranking of the elements necessary for a (ell-structured biogra hy (!) A ro osal for evaluating the literary merits of the (orks of #. +. De(is 1FF3 4D SECTION A
Influenced b" the vie% of !o#e t%entieth-centur" fe#ini!t! that %o#en$! po!ition %ithin the fa#il" i! one of the central factor! deter#ining %o#en$! !ocial po!ition) !o#e hi!torian! have undere!ti#ated the !ignificance of the %o#an !uffrage #ove#ent. The!e hi!torian! contend that nineteenth-centur" !uffragi!t %a! le!! radical and) hence) le!! i#portant than) for exa#ple) the #oral refor# #ove#ent or do#e!tic fe#ini!#2t%o nineteenth-centur" #ove#ent! in %hich %o#en !truggled for #ore po%er and autono#" %ithin the fa#il". True) b" e#pha!i*ing the!e !truggle!) !uch hi!torian! have broadened the conventional vie% of nineteenth-centur" fe#ini!#) but the" do a hi!torical di!!ervice to !uffragi!#. Nineteenth-centur" fe#ini!t! and anti-fe#ini!t ali e perceived the !uffragi!t!$ de#and for enfranchi!e#ent a! the #o!t radical ele#ent in %o#en$! prote!t) in part becau!e !uffragi!t! %ere de#anding po%er that %a! not ba!ed on the in!titution of the fa#il") %o#en$! traditional !phere. &hen evaluating nineteenth-centur" fe#ini!# a! a !ocial force) conte#porar" hi!torian! !hould con!ider the perception! of actual participant! in the hi!torical event!.

17. The author asserts that the historians discussed in the assage have (A) influenced feminist theorists (ho concentrate on the family (") honored the erce tions of the (omen (ho artici ated in the (omen suffrage movement (#) treated feminism as a social force rather than as an intellectual tradition ($) aid little attention to feminist movements (!) e% anded the conventional vie( of nineteenth-century feminism 1&. The author of the assage asserts that some t(entieth-century feminists have

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influenced some historians vie( of the (A) significance of the (oman suffrage movement (") im ortance to society of the family as an institution (#) degree to (hich feminism changed nineteenth-century society ($) hiloso hical traditions on (hich contem orary feminism is based (!) ublic res onse to domestic feminism in the nineteenth century 1). The author of the assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (as true of nineteenth-century feminists* (A) Those (ho artici ated in the moral reform movement (ere motivated rimarily by a desire to reconcile their rivate lives (ith their ublic ositions. (") Those (ho advocated domestic feminism8 although less visible than the suffragists8 (ere in some (ays the more radical of the t(o grou s. (#) Those (ho artici ated in the (oman suffrage movement sought social roles for (omen that (ere not defined by (omen's familial roles. ($) Those (ho advocated domestic feminism regarded the gaining of more autonomy (ithin the family as a ste to(ard more artici ation in ublic life. (!) Those (ho artici ated in the nineteenth-century moral reform movement stood mid(ay bet(een the ositions of domestic feminism and suffragism. ,.. The author im lies that (hich of the follo(ing is true of the historians discussed in the assage* (A) They argue that nineteenth-century feminism (as not as significant a social force as t(entieth-century feminism has been. (") They rely too greatly on the erce tions of the actual artici ants in the events they study. (#) Their assessment of the relative success of nineteenth-century domestic feminism does not adequately take into account the effects of antifeminist rhetoric. ($) Their assessment of the significance of nineteenth-century suffragism differs considerably from that of nineteenth-century feminists. (!) They devote too much attention to nineteenth-century suffragism at the e% ense of more radical movements that emerged shortly after the turn of the century.
=an" ob1ect! in dail" u!e have clearl" been influenced b" !cience) but their for# and function) their di#en!ion! and appearance) %ere deter#ined b" technologi!t!) arti!an!) de!igner!) inventor!) and engineer!2u!ing non-!cientific #ode! of thought. =an" feature! and +ualitie! of the ob1ect! that a technologi!t thin ! about cannot be reduced to una#biguou! verbal de!cription!6 the" are

GRE

33.

dealt %ith in the #ind b" a vi!ual) nonverbal proce!!. In the develop#ent of &e!tern technolog") it ha! been non-verbal thin ing) b" and large) that ha! fixed the outline! and filled in the detail! of our #aterial !urrounding!. 7"ra#id!) cathedral!) and roc et! exi!t not becau!e of geo#etr" or ther#od"na#ic!) but becau!e the" %ere fir!t a picture in the #ind! of tho!e %ho built the#. The creative !haping proce!! of a technologi!t$! #ind can be !een in nearl" ever" artifact that exi!t!. ;or exa#ple) in de!igning a die!el engine) a technologi!t #ight i#pre!! individual %a"! of nonverbal thin ing on the #achine b" continuall" u!ing an intuitive !en!e of rightne!! and fitne!!. &hat %ould be the !hape of the co#bu!tion cha#berM &here !hould the valve! be placedM Should it have a long or !hort pi!tonM Such +ue!tion! have a range of an!%er! that are !upplied b" experience) b" ph"!ical re+uire#ent!) b" li#itation! of available !pace) and not lea!t b" a !en!e of for#. So#e deci!ion!) !uch a! %all thic ne!! and pin dia#eter) #a" depend on !cientific calculation!) but the non!cientific co#ponent of de!ign re#ain! pri#ar". /e!ign cour!e!) then) !hould be an e!!ential ele#ent in engineering curricula. Nonverbal thin ing) a central #echani!# in engineering de!ign) involve! perception!) the !toc -in-trade of the arti!t) not the !cienti!t. 'ecau!e perceptive proce!!e! are not a!!u#ed to entail >hard thin ing)? nonverbal thought i! !o#eti#e! !een a! a pri#itive !tage in the develop#ent of cognitive proce!!e! and inferior to verbal or #athe#atical thought. 'ut it i! paradoxical that %hen the !taff of the Historic '$erican *ngineering %ecord %i!hed to have dra%ing! #ade of #achine! and i!o#etric vie%! of indu!trial proce!!e! for it! hi!torical record of A#erican engineering) the onl" college !tudent! %ith the re+ui!ite abilitie! %ere not engineering !tudent!) but rather !tudent! attending architectural !chool!. If cour!e! in de!ign) %hich in a !trongl" anal"tical engineering curriculu# provide the bac ground re+uired for practical proble#-!olving) are not provided) %e can expect to encounter !ill" but co!tl" error! occurring in advanced engineering !"!te#!. ;or exa#ple) earl" #odel! of high-!peed railroad car! loaded %ith !ophi!ticated control! %ere unable to operate in a !no%!tor# becau!e a fan !uc ed !no% into the electrical !"!te#. Ab!urd rando# failure! that plague auto#atic control !"!te#! are not #erel" trivial aberration!6 the" are a reflection of the chao! that re!ult! %hen de!ign i! a!!u#ed to be pri#aril" a proble# in #athe#atic!.

,1. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) identifying the kinds of thinking that are used by technologists (") stressing the im ortance of nonverbal thinking in engineering design (#) ro osing a ne( role for nonscientific thinking in the develo ment of technology ($) contrasting the goals of engineers (ith those of technologists (!) criticizing engineering schools for em hasizing science in engineering

GRE

331

curricula ,,. :t can be inferred that the author thinks engineering curricula are (A) strengthened (hen they include courses in design (") (eakened by the substitution of hysical science courses for courses designed to develo mathematical skills (#) strong because nonverbal thinking is still em hasized by most of the courses ($) strong des ite the errors that graduates of such curricula have made in the develo ment of automatic control systems (!) strong des ite the absence of nonscientific modes of thinking ,3. -hich of the follo(ing statements best illustrates the main oint of lines 1-,& of the assage* (A) -hen a machine like a rotary engine malfunctions8 it is the technologist (ho is best equi ed to re air it. (") !ach com onent of an automobile2for e%am le8 the engine or the fuel tank 2has a sha e that has been scientifically determined to be best suited to that com onent's function. (#) A tele hone is a com le% instrument designed by technologists using only nonverbal thought. ($) The designer of a ne( refrigerator should consider the designs of other refrigerators before deciding on its final form. (!) The distinctive features of a sus ension bridge reflect its designer's conce tualization as (ell as the hysical requirements of its site. ,9. -hich of the follo(ing statements (ould best serve as an introduction to the assage* (A) The assum tion that the kno(ledge incor orated in technological develo ments must be derived from science ignores the many non-scientific decisions made by technologists. (") Analytical thought is no longer a vital com onent in the success of technological develo ment. (#) As kno(ledge of technology has increased8 the tendency has been to lose sight of the im ortant role layed by scientific thought in making decisions about form8 arrangement8 and te%ture. ($) A movement in engineering colleges to(ard a technician's degree reflects a demand for graduates (ho have the nonverbal reasoning ability that (as once common among engineers. (!) A technologist thinking about a machine8 reasoning through the successive ste s in a dynamic rocess8 can actually turn the machine over mentally. ,;. The author calls the redicament faced by the Historic A%erican !ngineering &ecord E arado%icalF (lines 3<-37) most robably because

GRE

33,

(A) the ublication needed dra(ings that its o(n staff could not make (") architectural schools offered but did not require engineering design courses for their students (#) college students (ere qualified to make the dra(ings (hile racticing engineers (ere not ($) the dra(ings needed (ere so com licated that even students in architectural schools had difficulty making them (!) engineering students (ere not trained to make the ty e of dra(ings needed to record the develo ment of their o(n disci line ,<. According to the assage8 random failures in automatic control systems are Enot merely trivial aberrationsF (lines ;3) because (A) automatic control systems are designed by engineers (ho have little ractical e% erience in the field (") the failures are characteristic of systems designed by engineers relying too heavily on conce ts in mathematics (#) the failures occur too often to be taken lightly ($) designers of automatic control systems have too little training in the analysis of mechanical difficulties (!) designers of automatic control systems need more hel from scientists (ho have a better understanding of the analytical roblems to be solved before such systems can (ork efficiently ,7. The author uses the e%am le of the early models of high-s eed railroad cars rimarily to (A) (eaken the argument that modern engineering systems have ma7or defects because of an absence of design courses in engineering curricula (") su ort the thesis that the number of errors in modern engineering systems is likely to increase (#) illustrate the idea that courses in design are the most effective means for reducing the cost of designing engineering systems ($) su ort the contention that a lack of attention to the nonscientific as ects of design results in oor conce tualization by engineers (!) (eaken the ro osition that mathematics is a necessary art of the study of design SECTION '
One explanation for the tendenc" of ani#al! to be #ore vigilant in !#aller group! than in larger one! a!!u#e! that the vigilant behavior2loo ing up) for exa#ple2i! ai#ed at predator!. If individual! on the edge of a group are #ore vigilant becau!e the" are at greater ri! of being captured) then individual! on average %ould have to be #ore vigilant in !#aller group!) becau!e the ani#al! on

GRE

333

the peripher" of a group for# a greater proportion of the %hole group a! the !i*e of the group di#ini!he!. .o%ever) a different explanation i! nece!!ar" in ca!e! %here the vigilant behavior i! not directed at predator!. @. Greb! ha! di!covered that great blue heron! loo up #ore often %hen in !#aller floc ! than %hen in larger one!) !olel" a! a con!e+uence of poor feeding condition!. Greb! h"pothe!i*e! that the heron! in !#aller floc ! are %atching for heron! that the" #ight follo% to better feeding pool!) %hich u!uall" attract larger nu#ber! of the bird!.

17. :t can be inferred from the assage that in s ecies in (hich vigilant behavior is directed at redators8 the tendency of the animals to be more vigilant in smaller grou s than in larger ones (ould most likely be minimized if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) The vigilance of animals on the eri hery of a grou al(ays e%ceeded that of animals located in its interior8 even (hen redators (ere not in the area. (") The risk of ca ture for individuals in a grou (as the same8 (hether they (ere located in the interior of the grou or on its eri hery. (#) Animals on the eri hery of a grou tended to be less ca able of defending themselves from attack by redators than animals located in the interior of the grou . ($) Animals on the eri hery of a grou tended to bear marks that (ere more distinctive to redators than animals located in the interior of the grou . (!) Animals on the eri hery of a grou tended to have shorter life s ans than animals located in the interior of the grou . 1&. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the relationshi of the second aragra h to the first* (A) The second aragra h relies on different evidence in dra(ing a conclusion similar to that e% ressed in the first aragra h. (") The second aragra h rovides further elaboration on (hy an assertion made at the end of the first aragra h roves to be true in most cases. (#) The second aragra h rovides additional information in su hy othesis stated in the first aragra h. ort of a

($) The second aragra h rovides an e%am le of a case in (hich the assum tion described in the first aragra h is un(arranted. (!) The second aragra h describes a henomenon that has the same cause as the henomenon described in the first aragra h. 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that the author of the assage (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing assertions about vigilant behavior* (A) The larger the grou of animals8 the higher the robability that individuals in the interior of the grou (ill e%hibit vigilant behavior.

GRE

339

(") ?igilant behavior e%hibited by individuals in small grou s is more effective at (arding off redators than the same behavior e%hibited by individuals in larger grou s. (#) ?igilant behavior is easier to analyze in s ecies that are reyed u on by many different redators than in s ecies that are reyed u on by relatively fe( of them. ($) The term Evigilant8F (hen used in reference to the behavior of animals8 does not refer e%clusively to behavior aimed at avoiding redators. (!) The term Evigilant8F (hen used in reference to the behavior of animals8 usually refers to behavior e%hibited by large grou s of animals. ,.. The assage rovides information in su assertions* ort of (hich of the follo(ing

(A) The avoidance of redators is more im ortant to an animal's survival than is the quest for food. (") ?igilant behavior aimed at redators is seldom more beneficial to grou s of animals than to individual animals. (#) $ifferent s ecies of animals often develo different strategies for dealing (ith redators. ($) The size of a grou of animals does not necessarily reflect its success in finding food. (!) +imilar behavior in different s ecies of animals does not necessarily serve the same ur ose.
The earlie!t controver!ie! about the relation!hip bet%een photograph" and art centered on %hether photograph"$! fidelit" to appearance! and dependence on a #achine allo%ed it to be a fine art a! di!tinct fro# #erel" a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth centur") the defen!e of photograph" %a! identical %ith the !truggle to e!tabli!h it a! a fine art. Again!t the charge that photograph" %a! a !oulle!!) #echanical cop"ing of realit") photographer! a!!erted that it %a! in!tead a privileged %a" of !eeing) a revolt again!t co##onplace vi!ion) and no le!! %orth" an art than painting. Ironicall") no% that photograph" i! !ecurel" e!tabli!hed a! a fine art) #an" photographer! find it pretentiou! or irrelevant to label it a! !uch. Seriou! photographer! variou!l" clai# to be finding) recording) i#partiall" ob!erving) %itne!!ing event!) exploring the#!elve!2an"thing but #a ing %or ! of art. In the nineteenth centur") photograph"$! a!!ociation %ith the real %orld placed it in an a#bivalent relation to art6 late in the t%entieth centur") an a#bivalent relation exi!t! becau!e of the =oderni!t heritage in art. That i#portant photographer! are no longer %illing to debate %hether photograph" i! or i! not a fine art) except to proclai# that their o%n %or i! not involved %ith art) !ho%! the extent to %hich the" !i#pl" ta e for granted the concept of art i#po!ed b" the triu#ph of =oderni!#< the better the art) the #ore !ubver!ive it i! of the traditional ai#! of

GRE
art.

33;

7hotographer!$ di!clai#er! of an" intere!t in #a ing art tell u! #ore about the harried !tatu! of the conte#porar" notion of art than about %hether photograph" i! or i! not art. ;or exa#ple) tho!e photographer! %ho !uppo!e that) b" ta ing picture!) the" are getting a%a" fro# the preten!ion! of art a! exe#plified b" painting re#ind u! of tho!e Ab!tract Expre!!ioni!t painter! %ho i#agined the" %ere getting a%a" fro# the intellectual au!terit" of cla!!ical =oderni!t painting b" concentrating on the ph"!ical act of painting. =uch of photograph"$! pre!tige toda" derive! fro# the convergence of it! ai#! %ith tho!e of recent art) particularl" %ith the di!#i!!al of ab!tract art i#plicit in the pheno#enon of 7op painting during the 1FL4$!. Appreciating photograph! i! a relief to !en!ibilitie! tired of the #ental exertion! de#anded b" ab!tract art. Cla!!ical =oderni!t painting2that i!) ab!tract art a! developed in different %a"! b" 7ica!!o) Gandin! ") and =ati!!e2pre!uppo!e! highl" developed ! ill! of loo ing and a fa#iliarit" %ith other painting! and the hi!tor" of art. 7hotograph") li e 7op painting) rea!!ure! vie%er! that art i! not hard6 photograph" !ee#! to be #ore about it! !ub1ect! than about art. 7hotograph") ho%ever) ha! developed all the anxietie! and !elf-con!ciou!ne!! of a cla!!ic =oderni!t art. =an" profe!!ional! privatel" have begun to %orr" that the pro#otion of photograph" a! an activit" !ubver!ive of the traditional preten!ion! of art ha! gone !o far that the public %ill forget that photograph" i! a di!tinctive and exalted activit"2in !hort) an art.

,1. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) defining the @odernist attitude to(ard art (") e% laining ho( hotogra hy emerged as a fine art after the controversies of the nineteenth century (#) e% laining the attitudes of serious contem orary hotogra hers to(ard hotogra hy as art and lacing those attitudes in their historical conte%t ($) defining the various a roaches that serious contem orary hotogra hers take to(ard their art and assessing the value of each of those a roaches (!) identifying the (ays that recent movements in ainting and scul ture have influenced the techniques em loyed by serious hotogra hers ,,. -hich of the follo(ing ad7ectives best describes Ethe conce t of art im osed by the trium h of @odernismF as the author re resents it in lines ,;-,7* (A) Bb7ective (") @echanical (#) +u erficial ($) $ramatic (!) 1arado%ical ,3. The author introduces Abstract !% ressionist ainters (lines 39) in order to

GRE

33<

(A) rovide an e%am le of artists (ho8 like serious contem orary hotogra hers8 disavo(ed traditionally acce ted aims of modern art (") call attention to artists (hose (orks often bear a hysical resemblance to the (orks of serious contem orary hotogra hers (#) set forth an analogy bet(een the Abstract !% ressionist ainters and classical @odernist ainters ($) rovide a contrast to 1o artists and others (ho created (orks that e%em lify the @odernist heritage in art (!) rovide an e% lanation of (hy serious hotogra hy8 like other contem orary visual forms8 is not and should not retend to be an art ,9. According to the author8 the nineteenth-century defenders of hotogra hy mentioned in the assage stressed that hotogra hy (as (A) a means of making eo le familiar (ith remote locales and unfamiliar things (") a technologically advanced activity (#) a device for observing the (orld im artially ($) an art com arable to ainting (!) an art that (ould eventually re lace the traditional arts ,;. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing best e% lains the reaction of serious contem orary hotogra hers to the question of (hether hotogra hy is an art* (A) The hotogra hers' belief that their reliance on an im ersonal machine to roduce their art requires the surrender of the authority of their ersonal vision (") The hotogra hers' fear that serious hotogra hy may not be acce ted as an art by the contem orary art ublic (#) The influence of Abstract !% ressionist ainting and 1o Art on the sub7ect matter of the modern hotogra h ($) The hotogra hers' belief that the best art is subversive of art as it has reviously been defined (!) The notorious difficulty of defining art in its relation to realistic re resentation ,<. According to the assage8 certain serious contem orary hotogra hers e% ressly make (hich of the follo(ing claims about their hotogra hs* (A) Their hotogra hs could be created by almost anyone (ho had a camera and the time to devote to the activity. (") Their hotogra hs are not e%am les of art but are e%am les of the hotogra hers' im artial observation of the (orld. (#) Their hotogra hs are im ortant because of their sub7ects but not because of the res onses they evoke in vie(ers.

GRE

337

($) Their hotogra hs e%hibit the same ageless rinci les of form and shading that have been used in ainting. (!) Their hotogra hs re resent a conscious glorification of the mechanical as ects of t(entieth-century life. ,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author most robably considers serious contem orary hotogra hy to be a (A) contem orary art that is struggling to be acce ted as fine art (") craft requiring sensitivity but by no means an art (#) mechanical co ying of reality ($) modern art that dis lays the @odernist tendency to try to subvert the revailing aims of art (!) modern art that dis lays the tendency of all @odernist art to become increasingly formal and abstract 1FF3 14 SECTION A
It i! po!!ible for !tudent! to obtain advanced degree! in Engli!h %hile no%ing little or nothing about traditional !cholarl" #ethod!. The con!e+uence! of thi! neglect of traditional !cholar!hip are particularl" unfortunate for the !tud" of %o#en %riter!. If the canon2the li!t of author! %ho!e %or ! are #o!t %idel" taught2i! ever to include #ore %o#en) !cholar! #u!t be %ell trained in hi!torical !cholar!hip and textual editing. Scholar! %ho do not no% ho% to read earl" #anu!cript!) locate rare boo !) e!tabli!h a !e+uence of edition!) and !o on are bereft of crucial tool! for revi!ing the canon. To addre!! !uch concern!) an experi#ental ver!ion of the traditional !cholarl" #ethod! cour!e %a! de!igned to rai!e !tudent!$ con!ciou!ne!! about the u!efulne!! of traditional learning for an" #odern critic or theori!t. To #ini#i*e the artificial a!pect! of the conventional cour!e) the u!ual procedure of a!!igning a large nu#ber of !#all proble#! dra%n fro# the entire range of hi!torical period! %a! abandoned) though thi! procedure ha! the obviou! advantage of at lea!t !uperficiall" fa#iliari*ing !tudent! %ith a %ide range of reference !ource!. In!tead !tudent! %ere engaged in a collective effort to do original %or on a neglected eighteenth-centur" %riter) Eli*abeth 8riffith) to give the# an authentic experience of literar" !cholar!hip and to in!pire the# to ta e re!pon!ibilit" for the +ualit" of their o%n %or . 8riffith$! %or pre!ented a nu#ber of advantage! for thi! particular pedagogical purpo!e. ;ir!t) the bod" of extant !cholar!hip on 8riffith %a! !o tin" that it could all be read in a da"6 thu! !tudent! !pent little ti#e and effort #a!tering the literature and had a clear field for their o%n di!coverie!. 8riffith$! pla" The P!atonic Wife exi!t! in three ver!ion!) enough to provide illu!tration! of editorial i!!ue! but not too #an" for beginning !tudent! to #anage. In addition)

GRE

33&

becau!e 8riffith %a! !ucce!!ful in the eighteenth centur") a! her continued productivit" and favorable revie%! de#on!trate) her exclu!ion fro# the canon and virtual di!appearance fro# literar" hi!tor" al!o helped rai!e i!!ue! concerning the current canon. The range of 8riffith$! %or #eant that each !tudent could beco#e the %orld$! leading authorit" on a particular 8riffith text. ;or exa#ple) a !tudent !tud"ing 8riffith$! Wife in the %ight obtained a fir!t edition of the pla" and !tudied it for !o#e %ee !. Thi! !tudent %a! !uitabl" !hoc ed and outraged to find it! title tran!for#ed into ' Wife in the 0ight in &att$! &i(!iotheca &ritannica. Such experience!) inevitable and co##on in %or ing on a %riter to %ho# !o little attention ha! been paid) !erve to vaccinate the !tudent2I hope for a lifeti#e2 again!t credulou! u!e of reference !ource!.

17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) revealing a commonly ignored deficiency (") ro osing a return to traditional terminology (#) describing an attem t to correct a shortcoming ($) assessing the success of a ne( edagogical a roach (!) redicting a change in a traditional teaching strategy 1&. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage e% ects that the e% erience of the student mentioned as having studied Wife in the &ight (ould have (hich of the follo(ing effects* (A) :t (ould lead the student to disregard information found in the Bibliotheca Britannica. (") :t (ould teach the student to question the accuracy of certain kinds of information sources (hen studying neglected authors. (#) :t (ould teach the student to avoid the use of reference sources in studying neglected authors. ($) :t (ould hel the student to understand the im ortance of first editions in establishing the authorshi of lays. (!) :t (ould enhance the student's a reciation of the (orks of authors not included in the canon. 1). The author of the assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is a disadvantage of the strategy em loyed in the e% erimental scholarly methods course* (A) +tudents (ere not given an o canon. ortunity to study (omen (riters outside the

(") +tudents' original (ork (ould not be a reciated by recognized scholars. (#) Dittle scholarly (ork has been done on the (ork of !lizabeth /riffith. ($) @ost of the students in the course had had little o eighteenth-century literature. ortunity to study

GRE

33)

(!) +tudents (ere not given an o ortunity to encounter certain sources of information that could rove useful in their future studies. ,.. -hich of the follo(ing best states the E articular edagogical ur oseF mentioned in line ,&* (A) To assist scholars in revising the canon of authors (") To minimize the trivial as ects of the traditional scholarly methods course (#) To rovide students (ith information about /riffith's (ork ($) To encourage scholarly rigor in students' o(n research (!) To reestablish /riffith's re utation as an author ,1. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the function of the last aragra h in relation to the assage as a (hole* (A) :t summarizes the benefits that students can derive from the e% erimental scholarly methods course. (") :t rovides additional reasons (hy /riffith's (ork raises issues having to do (ith the canon of authors. (#) :t rovides an illustration of the immediate nature of the e% eriences students can derive from the e% erimental scholarly methods course. ($) :t contrasts the e% erience of a student in the e% erimental scholarly methods course (ith the e% erience of a student in the traditional course. (!) :t rovides information that em hasizes the suitability of /riffith's (ork for inclusion in the canon of authors. ,,. :t can be inferred that (hich of the follo(ing is most likely to be among the EissuesF mentioned in line 3&* (A) -hy has the (ork of /riffith8 a (oman (riter (ho (as o ular in her o(n century8 been e%cluded from the canon* (") :n (hat (ays did /riffith's (ork reflect the olitical climate of the eighteenth century* (#) 4o( (as /riffith's (ork received by literary critics during the eighteenth century* ($) 4o( did the error in the title of /riffith's lay come to be made* (!) 4o( did critical rece tion of /riffith's (ork affect the quantity and quality of that (ork* ,3. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage considers traditional scholarly methods courses to be (A) irrelevant to the (ork of most students (") inconsequential because of their narro( focus (#) unconcerned about the accuracy of reference sources ($) too su erficial to establish im ortant facts about authors

GRE

39.

(!) too (ide-ranging to a ro%imate genuine scholarly activity

Experi#ent! !ho% that in!ect! can function a! pollinator! of c"cad!) rare) pal#li e tropical plant!. ;urther#ore) c"cad! re#oved fro# their native habitat!2 and therefore fro# in!ect! native to tho!e habitat!2are u!uall" infertile. Neverthele!!) anecdotal report! of %ind pollination in c"cad! cannot be ignored. The !tructure of c"cad! #ale cone! i! +uite con!i!tent %ith the %ind di!per!al of pollen) cloud! of %hich are relea!ed fro# !o#e of the larger cone!. The #ale cone of C"cas circina!is) for exa#ple) !hed! al#o!t 144 cubic centi#eter! of pollen) #o!t of %hich i! probabl" di!per!ed b" %ind. Still) #an" #ale c"cad cone! are co#parativel" !#all and thu! produce far le!! pollen. ;urther#ore) the !tructure of #o!t fe#ale c"cad cone! !ee#! incon!i!tent %ith direct pollination b" %ind. Onl" in the C"ca! genu! are the fe#ale!$ ovule! acce!!ible to airborne pollen) !ince onl" in thi! genu! are the ovule! !urrounded b" a loo!e aggregation of #ega!poroph"ll! rather than b" a tight cone.

,9. According to the assage8 the size of a male cycad cone directly influences (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The arrangement of the male cone's structural elements (") The mechanism by (hich ollen is released from the male cone (#) The degree to (hich the ovules of female cycads are accessible to airborne ollen ($) The male cone's attractiveness to otential insect ollinators (!) The amount of ollen roduced by the male cone ,;. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is true of the structure of cycad cones* (A) The structure of cycad cones rovides conclusive evidence in favor of one articular e% lanation of cycad ollination. (") The structure of cycad cones rovides evidence concerning (hat triggers the first ste in the ollination rocess. (#) An irresolvable discre ancy e%ists bet(een (hat the structure of most male cycad cones suggests about cycad ollination and (hat the structure of most female cones suggests about that rocess. ($) The structure of male cycad cones rules out a ossible mechanism for cycad ollination that is suggested by the structure of most female cycad cones. (!) The structure of male cycad cones is consistent (ith a certain means of cycad ollination8 but that means is inconsistent (ith the structure of most female cycad cones. ,<. The evidence in favor of insect ollination of cycads resented in lines ,-9 (ould be more convincing if (hich of the follo(ing (ere also true* (A) Bnly a small variety of cycad s ecies can be successfully trans lanted.

GRE

391

(") #ycads can sometimes be ollinated by means other than (ind or insects. (#) :nsects indigenous to regions to (hich cycads are trans lanted sometimes feed on cycads. ($) -inds in the areas to (hich cycads are usually trans lanted are similar to (inds in cycads' native habitats. (!) The trans lantation of cycads from one region to another usually involves the accidental removal and introduction of insects as (ell. ,7. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is true of scientific investigations of cycad ollination* (A) They have not yet roduced any systematic evidence of (ind ollination in cycads. (") They have so far confirmed anecdotal re orts concerning the (ind ollination of cycads. (#) They have8 until recently8 roduced little evidence in favor of insect ollination in cycads. ($) They have rimarily been carried out using cycads trans lanted from their native habitats. (!) They have usually concentrated on describing the hysical characteristics of the cycad re roductive system. SECTION '
-Thi! pa!!age i! adapted fro# an article publi!hed in 1FK1.0 The ter# >re#ote !en!ing? refer! to the techni+ue! of #ea!ure#ent and interpretation of pheno#ena fro# a di!tance. 7rior to the #id-1FL4$! the interpretation of fil# i#age! %a! the pri#ar" #ean! for re#ote !en!ing of the Earth$! geologic feature!. &ith the develop#ent of the opto#echanical !canner) !cienti!t! began to con!truct digital #ulti!pectral i#age! u!ing data be"ond the !en!itivit" range of vi!ible light photograph". The!e i#age! are con!tructed b" #echanicall" aligning pictorial repre!entation! of !uch pheno#ena a! the reflection of light %ave! out!ide the vi!ible !pectru#) the refraction of radio %ave!) and the dail" change! in te#perature in area! on the Earth$! !urface. /igital #ulti!pectral i#aging ha! no% beco#e the ba!ic tool in geologic re#ote !en!ing fro# !atellite!. The advantage of digital over photographic i#aging i! evident< the re!ulting nu#erical data are preci!el" no%n) and digital data are not !ub1ect to the vagarie! of difficult-to-control che#ical proce!!ing. &ith digital proce!!ing) it i! po!!ible to co#bine a large nu#ber of !pectral i#age!. The ac+ui!ition of the fir!t #ulti!pectral digital data !et fro# the #ulti!pectral !canner -=SS0 aboard the !atellite Band!at in 1FN2 con!e+uentl" attracted the attention of the entire geologic co##unit". Band!at =SS data are no% being applied to a variet" of geologic proble#! that are difficult to !olve b" conventional #ethod! alone. The!e

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include !pecific proble#! in #ineral and energ" re!ource exploration and the charting of glacier! and !hallo% !ea!. A #ore funda#ental application of re#ote !en!ing i! to aug#ent conventional #ethod! for geologic #apping of large area!. (egional #ap! pre!ent co#po!itional) !tructural) and chronological infor#ation for recon!tructing geologic evolution. Such recon!truction! have i#portant practical application! becau!e the condition! under %hich roc unit! and other !tructural feature! are for#ed influence the occurrence of ore and petroleu# depo!it! and affect the thic ne!! and integrit" of the geologic #edia in %hich the depo!it! are found. 8eologic #ap! incorporate a large) varied bod" of !pecific field and laborator" #ea!ure#ent!) but the #ap! #u!t be interpretative becau!e field #ea!ure#ent! are al%a"! li#ited b" roc expo!ure) acce!!ibilit" and labor re!ource!. &ith re#ote-!en!ing techni+ue! it i! po!!ible to obtain #uch geologic infor#ation #ore efficientl" than it can be obtained on the ground. The!e techni+ue! al!o facilitate overall interpretation. Since detailed geologic #apping i! generall" conducted in !#all area!) the continuit" of regional feature! that have inter#ittent and variable expre!!ion! i! often not recogni*ed) but in the co#prehen!ive vie%! of Band!at i#age! the!e continuitie! are apparent. .o%ever) !o#e critical infor#ation cannot be obtained through re#ote !en!ing) and !everal characteri!tic! of the Band!at =SS i#po!e li#itation! on the ac+ui!ition of diagno!tic data. So#e of the!e li#itation! can be overco#e b" de!igning !atellite !"!te#! !pecificall" for geologic purpo!e!6 but) to be #o!t effective) re#ote-!en!ing data #u!t !till be co#bined %ith data fro# field !urve"! and laborator" te!t!) the techni+ue! of the earlier t%entieth centur".

17. "y using the (ord Einter retativeF in line 9.8 the author is indicating (hich of the follo(ing* (A) +ome ma s are based more on data from aerial hotogra hy than on data from field o erations. (") +ome ma s are based almost e%clusively on laboratory measurements. (#) +ome ma s are based on incom lete data from field observations. ($) +ome ma s sho( only large geologic features. (!) +ome ma s can be three-dimensional. 1&. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about geologic ma be most likely to agree* (A) /eologic ma ing is basically an art and not a science. (") /eologic ma ing has not changed significantly since the early 1)<.'s. (#) /eologic ma ing (ill have limited ractical a lications until remotesensing systems are erfected. ($) A develo mental milestone in geologic ma ing (as reached in 1)7,. (!) -ithout the resent variety of remote-sensing techniques8 geologic ma ing ing (ould the author

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could not be done. 1). According to the assage8 measurements of (hich of the follo(ing can be rovided by the o tomechanical scanner but not by visible-light hotogra hy* (A) The amount of visible light reflected from oceans (") The density of foliage in remote areas on the !arth's surface (#) $aily tem erature changes of areas on the !arth's surface ($) The degree of radioactivity emitted by e% osed rocks on the !arth's surface (!) Atmos heric conditions over large landmasses ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that a ma7or disadvantage of hotogra hic imaging in geologic ma ing is that such hotogra hy (A) cannot be used at night (") cannot focus on the details of a geologic area (#) must be chemically rocessed ($) is al(ays enhanced by digital reconstruction (!) cannot reflect changes over e%tended eriods of time ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that Dandsat images differ from conventional geologic ma s in that Dandsat images (A) reveal the e%act size of etroleum de osits and ore de osits (") indicate the continuity of features that might not other(ise be inter reted as continuous (#) redict the movements of glaciers ($) rovide highly accurate data about the occurrence of mineral de osits (!) reveal the integrity of the media in (hich etroleum de osits and ore de osits are found ,,. The assage rovides information about each of the follo(ing to ics !C#!1T= (A) the rinci al method of geologic remote sensing rior to the mid-1)<.'s (") some of the henomena measured by digital multi-s ectral images in remote sensing (#) some of the ractical uses of regional geologic ma s ($) the kinds of roblems that are difficult to solve solely through conventional methods of geologic ma ing (!) the s ecific limitations of the Dandsat multi-s ectral scanner ,3. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the Econventional methodsF mentioned in line ,)* (A) They consist rimarily of field surveys and laboratory measurements. (") They are not useful in roviding information necessary for reconstructing geologic evolution.

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(#) They have rarely been used by geologists since 1)7,. ($) They are used rimarily to gather com ositional information about geologic features. (!) They are limited rimarily because of difficulties involved in inter reting film images.
Although the develop#ent of ne% infra!tructure -!uch public facilitie! a! po%er plant!) !chool!) and bridge!0 i! u!uall" deter#ined b" govern#ental planning) !o#eti#e! thi! develop#ent can be planned #ore flexibl" and reali!ticall" b" private inve!tor! %ho anticipate profit fro# the collection of u!er fee!. Such profit! can contribute to the financing of #ore infra!tructure if de#and prove! great enough) %herea! the reluctance of developer! to inve!t in !uch pro1ect! can !ignal that additional infra!tructure i! not needed. /uring the econo#ic boo# of the 1FK4$!) for exa#ple) the !tate of Cirginia authori*ed private developer! to build a U:44 #illion toll road. The!e developer! obtained the needed right-of-%a" fro# propert" o%ner!) but b" 1FF: the" !till had not rai!ed the nece!!ar" financing. The un%illingne!! of inve!tor! to finance thi! pro1ect doe! not negate the viabilit" of privatel" financed road!6 rather) it illu!trate! a virtue of private financing. If a road appear! unli el" to attract enough future traffic to pa" for the road) then it !hould not be built.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) build a case for increasing the develo ment of ne( infrastructure (") advocate an alternative to government financing of infrastructure (#) e% lain the failure of a rivately financed venture ($) suggest the ty es of infrastructure most a ro riate for rivate financing (!) argue against government restrictions on develo ing ne( infrastructure ,;. The assage im lies that the Egovernmental lanningF mentioned in line 3 may lead to (hich of the follo(ing roblems* (A) :m ro er use of rofits derived from user fees (") 6nduly slo( develo ment of necessary ne( infrastructure (#) 6nrealistic decisions about develo ing ne( infrastructure ($) :ncorrect redictions about rofits to be gained from user fees (!) Bbstruction of rivate financing for the develo ment of ne( infrastructure ,<. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true of the toll road mentioned in line 1,* (A) After it (as built8 it attracted too little traffic to ay for its construction. (") :t (as artially financed by the state of ?irginia. (#) :ts develo ment (as authorized during an economic boom. ($) :ts construction (as controversial among local residents.

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(!) :ts develo ers (ere discouraged by governmental restrictions on acquiring the necessary land. ,7. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould occur if a rivately financed bridge that roved to be rofitable failed after a number of years to meet the demands of traffic* (A) 1rivate develo ers (ho financed the bridge (ould rely on governmental authorities to develo ne( infrastructure. (") 6ser fees (ould be increased so that usage (ould become more costly. (#) /overnmental authorities (ould be reluctant to rely on rivate contractors to develo a ne( bridge. ($) The success of the ro7ect (ould be 7eo ardized by ublic dissatisfaction (ith the ro7ect's adequacy. (!) 1rofits generated by user fees (ould be used to hel finance the construction of ne( infrastructure to alleviate the traffic roblem. 1FFL 4D SECTION A
A! people age) their cell! beco#e le!! efficient and le!! able to replace da#aged co#ponent!. At the !a#e ti#e their ti!!ue! !tiffen. ;or exa#ple) the lung! and the heart #u!cle expand le!! !ucce!!full") the blood ve!!el! beco#e increa!ingl" rigid) and the liga#ent! and tendon! tighten. ;e% inve!tigator! %ould attribute !uch diver!e effect! to a !ingle cau!e. Neverthele!!) re!earcher! have di!covered that a proce!! long no%n to di!color and toughen food! #a" al!o contribute to age-related i#pair#ent of both cell! and ti!!ue!. That proce!! i! nonen*"#atic gl"co!"lation) %hereb" gluco!e beco#e! attached to protein! %ithout the aid of en*"#e!. &hen en*"#e! attach gluco!e to protein! -en*"#atic gl"co!"lation0) the" do !o at a !pecific !ite on a !pecific protein #olecule for a !pecific purpo!e. In contra!t) the nonen*"#atic proce!! add! gluco!e hapha*ardl" to an" of !everal !ite! along an" available peptide chain %ithin a protein #olecule. Thi! nonen*"#atic gl"co!"lation of certain protein! ha! been under!tood b" food che#i!t! for decade!) although fe% biologi!t! recogni*ed until recentl" that the !a#e !tep! could ta e place in the bod". Nonen*"#atic gl"co!"lation begin! %hen an aldeh"de group -C.O0 of gluco!e and an a#ino group -N.20 of a protein are attracted to each other. The #olecule! co#bine) for#ing %hat i! called a Schiff ba!e %ithin the protein. Thi! co#bination i! un!table and +uic l" rearrange! it!elf into a !tabler) but !till rever!ible) !ub!tance no%n a! an A#adori product. If a given protein per!i!t! in the bod" for #onth! or "ear!) !o#e of it! A#adori product! !lo%l" deh"drate and rearrange the#!elve! "et again) into ne% gluco!e-derived !tructure!. The!e can co#bine %ith variou! ind! of #olecule! to for# irrever!ible !tructure! na#ed advanced gl"co!"lation end product! -A8E$!0.

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=o!t A8E$! are "ello%i!h bro%n and fluore!cent and have !pecific !pectrographic propertie!. =ore i#portant for the bod") #an" are al!o able to cro!!-lin ad1acent protein!) particularl" one! that give !tructure to ti!!ue! and organ!. Although no one ha! "et !ati!factoril" de!cribed the origin of all !uch bridge! bet%een protein!) #an" inve!tigator! agree that exten!ive cro!!-lin ing of protein! probabl" contribute! to the !tiffening and lo!! of ela!ticit" characteri!tic of aging ti!!ue!. In an atte#pt to lin thi! proce!! %ith the develop#ent of cataract! -the bro%ning and clouding of the len! of the e"e a! people age0) re!earcher! !tudied the effect of gluco!e on !olution! of purified cr"!tallin) the #a1or protein in the len! of the e"e. 8luco!e-free !olution! re#ained clear) but !olution! %ith gluco!e cau!ed the protein! to for# clu!ter!) !ugge!ting that the #olecule! had beco#e cro!!-lin ed. The clu!ter! diffracted light) #a ing the !olution opa+ue. The re!earcher! al!o di!covered that the pig#ented cro!!-lin ! in hu#an cataract! have the bro%ni!h color and fluore!cence characteri!tic of A8E$!. The!e data !ugge!t that nonen*"#atic gl"co!"lation of len! cr"!tallin! #a" contribute to cataract for#ation.

17. -ith (hich of the follo(ing statements concerning the stiffening of aging tissues (ould the author most likely agree* (A) :t is caused to a large degree by an increased rate of cell multi lication. (") :t arado%ically both hel s and hinders the longevity of roteins in the human body. (#) :t can be counteracted in art by increased ingestion of glucose-free foods. ($) :t is e%acerbated by increased enzymatic glycosylation. (!) :t robably involves the nonenzymatic glycosylation of roteins. 1&. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements is true of the rocess that discolors and toughens foods* (A) :t takes lace more slo(ly than glycosylation in the human body. (") :t requires a higher ratio of glucose to rotein than glycosylation requires in the human body. (#) :t does not require the aid of enzymes to attach glucose to rotein. ($) :t roceeds more quickly (hen the food roteins have a molecular structure similar to that of crystallin roteins. (!) :ts effectiveness de ends heavily on the amount of environmental moisture. 1). According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is characteristic of enzymatic glycosylation of roteins* (A) A/!'s are formed after a eriod of months or years. (") 1roteins affected by the rocess are made unstable. (#) /lucose attachment im airs and stiffens tissues.

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($) /lucose is attached to roteins for s ecific ur oses. (!) Amino grou s combine (ith aldehyde grou s to form +chiff bases. ,.. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements is true of Amadori roducts in roteins* (A) They are more lentiful in a dehydrated environment. (") They are created through enzymatic glycosylation. (#) They are com osed entirely of glucose molecules. ($) They are derived from +chiff bases. (!) They are derived from A/!'s. ,1. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the function of the third aragra h of the assage (lines 1)-,))* (A) :t offers evidence that contradicts the findings described in the first t(o aragra hs. (") :t resents a s ecific e%am le of the rocess discussed in the first t(o aragra hs. (#) :t e% lains a roblem that the researchers mentioned in the second aragra h have yet to solve. ($) :t evaluates the research discoveries described in the revious aragra h. (!) :t begins a detailed descri tion of the rocess introduced in the revious t(o aragra hs. ,,. The assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing (ould be D!A+T im ortant in determining (hether nonenzymatic glycosylation is likely to have taken lace in the roteins of a articular tissue* (A) The likelihood that the tissue has been e% osed to free glucose (") The color and s ectrogra hic ro erties of structures (ithin the tissue (#) The amount of time that the roteins in the tissue have ersisted in the body ($) The number of amino grou s (ithin the roteins in the tissue (!) The degree of elasticity that the tissue e%hibits ,3. :f the hy othesis stated in lines ;<-;& is true8 it can be inferred that the crystallin roteins in the lenses of eo le (ith cataracts (A) have increased elasticity (") do not res ond to enzymatic glycosylation (#) are more susce tible to stiffening than are other roteins ($) are at least several months old (!) res ond more acutely than other roteins to changes in moisture levels
&riting of the Iro+uoi! nation) S#ith ha! argued that through the chief!$ council) tribal chief! traditionall" #aintained co#plete control over the political

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affair! of both the Iro+uoi! tribal league and the individual tribe! belonging to the league) %herea! the !ole 1uri!diction over religiou! affair! re!ided %ith the !ha#an!. According to S#ith) thi! divi!ion %a! #aintained until the late nineteenth centur") %hen the di!!olution of the chief!$ council and the con!e+uent di#ini!h#ent of the chief!$ political po%er fo!tered their increa!ing involve#ent in religiou! affair!. .o%ever) S#ith fail! to recogni*e that thi! divi!ion of po%er bet%een the tribal chief! and !ha#an! %a! not actuall" rooted in Iro+uoi! tradition6 rather) it re!ulted fro# the Iro+uoi!$ re!ettle#ent on re!ervation! earl" in the nineteenth centur". 7rior to re!ettle#ent) the chief!$ council controlled onl" the broad polic" of the tribal league6 individual tribe! had in!titution!2#o!t i#portant) the longhou!e2to govern their o%n affair!. In the longhou!e) the tribe$! chief influenced both political and religiou! affair!.

,9. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) question the ublished conclusions of a scholar concerning the history of the :roquois nation (") establish the relationshi bet(een an earlier scholar's (ork and ne( anthro ological research (#) summarize scholarly controversy concerning an incident from :roquois history ($) trace t(o generations of scholarly o inion concerning :roquois social institutions (!) differentiate bet(een :roquois olitical ractices and :roquois religious ractices ,;. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage regards +mith's argument as (A) rovocative and otentially useful8 but fla(ed by oor organization (") eloquently resented8 but needlessly inflammatory (#) accurate in some of its articulars8 but inaccurate (ith regard to an im ortant oint ($) historically sound8 but overly detailed and redundant (!) ersuasive in its time8 but no( largely outdated ,<. The author of the assage im lies that (hich of the follo(ing occurred after the :roquois (ere resettled on reservations early in the nineteenth century* (A) #hiefs became more involved in their tribes' religious affairs. (") The authority of the chiefs' council over the affairs of individual tribes increased. (#) The olitical influence of the :roquois shamans (as diminished. ($) :ndividual tribes coalesced into the :roquois tribal league. (!) The longhouse because a olitical rather than a religious institution.

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,7. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses an o inion resented by the author of the assage* (A) +mith has overstated the im ortance of the olitical role layed by :roquois tribal chiefs in the nineteenth century. (") +mith has overlooked the fact that the :roquois rarely allo(ed their shamans to e%ercise olitical authority. (#) +mith has failed to e% lain (hy the chiefs' council (as dissolved late in the nineteenth century. ($) +mith has failed to ackno(ledge the role rior to the nineteenth century of the :roquois tribal chiefs in religious affairs. (!) +mith has failed to recognize that the very structure of :roquois social institutions reflects religious beliefs. SECTION '
Mar" &arton) particularl" in it! earl" chapter!) i! a #oving re!pon!e to the !uffering of the indu!trial %or er in the England of the 1KD4$!. &hat i! #o!t i#pre!!ive about the boo i! the inten!e and pain!ta ing effort #ade b" the author) Eli*abeth 8a! ell) to conve" the experience of ever"da" life in %or ingcla!! ho#e!. .er #ethod i! partl" docu#entar" in nature< the novel include! !uch feature! a! a carefull" annotated reproduction of dialect) the exact detail! of food price! in an account of a tea part") an ite#i*ed de!cription of the furniture of the 'arton!$ living roo#) and a tran!cription -again annotated0 of the ballad >The Oldha# &eaver.? The intere!t of thi! record i! con!iderable) even though the #ethod ha! a !lightl" di!tancing effect. A! a #e#ber of the #iddle cla!!) 8a! ell could hardl" help approaching %or ing-cla!! life a! an out!ide ob!erver and a reporter) and the reader of the novel i! al%a"! con!ciou! of thi! fact. 'ut there i! genuine i#aginative re-creation in her account! of the %al in 8reen .e"! ;ield!) of tea at the 'arton!$ hou!e) and of @ohn 'arton and hi! friend$! di!cover" of the !tarving fa#il" in the cellar in the chapter >7overt" and /eath.? Indeed) for a !i#ilarl" convincing re-creation of !uch fa#ilie!$ e#otion! and re!pon!e! -%hich are #ore crucial than the #aterial detail! on %hich the #ere reporter i! apt to concentrate0) the Engli!h novel had to %ait L4 "ear! for the earl" %riting of /. .. Ba%rence. If 8a! ell never +uite conve"! the !en!e of full participation that %ould co#pletel" authenticate thi! a!pect of Mar" &arton) !he !till bring! to the!e !cene! an intuitive recognition of feeling! that ha! it! o%n !ufficient conviction. The chapter >Old Alice$! .i!tor"? brilliantl" dra#ati*e! the !ituation of that earl" generation of %or er! brought fro# the village! and the countr"!ide to the urban indu!trial center!. The account of @ob Begh) the %eaver and naturali!t %ho i! devoted to the !tud" of biolog") vividl" e#bodie! one ind of re!pon!e to an urban indu!trial environ#ent< an affinit" for living thing! that harden!) b" it! ver"

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contra!t %ith it! environ#ent) into a ind of cran ine!!. The earl" chapter!2 about factor" %or er! %al ing out in !pring into 8reen .e"! ;ield!6 about Alice &il!on) re#e#bering in her cellar the t%ig-gathering for broo#! in the native village that !he %ill never again !ee6 about @ob Begh) intent on hi! i#paled in!ect! 2capture the characteri!tic re!pon!e! of a generation to the ne% and cru!hing experience of indu!triali!#. The other earl" chapter! elo+uentl" portra" the develop#ent of the in!tinctive cooperation %ith each other that %a! alread" beco#ing an i#portant tradition a#ong %or er!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the author's attitude to(ard /askell's use of the method of documentary record in Mar Barton* (A) 6ncritical enthusiasm (") 6nresolved ambivalence (#) Kualified a roval ($) 5esigned acce tance (!) @ild irritation 1&. According to the assage8 Mar Barton and the early novels of $. 4. Da(rence share (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $e iction of the feelings of (orking-class families (") $ocumentary ob7ectivity about (orking-class circumstances (#) 5ichly detailed descri tion of (orking-class ad7ustment to urban life ($) :maginatively structured lots about (orking-class characters (!) !% erimental rose style based on (orking-class dialect 1). -hich of the follo(ing is most closely analogous to 2ob Degh in Mar Barton8 as that character is described in the assage* (A) An entomologist (ho collected butterflies as a child (") A small-to(n attorney (hose hobby is nature hotogra hy (#) A young man (ho leaves his family's dairy farm to start his o(n business ($) A city d(eller (ho raises e%otic lants on the roof of his a artment building (!) A union organizer (ho (orks in a te%tile mill under dangerous conditions ,.. :t can be inferred from e%am les given in the last aragra h of the assage that (hich of the follo(ing (as art of Ethe ne( and crushing e% erience of industrialismF (lines 9<-97) for many members of the !nglish (orking class in the nineteenth century* (A) !%tortionate food rices (") /eogra hical dis lacement (#) 4azardous (orking conditions ($) Alienation from fello( (orkers (!) $issolution of family ties

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,1. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage believes that Mar Barton might have been an even better novel if /askell had (A) concentrated on the emotions of a single character (") made no attem t to re-create e% eriences of (hich she had no firsthand kno(ledge (#) made no attem t to re roduce (orking-class dialects ($) gro(n u in an industrial city (!) managed to transcend her osition as an outsider ,,. -hich of the follo(ing hrases could best be substituted for the hrase Ethis as ect of Mar BartonF in line ,) (ithout changing the meaning of the assage as a (hole* (A) the material details in an urban (orking-class environment (") the influence of Mar Barton on la(rence's early (ork (#) the lace of Mar Barton in the develo ment of the !nglish novel ($) the e%tent of the overty and hysical suffering among !ngland's industrial (orkers in the 1&9.'s (!) the ortrayal of the articular feelings and res onses of (orking-class characters ,3. The author of the assage describes Mar Barton as each of the follo(ing !C#!1T= (A) insightful (") meticulous (#) vivid ($) oignant (!) lyrical
A! of the late 1FK4$!) neither theori!t! nor large-!cale co#puter cli#ate #odel! could accuratel" predict %hether cloud !"!te#! %ould help or hurt a %ar#ing globe. So#e !tudie! !ugge!ted that a four percent increa!e in !tratocu#ulu! cloud! over the ocean could co#pen!ate for a doubling in at#o!pheric carbon dioxide) preventing a potentiall" di!a!trou! planet%ide te#perature increa!e. On the other hand) an increa!e in cirru! cloud! could increa!e global %ar#ing. That cloud! repre!ented the %ea e!t ele#ent in cli#ate #odel! %a! illu!trated b" a !tud" of fourteen !uch #odel!. Co#paring cli#ate foreca!t! for a %orld %ith double the current a#ount of carbon dioxide) re!earcher! found that the #odel! agreed +uite %ell if cloud! %ere not included. 'ut %hen cloud! %ere incorporated) a %ide range of foreca!t! %a! produced. &ith !uch di!crepancie! plaguing the #odel!) !cienti!t! could not ea!il" predict ho% +uic l" the %orld$! cli#ate %ould change) nor could the" tell %hich region! %ould face du!tier

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drought! or deadlier #on!oon!.

3;,

,9. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) confirming a theory (") su orting a statement (#) resenting ne( information ($) redicting future discoveries (!) reconciling discre ant findings ,;. :t can be inferred that one reason the fourteen models described in the assage failed to agree (as that (A) they failed to incor orate the most u -to-date information about the effect of clouds on climate (") they (ere based on faulty information about factors other than clouds that affect climate (#) they (ere based on different assum tions about the overall effects of clouds on climate ($) their originators disagreed about the kinds of forecasts the models should rovide (!) their originators disagreed about the factors other than clouds that should be included in the models ,<. :t can be inferred that the rimary ur ose of the models included in the study discussed in the second aragra h of the assage (as to (A) redict future changes in the (orld's climate (") redict the effects of cloud systems on the (orld's climate (#) find a (ay to revent a disastrous lanet(ide tem erature increase ($) assess the ercentage of the !arth's surface covered by cloud systems (!) estimate by ho( much the amount of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here (ill increase ,7. The information in the assage suggests that scientists (ould have to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions in order to redict the effect of clouds on the (arming of the globe* (A) -hat kinds of cloud systems (ill form over the !arth* (") 4o( can cloud systems be encouraged to form over the ocean* (#) -hat are the causes of the ro7ected lanet(ide tem erature increase* ($) -hat ro ortion of cloud systems are currently com osed of cirrus of clouds* (!) -hat ro ortion of the clouds in the atmos here form over land masses* 1FFL 4D SECTION A

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;or #an" "ear!) 'en1a#in Ouarle!$ !e#inal account of the participation of African A#erican! in the A#erican (evolution ha! re#ained the !tandard %or in the field. According to Ouarle!) the outco#e of thi! conflict %a! #ixed for African A#erican !lave! %ho enli!ted in 'ritain$! fight again!t it! rebelliou! A#erican colonie! in return for the pro#i!e of freedo#< the 'riti!h treacherou!l" re!old #an" into !laver" in the &e!t Indie!) %hile other! obtained freedo# in Canada and Africa. 'uilding on Ouarle!$ anal"!i! of the latter group) S"lvia ;re" !tudied the for#er !lave! %ho e#igrated to 'riti!h colonie! in Canada. According to ;re") the!e refugee!2the #o!t !ucce!!ful of the African A#erican (evolutionar" &ar participant!2vie%ed the#!elve! a! the ideological heir! of the A#erican (evolution. ;re" !ee! thi! inheritance! reflected in their de#and! for the !a#e right! that the A#erican revolutionarie! had de#anded fro# the 'riti!h< land o%ner!hip) li#it! to arbitrar" authorit" and burden!o#e taxe!) and freedo# of religion.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true about the African American 5evolutionary -ar artici ants (ho settled in #anada after the American 5evolution* (A) Although they (ere olitically unaligned (ith either side8 they identified more (ith "ritish ideology than (ith American ideology. (") -hile they (ere not immediately betrayed by the "ritish8 they ultimately suffered the same fate as did African American 5evolutionary -ar artici ants (ho (ere resold into slavery in the -est :ndies. (#) They settled in #anada rather than in Africa because of the greater religious freedom available in #anada. ($) They (ere more olitically active than (ere African American 5evolutionary -ar artici ants (ho settled in Africa. (!) They (ere more successful than (ere African American 5evolutionary -ar artici ants (ho settled Africa. 1&. -hich of the follo(ing is most analogous to the relationshi bet(een the African American 5evolutionary -ar artici ants (ho settled in #anada after the American 5evolution and the American revolutionaries8 as that relationshi is described in the assage* (A) A brilliant u il of a great musician rebels against the teacher8 but ado ts the teacher's musical style after the teacher's une% ected death. (") T(o (arring rulers finally make eace after a lifetime of strife (hen they realize that they have been du ed by a common enemy. (#) A child (ho has sided (ith a domineering arent against a defiant sibling later makes demands of the arent similar to those once made by the sibling. ($) A (riter s ends much of her life o ularizing the (ork of her mentor8 only to discover late in life that much of the older (riter's (ork is lagiarized from the (ritings of a foreign contem orary.

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(!) T(o research scientists s end much of their careers (orking together to(ard a common goal8 but later quarrel over (hich of them should receive credit for the training of a romising student. 1). The author of the assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing is true of "en7amin Kuarles' (ork* (A) :t introduced a ne( and untried research methodology. (") :t contained theories so controversial that they gave rise to an entire generation of scholarshi . (#) :t (as a ioneering (ork that has not yet been dis laced by subsequent scholarshi . ($) :t launched the career of a scholar (ho later (rote even more im ortant (orks. (!) At the time it a eared8 its author already en7oyed a (ell-established re utation in the field. ,.. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage concerning "ritain's rule in its #anadian colonies after the American 5evolution* (A) 4umiliated by their defeat by the Americans8 the "ritish shar ly curtailed civil rights in their #anadian colonies. (") The "ritish largely ignored their #anadian colonies. (#) The "ritish encouraged the colonization of #anada by those African Americans (ho had served on the American side as (ell as by those (ho had served on the "ritish side. ($) +ome of "ritain's olicies in its #anadian colonies (ere similar to its olicies in its American colonies before the American 5evolution. (!) To reduce the debt incurred during the (ar8 the "ritish im osed even higher ta%es on the #anadian colonists than they had on the American colonists.
Over the "ear!) biologi!t! have !ugge!ted t%o #ain path%a"! b" %hich !exual !election #a" have !haped the evolution of #ale bird!ong. In the fir!t) #ale co#petition and intra!exual !election produce relativel" !hort) !i#ple !ong! u!ed #ainl" in territorial behavior. In the !econd) fe#ale choice and inter!exual !election produce longer) #ore co#plicated !ong! u!ed #ainl" in #ate attraction6 li e !uch vi!ual orna#entation a! the peacoc $! tail) elaborate vocal characteri!tic! increa!e the #ale$! chance! of being cho!en a! a #ate) and he thu! en1o"! #ore reproductive !ucce!! than hi! le!! o!tentatiou! rival!. The t%o path%a"! are not #utuall" exclu!ive) and %e can expect to find exa#ple! that reflect their interaction. Tea!ing the# apart ha! been an i#portant challenge to evolutionar" biologi!t!. Earl" re!earch confir#ed the role of intra!exual !election. In a variet" of experi#ent! in the field) #ale! re!ponded aggre!!ivel" to recorded !ong! b" exhibiting territorial behavior near the !pea er!. The brea through for re!earch

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into inter!exual !election ca#e in the develop#ent of a ne% techni+ue for inve!tigating fe#ale re!pon!e in the laborator". &hen fe#ale co%bird! rai!ed in i!olation in !ound-proof cha#ber! %ere expo!ed to recording! of #ale !ong) the" re!ponded b" exhibiting #ating behavior. '" +uantif"ing the re!pon!e!) re!earcher! %ere able to deter#ine %hat particular feature! of the !ong %ere #o!t i#portant. In further experi#ent! on !ong !parro%!) re!earcher! found that %hen expo!ed to a !ingle !ong t"pe repeated !everal ti#e! or to a repertoire of different !ong t"pe!) fe#ale! re!ponded #ore to the latter. The beaut" of the experi#ental de!ign i! that it effectivel" rule! out confounding variable!6 acou!tic i!olation a!!ure! that the fe#ale can re!pond onl" to the !ong !tructure it!elf. If inter!exual !election operate! a! theori*ed) #ale! %ith #ore co#plicated !ong! !hould not onl" attract fe#ale! #ore readil" but !hould al!o en1o" greater reproductive !ucce!!. At fir!t) ho%ever) re!earcher! doing field%or %ith !ong !parro%! found no correlation bet%een larger repertoire! and earl" #ating) %hich ha! been !ho%n to be one indicator of reproductive !ucce!!6 further) co##on #ea!ure! of #ale +ualit" u!ed to predict reproductive !ucce!!) !uch a! %eight) !i*e) age) and territor") al!o failed to correlate %ith !ong co#plexit". The confir#ation re!earcher! had been !ee ing %a! finall" achieved in !tudie! involving t%o varietie! of %arbler!. 9nli e the !ong !parro%) %hich repeat! one of it! !everal !ong t"pe! in bout! before !%itching to another) the %arbler continuou!l" co#po!e! #uch longer and #ore variable !ong! %ithout repetition. ;or the fir!t ti#e) re!earcher! found a !ignificant correlation bet%een repertoire !i*e and earl" #ating) and the" di!covered further that repertoire !i*e had a #ore !ignificant effect than an" other #ea!ure of #ale +ualit" on the nu#ber of "oung produced. The evidence !ugge!t! that %arbler! u!e their extre#el" elaborate !ong! pri#aril" to attract fe#ale!) clearl" confir#ing the effect of inter!exual !election on the evolution of bird!ong.

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) sho(ing that intrase%ual selection has a greater effect on birdsong than does interse%ual selection (") contrasting the role of song com le%ity in several s ecies of birds (#) describing research confirming the sus ected relationshi bet(een interse%ual selection and the com le%ity of birdsong ($) demonstrating the su eriority of laboratory (ork over field studies in evolutionary biology (!) illustrating the effectiveness of a articular a roach to e% erimental design in evolutionary biology ,,. The author mentions the eacock's tail in line & most robably in order to (A) cite an e%ce tion to the theory of the relationshi bet(een intrase%ual selection and male com etition (") illustrate the im ortance of both of the ath(ays that sha ed the evolution of

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birdsong (#) dra( a distinction bet(een com eting theories of interse%ual selection ($) give an e%am le of a feature that may have evolved through interse%ual selection by female choice (!) refute a commonly held assum tion about the role of song in mate attraction ,3. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is s ecifically related to intrase%ual selection* (A) >emale choice (") Territorial behavior (#) #om le% song ty es ($) Darge song re ertoires (!) ?isual ornamentation ,9. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most clearly demonstrate the interaction mentioned in lines 11-13* (A) >emale larks res ond similarly both to short8 sim le songs and to longer8 more com licated songs. (") @ale canaries use visual ornamentation as (ell as elaborate song re ertoires for mate attraction. (#) "oth male and female blackbirds develo elaborate visual and vocal characteristics. ($) @ale 7ays use songs to com ete among themselves and to attract females. (!) @ale robins (ith elaborate visual ornamentation have as much re roductive success as rivals (ith elaborate vocal characteristics. ,;. The assage indicates that researchers raised female co(birds in acoustic isolation in order to (A) eliminate confounding variables (") a ro%imate field conditions (#) measure re roductive success ($) quantify re ertoire com le%ity (!) revent early mating ,<. According to the assage8 the song s arro( is unlike the (arbler in that the song s arro( (A) uses songs mainly in territorial behavior (") continuously com oses long and com le% songs (#) has a much larger song re ertoire ($) re eats one song ty e before s(itching to another (!) res onds aggressively to recorded songs

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3;7

,7. The assage suggests that the song s arro( e% eriments mentioned in lines 37-93 failed to confirm the role of interse%ual selection because (A) females (ere allo(ed to res ond only to the song structure (") song s arro(s are unlike other s ecies of birds (#) the e% eriments rovided no evidence that elaborate songs increased male re roductive success ($) the e% eriments included the songs of only a small number of different song s arro(s (!) the e% eriments du licated some of the limitations of revious field studies SECTION '
An experi#ent conducted aboard Space Bab in 1FK: %a! the fir!t atte#pt to gro% protein cr"!tal! in the lo%-gravit" environ#ent of !pace. That experi#ent i! !till cited a! evidence that gro%ing cr"!tal! in #icrogravit" can increa!e cr"!tal !i*e< the author! reported that the" gre% l"!o*"#e protein cr"!tal! 1)444 ti#e! larger than cr"!tal! gro%n in the !a#e device on Earth. 9nfortunatel") the author! did not point out that their cr"!tal! %ere no larger than the average cr"!tal gro%n u!ing other) #ore !tandard techni+ue! in an Earth laborator". No re!earch ha! "et produced re!ult! that could 1u!tif" the enor#ou! co!t! of producing cr"!tal! on a large !cale in !pace. To get an unbia!ed vie% of the u!efulne!! of #icrogravit" cr"!tal gro%th) cr"!tal! gro%n in !pace #u!t be co#pared %ith the be!t cr"!tal! that have been gro%n %ith !tandard techni+ue! on Earth. 8iven the great expen!e of conducting !uch experi#ent! %ith proper control!) and the li#ited pro#i!e of experi#ent! perfor#ed thu! far) it i! +ue!tionable %hether further experi#ent! in thi! area !hould even be conducted.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is true about the + ace Dab e% eriment conducted in 1)&3* (A) :t (as the first e% eriment to take lace in the microgravity environment of s ace. (") :t (as the first e% eriment in (hich researchers in s ace (ere able to gro( lysozyme rotein crystals greater in size than those gro(n on !arth. (#) :ts results have been su erseded by subsequent research in the field of microgravity rotein crystal gro(th. ($) :ts results are still considered by some to be evidence for the advantages of microgravity rotein crystal gro(th. (!) :ts results are considered by many to be invalid because nonstandard techniques (ere em loyed. 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould find the + ace Dab e% eriment more im ressive if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) The results of the + ace Dab e% eriment could be re licated in roducing

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other kinds of crystals in addition to lysozyme rotein. (") The device used in the e% eriment roduced larger crystals on !arth than it did in s ace. (#) The size of the crystals roduced in the e% eriment e%ceeded the size of crystals gro(n in !arth laboratories using standard techniques. ($) The cost of roducing the crystals in s ace e%ceeded that of roducing them using standard laboratory techniques. (!) The standard techniques used in !arth laboratories (ere modified in the + ace Dab e% eriment due to the effects of microgravity. 1). -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the device used to gro( crystals in the + ace Dab e% eriment* (A) The device is more e% ensive to manufacture than are the devices used in standard techniques in an !arth laboratory. (") The device has not been used to gro( crystals in s ace since the + ace Dab e% eriment of 1)&3. (#) #rystals gro(n in the device on !arth tend to be much smaller than crystals gro(n in it in s ace. ($) #rystals gro(n in the device in s ace have been e%ceeded in size by crystals gro(n in subsequent e% eriments in s ace using other devices. (!) The e% eriments in (hich the device (as used (ere conducted (ith ro er controls. ,.. The assage suggests that the author (ould most robably agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing assessments of the results of the + ace Dab e% eriment* (A) Although the results of the e% eriment are im ressive8 the e% eriment (as too limited in sco e to allo( for definitive conclusions. (") The results of the e% eriment are im ressive on the surface8 but the re ort is misleading. (#) The results of the e% eriment convincingly confirm (hat researchers have long sus ected. ($) "ecause of design fla(s8 the e% eriment did not yield any results relevant to the issue under investigation. (!) The results of the e% eriment are too contradictory to allo( for easy inter retation.
In 1F2: the innovative (u!!ian fil##a er /*iga Certov de!cribed fil##a ing a! a proce!! that lead! vie%er! to%ard a >fre!h perception of the %orld.? Certov$! de!cription of fil##a ing !hould appl" to fil#! on the !ub1ect of art. Aet fil#! on art have not had a po%erful and perva!ive effect on the %a" %e !ee. 7ublication! on art flouri!h) but the!e boo ! and article! do not nece!!aril" !ucceed in teaching u! to !ee #ore deepl" or #ore clearl". =uch %riting in art

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hi!tor" advance! the di!cour!e in the field but i! unli el" to infor# the e"e of one unfa#iliar %ith it! pole#ic!. ;il#!) ho%ever) %ith their capacit" to pre!ent #aterial vi!uall" and to reach a broader audience) have the potential to enhance vi!ual literac" -the abilit" to identif" the detail! that characteri*e a particular !t"le0 #ore effectivel" than publication! can. 9nfortunatel") fe% of the hundred or !o fil#! on art that are #ade each "ear in the 9nited State! are broadca!t nationall" on pri#e-ti#e televi!ion. The fact that fil#! on art are rarel" !een on pri#e-ti#e televi!ion #a" be due not onl" to li#itation! on di!tribution but al!o to the !hortco#ing! of #an" !uch fil#!. So#e of the!e !hortco#ing! can be attributed to the failure of art hi!torian! and fil##a er! to collaborate clo!el" enough %hen #a ing fil#! on art. The!e profe!!ional! are able) %ithin their re!pective di!cipline!) to increa!e our a%arene!! of vi!ual for#!. ;or clo!e collaboration to occur) profe!!ional! in each di!cipline need to recogni*e that fil#! on art can be both educational and entertaining) but thi! %ill re+uire co#pro#i!e on both !ide!. A fil##a er %ho i! creating a fil# about the %or of an arti!t !hould not follo% the !tandard! !et b" roc video! and adverti!ing. ;il##a er! need to re!i!t the i#pul!e to #ove the ca#era +uic l" fro# detail to detail for fear of boring the vie%er) to fra#e the i#age for the !a e of dra#a alone) to add #u!ic for fear of !ilence. ;il##a er! are a%are that an art ob1ect de#and! concentration and) at the !a#e ti#e) are concerned that it #a" not be co#pelling enough2and !o the" hope to provide relief b" interpo!ing >real? !cene! that bear onl" a tangential relation!hip to the !ub1ect. 'ut a %or of art need! to be explored on it! o%n ter#!. On the other hand) art hi!torian! need to tru!t that one can indicate and anal"*e) not !olel" %ith %ord!) but al!o b" directing the vie%er$! ga*e. The !peciali*ed %ritten language of art hi!tor" need! to be relin+ui!hed or at lea!t te#pered for the !creen. Onl" an effective collaboration bet%een fil##a er! and art hi!torian! can create fil#! that %ill enhance vie%er!$ perception! of art.

,1. The assage suggests that a filmmaker desiring to enhance vie(ers' erce tions of art should do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) 5ely on the recise language of art history (hen develo ing scri ts for films on art. (") 5ely on dramatic narrative and music to set a film's tone and style. (#) 5ecognize that a (ork of art by itself can be com elling enough to hold a vie(er's attention. ($) $e end more strongly on narration instead of camera movements to guide the vie(er's gaze. (!) !m hasize the social and the historical conte%ts (ithin (hich (orks of art have been created. ,,. The author of the assage refers to ?ertov in the first aragra h most robably in order to

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(A) rovide an e%am le of ho( films can be used to influence erce tions (") resent evidence to su ort the argument that films have been used successfully to influence vie(ers' erce tions (#) introduce the notion that film can influence ho( vie(ers see ($) contrast a traditional vie( of the uses of film (ith a more modern vie( (!) describe ho( film can change a vie(er's erce tion of a (ork of art ,3. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) An observation about an unsatisfactory situation is offered8 the reasons for the situation are discussed8 and then (ays to change it are suggested. (") T(o o inions regarding a controversial henomenon are contrasted8 su orting evidence for each is resented8 and then the t(o o inions are reconciled. (#) #riticism of a oint of vie( is discussed8 the criticism is ans(ered8 and then the criticism is a lied to another oint of vie(. ($) A oint of vie( is described8 evidence su then a summary is resented. orting the vie( is rovided8 and

(!) A strategy is resented8 reasons for its ast failure are discussed8 and then a recommendation that (ill be abandoned is offered. ,9. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) discussing (hy film's otential as a medium for resenting art to the general ublic has not been fully realized and ho( film might be made more effective in this regard (") discussing the shortcomings of films on art and the technological innovations required to increase the im act of film on visual literacy (#) discussing the advantages and the disadvantages of using films rather than ublications to resent (orks of art to the general ublic ($) resenting information to su ort the vie( that films on art must focus more on education and less on entertainment in order to increase visual literacy (!) resenting information to su ort the vie( that films on art8 because they reach a broader audience than many other kinds of media8 have had greater success in romoting visual literacy ,;. The author (ould most likely agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about film and visual literacy* (A) 5eading a ublication about a (ork of art and then seeing a film about the same (ork is the most effective (ay to develo visual literacy. (") An increase in a vie(er's a(areness of visual forms (ill also lead to an increased attention s an. (#) >ilm has a great but not yet fully e% loited ca acity to increase vie(ers' a(areness of visual forms.

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($) A film that focuses on the details of a (ork of art (ill hinder the develo ment of visual literacy. (!) >ilms on art (ould more effectively enhance the visual literacy of teenagers if filmmakers follo(ed the standards set by rock videos. ,<. According to the assage8 art historians desiring to (ork (ith filmmakers to enhance the ublic's a reciation of art need to ackno(ledge (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The art historian's role in the creation of a film on art is likely to be a relatively minor one. (") >ilm rovides an ideal o ortunity to acquaint vie(ers (ith a (ide range of issues that relate incidentally to a (ork of art. (#) An in-de th analysis of a (ork of art is not an a ro riate to ic for a film on art. ($) Although silence may be an a ro riate background (hen vie(ing a (ork of art in a museum8 it is ina ro riate in a film. (!) >ilm can use nonverbal means to achieve some of the same results that a s oken or (ritten discourse can achieve. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing (ould describe the author's most likely reaction to a claim that films on art (ould more successfully romote visual literacy if they follo(ed the standards set for rock videos* (A) Ambivalence (") :ndifference (#) +ym athy ($) :nterest (!) $isdain 1FFL 14 SECTION A
Thi! i! not to den" that the 'lac go!pel #u!ic of the earl" t%entieth centur" differed in i#portant %a"! fro# the !lave !piritual!. &herea! !piritual! %ere created and di!!e#inated in fol fa!hion) go!pel #u!ic %a! co#po!ed) publi!hed) cop"righted) and !old b" profe!!ional!. Neverthele!!) i#provi!ation re#ained central to go!pel #u!ic. One ha! onl" to li!ten to the recorded repertoire of go!pel !ong! to reali*e that 'lac go!pel !inger! rarel" !ang a !ong preci!el" the !a#e %a" t%ice and never according to it! exact #u!ical notation. The" perfor#ed %hat 1a** #u!ician! call >head arrange#ent!? proceeding fro# their o%n feeling! and fro# the %a" >the !pirit? #oved the# at the ti#e. Thi! i#provi!ator" ele#ent %a! reflected in the #anner in %hich go!pel #u!ic %a! publi!hed. 'lac go!pel co#po!er! !cored the #u!ic intended for &hite !inging group! full") indicating the variou! vocal part! and the acco#pani#ent) but the #u!ic produced for 'lac

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!inger! included onl" a vocal line and piano acco#pani#ent.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best describes Ehead arrangementF as the term is used in line 11* (A) A ublished version of a gos el song roduced for use by "lack singers (") A gos el song based on a slave s iritual (#) A musical score shared by a gos el singer and a 7azz musician ($) An informally (ritten com osition intended for use by a gos el singer (!) An im rovised erformance ins ired by the singer's emotions 1&. The author mentions Efolk fashionF (line 9) most likely in order to (A) counter an assertion about the role of im rovisation in music created by "lack eo le (") com are early gos el music (ith gos el music (ritten later in the t(entieth century (#) make a distinction bet(een gos el music and slave s irituals ($) introduce a discussion about the dissemination of slave s irituals (!) describe a similarity bet(een gos el music and slave s irituals 1). The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about "lack gos el music and slave s irituals* (A) "oth became (idely kno(n in the early t(entieth century. (") "oth had an im ortant im rovisatory element. (#) "oth (ere frequently erformed by 7azz musicians. ($) "oth (ere ublished (ith only a vocal line and iano accom animent. (!) "oth (ere disseminated chiefly by "lack singing grou s. ,.. Bf the follo(ing sentences8 (hich is most likely to have immediately receded the assage* (A) >e( com osers of gos el music dre( on traditions such as the s iritual in creating their songs. (") + irituals and "lack gos el music (ere derived from the same musical tradition. (#) The creation and singing of s irituals8 racticed by "lack Americans before the #ivil -ar8 continued after the (ar. ($) + irituals and gos el music can be clearly distinguished from one another. (!) :m rovisation (as one of the rimary characteristics of the gos el music created by "lack musicians.
About a centur" ago) the S%edi!h ph"!ical !cienti!t Arrheniu! propo!ed a la% of cla!!ical che#i!tr" that relate! che#ical reaction rate to te#perature. According to the Arrheniu! e+uation) che#ical reaction! are increa!ingl" unli el"

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to occur a! te#perature! approach ab!olute *ero) and at ab!olute *ero -*ero degree! Gelvin) or #inu! 2N: degree! Cel!iu!0 reaction! !top. .o%ever) recent experi#ental evidence reveal! that although the Arrheniu! e+uation i! generall" accurate in de!cribing the ind of che#ical reaction that occur! at relativel" high te#perature!) at te#perature! clo!er to *ero a +uantu#-#echanical effect no%n a! tunneling co#e! into pla"6 thi! effect account! for che#ical reaction! that are forbidden b" the principle! of cla!!ical che#i!tr". Specificall") entire #olecule! can >tunnel? through the barrier! of repul!ive force! fro# other #olecule! and che#icall" react even though the!e #olecule! do not have !ufficient energ") according to cla!!ical che#i!tr") to overco#e the repul!ive barrier. The rate of an" che#ical reaction) regardle!! of the te#perature at %hich it ta e! place) u!uall" depend! on a ver" i#portant characteri!tic no%n a! it! activation energ". An" #olecule can be i#agined to re!ide at the botto# of a !ocalled potential %ell of energ". A che#ical reaction corre!pond! to the tran!ition of a #olecule fro# the botto# of one potential %ell to the botto# of another. In cla!!ical che#i!tr") !uch a tran!ition can be acco#pli!hed onl" b" going over the potential barrier bet%een the %ell!) the height of %hich re#ain! con!tant and i! called the activation energ" of the reaction. In tunneling) the reacting #olecule! tunnel fro# the botto# of one to the botto# of another %ell %ithout having to ri!e over the barrier bet%een the t%o %ell!. (ecentl" re!earcher! have developed the concept of tunneling te#perature< the te#perature belo% %hich tunneling tran!ition! greatl" outnu#ber Arrheniu! tran!ition!) and cla!!ical #echanic! give! %a" to it! +uantu# counterpart. Thi! tunneling pheno#enon at ver" lo% te#perature! !ugge!ted #" h"pothe!i! about a cold prehi!tor" of life< the for#ation of rather co#plex organic #olecule! in the deep cold of outer !pace) %here te#perature! u!uall" reach onl" a fe% degree! Gelvin. Co!#ic ra"! -high-energ" proton! and other particle!0 #ight trigger the !"nthe!i! of !i#ple #olecule!) !uch a! inter!tellar for#aldeh"de) in dar cloud! of inter!tellar du!t. After%ard co#plex organic #olecule! %ould be for#ed) !lo%l" but !urel") b" #ean! of tunneling. After I offered #" h"pothe!i!) .o"le and &ic ra#a!inghe argued that #olecule! of inter!tellar for#aldeh"de have indeed evolved into !table pol"!accharide! !uch a! cellulo!e and !tarch. Their conclu!ion!) although !trongl" di!puted) have generated excite#ent a#ong inve!tigator! !uch a! #"!elf %ho are propo!ing that the galactic cloud! are the place! %here the prebiological evolution of co#pound! nece!!ar" to life occurred.

,1. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) describing ho( the rinci les of classical chemistry (ere develo ed (") initiating a debate about the kinds of chemical reactions required for the develo ment of life (#) e% laining ho( current research in chemistry may be related to broader biological concerns ($) reconciling o osing theories about chemical reactions

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(!) clarifying inherent ambiguities in the la(s of classical chemistry ,,. According to the assage8 classical chemical reactions and tunneling reactions are alike in (hich of the follo(ing (ays* (A) :n both ty es of reactions8 reacting molecules have to rise over the barrier bet(een the t(o (ells. (") :n both ty es of reactions8 a transition is made from the bottom of one otential (ell to the bottom of another. (#) :n neither ty e of reaction does the height of the barrier bet(een the (ells remain constant. ($) :n neither ty e of reaction does the rate of a chemical reaction de end on its activation energy. (!) :n both ty es of reactions8 reacting molecules are able to go through the barrier bet(een the t(o (ells. ,3. According to the Arrhenius equation as discussed in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing statements about chemical reactions is true* (A) #hemical reactions are less likely to occur at tem eratures close to absolute zero. (") :n some cases the rate of a chemical reaction is related to tem erature and in other cases it is not. (#) #hemical reactions frequently occur at a fe( degrees above absolute zero8 but they are very un redictable. ($) The rate of a chemical reaction de ends on many other factors besides tem erature. (!) #hemical reaction rate and tem erature are not related. ,9. The author's attitude to(ard the theory of a cold re-history of life can best be described as (A) neutral (") ske tical (#) mildly ositive ($) very su ortive (!) ointedly critical ,;. The author's hy othesis concerning the cold rehistory of life (ould be most (eakened if (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) #osmic rays are unlikely to trigger the formation of sim le molecules. (") Tunneling occurs only in a narro( band of tem eratures around zero degrees Jelvin. (#) The synthesis of interstellar formaldehyde can be activated by means other than cosmic rays.

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($) +im le molecules can be synthesized by means of tunneling. (!) #lassical chemical reactions do not occur at tem eratures close to absolute zero. ,<. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the hy othesis of 4oyle and -ickramasinghe as it is resented in the assage* (A) #osmic rays can directly synthesize com le% organic molecules. (") The galactic clouds are the laces (here rebiological evolution of com ounds necessary to life occurred. (#) :nterstellar formaldehyde can be synthesized by tunneling. ($) @olecules of interstellar formaldehyde can evolve into com le% organic molecules. (!) #om le% organic molecules can be synthesized from stable olysaccharides such as cellulose and starch. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the first t(o aragra hs of the assage* (A) The author cites a basic rinci le of classical chemistry and then describes the research from (hich that rinci le (as develo ed. (") The author cites an a arent contradiction to the rinci les of classical chemistry and then e% lains the rocess of a chemical reaction to sho( there is in fact no contradiction. (#) The author describes the role of heat in chemical reactions and then offers a detailed e% lanation of its function. ($) The author resents a la( of classical chemistry in order to introduce a kind of chemical reaction that differs from it and then e% lains the essential difference bet(een the t(o. (!) The author resents the fundamental rules of classical chemistry in order to introduce an e% lanation of a s ecific chemical reaction. SECTION '
Although the hor#one adrenaline i! no%n to regulate #e#or" !torage) it doe! not pa!! fro# the blood into brain cell!. &e are faced %ith an apparent paradox< ho% can a hor#one that doe! not act directl" on the brain have !uch a large effect on brain functionM (ecentl") %e te!ted the po!!ibilit" that one of the hor#one$! action! out!ide the brain #ight be re!pon!ible. Since one con!e+uence of adrenaline relea!e in an ani#al i! an increa!e in blood gluco!e level!) %e exa#ined the effect! of gluco!e on #e#or" in rat!. &e found that gluco!e in1ected i##ediatel" after training enhance! #e#or" te!ted the next da". Additional evidence %a! provided b" negative finding!< drug! called adrenergic antagoni!t!) %hich bloc peripheral adrenaline receptor!) di!rupted adrenaline$! abilit" to regulate #e#or" but did

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not affect #e#or" enhance#ent! produced b" gluco!e that %a! not !ti#ulated b" adrenaline. The!e re!ult! are a! the" !hould be if adrenaline affect! #e#or" #odulation b" increa!ing blood gluco!e level!.

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) reconcile t(o o osing theories ort an un o ular theory (") com are t(o different e% lanations for a henomenon (#) describe e% erimental research that a ears to su (!) describe a hy othesis that has cause a controversy 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author (ould most likely describe the Eadditional evidenceF (line 1,) rovided by e% eriments (ith adrenergic antagonists as (A) revolutionary (") disa ointing (#) incom lete ($) une% ected (!) corroborative 1). The assage rovides information about (hich of the follo(ing to ics* (A) The mechanism by (hich glucose affects memory storage (") The evidence that rom ted scientist to test the effects of adrenaline on memory regulation (#) The reason that the effects of glucose on memory (ere tested ($) The (ays that memory storage modifies the structure of the brain (!) The kinds of training used to test memory enhancement in rats ,.. The author refers to the results of the e% eriment using adrenergic antagonists as Enegative findingsF (line 13) most likely because the adrenergic antagonists (A) failed to disru t adrenaline's effect on memory (") did not affect glucose's ability to enhance memory (#) did not block adrenaline's ability to increase blood glucose levels ($) only artially affected adrenaline's ability to enhance memory (!) disru ted both adrenaline's and glucose's effect on memory
The age at %hich "oung children begin to #a e #oral di!cri#ination! about har#ful action! co##itted again!t the#!elve! or other! ha! been the focu! of recent re!earch into the #oral develop#ent of children. 9ntil recentl") child p!"chologi!t! !upported pioneer develop#entali!t @ean. 7iaget in hi! h"pothe!i! that becau!e of their i##aturit") children under age !even do not ta e into account the intention! of a per!on co##itting accidental or deliberate har#) but

($) resent evidence that may hel to resolve an a arent contradiction

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rather !i#pl" a!!ign puni!h#ent for tran!gre!!ion! on the ba!i! of the #agnitude of the negative con!e+uence! cau!ed. According to 7iaget) children under age !even occup" the fir!t !tage of #oral develop#ent) %hich i! characteri*ed b" #oral ab!oluti!# -rule! #ade b" authoritie! #u!t be obe"ed0 and i##inent 1u!tice -if rule! are bro en) puni!h#ent %ill be #eted out0. 9ntil "oung children #ature) their #oral 1udg#ent! are ba!ed entirel" on the effect rather than the cau!e of a tran!gre!!ion. .o%ever) in recent re!earch) Gea!e" found that !ix-"earold children not onl" di!tingui!h bet%een accidental and intentional har#) but al!o 1udge intentional har# a! naughtier) regardle!! of the a#ount of da#age produced. 'oth of the!e finding! !ee# to indicate that children) at an earlier age than 7iaget clai#ed) advance into the !econd !tage of #oral develop#ent) #oral autono#") in %hich the" accept !ocial rule! but vie% the# a! #ore arbitrar" than do children in the fir!t !tage. Gea!e"$! re!earch rai!e! t%o e" +ue!tion! for develop#ental p!"chologi!t! about children under age !even< do the" recogni*e 1u!tification! for har#ful action!) and do the" #a e di!tinction! bet%een har#ful act! that are preventable and tho!e act! that have unfore!een har#ful con!e+uence!M Studie! indicate that 1u!tification! excu!ing har#ful action! #ight include public dut") !elf-defen!e) and provocation. ;or exa#ple) Ne!dale and (ule concluded that children %ere capable of con!idering %hether or not an aggre!!or$! action %a! 1u!tified b" public dut"< five "ear old! reacted ver" differentl" to >'onnie %rec ! Ann$! pretend hou!e? depending on %hether 'onnie did it >!o !o#ebod" %on$t fall over it? or becau!e 'onnie %anted >to #a e Ann feel bad.? Thu!) a child of five begin! to under!tand that certain har#ful action!) though intentional) can be 1u!tified6 the con!traint! of #oral ab!oluti!# no longer !olel" guide their 1udg#ent!. 7!"chologi!t! have deter#ined that during indergarten children learn to #a e !ubtle di!tinction! involving har#. /arle" ob!erved that a#ong act! involving unintentional har#) !ix-"ear-old children 1u!t entering indergarten could not differentiate bet%een fore!eeable) and thu! preventable) har# and unfore!eeable har# for %hich the perpetrator cannot be bla#ed. Seven #onth! later) ho%ever) /arle" found that the!e !a#e children could #a e both di!tinction!) thu! de#on!trating that the" had beco#e #orall" autono#ou!.

,1. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the assage as a (hole* (A) An outline for future research (") An e% anded definition of commonly misunderstood terms (#) An analysis of a dis ute bet(een t(o theorists ($) A discussion of research findings in an ongoing inquiry (!) A confirmation of an established authority's theory ,,. According to the assage8 $arley found that after seven months of kindergarten si% year olds acquired (hich of the follo(ing abilities* (A) $ifferentiating bet(een foreseeable and unforeseeable harm

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(") :dentifying (ith the er etrator of a harmful action (#) 2ustifying harmful actions that result from rovocation ($) !valuating the magnitude of negative consequences resulting from the breaking of rules (!) 5ecognizing the difference bet(een moral absolutism and moral autonomy ,3. According to the assage8 1iaget and Jeasey (ould not have agreed on (hich of the follo(ing oints* (A) The kinds of e%cuses children give for harmful acts they commit (") The age at (hich children begin to discriminate bet(een intentional and unintentional harm (#) The intentions children have in er etrating harm ($) The circumstances under (hich children unish harmful acts (!) The 7ustifications children recognize for mitigating unishment for harmful acts ,9. :t can be inferred that the term E ublic dutyF (line 33) in the conte%t of the assage means (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The necessity to a rehend er etrators. (") The res onsibility to unish transgressors (#) An obligation to revent harm to another ($) The assignment of unishment for harmful action (!) A 7ustification for unishing transgressions ,;. According to the assage8 Jeasey's findings su conclusions about si%-year-old children* ort (hich of the follo(ing

(A) They have the ability to make autonomous moral 7udgments. (") They regard moral absolutism as a threat to their moral autonomy. (#) They do not understand the conce t of ublic duty. ($) They acce t moral 7udgment made by their eers more easily than do older children. (!) They make arbitrary moral 7udgments. ,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that 1iaget (ould be likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements about the unishment that children under seven assign to (rongdoing* (A) The severity of the assigned unishment is determined by the erceived magnitude of negative consequences more than by any other factor. (") The unishment is to be administered immediately follo(ing the transgression. (#) The children assign unishment less arbitrarily than they do (hen they reach

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the age of moral autonomy. ($) The unishment for acts of unintentional harm is less severe than it is for acts involving accidental harm. (!) The more develo mentally immature a child8 the more severe the unishment that the child (ill assign. ,7. According to the assage8 the research of Aesdale and 5ule suggests (hich of the follo(ing about five-year-old children* (A) Their reactions to intentional and accidental harm determine the severity of the unishments they assign. (") They8 as er etrators of harmful acts8 disregard the feelings of the children they harm. (#) They take into account the motivations of actions (hen 7udging the behavior of other children. ($) They vie( ublic duty as a 7ustification for accidental8 but not intentional8 harm. (!) They 7ustify any action that rotects them from harm. 1FFN 4D SECTION A
8eologi!t! .arri! and 8a!! h"pothe!i*ed that the (ed Sea rift developed along the line of a !uture -a !plice in the Earth$! cru!t0 for#ed during the late 7rotero*oic era) and that !ignificant ob!ervable difference! in the co#po!ition of the upper la"er! of roc ! depo!ited on either !ide of the !uture give clue! to the different nature! of the underl"ing igneou! roc !. Other geologi!t! argued that neither the upper roc la"er nor the underl"ing igneou! roc ! on the one !ide of the rift differ funda#entall" fro# the corre!ponding la"er! on the other !ide. The!e geologi!t! believe) therefore) that there i! inade+uate evidence to conclude that a !uture underlie! the rift. In re!pon!e) .arri! and 8a!! a!!erted that the upper roc la"er! on the t%o !ide! of the rift had not been !ho%n to be of !i#ilar age) !tructure) or geoche#ical content. ;urther#ore) the" cited ne% evidence that the underl"ing igneou! roc ! on either !ide of the rift contain !ignificantl" different ind! of rare #etal!.

17. 1art of the 4arris and /ass hy othesis about the 5ed +ea rift (ould be (eakened if it could be demonstrated that the com osition of u er rock layers (A) cannot cause a suture to develo (") has no effect on (here a suture (ill occur (#) cannot rovide information about the nature of underlying rocks ($) is similar on the t(o sides of a rift unless a suture divides the t(o sides

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(!) is usually different from the com osition of underlying rocks 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the EBther geologistsF (line &) (ould be most likely to agree (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements* (A) +imilar geological features along both sides of a ossible suture im ly the e%istence of that suture. (") +utures can be discovered only (here they are not obscured by su erim osed geological features. (#) The com osition of igneous rocks ermits rediction of the likelihood of a rift develo ing through them. ($) :t is ossible to date igneous rocks by carefully studying the different kinds of rare metals contained in them and by observing their similarity to the layer of rock that lies above them. (!) The e%istence of rock layers on one side of a rift that are similar in com osition to rock layers on the other side suggests that no suture e%ists bet(een the t(o sides. 1). :t can be inferred from the assage that 4arris and /ass have done (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $ra(n detailed diagrams of the 5ed +ea rift. (") "ased their conclusions on the (ay in (hich sutures develo in the !arth's crust. (#) 5e7ected other geologists ob7ections to their hy othesis about the 5ed +ea rift. ($) +uggested that the resence of rare metals in rocks indicates an underlying suture. (!) Asserted that rifts usually occur along the lines of sutures. ,.. According to the assage8 4arris and /ass have mentioned all of the follo(ing ro erties of rocks along the 5ed +ea rift !C#!1T= (A) age of the u er layers of rock er layers of rocks er layers of rocks (") structure of the u

(#) geochemical content of the u

($) metallic content of the underlying igneous rocks (!) age of the underlying igneous rocks
7roponent! of different 1a** !t"le! have al%a"! argued that their predece!!or!$ #u!ical !t"le did not include e!!ential characteri!tic! that define 1a** a! 1a**. Thu!) 1FD4$! !%ing %a! belittled b" bebopper! of the 1F34$!) %ho %ere the#!elve! attac ed b" free 1a**er! of the 1FL4$!. The neobopper! of the 1FK4$! and 1FF4$! attac ed al#o!t ever"bod" el!e. The titanic figure of 'lac !axophoni!t @ohn Coltrane ha! co#plicated the argu#ent! #ade b" proponent! of

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!t"le! fro# bebop through neobop becau!e in hi! o%n #u!ical 1ourne" he dre% fro# all tho!e !t"le!. .i! influence on all t"pe! of 1a** %a! i##ea!urable. At the height of hi! popularit") Coltrane largel" abandoned pla"ing bebop) the !t"le that had brought hi# fa#e) to explore the outer reache! of 1a**. Coltrane hi#!elf probabl" believed that the onl" e!!ential characteri!tic of 1a** %a! i#provi!ation) the one con!tant in hi! 1ourne" fro# bebop to open-ended i#provi!ation! on #odal) Indian) and African #elodie!. On the other hand) thi! dogged !tudent and prodigiou! technician2%ho in!i!ted on !pending hour! each da" practicing !cale! fro# theor" boo !2%a! never able to 1etti!on co#pletel" the influence of bebop) %ith it! fa!t and elaborate chain! of note! and orna#ent! on #elod". T%o !t"li!tic characteri!tic! !haped the %a" Coltrane pla"ed the tenor !axophone) he favored pla"ing fa!t run! of note! built on a #elod" and depended on heav") regularl" accented beat!. The fir!t led Coltrane to >!heet! of !ound)? %here he raced fa!ter and fa!ter) pile-driving note! into each other to !ugge!t !tac ed har#onie!. The !econd #eant that hi! !en!e of rh"th# %a! al#o!t a! clo!e to roc a! to bebop. Three recording! illu!trate Coltrane$! energi*ing exploration!. (ecording Kind of &!ue %ith =ile! /avi!) Coltrane found hi#!elf out!ide bop) exploring #odal #elodie!. .ere he pla"ed !urging) length" !olo! built largel" around repeated #otif!2an organi*ing principle unli e that of free 1a** !axophone pla"er Ornette Cole#an) %ho #odulated or altered #elodie! in hi! !olo!. On Giant Ste)s) Coltrane debuted a! leader) introducing hi! o%n co#po!ition!. .ere the !heet! of !ound) do%nbeat accent!) repetition!) and great !peed are part of each !olo) and the variet" of the !hape! of hi! phra!e! i! uni+ue. Coltrane$! !earching exploration! produced !olid achieve#ent. M" Fa-orite Things %a! another ind of %ater!hed. .ere Coltrane pla"ed the !oprano !axophone) an in!tru#ent !eldo# u!ed b" 1a** #u!ician!. =u!icall") the re!ult! %ere a!tounding. &ith the !oprano$! piping !ound) idea! that had !ounded dar and brooding ac+uired a feeling of gidd" fanta!". &hen Coltrane began recording for the I#pul!eV label) he %a! !till !earching. .i! #u!ic beca#e raucou!) ph"!ical. .i! influence on roc er! %a! enor#ou!) including @i#i .endrix) the roc guitari!t) %ho) follo%ing Coltrane) rai!ed the extended guitar !olo u!ing repeated #otif! to a ind of roc art for#.

,1. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) discuss the lace of #oltrane in the (orld of 7azz and describe his musical e% lorations (") e%amine the nature of bebo and contrast it (ith im rovisational 7azz (#) analyze the musical sources of #oltrane's style and their influence on his (ork ($) ackno(ledge the influence of #oltrane's music on rock music and rock

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musicians (!) discuss the arguments that divide the ro onents of different 7azz styles ,,. The author im lies that (hich of the follo(ing (ould have been an effect of #oltrane's having chosen to lay the tenor rather than the so rano sa%o hone on M Fa+orite Things* (A) The tone of the recording (ould have been more somber. (") The influence of bebo on the recording (ould have been more obvious. (#) The music on the recording (ould have sounded less raucous and hysical. ($) 4is influence on rock music might have been less ervasive. (!) The style of the recording (ould have been indistinguishable from that on 4ind of Blue0 ,3. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the fourth aragra h* (A) A thesis referred to earlier in the assage is mentioned and illustrated (ith three s ecific e%am les. (") A thesis is stated and three e%am les are given each suggesting that a correction needs to be made to a thesis referred to earlier in the assage. (#) A thesis referred to earlier in the assage is mentioned8 and three e%am les are resented and ranked in order of their su ort of the thesis. ($) A thesis is stated8 three seemingly o osing e%am les are resented8 and their underlying corres ondence is e% lained. (!) A thesis is stated8 three dissimilar e%am les are considered8 and the thesis is restated. ,9. According to the assage8 2ohn #oltrane did all of the follo(ing during his career !C#!1T= (A) im rovise on melodies from a number of different cultures (") erform as leader as (ell as soloist (#) s end time im roving his technical skills ($) e% eriment (ith the sounds of various instruments (!) eliminate the influence of bebo on his o(n music ,;. The author mentions the (ork of Brnette #oleman in the fourth aragra h in order to do (hich of the follo(ing* (A) !% and the discussion by mentioning the (ork of a sa%o hone layer (ho layed in #oltrane's style. (") #om are #oltrane's solos (ith the (ork of another 7azz artist. (#) +u ort the idea that rational organizing rinci les need to be a lied to artistic (ork. ($) +ho( the increasing intricacy of #oltrane's (ork after he abandoned bebo .

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(!) :ndicate disagreement (ith the (ay #oltrane modulated the motifs in his lengthy solos. ,<. According to the assage8 a ma7or difference bet(een #oltrane and other 7azz musicians (as the (A) degree to (hich #oltrane's music encom assed all of 7azz (") re etition of motifs that #oltrane used in his solos (#) number of his o(n com ositions that #oltrane recorded ($) indifference #oltrane maintained to musical technique (!) im ortance #oltrane laced on rhythm in 7azz ,7. :n terms of its tone and form8 the assage can best be characterized as (A) dogmatic e% lanation (") indignant denial (#) enthusiastic raise ($) s eculative study (!) luke(arm revie( SECTION '
A !pecial #ucou! coating that !erve! a! a che#ical ca#ouflage allo%! clo%n fi!h to live a#ong the deadl" tentacle! of the un!u!pecting !ea ane#one. 9tterl" dependent on thi! unli el" ho!t for protection fro# predator!) clo%n fi!h have evolved in i!olated co##unitie!) a pattern that ha! led to unu!ual behavioral adaptation!. The rigidl" defined hierarch" of each clo%n-fi!h co##unit" i! do#inated b" a #onoga#ou! breeding pair con!i!ting of the large!t fi!h) a fe#ale) and the next large!t) a #ale) attended b" a fixed nu#ber of !exuall" i##ature fi!h ranging in !i*e fro# large to tin". A re#ar able adaptation i! that the develop#ent of the!e 1uvenile! i! !o#eho% arre!ted until the hierarch" change!6 then the" gro% in loc !tep) #aintaining their relative !i*e!. &hile the co##unit" thu! econo#i*e! on li#ited !pace and food re!ource!) life i! ri! " for ne%l" !pa%ned clo%n fi!h. On hatching) the hundred! of larvae drift off into the plan ton. If) %ithin three %ee !) the defen!ele!! larval clo%n fi!h locate! a !uitable ane#one -either b" pure chance or perhap! guided b" che#ical! !ecreted b" the ane#one0) it #a" !urvive. .o%ever) if an ane#one i! full" occupied) the re!ident clo%n fi!h %ill repel an" ne%co#er. Though advantageou! for e!tabli!hed co##unit" #e#ber!) the !u!pended and !taggered #aturation of 1uvenile! #ight !ee# to po!e a danger to the continuit" of the co##unit"< there i! onl" one !ucce!!or for t%o breeding fi!h. Should one of a pair die) the re#aining fi!h cannot !%i# off in !earch of a #ate) nor i! one li el" to arrive. It %ould !ee# inevitable that reproduction #u!t !o#eti#e! have to halt) pending the chance arrival and #aturation of a larval fi!h

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of the appropriate !ex.

379

Thi!) ho%ever) turn! out not to be the ca!e. In experi#ent!) vacancie! have been contrived b" re#oving an e!tabli!hed fi!h fro# a co##unit". Eli#ination of the breeding #ale trigger! the pro#pt #aturation of the large!t 1uvenile. Each re#aining 1uvenile al!o gro%! !o#e%hat) and a #inu!cule ne%co#er drop! in fro# the plan ton. (e#oval of the fe#ale al!o trigger! gro%th in all re#aining fi!h and acceptance of a ne%co#er) but the fe#ale i! replaced b" the adult #ale. &ithin da"!) the #ale$! behavior alter! and ph"!iological tran!for#ation i! co#plete %ithin a fe% #onth!. Thu!) %hichever of the breeding pair i! lo!t) a relativel" large 1uvenile can fill the void) and reproduction can re!u#e %ith a #ini#al lo!! of ti#e. ;urther#ore) the ne% #ate ha! alread" proved it! abilit" to !urvive. Thi! tran!for#ation of a #ale into a fe#ale) or protandrou! her#aphroditi!#) i! rare a#ong reef fi!h. The #ore co##on protog"nou! her#aphroditi!#) %here fe#ale! change into #ale!) doe! not occur a#ong clo%n fi!h. An intriguing +ue!tion for further re!earch i! %hether a 1uvenile clo%n fi!h can turn directl" into a fe#ale or %hether it #u!t function fir!t a! a #ale.

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) analyzing the mutually advantageous relationshi bet(een t(o s ecies (") com aring t(o forms of herma hroditism among clo(n fish (#) describing and e% laining as ects of clo(n-fish behavior ($) outlining ro osed research on clo(n-fish re roduction (!) attem ting to reconcile inconsistent observations of clo(n-fish develo ment 1&. :t can be inferred from the assage that the clo(n fish is able to survive in close association (ith the sea anemone because the (A) sea anemone cannot detect the resence of the clo(n fish (") tentacles of the sea anemone cannot gras the sli ery clo(n fish (#) sea anemone refers other rey ($) clo(n fish does not actually come (ithin the range of the sea anemone's tentacles (!) clo(n fish has develo ed tolerance to the sea anemone's oison 1). According to the assage8 adult clo(n fish (ould be at a disadvantage if they (ere not associated (ith sea anemones because the clo(n fish (ould (A) be inca able of se%ual transformation (") be vulnerable to redators (#) have no reliable source of food ($) have to lay their eggs in the o en (!) face com etition from other clo(n fish

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,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that se% change (ould have been less necessary for the clo(n fish if (A) the male clo(n fish (ere larger than the female (") each sea anemone (ere occu ied by several varieties of clo(n fish (#) many mature clo(n fish of both se%es occu ied each sea anemone ($) 7uvenile clo(n fish had a high mortality rate (!) both male clo(n fish and female clo(n fish (ere highly territorial ,1. The author mentions all of the follo(ing as characteristic of the Erigidly defined hierarchyF (line &) of the clo(n-fish community !C#!1T= (A) At any time only one female clo(n fish can be re roductively active (") The mature clo(n fish are monogamous (#) The gro(th of clo(n fish is synchronized ($) The ma%imum number of clo(n fish is fi%ed (!) There are equal numbers of male 7uveniles and female 7uveniles ,,. -hich of the follo(ing statements about ne(ly hatched clo(n fish can be inferred from the assage* (A) They develo ra idly. (") They remain close to the sea anemone occu ied by their arents. (#) They are more sensitive to chemical signals than are adult clo(n fish. ($) They are not rotected by their arents. (!) They are less vulnerable to redation than are adult fish. ,3. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould be D!A+T consistent (ith the author's e% lanation of the advantage of herma hroditism for clo(n fish* (A) The number of individuals in a clo(n-fish community fluctuates significantly. (") Adult clo(n fish frequently cannibalize their young. (#) The sea anemone tolerates clo(n fish only during a s ecific stage of the anemone's life cycle. ($) 2uvenile clo(n fish rarely reach maturity. (!) #lo(n-fish communities are ca able of efficiently recruiting solitary adult clo(n fish.
Co#paring de!ign! in #u!ic %ith vi!ual de!ign! rai!e! intere!ting +ue!tion!. &e are fa#iliar %ith the ea!" tran!fer! of ter#! denoting +ualitie! fro# one field to another. The ba!ic proble# can be put thi! %a"< can #u!ic !ound the %a" a de!ign loo !M The ele#ent! of #u!ic are not the !a#e a! tho!e of painting. The" #a" be analogou!) but to be analogou! i! not to be identical. I! it po!!ible) then) for the !a#e broad characteri!tic! to e#erge fro# different perceptual condition!M

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T%o fact! about the relation bet%een broad characteri!tic! of a %or and their perceptual condition! #u!t be ept di!tinct. ;ir!t) the global characteri!tic! of a vi!ual or auditor" co#plex are deter#ined b" the di!cernible part! and their relation!hip!. Thu!) an" notable change in the part! or their relation!hip! produce! a change in !o#e of the global characteri!tic!. Second) a change in the part! or their relation!hip! #a" leave other global characteri!tic! unchanged.

,9. :n the first aragra h8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith establishing the fact that (A) com arisons are not equations (") auditory henomena are not visual henomena (#) frequently used com arisons are usually inaccurate ($) careless erce tions result from careless thought (!) questions concerning erce tion are sychological ,;. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) distinguishing mutually e%clusive categories (") clarifying an a arent contradiction (#) su orting ne( ideas ($) analyzing a roblem (!) com aring o inions ,<. The second aragra h is rimarily concerned (ith establishing the idea that (A) different global characteristics of a (ork result from the same discernible arts (") the arts of a (ork of art influence the total erce tion of the (ork (#) visual and auditory characteristics can be combined ($) changes in the arts of a (ork remain isolated from the (ork as a (hole (!) the visual com le%es in a (ork of art influence the (ork's auditory com le%es ,7. -hich of the follo(ing statements is most likely be a continuation of the assage* (A) The search for broad similarities thus begins by understanding and distinguishing these t(o facts. (") The search for musical-visual analogies thus de ends on the com le%ity of the (orks being com ared. (#) The search for music and art of the highest quality thus de ends on very different assum tions. ($) Thus music and ainting e%ist in mutually e%clusive (orlds. (!) Thus music and ainting are too com licated to be evaluated in terms of analogies.

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1FFN 11 SECTION A
Inve!tigator! of #on e"!$ !ocial behavior have al%a"! been !truc b" #on e"!$ aggre!!ive potential and the con!e+uent need for !ocial control of their aggre!!ive behavior. Studie! directed at de!cribing aggre!!ive behavior and the !ituation! that elicit it) a! %ell a! the !ocial #echani!#! that control it) %ere therefore a#ong the fir!t inve!tigation! of #on e"!$ !ocial behavior. Inve!tigator! initiall" believed that #on e"! %ould co#pete for an" re!ource in the environ#ent< hungr" #on e"! %ould fight over food) thir!t" #on e"! %ould fight over %ater) and) in general) an" ti#e #ore than one #on e" in a group !ought the !a#e incentive !i#ultaneou!l") a di!pute %ould re!ult and %ould be re!olved through !o#e for# of aggre!!ion. .o%ever) the #otivating force of co#petition for incentive! began to be doubted %hen experi#ent! li e South%ic $! on the reduction of !pace or the %ithholding of food failed to produce #ore than te#porar" increa!e! in intragroup aggre!!ion. Indeed) food deprivation not onl" failed to increa!e aggre!!ion but in !o#e ca!e! actuall" re!ulted in decrea!ed fre+uencie! of aggre!!ion. Studie! of ani#al! in the %ild under condition! of extre#e food deprivation li e%i!e revealed that !tarving #on e"! devoted al#o!t all available energ" to foraging) %ith little energ" re#aining for aggre!!ive interaction. ;urther#ore) accu#ulating evidence fro# later !tudie! of a variet" of pri#ate group!) for exa#ple) the !tud" conducted b" 'ern!tein) indicate! that one of the #o!t potent !ti#uli for eliciting aggre!!ion i! the introduction of an intruder into an organi*ed group. Such introduction! re!ult in far #ore !eriou! aggre!!ion than that produced in an" other t"pe! of experi#ent! contrived to produce co#petition. The!e !tudie! of intruder! !ugge!t that adult #e#ber! of the !a#e !pecie! introduced to one another for the fir!t ti#e !ho% con!iderable ho!tilit" becau!e) in the ab!ence of a !ocial order) one #u!t be e!tabli!hed to control interani#al relation!hip!. &hen a !ingle ne% ani#al i! introduced into an exi!ting !ocial organi*ation) the ne%co#er #eet! even #ore !eriou! aggre!!ion. &herea! in the fir!t ca!e aggre!!ion e!tabli!he! a !ocial order) in the !econd ca!e re!ident ani#al! #ob the intruder) thereb" initiall" excluding the ne% ani#al fro# the exi!ting !ocial unit. The !i#ultaneou! introduction of !everal ani#al! le!!en! the effect) if onl" becau!e the group divide! it! attention a#ong the #ultiple target!. If) ho%ever) the !everal ani#al! introduced to a group con!titute their o%n !ocial unit) each group #a" fight the oppo!ing group a! a unit6 but) again) no individual i! !ub1ected to #a!! attac ) and the ver" cohe!ion of the group! preclude! prolonged individual co#bat. The !ub#i!!ion of the defeated group) rather than unlea!hing unchec ed aggre!!ion on the part of the victoriou! group) reduce! both the inten!it" and fre+uenc" of further attac . =on e" group! therefore !ee to be organi*ed pri#aril" to #aintain their e!tabli!hed !ocial order rather than to engage in ho!tilitie! per !e.

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17. The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) advancing a ne( methodology for changing a monkey's social behavior (") com aring the methods of several research studies on aggression among monkeys (#) e% laining the reasons for researchers' interest in monkeys' social behavior ($) discussing the develo ment of investigators' theories about aggression among monkeys (!) e%amining the effects of com etition on monkeys' social behavior 1&. -hich of the follo(ing best summarizes the findings re orted in the assage about the effects of food de rivation on monkeys' behavior* (A) >ood de rivation has no effect on aggression among monkeys. (") >ood de rivation increases aggression among monkeys because one of the most otent stimuli for eliciting aggression is the com etition for incentives. (#) >ood de rivation may increase long-term aggression among monkeys in a laboratory setting8 but it roduces only tem orary increases among monkeys in the (ild. ($) >ood de rivation may tem orarily increase aggression among monkeys8 but it also leads to a decrease in conflict. (!) >ood de rivation decreases the intensity but not the frequency of aggressive incidents among monkey. 1). According to the author8 studies such as +outh(ick's had (hich of the follo(ing effects on investigators' theories about monkeys' social behavior* (A) They suggested that e%isting theories about the role of aggression among monkeys did not fully account for the monkeys' ability to maintain an established social order. (") They confirmed investigators' theories about monkeys' aggressive res onse to com etition for food and (ater. (#) They confirmed investigators' beliefs about the motivation for continued aggression among monkeys in the same social grou . ($) They dis roved investigators' theory that the introduction of intruders in an organized monkey grou elicits intragrou aggressive behavior. (!) They cast doubt on investigators' theories that could account for observed atterns of aggression among monkeys. ,.. The assage suggests that investigators of monkeys social behavior have been es ecially interested in aggressive behavior among monkeys because (A) aggression is the most common social behavior among monkeys (") successful com etition for incentives determines the social order in a monkey grou

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(#) situations that elicit aggressive behavior can be studied in a laboratory ($) most monkeys are otentially aggressive8 yet they live in social units that could not function (ithout control of their aggressive im ulses (!) most monkeys are social8 yet they frequently res ond to ne(comers entering e%isting social units by attacking them ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that the establishment and reservation of social order among a grou of monkeys is essential in order to (A) kee the monkeys from straying and 7oining other grou s (") control aggressive behavior among grou members (#) revent the domination of that grou by another ($) rotect individuals seeking to become members of that grou from mass attack (!) revent aggressive com etition for incentives bet(een that grou and another ,,. The assage su lies information to ans(er (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) 4o( does the reduction of s ace affect intragrou aggression among monkeys in an e% erimental setting* (") $o family units (ithin a monkey social grou com ete (ith other family units for food* (#) -hat are the mechanisms by (hich the social order of an established grou of monkeys controls aggression (ithin that grou * ($) 4o( do monkeys engaged in aggression (ith other monkeys signal submission* (!) $o monkeys of different s ecies engage in aggression (ith each other over food* ,3. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the second aragra h* (A) A hy othesis is e% lained and counter evidence is described. (") A theory is advanced and s ecific evidence su orting it is cited. (#) >ield observations are described and a conclusion about their significance is dra(n. ($) T(o theories are e% lained and evidence su orting each of them is detailed. (!) An e% lanation of a general rinci le is stated and s ecific e%am les of its o eration are given.
Anal"!i! of prehi!toric air trapped in tin" bubble! beneath the polar ice !heet! and of the co#po!ition of ice !urrounding tho!e bubble! !ugge!t! a correlation bet%een carbon dioxide level! in the Earth$! at#o!phere and global te#perature over the la!t 1L4)444 "ear!. E!ti#ate! of global te#perature at the ti#e air in the bubble! %a! trapped rel" on #ea!uring the relative abundance! of h"drogen and it! heavier i!otope) deuteriu#) in the ice !urrounding the bubble!. &hen global

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te#perature! are relativel" lo%) %ater containing deuteriu# tend! to conden!e and precipitate before reaching the pole!6 thu!) ice depo!ited at the pole! %hen the global te#perature %a! cooler contained relativel" le!! deuteriu# than ice depo!ited at %ar#er global te#perature!. E!ti#ate! of global te#perature ba!ed on thi! infor#ation) co#bined %ith anal"!i! of the carbon dioxide content of air trapped in ice deep beneath the polar !urface) !ugge!t that during period! of po!tglacial %ar#ing carbon dioxide in the Earth$! at#o!phere increa!ed b" approxi#atel" D4 percent.

,9. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith doing (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $escribing a ne( method of estimating decreases in global tem erature that have occurred over the last 1<.8... years (") $escribing a method of analysis that rovides information regarding the relation bet(een the carbon dio%ide content of the !arth's atmos here and global tem erature (#) 1resenting information that suggests that global tem erature has increased over the last 1<.8... years ($) $escribing the kinds of information that can be gleaned from a careful analysis of the contents of sheets (!) $emonstrating the difficulty of arriving at a firm conclusion regarding ho( increases in the amount of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here affect global tem erature ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that during eriods of ostglacial (arming8 (hich of the follo(ing occurred* (A) The total volume of air tra increased. ed in bubbles beneath the olar ice sheets

(") The amount of deuterium in ice de osited at the oles increased. (#) #arbon dio%ide levels in the !arth atmos here decreased. ($) The amount of hydrogen in the !arth's atmos here decreased relatively the amount of deuterium. (!) The rate at (hich ice (as de osited at the oles increased. ,<. The author states that there is evidence to su assertions* ort (hich of the follo(ing

(A) !stimates of global tem erature that rely on measurements of deuterium in ice de osited at the oles are more reliable than those based on the amount of carbon dio%ide contained in air bubbles beneath the olar surface. (") The amount of deuterium in the !arth's atmos here tends to increase as global tem erature decreases. (#) 1eriods of ostglacial (arming are characterized by the resence of increased

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levels of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here. ($) :ncreases in global tem erature over the last 1<.8... years are largely the result of increases in the ratio of deuterium to hydrogen in the !arth's atmos here. (!) :ncreases in global tem erature over the last 1<.8... years have been accom anied by decreases in the amount of deuterium in the ice de osited at the oles. ,7. :t can be inferred from the assage that the conclusion stated in the last sentence (ould need to be reevaluated if scientists discovered that (hich of the follo(ing (ere true* (A) The amount of deuterium in ice de osited on the olar surface is significantly greater than the amount of deuterium in ice located dee beneath the olar surface. (") "oth the air bubbles tra ed dee beneath the olar surface and the ice surrounding them contain relatively lo( levels of deuterium. (#) Air bubbles tra ed dee beneath the olar surface and containing relatively high levels of carbon dio%ide are surrounded by ice that contained relatively lo( levels of deuterium. ($) The current level of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here e%ceeds the level of carbon dio%ide in the rehistoric air tra ed beneath the olar surface. (!) :ncreases in the level of carbon dio%ide in the !arth's atmos here are accom anied by increases in the amount of deuterium in the ice de osited at the oles. SECTION '
'rac en fern ha! been !preading fro# it! %oodland !tronghold! for centurie!) but the rate of encroach#ent into open countr"!ide ha! latel" increa!ed alar#ingl" throughout northern and %e!tern 'ritain. A tough co#petitor) brac en reduce! the value of gra*ing land b" cro%ding out other vegetation. The fern i! it!elf poi!onou! to live!toc ) and al!o encourage! proliferation of !heep tic !) %hich not onl" attac !heep but al!o tran!#it di!ea!e!. No le!! i#portant to !o#e people are brac en$! effect! on threatened habitat! and on the u!e of upland! for recreational purpo!e!) even though #an" appreciate it! beaut". 'iological control! #a" be the onl" econo#ic !olution. One potentiall" cheap and !elf-!u!taining #ethod of halting the !pread of brac en i! to introduce natural ene#ie! of the plant. Initiall" unre!trained b" predator! of their o%n) foreign predator! are li el" to be able to #ultipl" rapidl" and over%hel# intended target!. 'ecau!e brac en occur! throughout the %orld) there i! plent" of !cope for thi! approach. T%o candidate!) both #oth! fro# the Southern .e#i!phere) are no% being !tudied.

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Of cour!e) biological control agent! can !afel" be relea!ed onl" if it can be verified that the" feed !olel" on the target %eed. The !creening te!t! have !o far been fraught %ith difficultie!. The fir!t large !hip#ent of #oth! !uccu#bed to a di!ea!e. 8ro%ing enough brac en indoor! i! difficult) and the #oth! do not readil" exploit cut !te#!. The!e are co##on proble#! %ith rearing in!ect! for biological control. Other proble#! can be fore!een. 7olic"#a er! need to con!ider #an" factor! and opinion! !uch a! the co!t of control co#pared to exi!ting #ethod!) and the i#pact of the clearance of brac en on the land!cape) %ildlife) and vegetation. In fact) !cienti!t! alread" have #uch of the infor#ation needed to a!!e!! the i#pact of biological control of brac en) but it i! !pread a#ong #an" individual!) organi*ation!) and govern#ent bodie!. The potential gain! for the environ#ent are li el" to out%eigh the lo!!e! becau!e fe% plant!) in!ect!) #a##al!) and bird! live a!!ociated onl" %ith brac en) and #an" %ould benefit fro# a return of other vegetation or fro# a #ore diver!e #o!aic of habitat!. 'ut legal con!e+uence! of atte#pt! at biological control pre!ent a potential #inefield. ;or exa#ple) #an" rural tenant! !till have the right of >e!to"er!)? the right to cut brac en a! bedding for live!toc and u!e!. &hat %ould happen if the" %ere deprived of the!e right!M Once a biological control agent i! relea!ed) it i! difficult to control it! !peed. &hat con!ideration i! due lando%ner! %ho do not %ant to control brac enM According to la%) the relea!e of the biological control agent! #u!t be authori*ed b" the !ecretar" of !tate for the environ#ent. 'ut 'ritain lac ! the legal and ad#ini!trative #achiner" to a!!e#ble evidence for and again!t relea!e.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best states the main idea of the assage* (A) +tudies suggest that biological control of bracken (ill not be technically feasible. (") Although biological control a ears to be the best solution to bracken infestation8 careful assessment of the consequences is required. (#) !nvironmentalists are ho ing that laboratory technicians (ill find a (ay to raise large numbers of moths in ca tivity. ($) "racken is currently the best solution to the roliferation of nonnative moth s ecies. (!) !ven after researchers discover the most economical method of est control8 the government has no authority to im lement a control rogram. 1&. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing can be inferred about shee ticks* (A) They increase (here bracken s reads. (") They are dangerous only to shee . (#) They are es ecially ada ted to (oodland. ($) They have no natural enemies.

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(!) They cause disease among bracken. 1). The author cites all of the follo(ing as disadvantages of bracken encroachment !C#!1T= (A) "racken is oisonous to farm animals. (") "racken inhibits the gro(th of valuable vegetation. (#) "racken indirectly hel s s read certain diseases. ($) "racken is aesthetically ob7ectionable. (!) "racken disturbs habitats that some eo le (ould like to rotect. ,.. The final aragra h can best be described as (A) a summation of arguments resented in revious aragra hs (") the elimination of com eting arguments to strengthen a single remaining conclusion (#) an enumeration of advantages to biological control ($) an e% ansion of the discussion from the articular e%am le of bracken control to the general roblem of government regulation (!) an overvie( of the variety of factors requiring further assessment ,1. :t can be inferred from the assage that it is advantageous to choose as the biological control agent a redator that is foreign to the targeted environment for (hich of the follo(ing reasons* (A) #onservation grou s refer not to favor one native s ecies over another. (") All local redators have already been over(helmed by the target s ecies. (#) Docal redators cannot be effectively screened since they already e%ist in the (ild. ($) There is little risk of an artificially introduced foreign redator multi lying out of control. (!) Aative redator s ecies are generally limited by their o(n redators. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the screening tests erformed on the biological control agent are designed rimarily to determine (A) its effectiveness in eliminating the target s ecies (") the res onse of local residents to its introduction (#) the risk it oses to s ecies other than the target ($) its resistance to the stress of shi ment (!) the likelihood of its survival indoors ,3. As it is discussed in the assage8 the lace of bracken (ithin the forest habitat can best be described as (A) ra idly e% anding (") the sub7ect of controversy

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(#) (ell established ($) circumscribed by numerous redators (!) a significant nutrient source
Allen and &ol o%it*$! re!earch challenge! the co##on clai# that ho#e%or 2%aged labor perfor#ed at ho#e for a co#pan"2i! pri#aril" a re!pon!e to %o#en %or er!$ need! and preference!. '" focu!ing on a li#ited geographical area in order to gather in-depth infor#ation) the author! have avoided the #ethodological pitfall! that have plagued earlier re!earch on ho#e%or . Their finding! di!prove accepted notion! about ho#e%or er!< that the" are un+ualified for other 1ob! and that the" u!e ho#e%or a! a !hort-ter# !trateg" for dealing %ith child care. The author! conclude that the per!i!tence of ho#e%or cannot be explained b" appeal to !uch notion!) for) in fact) ho#e%or er! do not differ !harpl" fro# other e#plo"ed %o#en. =o!t ho#e%or er! %ould prefer to %or out!ide the ho#e but are con!trained fro# doing !o b" lac of opportunit". In fact) ho#e%or i! driven b" e#plo"er!$ de!ire! to #ini#i*e fixed co!t!< ho#e%or er! receive no benefit! and are paid le!! than regular e#plo"ee!.

,9. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) advocating a controversial theory (") resenting and challenging the results of a study (#) describing a roblem and ro osing a solution ($) discussing research that o oses a (idely acce ted belief (!) com aring several e% lanations for the same henomenon ,;. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing has been generally believed about home(ork* (A) The benefits of home(ork accrue rimarily to em loyers rather than to home(orkers. (") 4ome(ork is revalent redominantly in rural areas. (#) 4ome(ork is rimarily a res onse to the references of (omen (orkers. ($) >e( home(orkers rely on home(ork for the ma7ority of their family income. (!) @ost home(ork is seasonal and art-time rather than full-time and yearround. ,<. Allen and -olko(itz's research suggests that each of the follo(ing is true of most home(orkers !C#!1T= (A) They do not necessarily resort to home(ork as a strategy for dealing (ith child care. (") Their family situations are not unlike those of other em loyed (omen. (#) They are as (ell qualified as (omen (ho (ork outside the home.

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($) They erform rofessional-level duties rather than manual tasks or iece(ork. (!) They do not refer home(ork to em loyment outside the home. ,7. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about revious research on home(ork* (A) :t (as conducted rimarily (ith (omen (ho did not have e%tensive household res onsibilities or care for small children at home. (") :t (as conducted (ith home(orkers and com anies over a large geogra hical area. (#) :t indicated that (omen home(orkers had numerous o outside the home. ortunities to (ork

($) :t indicated that home(orkers usually (ork for com anies that are close to their homes. (!) :t indicated that home(ork (as financially advantageous to large com anies. 1FFK 4D SECTION A
=uch of the re!earch on hallucinogenic drug! !uch a! BS/ ha! focu!ed on the neurotran!#itter !erotonin) a che#ical that %hen relea!ed fro# a pre!"naptic !erotonin-!ecreting neuron cau!e! the tran!#i!!ion of a nerve i#pul!e acro!! a !"nap!e to an ad1acent po!t!"naptic) or target) neuron. There are t%o #a1or rea!on! for thi! e#pha!i!. ;ir!t) it %a! di!covered earl" on that #an" of the #a1or hallucinogen! have a #olecular !tructure !i#ilar to that of !erotonin. In addition) ani#al !tudie! of brain neuroche#i!tr" follo%ing ad#ini!tration of hallucinogen! invariabl" reported change! in !erotonin level!. Earl" inve!tigator! correctl" rea!oned that the !tructural !i#ilarit" to the !erotonin #olecule #ight i#pl" that BS/$! effect! are brought about b" an action on the neurotran!#i!!ion of !erotonin in the brain. 9nfortunatel") the level of technical experti!e in the field of brain re!earch %a! !uch that thi! h"pothe!i! had to be te!ted on peripheral ti!!ue -ti!!ue out!ide the brain0. T%o different group! of !cienti!t! reported that BS/ po%erfull" bloc aded !erotonin$! action. Their conclu!ion! %ere +uic l" challenged) ho%ever. &e no% no% that the action of a drug at one !ite in the bod" doe! not nece!!aril" corre!pond to the drug$! action at another !ite) e!peciall" %hen one !ite i! in the brain and the other i! not. '" the 1FL4$!) technical advance! per#itted the direct te!ting of the h"pothe!i! that BS/ and related hallucinogen! act b" directl" !uppre!!ing the activit" of !erotonin-!ecreting neuron! the#!elve!2the !o-called pre!"naptic h"pothe!i!. (e!earcher! rea!oned that if the hallucinogenic drug! act b" !uppre!!ing the activit" of !erotonin-!ecreting neuron!) then drug! ad#ini!tered after the!e neuron! had been de!tro"ed !hould have no effect on behavior) becau!e the !"!te# %ould alread" be #axi#all" !uppre!!ed. Contrar" to their

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expectation!) neuron de!truction enhanced the effect of BS/ and related hallucinogen! on behavior. Thu!) hallucinogenic drug! apparentl" do not act directl" on !erotonin-!ecreting neuron!. .o%ever) the!e and other available data do !upport an alternative h"pothe!i! that BS/ and related drug! act directl" at receptor !ite! on !erotonin target neuron! -the po!t!"naptic h"pothe!i!0. The fact that BS/ elicit! >!erotonin !"ndro#e?2that i!) cau!e! the !a#e ind! of behavior! a! doe! the ad#ini!tration of !erotonin2in ani#al! %ho!e brain! are depleted of !erotonin indicate! that BS/ act! directl" on !erotonin receptor!) rather than indirectl" through the relea!e of !tore! of !erotonin. The enhanced effect of BS/ reported after !erotonin depletion could be due to a proliferation of !erotonin receptor !ite! on !erotonin target neuron!. Thi! pheno#enon often follo%! neuron de!truction or neurotran!#itter depletion6 the increa!e in the nu#ber of receptor !ite! appear! to be a co#pen!ator" re!pon!e to decrea!ed input. Significantl") thi! h"pothe!i! i! !upported b" data fro# a nu#ber of different laboratorie!.

17. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is one of the rimary factors that led researchers studying hallucinogenic drugs to focus on serotonin* (A) The su ression of the activity of serotonin-secreting neurons by the administration of hallucinogens (") The observed similarities in the chemical structures of serotonin and hallucinogens (#) The effects the administration of hallucinogens has on serotonin roduction in the human brain ($) +erotonin-induced changes in the effects of hallucinogens on behavior (!) 4allucinogen-induced changes in the effects of serotonin on behavior 1&. :t can be inferred that researchers abandoned the resyna tic hy othesis because (A) a ne( and more attractive hy othesis (as suggested (") no research (as re orted that su ($) the hy othesis (as su human beings orted the hy othesis (#) research results rovided evidence to counter the hy othesis orted only by studies of animals and not by studies of

(!) the level of technical e% ertise in the field of brain research did not ermit adequate testing of the hy othesis 1). -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the main idea of the assage* (A) 5esearch has suggested that the neurotransmitter serotonin is res onsible for the effects of hallucinogenic drugs on the brain and on behavior. (") 5esearchers have s ent an inadequate amount of time develo ing theories concerning the (ay in (hich the effects of hallucinogenic drugs occur. (#) 5esearch results strongly suggest that hallucinogenic drugs create their effects

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by acting on the serotonin rece tor sites located on target neurons in the brain. ($) 5esearchers have recently made valuable discoveries concerning the effects of de leting the amount of serotonin in the brain. (!) 5esearchers have concluded that hallucinogenic drugs su serotonin-secreting neurons. ress the activity of

,.. The research described in the assage is rimarily concerned (ith ans(ering (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) 4o( can researchers control the effects that D+$ has on behavior* (") 4o( are animals' reactions to D+$ different from those of human beings* (#) -hat triggers the effects that D+$ has on human behavior* ($) -hat technical advances (ould ermit researchers to redict more accurately the effects of D+$ on behavior* (!) -hat relationshi does the su ression of neuron activity have to the occurrence of Eserotonin syndromeF* ,1. -hich of the follo(ing best defines Eserotonin syndromeF (line 9<) as the term is used in the assage* (A) The series of behaviors8 usually associated (ith the administration of serotonin8 that also occurs (hen D+$ is administered to animals (hose brains are de leted of serotonin (") The series of behaviors8 usually associated (ith the administration of D+$8 that also occurs (hen the amount of serotonin in the brain is reduced (#) The ma%imal su ression of neuron activity that results from the destruction of serotonin-secreting neurons ($) The release of stores of serotonin from serotonin-secreting neurons in the brain (!) The roliferation of serotonin rece tor sites that follo(s de letion of serotonin su lies in the brain ,,. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the argument that the author of the assage resents in the last t(o aragra hs* (A) T(o a roaches to testing a hy othesis are described8 and the greater merits of one a roach are indicated. (") The assum tions underlying t(o hy otheses are outlined8 and evidence for and against each hy othesis is discussed. (#) A henomenon is described8 and hy otheses concerning its occurrence are considered and re7ected. ($) The reasoning behind a hy othesis is summarized8 evidence su orting the hy othesis is resented8 and research that counters the su orting evidence is described.

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(!) A hy othesis is discussed8 evidence undermining the hy othesis is revealed8 and a further hy othesis based on the undermining evidence is e% lained. ,3. The author's attitude to(ard early researchers' reasoning concerning the im lications of similarities in the structures of serotonin and D+$ molecules can best be described as one of (A) com lete agreement (") reluctant su ort (#) subtle condescension ($) irreverent dismissal (!) strong o osition
&hen literar" period! are defined on the ba!i! of #en$! %riting) %o#en$! %riting #u!t be forcibl" a!!i#ilated into an irrelevant grid< a (enai!!ance that i! not a renai!!ance for %o#en) a (o#antic period in %hich %o#en pla"ed ver" little part) a #oderni!# %ith %hich %o#en conflict. Si#ultaneou!l") the hi!tor" of %o#en$! %riting ha! been !uppre!!ed) leaving large) #"!teriou! gap! in account! of the develop#ent of variou! genre!. ;e#ini!t critici!# i! beginning to correct thi! !ituation. =argaret Anne /ood") for exa#ple) !ugge!t! that during >the period bet%een the death of (ichard!on and the appearance of the novel! of Scott and Au!ten)? %hich ha! >been regarded a! a dead period)? late-eighteenthcentur" %o#en %riter! actuall" developed >the paradig# for %o#en$! fiction of the nineteenth centur"2!o#ething hardl" le!! than the paradig# of the nineteenth-centur" novel it!elf.? ;e#ini!t critic! have al!o pointed out that the t%entieth-centur" %riter Cirginia &oolf belonged to a tradition other than #oderni!# and that thi! tradition !urface! in her %or preci!el" %here critici!# ha! hitherto found ob!curitie!) eva!ion!) i#plau!ibilitie!) and i#perfection!.

,9. :t can be inferred from the assage that the author vie(s the division of literature into eriods based on men's (riting as an a roach that (A) makes distinctions among literary eriods ambiguous (") is a ro riate for evaluating only remodern literature (#) (as misunderstood until the advent of feminist criticism ($) rovides a valuable basis from (hich feminist criticism has evolved (!) obscures (omen's contributions to literature ,;. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about ?irginia -oolf's (ork* :. ::. Aonfeminist criticism of it has been fla(ed. #ritics have treated it as art of modernism.

:::. :t is based on the (ork of late-eighteenth-century (omen (riters. (A) : only (") :: only (#) : and :: only

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($) :: and ::: only (!) :8 :: and ::: ,<. The author quotes $oody most robably in order to illustrate (A) a contribution that feminist criticism can make to literary criticism (") a modernist a roach that conflicts (ith (omen's (riting (#) (riting by a (oman (hich had reviously been ignored ($) the hitherto overlooked significance of +cott's and Austen's novels (!) a standard system of defining literary eriods ,7. The assage rovides information that ans(ers (hich of the follo(ing questions* (A) :n (hat tradition do feminist critics usually lace ?irginia -oolf* (") -hat are the main themes of (omen's fiction of the nineteenth century* (#) -hat events motivated the feminist reinter retation of literary history* ($) 4o( has the eriod bet(een 5ichardson's death and +cott's and Austen's novels traditionally been regarded by critics* (!) 4o( (as the develo ment of the nineteenth-century novel affected by (omen's fiction in the same century* SECTION '
The origin of the theor" that #a1or geologic event! #a" occur at regular interval! can be traced bac not to a !tud" of volcani!# or plate tectonic! but to an inve!tigation of #arine extinction!. In the earl" 1FK4$!) !cienti!t! began to loo clo!el" at the +ue!tion of ho% the!e extinction! occur. T%o paleontologi!t!) (aup and Sep o! i) co#piled a #a!ter li!t of #arine !pecie! that died out during the pa!t 2LK #illion "ear! and noted that there %ere brief period! during %hich #an" !pecie! di!appeared at once. The!e #a!! extinction! occurred at !urpri!ingl" regular interval!. Bater !tudie! revealed that extinction! of terre!trial reptile! and #a##al! al!o occurred periodicall". The!e finding!) co#bined %ith the re!earch of (aup and Sep o! i) led !cienti!t! to h"pothe!i*e the exi!tence of !o#e ind of c"clicall" recurring force po%erful enough to affect living thing! profoundl". Speculation that !o po%erful a force #ight affect geologic event! a! %ell led geologi!t! to !earch for evidence of periodicit" in epi!ode! of volcani!#) !eafloor !preading) and plate #ove#ent.

17. According to the assage8 5au and +e koski's research (as concerned (ith (A) learning more about the habitats of marine s ecies (") studying late tectonics and the occurrence of volcanism over the ast ,<& million years (#) e%amining e%tinctions of marine s ecies over the ast ,<& million years ($) finding out (hether a rhythmically recurring geologic force e%ists

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(!) confirming revious evidence suggesting that e%tinction of terrestrial s ecies occurred regularly 1&. The author of the assage (ould most likely describe the findings of 5au and +e koski as (A) lausible8 because the findings su orted the theories of revious researchers (") significant8 because the findings (ere an im etus for subsequent research (#) controversial8 because the findings contradicted the theories of revious researchers ($) questionable8 because the authors (ere not (orking in their field of e% ertise (!) definitive8 because the findings confirmed the e%istence of a rhythmically recurring force 1). The author of the assage is rimarily concerned (ith (A) determining the dates of various geologic events (") defending the conclusions reached by 5au and +e koski (#) establishing a link bet(een the disci lines of aleontology and geology ($) roving that mass e%tinctions of marine animals occur eriodically (!) e% laining ho( a theory concerning geologic events (as formulated ,.. The assage suggests (hich of the follo(ing about the EforceF mentioned in lines 1< and 1&* (A) :t is res onsible for most of the ma7or geologic events that have occurred. (") :t is res onsible for most of the marine e%tinctions that have occurred. (#) :ts recurrence is unlikely to be able to be redicted by scientists. ($) :ts e%istence (as not seriously considered by scientists before 5au and +e koski did their research. (!) :ts e%istence (as confirmed by the research of 5au and +e koski.
A recent hi!tor" of the Chicago #eat-pac ing indu!tr" and it! %or er! exa#ine! ho% the indu!tr" gre% fro# it! appearance in the 1K:4$! through the earl" 1KF4$!. =eat-pac er!) the author argue!) had good %age!) %or ing condition!) and pro!pect! for advance#ent %ithin the pac inghou!e!) and did not cooperate %ith labor agitator! !ince labor relation! %ere !o har#oniou!. 'ecau!e the hi!tor" #aintain! that condition! %ere above !tandard for the era) the fre+uenc" of labor di!pute!) e!peciall" in the #id-1KK4$!) i! not accounted for. The %or ignore! the fact that the 1KK4$! %ere crucial "ear! in A#erican labor hi!tor") and that the pac inghou!e %or er!$ effort! %ere part of the national #ove#ent for labor refor#. In fact) other hi!torical !ource! for the late nineteenth centur" record deteriorating hou!ing and high di!ea!e and infant #ortalit" rate! in the indu!trial co##unit") due to lo% %age! and unhealth" %or ing condition!. Additional data fro# the 9niver!it" of Chicago !ugge!t that the pac inghou!e! %ere dangerou!

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place! to %or . The govern#ent inve!tigation co##i!!ioned b" 7re!ident Theodore (oo!evelt %hich eventuall" led to the adoption of the 1F4L =eat In!pection Act found the pac inghou!e! un!anitar") %hile !ocial %or er! ob!erved that #o!t of the %or er! %ere poorl" paid and over%or ed. The hi!tor" #a" be too opti#i!tic becau!e #o!t of it! data date fro# the 1KK4$! at the late!t) and the infor#ation provided fro# that decade i! in!ufficientl" anal"*ed. Condition! actuall" declined in the 1KK4$!) and continued to decline after the 1KK4$!) due to a reorgani*ation of the pac ing proce!! and a #a!!ive influx of un! illed %or er!. The deterioration in %or er !tatu!) partl" a re!ult of the ne% availabilit" of un! illed and hence cheap labor) i! not di!cu!!ed. Though a detailed account of %or in the pac ing-hou!e! i! atte#pted) the author fail! to di!tingui!h bet%een the %age! and condition! for ! illed %or er! and for tho!e un! illed laborer! %ho co#pri!ed the #a1orit" of the indu!tr"$! %or er! fro# the 1KK4$! on. &hile condition! for the for#er %ere arguabl" tolerable due to the !trategic i#portance of ! illed %or er! in the co#plicated !laughtering) cutting) and pac ing proce!! -though %or er co#plaint! about the rate and condition! of %or %ere fre+uent0) pa" and condition! for the latter %ere %retched. The author$! #i!interpretation of the origin! of the feeling! the #eat-pac er! had for their indu!trial neighborhood #a" account for the hi!tor"$! fault" generali*ation!. The pride and content#ent the author re#ar ! upon %ere) arguabl") le!! the product! of the indu!trial %orld of the pac er!2the giant "ard! and the intricate plant!2than of the unit" and vibrance of the ethnic culture! that for#ed a viable co##unit" on Chicago$! South Side. Indeed) the !trength of thi! co##unit" !ucceeded in generating a !ocial #ove#ent that effectivel" confronted the proble#! of the indu!tr" that provided it! livelihood.

,1. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith discussing (A) ho( historians ought to e% lain the origins of the conditions in the #hicago meat- acking industry (") (hy it is difficult to determine the actual nature of the conditions in the #hicago meat- acking industry (#) (hy a articular account of the conditions in the #hicago meat- acking industry is inaccurate ($) (hat ought to be included in any account of the #hicago meat- ackers' role in the national labor movement (!) (hat data are most relevant for an accurate account of the relations bet(een #hicago meat- ackers and local labor agitators ,,. The author of the assage mentions all of the follo(ing as describing negative conditions in the meat- acking industry !C#!1T= (A) data from the 6niversity of #hicago (") a recent history of the meat- acking industry (#) social (orkers

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($) historical sources for the late nineteenth century (!) government records ,3. The author of the assage mentions the Esocial movementF (line ;7) generated by #hicago's +outh +ide community rimarily in order to (A) inform the reader of events that occurred in the meat- acking industry after the eriod of time covered by the history (") suggest the history's limitations by ointing out a situation that the history failed to e% lain adequately (#) salvage the history's oint of vie( by suggesting that there (ere ositive develo ments in the meat- acking industry due to (orker unity ($) introduce a ne( issue designed to elaborate on the good relationshi bet(een the meat- ackers and #hicago's ethnic communities (!) suggest that the history should have focused more on the general issue of the relationshi bet(een labor movements and healthy industrial communities ,9. According to the assage8 the (orking conditions of skilled (orkers in the meatacking industry during the 1&&.'s (ere influenced by (A) the (orkers' determined com laints about the rate and conditions of their (ork (") the efforts of social (orkers to im rove sanitation in the ackinghouses (#) the (orkers' ability to erform the industry's com le% tasks ($) im rovements in the industry's acking rocess that occurred in the 1&&.'s (!) o ortunities for 7ob advancement due to the filling of less desirable ositions by increasing numbers of unskilled (orkers ,;. The author of the assage uses the second aragra h to (A) summarize the main oint of the history discussed in the assage (") e% lain (hy the history discussed in the assage has been dis araged by critics (#) evaluate the findings of recent studies that undermine the remises of the history discussed in the assage ($) introduce a hy othesis that (ill be discussed in detail later in the assage (!) resent evidence that is intended to refute the argument of the history discussed in the assage ,<. The tone of the author of the assage in discussing the meat- acker community on #hicago's +outh +ide can best be described as one of (A) a reciation of the community's ability to co e (ith difficult conditions (") admiration for the community's refusal to coo erate (ith labor agitators (#) indignation at the kinds of social conditions the community faced ($) annoyance at the community's inability to abolish discrimination in the meat-

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acking industry (!) concern that the meat- ackers' feelings for their community have not been documented ,7. The information in the assage suggests that the author of the history discussed in the assage made (hich of the follo(ing errors* (A) >ailing to recognize the effect of the diversity of the +outh +ide community on the meat- ackers' efforts to reform the industry (") Attributing good (orking conditions in the meat- acking industry to the efforts of labor agitators (#) Bverem hasizing the im ortance of the availability of unskilled labor as an influence on conditions in the meat acking industry ($) :nter reting the meat- ackers' feelings for their community as a reciation of their industry (!) >ailing to observe the ride and contentment felt by the meat- ackers 1FFK 11 SECTION A
-Thi! pa!!age i! fro# a boo publi!hed in 1FL4.0 &hen %e con!ider great painter! of the pa!t) the !tud" of art and the !tud" of illu!ion cannot al%a"! be !eparated. '" illu!ion I #ean tho!e contrivance! of color) line) !hape) and !o forth that lead u! to !ee #ar ! on a flat !urface a! depicting three-di#en!ional ob1ect! in !pace. I #u!t e#pha!i*e that I a# not #a ing a plea) di!gui!ed or other%i!e) for the exerci!e of illu!ioni!t tric ! in painting toda") although I a#) in fact) rather critical of certain theorie! of nonrepre!entational art. 'ut to argue over the!e theorie! %ould be to #i!! the point. That the di!coverie! and effect! of repre!entation that %ere the pride of earlier arti!t! have beco#e trivial toda" I %ould not den" for a #o#ent. Aet I believe that %e are in real danger of lo!ing contact %ith pa!t #a!ter! if %e accept the fa!hionable doctrine that !uch #atter! never had an"thing to do %ith art. The ver" rea!on %h" the repre!entation of nature can no% be con!idered !o#ething co##onplace !hould be of the greate!t intere!t to art hi!torian!. Never before ha! there been an age %hen the vi!ual i#age %a! !o cheap in ever" !en!e of the %ord. &e are !urrounded and a!!ailed b" po!ter! and adverti!e#ent!) co#ic! and #aga*ine illu!tration!. &e !ee a!pect! of realit" repre!ented on televi!ion) po!tage !ta#p!) and food pac age!. 7ainting i! taught in !chool and practiced a! a pa!ti#e) and #an" #ode!t a#ateur! have #a!tered tric ! that %ould have loo ed li e !heer #agic to the fourteenth-centur" painter 8iotto. Even the crude colored rendering! on a cereal box #ight have #ade 8iotto$! conte#porarie! ga!p. 7erhap! there are people %ho conclude fro# thi! that the cereal box i! !uperior to a 8iotto6 I do not. 'ut I thin that the victor" and vulgari*ation of repre!entational ! ill! create a proble# for both art hi!torian! and critic!.

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In thi! connection it i! in!tructive to re#e#ber the 8ree !a"ing that to #arvel i! the beginning of no%ledge and if %e cea!e to #arvel %e #a" be in danger of cea!ing to no%. I believe %e #u!t re!tore our !en!e of %onder at the capacit" to con1ure up b" for#!) line!) !hade!) or color! tho!e #"!teriou! phanto#! of vi!ual realit" %e call >picture!.? Even co#ic! and adverti!e#ent!) rightl" vie%ed) provide food for thought. @u!t a! the !tud" of poetr" re#ain! inco#plete %ithout an a%arene!! of the language of pro!e) !o) I believe) the !tud" of art %ill be increa!ingl" !upple#ented b" in+uir" into the >lingui!tic!? of the vi!ual i#age. The %a" the language of art refer! to the vi!ible %orld i! both !o obviou! and !o #"!teriou! that it i! !till largel" un no%n except to arti!t!) %ho u!e it a! %e u!e all language2%ithout needing to no% it! gra##ar and !e#antic!.

17. The author of the assage e% licitly disagrees (ith (hich of the follo(ing statements' (A) :n modern society even nonartists can master techniques that great artists of the fourteenth century did not em loy. (") The ability to re resent a three-dimensional ob7ect on a flat surface has nothing to do (ith art. (#) :n modern society the victory of re resentational skills has created a roblem for art critics. ($) The (ay that artists are able to re resent the visible (orld is an area that needs a great deal more study before it can be fully understood. (!) @odern ainters do not frequently make use of illusionist tricks in their (ork. 1&. The author suggests (hich of the follo(ing about art historians* (A) They do not believe that illusionist tricks have become trivial. (") They generally s end little time studying contem orary artists. (#) They have not given enough consideration to ho( the re resentation of nature has become common lace. ($) They generally tend to argue about theories rather than address substantive issues. (!) They are less likely than art critics to study comics or advertisements. 1). -hich of the follo(ing best states the author's attitude to(ard comics8 as e% ressed in the assage* (A) They constitute an innovative art form. (") They can be a (orth(hile sub7ect for study. (#) They are critically im ortant to an understanding of modem art. ($) Their visual structure is more com le% than that of medieval art. (!) They can be understood best if they are e%amined in con7unction (ith advertisements.

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,.. The author's statement regarding ho( artists use the language of art (lines 9&-;,) im lies that (A) artists are better equi ed than are art historians to rovide detailed evaluations of other artists' (ork (") many artists have an unusually quick8 intuitive understanding of language (#) artists can roduce (orks of art even if they cannot analyze their methods of doing so ($) artists of the ast8 such as /iotto8 (ere better educated about artistic issues than (ere artists of the author's time (!) most artists robably consider the rocesses involved in their (ork to be closely akin to those involved in (riting oetry ,1. The assage asserts (hich of the follo(ing about commercial art* (A) There are many e%am les of commercial art (hose artistic merit is equal to that of great (orks of art of the ast. (") #ommercial art is heavily influenced by (hatever doctrines are fashionable in the serious art (orld of the time. (#) The line bet(een commercial art and great art lies rimarily in ho( an image is used8 not in the motivation for its creation. ($) The level of technical skill required to roduce re resentational imagery in commercial art and in other kinds of art cannot be com ared. (!) The ervasiveness of contem orary commercial art has led art historians to undervalue re resentational skills. ,,. -hich of the follo(ing can be inferred from the assage about the adherents of Ecertain theories of nonre resentational artF (lines )-1.)* (A) They consider the use of illusion to be ina ro riate in contem orary art. (") They do not agree that marks on a flat surface can ever satisfactorily convey the illusion of three-dimensional s ace. (#) They do not discuss im ortant (orks of art created in the ast. ($) They do not think that the re resentation of nature (as ever the rimary goal of ast ainters. (!) They concern themselves more (ith ty es of art such as advertisements and magazine illustrations than (ith traditional art. ,3. :t can be inferred from the assage that someone (ho (anted to analyze the Egrammar and semanticsF (line ;,) of the language of art (ould most a ro riately comment on (hich of the follo(ing* (A) The relationshi bet(een the dra(ings in a comic stri and the accom anying te%t (") The amount of detail that can be included in a tiny illustration on a ostage stam

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(#) The sociological im lications of the images chosen to advertise a articular roduct ($) The degree to (hich various colors used in different versions of the same oster (ould attract the attention of assersby (!) The articular 7u%ta osition of sha es in an illustration that makes one sha e look as though it (ere behind another
The 1FN: Endangered Specie! Act #ade into legal polic" the concept that endangered !pecie! of %ildlife are preciou! a! part of a natural eco!"!te#. The nearl" unani#ou! pa!!age of thi! act in the 9nited State! Congre!!) reflecting the ri!ing national popularit" of environ#entali!#) #a! ed a bitter debate. Affected indu!trie! clung to the for#er %ildlife polic" of valuing individual !pecie! according to their econo#ic u!efulne!!. The" fought to #ini#i*e the la%$! i#pact b" li#iting definition! of e" ter#!) but the" lo!t on nearl" ever" i!!ue. The act defined >%ildlife? a! al#o!t all ind! of ani#al!2fro# large #a##al! to invertebrate!2and plant!. >Ta ing? %ildlife %a! defined broadl" a! an" action that threatened an endangered !pecie!6 area! vital to a !pecie!$ !urvival could be federall" protected a! >critical habitat!.? Though the!e definition! legi!lated !trong environ#entali!t goal!) political co#pro#i!e! #ade in the enforce#ent of the act %ere to deter#ine 1u!t %hat econo#ic intere!t! %ould be !et a!ide for the !a e of ecological !tabili*ation.

,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing does the !ndangered + ecies Act define as a Ecritical habitatF* (A) A natural ecosystem that is threatened by imminent develo ment (") An industrial or urban area in (hich (ildlife s ecies have almost ceased to live among humans (#) A natural area that is crucial to the survival of a s ecies and thus eligible for federal rotection ($) A (ilderness area in (hich the EtakingF of (ildlife s ecies is ermitted rarely and only under strict federal regulation (!) A natural environment that is rotected under la( because its (ildlife has a high economic value ,;. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing is an e% lanation for the degree of su ort that the !ndangered + ecies Act received in #ongress* (A) #oncern for the environment had gained increasing national o ularity. (") !cological research had created ne( economic o the survival of certain s ecies. ortunities de endent on

(#) #ongress had long (anted to change the e%isting (ildlife olicy. ($) The gro(th of industry had endangered increasing numbers of (ildlife s ecies. (!) Degislators did not antici ate that the act could be effectively enforced.

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,<. :t can be inferred from the assage that if business interests had (on the debate on rovisions of the 1)73 !ndangered + ecies Act8 (hich of the follo(ing (ould have resulted* (A) !nvironmentalist conce ts (ould not have become (idely o ular. (") The definitions of key terms of the act (ould have been more restricted. (#) !nforcement of the act (ould have been more difficult. ($) The act (ould have had stronger su ort from #ongressional leaders. (!) The ublic (ould have boycotted the industries that had the greatest im act in defining the act. ,7. The author refers to the terms E(ildlifeF (line 11)8 EtakingF (line 13)8 and Ecritical habitatsF (line 1<) most likely in order to (A) illustrate the misuse of scientific language and conce ts in olitical rocesses (") em hasize the im ortance of selecting recise language in transforming scientific conce ts into la( (#) re resent terminology (hose definition (as crucial in (riting environmentalist goals into la( ($) demonstrate the triviality of the issues debated by industries before #ongress assed the !ndangered + ecies Act (!) sho( that broad definitions of key terms in many ty es of la(s resulted in ambiguity and thus left room for disagreement about ho( the la( should be enforced SECTION '
;ro# the 1F44$! through the 1F34$! %aitre!!e! in the 9nited State! developed a for# of unioni!# ba!ed on the union!$ defining the ! ill! that their occupation included and enforcing !tandard! for the perfor#ance of tho!e ! ill!. Thi! >occupational unioni!#? differed !ub!tantiall" fro# the >%or !ite unioni!#? prevalent a#ong factor" %or er!. (ather than unioni*ing the %or force! of particular e#plo"er!) %aitre!! local! !ought to control their occupation throughout a cit". Occupational unioni!# operated through union hiring hall!) %hich provided free place#ent !ervice! to e#plo"er! %ho agreed to hire their per!onnel onl" through the union. .iring hall! offered union %aitre!!e! collective e#plo"#ent !ecurit") not individual 1ob !ecurit"2a ba!ic protection offered b" %or !ite union!. That i!) %hen a %aitre!! lo!t her 1ob) the local did not intervene %ith her e#plo"er but placed her el!e%here6 and %hen 1ob! %ere !carce) the %or hour! available %ere di!tributed fairl" a#ong all #e#ber! rather than being a!!igned according to !eniorit".

17. The rimary ur ose of the assage is to (A) analyze a current trend in relation to the ast (") discuss a articular solution to a longstanding roblem

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(#) analyze changes in the (ay that certain standards have been enforced ($) a ly a generalization to an unusual situation (!) describe an a roach by contrasting it (ith another a roach 1&. -hich of the follo(ing statements best summarizes a distinction mentioned in the assage bet(een (aitress unions and factory (orkers' unions* (A) -aitress unions (ere more successful than factory (orkers' unions in that they (ere able to unionize (hole cities. (") -aitress unions had an im act on only certain local areas8 (hereas the im act of factory (orkers' unions (as national. (#) -aitress union members held rimarily art-time ositions8 (hereas factory (orkers' unions laced their members in full-time 7obs. ($) -aitress unions em hasized the occu ation of (orkers8 (hereas factory (orkers' unions em hasized the (orksite at (hich (orkers (ere em loyed. (!) -aitress unions defined the skills of their trade8 (hereas the skills of factory trades (ere determined by em loyers' grou s. 1). According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing (as characteristic of the form of union that 6nited +tates (aitresses develo ed in the first half of the t(entieth century* (A) The union re resented a (ide variety of restaurant and hotel service occu ations. (") The union defined the skills required of (aitresses and disci lined its members to meet certain standards. (#) The union billed em loyers for its members' (ork and distributed the earnings among all members. ($) The union negotiated the enforcement of occu ational standards (ith each em loyer (hose (orkforce 7oined the union. (!) The union ensured that a (orker could not be laid off arbitrarily by an em loyer. ,.. The author of the assage mentions E articular em loyersF (line &) rimarily in order to (A) suggest that occu ational unions found some em loyers difficult to satisfy (") indicate that the occu ational unions served some em loyers but not others (#) em hasize the unique focus of occu ational unionism ($) accentuate the hostility of some em loyers to(ard occu ational unionism (!) oint out a (eakness of (orksite unionism
In prehi!toric ti#e! brachiopod! %ere one of the #o!t abundant and diver!e for#! of life on Earth< #ore than :4)444 !pecie! of thi! cla#li e creature have been cataloged fro# fo!!il record!. Toda" brachiopod! are not a! nu#erou!) and

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exi!ting !pecie! are not %ell !tudied) partl" becau!e neither the ani#al$! fle!h" inner ti!!ue nor it! !hell ha! an" co##ercial value. =oreover) in contra!t to the greater diver!it" of the extinct !pecie!) the approxi#atel" :44 no%n !urviving !pecie! are relativel" unifor# in appearance. =an" *oologi!t! have interpreted thi! a! a !ign that the ani#al ha! been unable to co#pete !ucce!!full" %ith other #arine organi!#! in the evolutionar" !truggle. Several thing!) ho%ever) !ugge!t that the conventional vie% need! revi!ing. ;or exa#ple) the genu! 9ingu!a ha! an unbro en fo!!il record extending over #ore than half a billion "ear! to the pre!ent. Thu!) if longevit" i! an" #ea!ure) brachiopod! are the #o!t !ucce!!ful organi!#! extant. ;urther) recent !tudie! !ugge!t that diver!it" a#ong !pecie! i! a le!! i#portant #ea!ure of evolutionar" !ucce!! than i! the abilit" to %ith!tand environ#ental change) !uch a! %hen a la"er of cla" replace! !and on the ocean botto#. The relativel" greater unifor#it" a#ong the exi!ting brachiopod !pecie! #a" offer greater protection fro# environ#ental change and hence #a" reflect highl" !ucce!!ful adaptive behavior. The adaptive advantage! of unifor#it" for brachiopod! can be !een b" con!idering !peciali*ation) a proce!! that occur! a! a re!ult of prolonged coloni*ation of a unifor# !ub!trate. Tho!e that can !urvive on #an" !urface! are called generali!t!) %hile tho!e that can !urvive on a li#ited range of !ub!trate! are called !peciali!t!. One !peciali!t !pecie!) for exa#ple) ha! valve! %eighted at the ba!e) a characteri!tic that a!!ure! that the organi!# i! properl" po!itioned for feeding in #ud and !i#ilar !ub!trate!6 other !pecie! !ecrete glue allo%ing the# to !urvive on the face of under%ater cliff!. The fo!!il record de#on!trate! that #o!t brachiopod lineage! have follo%ed a trend to%ard increa!ed !peciali*ation. .o%ever) during period! of environ#ental in!tabilit") %hen a particular !ub!trate to %hich a !peciali!t !pecie! ha! adapted i! no longer available) the !pecie! +uic l" die! out. 8enerali!t!) on the other hand) are not dependent on a particular !ub!trate) and are thu! le!! vulnerable to environ#ental change. One !tud" of the fo!!il record revealed a #a!! extinction of brachiopod! follo%ing a change in !edi#entation fro# chal to cla". Of the :3 brachiopod !pecie! found in the chal ) onl" L !urvived in the cla") all of the# generali!t!. A! long a! enough generali!t !pecie! are #aintained) and !tudie! of arctic and !ubarctic !ea! !ugge!t that generali!t! are often do#inant #e#ber! of the #arine co##unitie! there) it !ee#! unli el" that the ph"lu# i! clo!e to extinction.

,1. :n the assage8 the author is rimarily concerned (ith (A) re7ecting an earlier e% lanation for the longevity of certain brachio od s ecies (") reevaluating the im lications of uniformity among e%isting brachio od s ecies (#) describing the varieties of environmental change to (hich brachio ods are vulnerable

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($) reconciling o success

osing e% lanations for brachio ods' lack of evolutionary

(!) elaborating the mechanisms res onsible for the tendency among brachio od s ecies to(ard s ecialization ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that many zoologists assume that a large diversity among s ecies of a given class of organisms ty ically leads to (hich of the follo(ing* (A) $ifficulty in classification (") A discontinuous fossil record (#) A greater chance of survival over time ($) Aumerical abundance (!) A longer life s an ,3. The second aragra h makes use of (hich of the follo(ing* (A) + ecific e%am les (") Analogy (#) @eta hor ($) Kuotation (!) !%aggeration ,9. The author suggests that the scientists holding the conventional vie( mentioned in lines 1;-1< make (hich of the follo(ing errors* (A) They mistakenly em hasize survival rather than diversity. (") They misunderstand the causes of s ecialization. (#) They misuse zoological terminology. ($) They catalog fossilized remains im ro erly. (!) They overlook an alternative criterion of evolutionary success. ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the decision to study an organism may sometimes be influenced by (A) its ractical or commercial benefits to society (") the nature and revalence of its fossilized remains (#) the relative convenience of its geogra hical distribution ($) its similarity to one or more better-kno(n s ecies (!) the degree of its hysiological com le%ity ,<. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most strengthen the author's claim (lines ;<-;7) that Eit seems unlikely that the hylum is close to e%tinctionF* (A) /eneralist s ecies no( living in arctic (ater give fe( if any indications of a tendency to(ards significant future s ecialization.

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(") Loologists have recently discovered that a common marine organism is a natural redator of brachio ods. (#) :t (as recently discovered that certain brachio od s ecies are almost al(ays concentrated near areas rich in offshore oil de osits. ($) The ratio of s ecialist to /eneralist s ecies is slo(ly but steadily increasing. (!) :t is easier for a brachio od to survive a change in sedimentation than a change in (ater tem erature. ,7. :nformation in the assage su brachio ods* :. ::. orts (hich of the follo(ing statements about

>e( brachio ods living in rehistoric times (ere s ecialists. A tendency to(ard s ecialization8 though ty ical8 is not inevitable.

:::. + ecialist s ecies dominate in all but arctic and subarctic (aters. (A) : only (") :: only (#) :: and ::: only ($) : and ::: only (!) :8 :: and ::: 1FFF 4D SECTION A
Thi! pa!!age i! ba!ed on an article publi!hed in 1FF4. Eight ti#e! %ithin the pa!t #illion "ear!) !o#ething in the Earth$! cli#atic e+uation ha! changed) allo%ing !no% in the #ountain! and the northern latitude! to accu#ulate fro# one !ea!on to the next in!tead of #elting a%a". Each ti#e) the enor#ou! ice !heet! re!ulting fro# thi! continual buildup la!ted ten! of thou!and! of "ear! until the end of each particular glacial c"cle brought a %ar#er cli#ate. Scienti!t! !peculated that the!e glacial c"cle! %ere ulti#atel" driven b" a!trono#ical factor!< !lo%) c"clic change! in the eccentricit" of the Earth$! orbit and in the tilt and orientation of it! !pin axi!. 'ut up until around :4 "ear! ago) the lac of an independent record of ice-age ti#ing #ade the h"pothe!i! unte!table. Then in the earl" 1F34$! E#iliani produced the fir!t co#plete record of the %axing! and %aning! of pa!t glaciation!. It ca#e fro# a !ee#ingl" odd place) the !eafloor. Single-cell #arine organi!#! called >fora#inifera? hou!e the#!elve! in !hell! #ade fro# calciu# carbonate. &hen the fora#inifera die) !in to the botto#) and beco#e part of !eafloor !edi#ent!) the carbonate of their !hell! pre!erve! certain characteri!tic! of the !ea%ater the" inhabited. In particular) the ratio of a heav" i!otope of ox"gen -ox"gen-1K0 to ordinar" ox"gen -ox"gen-1L0 in the carbonate pre!erve! the ratio of the t%o ox"gen! in %ater #olecule!. It i! no% under!tood that the ratio of ox"gen i!otope! in !ea%ater clo!el"

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reflect! the proportion of the %orld$! %ater loc ed up in glacier! and ice !heet!. A ind of #eteorological di!tillation account! for the lin . &ater #olecule! containing the heavier i!otope tend to conden!e and fall a! precipitation !lightl" !ooner than #olecule! containing the lighter i!otope. .ence) a! %ater vapor evaporated fro# %ar# ocean! #ove! a%a" fro# it! !ource) it! ox"gen-1K return! #ore +uic l" to the ocean! than doe! it! ox"gen-1L. &hat fall! a! !no% on di!tant ice !heet! and #ountain glacier! i! relativel" depleted of ox"gen-1K. A! the ox"gen-1K-poor ice build! up) the ocean! beco#e relativel" enriched in the i!otope. The larger the ice !heet! gro%) the higher the proportion of ox"gen-1K beco#e! in !ea%ater2and hence in the !edi#ent!. Anal"*ing core! drilled fro# !eafloor !edi#ent!) E#iliani found that the i!otopic ratio ro!e and fell in rough accord %ith the Earth$! a!trono#ical c"cle!. Since that pioneering ob!ervation) ox"gen-i!otope #ea!ure#ent! have been #ade on hundred! of core!. A chronolog" for the co#bined record enable! !cienti!t! to !ho% that the record contain! the ver" !a#e periodicitie! a! the orbital proce!!e!. Over the pa!t K44)444 "ear!) the global ice volu#e ha! pea ed ever" 144)444 "ear!) #atching the period of the orbital eccentricit" variation. In addition) >%rin le!? !uperpo!ed on each c"cle2!#all decrea!e! or !urge! in ice volu#e2have co#e at interval! of roughl" 2:)444 and D1)444 "ear!) in eeping %ith the prece!!ion and tilt fre+uencie! of the Earth$! !pin axi!.

17. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the main idea of the assage* (A) @arine sediments have allo(ed scientists to amass evidence tending to confirm that astronomical cycles drive the !arth's glacial cycles. (") The ratio bet(een t(o different isoto es of o%ygen in sea(ater correlates closely (ith the size of the !arth's ice sheets. (#) +ur risingly8 single-cell marine organisms rovide a record of the !arth's ice ages. ($) The !arth's astronomical cycles have recently been revealed to have an une% ectedly large im act on the !arth's climate. (!) The earth has e% erienced eight eriods of intense glaciation in the ast million years8 rimarily as a result of substantial changes in its orbit. 1&. The assage asserts that one reason that oceans become enriched in o%ygen-1& as ice sheets gro( is because (A) (ater molecules containing o%ygen-1& condense and fall as reci itation slightly sooner than those containing o%ygen-1< (") the ratio of o%ygen-1& to o%ygen-1< in (ater va or eva orated from oceans is different from that of these isoto es in sea(ater (#) gro(ing ice sheets tend to lose their o%ygen-1& as the tem erature of the oceans near them gradually decreases ($) less (ater va or eva orates from oceans during glacial eriods and therefore

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less o%ygen-1& is removed from the sea(ater (!) the freezing oint of sea(ater rich in o%ygen-1& is slightly lo(er than that of sea(ater oor in o%ygen-1& 1). According to the assage8 the large ice sheets ty ical of glacial cycles are most directly caused by (A) changes in the average tem eratures in the tro ics and over o en oceans (") rolonged increases in the rate at (hich (ater eva orates from the oceans (#) e%treme seasonal variations in tem erature in northern latitudes and in mountainous areas ($) steadily increasing reci itation rates in northern latitudes and in mountainous areas (!) the continual failure of sno( to melt com letely during the (armer seasons in northern latitudes and in mountainous areas ,.. :t can be inferred from the assage that (hich of the follo(ing is true of the (ater locked in glaciers and ice sheets today* (A) :t is richer in o%ygen-1& than frozen (ater (as during ast glacial eriods. (") :t is rimarily located in the northern latitudes of the !arth. (#) :ts ratio of o%ygen isoto es is the same as that revalent in sea(ater during the last ice age. ($) :t is steadily decreasing in amount due to increased tha(ing during summer months. (!) :n com arison (ith sea(ater8 it is relatively oor in o%ygen-1&. ,1. The discussion of the o%ygen-isoto e ratios in aragra h three of the assage suggests that (hich of the follo(ing must be assumed if the conclusions described in lines 9)-;& are to be validly dra(n* (A) The !arth's overall annual reci itation rates do not dramatically increase or decrease over time. (") The various chemicals dissolved in sea(ater have had the same concentrations over the ast million years. (#) Aatural rocesses unrelated to ice formation do not result in the formation of large quantities of o%ygen-1&. ($) -ater molecules falling as reci itation usually fall on the o en ocean rather than on continents or olar ice acks. (!) :ncreases in global tem erature do not increase the amount of (ater that eva orates from the oceans. ,,. The assage suggests that the scientists (ho first constructed a coherent8 continuous icture of ast variations in marine-sediment isoto e ratios did (hich of the follo(ing*

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(A) 5elied rimarily on the data obtained from the analysis of !miliani's core sam les. (") #ombined data derived from the analysis of many different core sam les. (#) @atched the data obtained by geologists (ith that rovided by astronomers. ($) !valuated the isoto e-ratio data obtained in several areas in order to eliminate all but the most reliable data. (!) #om ared data obtained from core sam les in many different marine environments (ith data sam les derived from olar ice ca s. ,3. The assage suggests that the scientists mentioned in line & considered their reconstruction of ast astronomical cycles to be (A) unreliable because astronomical observations have been made and recorded for only a fe( thousand years (") adequate enough to allo( that reconstruction's use in e% laining glacial cycles if a record of the latter could be found (#) in need of confirmation through com arison (ith an inde endent source of information about astronomical henomena ($) incom lete and therefore unusable for the ur oses of e% laining the causes of ice ages (!) adequate enough for scientists to su ort conclusively the idea that ice ages (ere caused by astronomical changes
Although Cictor Turner$! %riting! have proved fruitful for field! be"ond anthropolog") hi! definition of ritual i! overl" re!trictive. (itual) he !a"!) i! >pre!cribed for#al behavior for occa!ion! not given over to technological routine) having reference to belief! in #"!tical being! or po%er!.? >Technological routine? refer! to the #ean! b" %hich a !ocial group provide! for it! #aterial need!. Turner$! differentiating ritual fro# technolog" help! u! recogni*e that fe!tival! and celebration! #a" have little purpo!e other than pla") but it ob!cure! the practical ai#!) !uch a! #a ing crop! gro% or healing patient!) of other ritual!. ;urther) Turner$! definition i#plie! a nece!!ar" relation!hip bet%een ritual and #"!tical belief!. .o%ever) not all ritual! are religiou!6 !o#e religion! have no reference to #"!tical being!6 and individual! #a" be re+uired onl" to participate in) not nece!!aril" believe in) a ritual. Turner$! a!!u#ption that ritual behavior follo%! belief thu! li#it! the u!efulne!! of hi! definition in !tud"ing ritual acro!! culture!.

,9. According to the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing does Turner e%clude from his conce tion of ritual* (A) "ehavior based on beliefs (") "ehavior based on formal rules (#) #elebrations (hose ur ose is lay ($) 5outines directed to(ard ractical ends

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(!) >estivals honoring su ernatural beings ,;. The assage suggests that an assum tion underlying Turner's definition of ritual is that (A) anthro ological conce ts a ly to other fields (") festivals and ceremonies are related cultural henomena (#) there is a relationshi bet(een lay and ractical ends ($) rituals refer only to belief in mystical beings or o(ers (!) mystical beings and o(ers have certain common attributes across cultures ,<. :t can be inferred that the author of the assage believes each of the follo(ing concerning rituals !C#!1T= (A) +ome are unrelated to religious belief. (") +ome are intended to have ractical consequences. (#) +ome have no ur ose other than lay. ($) They sometimes involve reference to mystical beings. (!) They are redominantly focused on agricultural ends. ,7. -hich of the follo(ing best describes the organization of the assage* (A) >actual data are resented and a hy othesis is ro osed. (") A distinction is introduced then sho(n not to be a true distinction. (#) A statement is quoted8 and t(o assum tions on (hich it is based are clarified. ($) A definition is challenged8 and t(o reasons for the challenge are given. (!) An o inion is offered and then laced (ithin a historical frame(ork. SECTION '
'en1a#in ;ran lin e!tabli!hed that lightning i! the tran!fer of po!itive or negative electrical charge bet%een region! of a cloud or fro# cloud to earth. Such tran!fer! re+uire that electricall" neutral cloud!) %ith unifor# charge di!tribution!) beco#e electrified b" !eparation of charge! into di!tinct region!. The greater thi! !eparation i!) the greater the voltage) or electrical potential of the cloud. Scienti!t! !till do not no% the preci!e di!tribution of charge! in thundercloud! nor ho% !eparation ade+uate to !upport the huge voltage! t"pical of lightning bolt! ari!e!. According to one theor") the precipitation h"pothe!i!) charge !eparation occur! a! a re!ult of precipitation. Barger droplet! in a thundercloud precipitate do%n%ard pa!t !#aller !u!pended droplet!. Colli!ion! a#ong droplet! tran!fer negative charge to precipitating droplet!) leaving the !u!pended droplet! %ith a po!itive charge) thu! producing a po!itive dipole in %hich the lo%er region of the thundercloud i! filled %ith negativel" charged raindrop! and the upper %ith po!itivel" charged !u!pended droplet!.

17. The assage is rimarily concerned (ith discussing (hich of the follo(ing* (A) A central issue in the e% lanation of ho( lightning occurs

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(") "en7amin >ranklin's activities as a scientist (#) 5esearch into the strength and distribution of thunderstorms ($) The direction of movement of electrical charges in thunderclouds (!) The relation bet(een a cloud's charge distribution and its voltage 1&. The assage suggests that lightning bolts ty ically (A) roduce a distribution of charges called a ositive di ole in the clouds (here they originate (") result in the movement of negative charges to the centers of the clouds (here they originate (#) result in the sus ension of large8 ositively charged raindro s at the to s of the clouds (here they originate ($) originate in clouds that have large numbers of negatively charged dro lets in their u er regions (!) originate in clouds in (hich the ositive and negative charges are not uniformly distributed 1). According to the assage8 "en7amin >ranklin contributed to the scientific study of lightning by (A) testing a theory ro osed earlier8 sho(ing it to be false8 and develo ing an alternative8 far more successful theory of his o(n (") making an im ortant discovery that is still im ortant for scientific investigations of lightning (#) introducing a hy othesis that8 though recently sho(n to be false8 roved to be a useful source of insights for scientists studying lightning ($) develo ing a technique that has enabled scientists to measure more recisely the henomena that affect the strength and location of lightning bolts (!) redicting correctly that t(o factors reviously thought unrelated to lightning (ould eventually be sho(n to contribute 7ointly to the strength and location of lightning bolts ,.. -hich of the follo(ing8 if true8 (ould most seriously undermine the reci itation hy othesis8 as it is set forth in the assage* (A) Darger clouds are more likely than smaller clouds to be characterized by com lete se aration of ositive and negative charges. (") :n smaller clouds lightning more often occurs (ithin the cloud than bet(een the cloud and the earth. (#) Darge raindro s move more ra idly in small clouds than they do in large clouds. ($) #louds that are smaller than average in size rarely8 if ever8 roduce lightning bolts.

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9.7

(!) :n clouds of all sizes negative charges concentrate in the center of the clouds (hen the clouds become electrically charged.
'efore Baura 8ilpin -1KF1-1FNF0) fe% %o#en in the hi!tor" of photograph" had !o devoted the#!elve! to chronicling the land!cape. Other %o#en had photographed the land) but none can be regarded a! a land!cape photographer %ith a !u!tained bod" of %or docu#enting the ph"!ical terrain. Anne 'rig#an often photographed %oodland! and coa!tal area!) but the" %ere generall" !etting! for her artfull" placed !ub1ect!. /orothea Bange$! land!cape! %ere al%a"! conceived of a! counterpart! to her portrait! of rural %o#en. At the !a#e ti#e that 8ilpin$! intere!t in land!cape %or di!tingui!hed her fro# #o!t other %o#en photographer!) her approach to land!cape photograph" !et her apart fro# #en photographer! %ho) li e 8ilpin) docu#ented the %e!tern 9nited State!. &e!tern A#erican land!cape photograph" gre% out of a #ale tradition) pioneered b" photographer! attached to govern#ent and co##ercial !urve" tea#! that %ent %e!t in the 1KL4$! and 1KN4$!. The!e explorerphotographer! docu#ented the &e!t that their e#plo"er! %anted to !ee< an exotic and #a1e!tic land !haped b" a%e!o#e natural force!) unpopulated and read" for A#erican !ettle#ent. The next generation of #ale photographer!) repre!ented b" An!el Ada#! and Eliot 7orter) often %or ed %ith con!ervationi!t group! rather than govern#ent agencie! or co##ercial co#panie!) but the" nonethele!! pre!erved the >heroic? !t"le and #aintained the role of re!pectful out!ider peering in %ith reverence at a fragile natural %orld. ;or 8ilpin) b" contra!t) the land!cape %a! neither an e#pt" vi!ta a%aiting hu#an !ettle#ent nor a 1e%el-li e !cene re!i!ting hu#an intru!ion) but a peopled land!cape %ith a rich hi!tor" and tradition of it! o%n) an environ#ent that !haped and #olded the live! of it! inhabitant!. .er photograph! of the (io 8rande) for exa#ple) con!i!tentl" depict the river in ter#! of it! !ignificance to hu#an culture< a! a !ource of irrigation %ater) a !ource of food for live!toc ) and a provider of to%n !ite!. Al!o in!tructive i! 8ilpin$! general avoidance of extre#e clo!e-up! of her natural !ub1ect!< for her) e#ble#atic detail! could never !ugge!t the intricacie! of the interrelation!hip bet%een people and nature that #ade the land!cape a co#pelling !ub1ect. &hile it i! dangerou! to dra% conclu!ion! about a >fe#inine? %a" of !eeing fro# the %or of one %o#an) it can nonethele!! be argued that 8ilpin$! uni+ue approach to land!cape photograph" %a! analogou! to the %or of #an" %o#en %riter! %ho) far #ore than their #ale counterpart!) de!cribed the land!cape in ter#! of it! potential to !u!tain hu#an life. 8ilpin never !po e of her!elf a! a photographer %ith a fe#inine per!pective< !he e!che%ed an" di!cu!!ion of gender a! it related to her %or and #aintained little intere!t in interpretation! that relied on the concept of a >%o#an$! e"e.? Thu! it i! ironic that her photographic evocation of a hi!torical land!cape !hould !o clearl" pre!ent a di!tinctivel" fe#inine approach to land!cape photograph".

,1. -hich of the follo(ing best e% resses the main idea of the assage*

GRE

9.&

(A) /il in's landsca e hotogra hs more accurately documented the +outh(est than did the hotogra hs of e% lorers and conservationists. (") /il in's style of landsca e hotogra hy substantially influenced the heroic style racticed by her male counter arts. (#) The labeling of /il in's style of landsca e hotogra hy as feminine ignores im ortant ties bet(een it and the heroic style. ($) /il in's (ork e%em lifies an arguably feminine style of landsca e hotogra hy that contrasts (ith the style used by her male redecessors. (!) /il in's style (as strongly influenced by the (ork of (omen (riters (ho described the landsca e in terms of its relationshi to eo le. ,,. :t can be inferred from the assage that the teams mentioned in line 1) (ere most interested in (hich of the follo(ing as ects of the land in the (estern 6nited +tates* (A) :ts fragility in the face of increased human intrusion (") :ts role in sha ing the lives of indigenous eo les (#) :ts otential for sustaining future settlements ($) :ts im ortance as an environment for rare lants and animals (!) :ts unusual vulnerability to e%treme natural forces ,3. The author of the assage claims that (hich of the follo(ing is the rimary reason (hy /il in generally avoided e%treme close-u s of natural sub7ects* (A) /il in believed that ictures of natural details could not de ict the interrelationshi bet(een the land and humans. (") /il in considered close-u redecessors. hotogra hy to be too closely associated (ith her

(#) /il in believed that all of her hotogra hs should include eo le in them. ($) /il in associated close-u techniques (ith hotogra hy used for commercial ur oses. (!) /il in feared that ictures of small details (ould suggest an indifference to the fragility of the land as a (hole. ,9. The assage suggests that a hotogra her (ho racticed the heroic style (ould be most likely to em hasize (hich of the follo(ing in a hotogra hic series focusing on the 5io /rande* (A) :ndigenous eo le and their ancient customs relating to the river (") The e% loits of navigators and e% lorers (#) 6n o ulated8 ristine arts of the river and its surroundings ($) !%isting commercial ventures that relied heavily on the river (!) The dams and other monumental engineering structures built on the river ,;. :t can be inferred from the assage that the first t(o generations of landsca e

GRE

9.)

hotogra hers in the (estern 6nited +tates had (hich of the follo(ing in common* (A) They hotogra hed the land as an entity that had little interaction (ith human culture. (") They advanced the hiloso hy that hotogra hers should resist alliances (ith olitical or commercial grou s. (#) They (ere convinced that the ristine condition of the land needed to be reserved by government action. ($) They hotogra hed the land as a lace ready for increased settlement. (!) They hotogra hed only those locations (here humans had settled. ,<. "ased on the descri tion of her (orks in the assage8 (hich of the follo(ing (ould most likely be a sub7ect for a hotogra h taken by /il in* (A) A vista of a canyon still untouched by human culture (") A ortrait of a visitor to the -est against a desert backdro (#) A vie( of historic Aative American d(ellings carved into the side of a natural cliff ($) A icture of artifacts from the -est being trans orted to the eastern 6nited +tates for retail sale (!) An abstract attern created by the shado(s of clouds on the desert ,7. The author of the assage mentions (omen (riters in line ;. most likely in order to (A) counter a (idely held criticism of her argument (") bolster her argument that /il in's style can be characterized as a feminine style (#) suggest that /il in took some of her ideas for hotogra hs from landsca e descri tions by (omen (riters ($) clarify the interrelationshi bet(een human culture and the land that /il in (as attem ting to ca ture (!) offer an analogy bet(een hotogra hic close-u s and literary descri tions of small details

GRE

91.

GRE RC (No. 2No. 9) No. 2-1 SECTION A

17. " ,,. # ,7. $ 17. A ,,. # ,7. " 1&. # ,3. ! ,&. 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1). $ ,9. " ,). 1). $ ,9. # ,). ,.. ! ,;. ! 3.. ,1. A ,<. A 31. ,1. " ,<. # 31.

SECTION '
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No. 2-2 SECTION A

17. " ,,. ! ,7. $ 17. A ,,. " ,7. # 1&. # ,3. " ,&. 1&. " ,3. ! ,&. 1). $ ,9. # ,). 1). $ ,9. $ ,). ,.. $ ,;. ! 3.. ,1. ! ,<. $ 31. ,1. " ,<. ! 31.

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No. 2-: SECTION A

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No. :-1 SECTION A

17. $ ,,. # ,7. $ 17. # ,,. $ ,7. A 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1&. A ,3. # ,&. 1). # ,9. ! ,). 1). " ,9. $ ,). ,.. $ ,;. $ 3.. ,1. $ ,<. # 31. ,1. A ,<. A 31.

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No. :-2 SECTION A

17. A ,,. ! ,7. # 1&. " ,3. # 1). # ,9. $ ,.. $ ,;. ! ,1. A ,<. #

GRE

911

SECTION '
17. ! ,,. ! ,7. ! 1&. $ ,3. # ,&. 1). ! ,9. $ ,). ,.. $ ,;. A 3.. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31.

No. :-: SECTION A

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SECTION '
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No. D-1 SECTION A

17. # ,,. $ ,7. $ 17. $ ,,. A ,7. " 1&. " ,3. " ,&. 1&. " ,3. # ,&. 1). A ,9. " ,). 1). A ,9. $ ,). ,.. " ,;. A 3.. ,1. # ,<. ! 31. ,1. # ,<. # 31.

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,.. $ ,;. A 3..

No. D-2 SECTION A

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SECTION '
,.. " ,;. # 3..

No. D-: SECTION A

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SECTION '
,.. # ,;. ! 3..

No. 3-1 SECTION A

17. $ 1&. " 1). ! ,.. ! ,1. #

GRE
,,. A ,7. " 17. " ,,. $ ,7. " ,3. $ ,&. 1&. A ,3. " ,&. ,9. A ,). 1). ! ,9. $ ,).

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,.. A ,;. A 3..

No. 3-2 SECTION A

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No. 3-: SECTION A

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SECTION '
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No. L-1 SECTION A

17. " ,,. A ,7. ! 17. " ,,. $ ,7. ! 1&. A ,3. ! ,&. 1&. " ,3. $ ,&. 1). " ,9. " ,). 1). A ,9. A ,). ,.. A ,;. # 3.. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31. ,1. " ,<. ! 31.

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,.. ! ,;. $ 3..

No. L-2 SECTION A

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SECTION '
,.. A ,;. ! 3..

No. L-:

GRE

913

SECTION A
17. # ,,. # ,7. A 17. " ,,. " ,7. " 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1&. ! ,3. # ,&. 1). A ,9. # ,). 1). $ ,9. A ,). ,.. # ,;. A 3.. ,1. ! ,<. $ 31. ,1. $ ,<. # 31.

SECTION '
,.. A ,;. # 3..

No. N-1 SECTION A

17. A ,,. " ,7. ! 17. A ,,. $ ,7. $ 1&. ! ,3. " ,&. 1&. # ,3. # ,&. 1). $ ,9. # ,). 1). " ,9. $ ,). ,.. A ,;. # 3.. ,1. $ ,<. ! 31. ,1. A ,<. ! 31.

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,.. " ,;. A 3..

No. N-2 SECTION A

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,.. $ ,;. $ 3..

No. N-: SECTION A

17. # ,,. $ ,7. ! 17. $ ,,. $ ,7. ! 1&. " ,3. ! ,&. 1&. ! ,3. A ,&. 1). ! ,9. A ,). 1). # ,9. # ,). ,.. $ ,;. " 3.. ,1. # ,<. $ 31. ,1. $ ,<. " 31.

SECTION '
,.. " ,;. # 3..

No. K-1 SECTION A

17. $ ,,. ! ,7. $ 17. # ,,. ! 1&. ! ,3. A ,&. 1&. A ,3. " 1). # ,9. # ,). 1). $ ,9. $ ,.. A ,;. # 3.. ,1. " ,<. ! 31. ,1. # ,<. !

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,.. ! ,;. A

GRE

919

No. K-2 SECTION A

17. # ,,. A ,7. A 17. $ ,,. $ ,7. $ 1&. $ ,3. $ ,&. 1&. " ,3. A ,&. 1). " ,9. $ ,). 1). A ,9. A ,). ,.. $ ,;. " 3.. ,1. " ,<. ! 31. ,1. " ,<. # 31.

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,.. ! ,;. " 3..

No. K-: SECTION A

17. # ,,. ! ,7. A 17. " ,,. " ,7. " 1&. " ,3. " ,&. 1&. ! ,3. # ,&. 1). $ ,9. A ,). 1). # ,9. # ,). ,.. A ,;. # 3.. ,1. " ,<. $ 31. ,1. A ,<. A 31.

SECTION '
,.. # ,;. A 3..

No. F-1 SECTION A

17. $ ,,. A ,7. $ 17. " ,,. $ ,7. # 1&. " ,3. $ ,&. 1&. $ ,3. A ,&. 1). " ,9. ! ,). 1). A ,9. " ,). ,.. " ,;. $ 3.. ,1. " ,<. A 31. ,1. # ,<. " 31.

SECTION '
,.. $ ,;. " 3..

No. F-2 SECTION A

17. " ,,. " ,7. " 17. $ ,,. ! ,7. $ 1&. " ,3. ! ,&. 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1). A ,9. # ,). 1). ! ,9. A ,). ,.. $ ,;. $ 3.. ,1. A ,<. A 31. ,1. $ ,<. # 31.

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,.. " ,;. ! 3..

No. F-: SECTION A

17. A ,,. ! ,7. " 17. " 1&. ! ,3. # ,&. 1&. $ 1). " ,9. ! ,). 1). " ,.. " ,;. # 3.. ,1. ! ,<. # 31. ,1. !

SECTION '
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GRE
,,. A ,7. " ,3. ! ,&. ,9. # ,).

91;

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,<. " 31.

No. F-D SECTION A

17. A ,,. $ ,7. " 17. " ,,. # ,7. " 1&. $ ,3. A ,&. 1&. " ,3. " ,&. 1). $ ,9. ! ,). 1). # ,9. $ ,). ,.. " ,;. " 3.. ,1. " ,<. # 31. ,1. ! ,<. A 31.

SECTION '
,.. A ,;. # 3..

No. F-3 SECTION A

17. # ,,. $ ,7. " 17. # ,,. " ,7. ! 1&. A ,3. " ,&. 1&. $ ,3. A ,&. 1). $ ,9. ! ,). 1). ! ,9. " ,). ,.. ! ,;. A 3.. ,1. A ,<. A 31. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31.

SECTION '
,.. A ,;. A 3..

No. F-L SECTION A

17. " ,,. # ,7. " 17. ! ,,. $ ,7. $ 1&. ! ,3. " ,&. 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1). A ,9. # ,). 1). $ ,9. ! ,). ,.. " ,;. ! 3.. ,1. A ,<. $ 31. ,1. A ,<. # 31.

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GRE RC 1FF4 4D SECTION A

17. A ,,. A ,7. ! 17. # ,,. # ,7. $ 1&. # ,3. " ,&. 1&. " ,3. # ,&. 1). # ,9. # ,). 1). A ,9. $ ,). ,.. # ,;. ! 3.. ,1. " ,<. A 31. ,1. $ ,<. A 31.

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1FF4 14 SECTION A
17. # 1&. " 1). A ,.. # ,1. !

GRE
,,. $ ,7. " 17. A ,,. A ,7. # ,3. $ ,&. 1&. $ ,3. " ,&. ,9. " ,). 1). " ,9. # ,).

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1FF1 42 SECTION A
17. A ,,. ! ,7. # 17. " ,,. A ,7. $ 1&. " ,3. $ ,&. 1&. ! ,3. $ ,&. 1). ! 670 ! ,). 1). ! ,9. A ,). ,.. A ,;. ! 3.. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31. ,1. " ,<. # 31.

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1FF1 4D SECTION A
17. $ ,,. # ,7. ! 17. # ,,. $ ,7. " 1&. # ,3. " ,&. 1&. " ,3. $ ,&. 1). " ,9. A ,). 1). ! ,9. " ,). ,.. A ,;. ! 3.. ,1. A ,<. ! 31. ,1. # ,<. A 31.

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1FF1 14 SECTION A
17. A ,,. # ,7. " 17. $ ,,. " ,7. ! 1&. " ,3. $ ,&. 1&. ! ,3. $ ,&. 1). ! ,9. A ,). 1). $ ,9. A ,). ,.. # ,;. $ 3.. ,1. " ,<. ! 31. ,1. $ ,<. " 31.

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1FF2 42 SECTION A
17. " ,,. A ,7. ! 17. " ,,. $ ,7. # 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1&. A ,3. A ,&. 1). " ,9. A ,). 1). ! ,9. ! ,). ,.. ! ,;. " 3.. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31. ,1. " ,<. " 31.

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1FF2 4D

GRE

917

SECTION A
17. ! ,,. " ,7. # 17. " ,,. " ,7. " 1&. $ ,3. # ,&. 1&. " ,3. ! ,&. 1). ! ,9. $ ,). 1). $ ,9. # ,). ,.. A ,;. # 3.. ,1. ! ,<. " 31. ,1. " ,<. A 31.

SECTION '
,.. A ,;. A 3..

1FF2 14 SECTION A
17. A ,,. $ ,7. # 17. ! ,,. $ ,7. ! 1&. ! ,3. " ,&. 1&. $ ,3. ! ,&. 1). $ ,9. # ,). 1). # ,9. $ ,). ,.. " ,;. $ 3.. ,1. # ,<. ! 31. ,1. A ,<. $ 31.

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1FF: 42 SECTION A
17. $ ,,. # ,7. A 17. # ,,. $ ,7. A 1&. ! ,3. ! ,&. 1&. A ,3. " ,&. 1). " ,9. " ,). 1). A ,9. " ,). ,.. A ,;. $ 3.. ,1. ! ,<. " 31. ,1. A ,<. $ 31.

SECTION '
,.. $ ,;. " 3..

1FF: 4D SECTION A
17. $ ,,. ! ,7. ! 17. " ,,. # ,7. $ 17. $ ,,. " ,7. A 1&. " ,3. A ,&. 1&. $ ,3. " ,&. 1&. ! ,3. $ ,&. 1). A ,9. # ,). 1). A ,9. ! ,). 1). $ ,9. " ,). ,.. # ,;. # 3.. ,1. ! ,<. $ 31. ,1. A ,<. # 31. ,1. A ,<. A 31.

SECTION '
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SECTION C
,.. ! ,;. ! 3..

1FF: 14 SECTION A
17. # ,,. ! ,7. " 1&. $ ,3. # ,&. 1). " ,9. ! ,). ,.. A ,;. ! 3.. ,1. " ,<. A 31.

GRE

91&

SECTION '
17. $ ,,. # ,7. ! 1&. A ,3. $ ,&. 1). " ,9. A ,). ,.. ! ,;. # 3.. ,1. ! ,<. ! 31.

1FFD 42 SECTION A
17. " ,,. " ,7. ! 17. " ,,. A ,7. " 1&. ! ,3. " ,&. 1&. A ,3. " ,&. 1). " ,9. $ ,). 1). $ ,9. ! ,). ,.. # ,;. A 3.. ,1. # ,<. ! 31. ,1. $ ,<. $ 31.

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1FFD 4D SECTION A
17. A ,,. A ,7. " 17. " ,,. $ ,7. " 1&. $ ,3. " ,&. 1&. $ ,3. " ,&. 1). # ,9. $ ,). 1). # ,9. ! ,). ,.. ! ,;. ! 3.. ,1. " ,<. # 31. ,1. A ,<. ! 31.

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1FFD 14 SECTION A
17. # ,,. $ ,7. A 17. " ,,. " ,7. # 1&. A ,3. ! ,&. 1&. ! ,3. $ ,&. 1). " ,9. " ,). 1). A ,9. $ ,). ,.. " ,;. # 3.. ,1. A ,<. $ 31. ,1. $ ,<. A 31.

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,.. A ,;. $ 3..

1FF3 4D SECTION A
17. ! ,,. A ,7. $ 17. " ,,. ! ,7. $ 1&. A ,3. ! ,&. 1&. $ ,3. A ,&. 1). # ,9. A ,). 1). $ ,9. $ ,). ,.. $ ,;. ! 3.. ,1. " ,<. " 31. ,1. # ,<. " 31.

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1FF3 14 SECTION A
17. # 1&. " 1). ! ,.. $ ,1. #

GRE
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1FFL 4D SECTION A
17. ! ,,. $ ,7. $ 17. # ,,. ! ,7. A 1&. # ,3. $ ,&. 1&. A ,3. ! ,&. 1). $ ,9. A ,). 1). $ ,9. " ,). ,.. $ ,;. # 3.. ,1. ! ,<. " 31. ,1. ! ,<. A 31.

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1FFL 4D SECTION A
17. ! ,,. $ ,7. # 17. $ ,,. # ,7. ! 1&. # ,3. " ,&. 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1). # ,9. $ ,). 1). # ,9. A ,). ,.. $ ,;. A 3.. ,1. # ,<. $ 31. ,1. # ,<. ! 31.

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1FFL 14 SECTION A
17. ! ,,. " ,7. $ 17. $ ,,. A ,7. # 1&. # ,3. A ,&. 1&. ! ,3. " ,&. 1). " ,9. # ,). 1). # ,9. # ,). ,.. " ,;. A 3.. ,1. # ,<. $ 31. ,1. $ ,<. A 31.

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1FFN 4D SECTION A
17. # ,,. A ,7. # 17. # ,,. $ ,7. A 1&. ! ,3. A ,&. 1&. A ,3. ! ,&. 1). # ,9. ! ,). 1). " ,9. A ,). ,.. ! ,;. " 3.. ,1. A ,<. A 31. ,1. ! ,<. " 31.

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1FFN 11

GRE

9,.

SECTION A
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1FFK 4D SECTION A
17. " ,,. ! ,7. $ 17. # ,,. " ,7. $ 1&. # ,3. " ,&. 1&. " ,3. " ,&. 1). # ,9. ! ,). 1). ! ,9. # ,). ,.. # ,;. # 3.. ,1. A ,<. A 31. ,1. # ,<. A 31.

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1FFK 11 SECTION A
17. " ,,. A ,7. # 17. ! ,,. # ,7. " 1&. # ,3. ! ,&. 1&. $ ,3. A ,&. 1). " ,9. # ,). 1). " ,9. ! ,). ,.. A ,;. A 3.. ,1. ! ,<. " 31. ,1. " ,<. A 31.

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1FFF 4D SECTION A
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SECTION '
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