Chemistry 2nd Nine Weeks Test Calculating the number of subatomic particles in an atom or an ion atomic number: protons

s and electrons atomic mass-atomic number=number of neutrons Define an isotope an atom that has the same number of protons (or the same atomic number) as other atoms of the same element do but that has a different number of neutrons (and thus a different atomic mass) Write an isotopic symbol for an element use the abbreviation on the periodic table and the number to the left on top is its atomic mass and the number on the bottom is its atomic number Calculate the average atomic mass for an element Average Atomic Mass Worksheet Percent abundance x mass added to all the others Calculate the binding energy and mass defect Mass defect - find mass of protons and neutrons (by multiplying the amount times their masses and add them) and then find the difference between that and the given mass Binding energy - take the mass defect and convert it to kg (1.6605x10 -27 kg/amu) and then take this number and use the equation E=mc 2 (basically multiply it by speed of light squared m/s2) This will give you an energy which is in J/nucleus Label a diagram of a wave Read the electromagnetic diagram

AT SPEED

ALL TRAVEL OF LIGHT

Calculate the energy, wavelength, or frequency Energy: E=hv (h=6.626x10-34J/Hz)

 Wavelength ( measured in m or nm) Frequency (V measured Hz) C= v (C is the speed of light or 3.00x108 m/s) Compare and contrast the 5 models of the atom 1. Dalton - believed atoms were indivisible (5 part theory); didnt know particles had charges; thought atoms were shaped according to properties 2. Thomson - cathode rays determine that electrons are negatively charged 3. Rutherford - Gold foil experiment which determined that the nucleus is positively charged - most of an atom is empty space but there is a nucleus 4. Bohr - electrons orbit the nucleus in circles 5. Quantum - the electrons are just zooming around not it perfect circles; orbitals

Write a nuclear equation Alpha decay

Beta decay

Positron Emission

Electron capture 0/-1 e

Gamma Decay

 Nucleon - a proton or neutron Nuclide - isotopic symbol (C-14) Compare and Contrast the different types of radiation based upon the penetrating power of the radiation Alpha rays are weakest (cant go through skin), then beta (can go through skin but not bones, use for X-rays; cant go through lead), then gamma (can go through skin and bones/Everything) Determine which elements are radioactive or stable based upon the band of stability Use neutron-proton ratio: 1-1.5 is considered stable Any element above 83 on periodic table is ALWAYS radioactive/unstable

Calculate the half-life where AO is the initial amount and AE is the amount remaining t=elapsed time t1/2= duration of a half-life or to the nth power where n is the number of half lives

Complete calculations using the mole 1 mole=6.022x1023 formula units (ionic compounds) or atoms (molecular compounds) ionic compounds involve metals and nonmetals; molecular compounds involve just nonmetals 1 mole= molar mass (average atomic mass) 1 mole=22.4 L molecule is the compound as a whole but atoms are individual elements; formula units are a whole and ions make it up

Determine the percent composition Mass/Total mass of the compound x 100 the part over the whole Calculate molar mass multiply how many atoms there are times its mass (C 6H12O6) would be (6x12.01)+(1.100x12)+(16.00x6) Write electron configurations and draw orbital diagrams n = cloud size or what floor its on l = which orbital its on (0-s, 1-p, 2-d, 3-f) ml = is the number where it is on the orbital (l) ms = +1/2 or -1/2 depending on the spin orbital notation: valence electrons Aufbau Principle: an electron occupies the lo est-energ! orbital that can receive it" s#p#d#f#g#h#i Pauli $%clusion Principle: no t o electrons can have the same set of &uantum numbers because of opposite spins 'und(s )ule: orbitals of e&ual energ! are each occupied b! one electron before an! orbital is occupied b! a second electron *ouis +ot +iagram: sho s its valence electrons either at ground or e%cited state