OISD-RP-233 FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION (Draft III)

FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR E&P OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS

Pre are! "# F$NCTIONAL COMMITTEE ON THE S$"%ECT

OIL IND$STRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE &O'ERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF PETROLE$M & NAT$RAL &AS (TH FLOOR) NE* DELHI HO$SE) 2() "ARAKHAM"A ROAD) CONNA$&HT PLACE) NE* DELHI ++,,,+

NOTE

OISD publications are prepared for use in the oil and gas industry under Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas, Go t! of India! "hese are the property of Ministry of Petroleum & Natural Gas and shall not be reproduced or copied and loaned or e#hibited to others $ithout $ritten consent from OISD! "hough e ery effort has been made to assure the accuracy and reliability of the data contained in these documents, OISD hereby e#pressly disclaims any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from their use! "hese documents are intended to supplement rather than replace the pre ailing statutory re%uirements!

&

FORE*ARD

"he oil industry in India is nearly 1'' years old! (s such a ariety of practices ha e been in ogue because of collaboration)association $ith different foreign companies and go ernments! Standardi*ation in design philosophies and operating and maintenance practices at a national le el $as hardly in e#istence! "his, coupled $ith feedbac+ from some serious accidents that occurred in the recent past in India and abroad, emphasi*ed the need for the industry to re ie$ the e#isting state of art in designing, operating, and maintaining oil and gas installations! ,ith this in ie$, Oil Industry Safety Directorate -OISD. $as established in 1/01 staffed from $ithin the industry in formulating and implementing a series of self regulatory measures aimed at remo ing obsolescence, standardi*ing and upgrading the e#isting standards to ensure safer operations! (ccordingly, OISD constituted a number of functional committees comprising of e#perts nominated by the industry to dra$ up standards and guidelines on arious sub2ects! "he present document on 34ire & 5#plosion 6is+ (ssessment and 4ire Protection Systems for 5&P Offshore Installations7 is the first edition of the document prepared by the 4unctional 8ommittee on 34ire & 5#plosion 6is+ (ssessment and 4ire Protection Systems for 5&P Offshore Installations9! "his document is prepared based on the accumulated +no$ledge and e#perience of industry members and the arious national and international codes and practices! It is e#pected that the pro ision of this document $ill go a long $ay to impro e the safety and reduce fire incidents in Offshore Oil and Gas Industry! "his document $ill be re ie$ed periodically for impro ements based on the ne$ e#periences and better understanding! Suggestions may be addressed to:; "he 8oordinator 8ommittee on <4ire Protection System= Oil Industry Safety Directorate >th 4loor, Ne$ Delhi ?ouse, &>, @ara+hamba 6oad, 8onnaught Place, Ne$ Delhi A 11'''1

F$NCTIONAL COMMITTEE (F-r.t E!-t-/0 1 %AN$ARY 2,++) CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC Na2e Or3a0-4at-/0 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC C/05e0/r Shri P! S! Narayanan Me26er. Shri 6!S!@hutda Shri San2ee Eapoor Shri Maroof (! Shei+h Shri ?!8!"ane2a C/-7//r!-0at/r Shri (rshad ?ussain Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Ne$ Delhi CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC In addition to the abo e, se eral other e#perts from industry contributed in the preparation, re ie$ and finali*ation of this document! 5ngineers India Dimited, Ne$ Delhi Oil and Natural Gas 8orporation, Mumbai Oil and Natural Gas 8orporation, Ne$ Delhi Oil Industry Safety Directorate, Ne$ Delhi Oil India Dimited, Dulia2an

FIRE & EXPLOSION RISK ASSESSMENT AND FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS FOR E&P OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS C/0te0t. Se7t-/0 +8, 28, 38, ;8, <8, De.7r- t-/0 I0tr/!97t-/0 S7/ e C/!e.) Sta0!ar!. & A Def-0-t-/0. F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 2a0a3e2e0t G!1 G!& G!B G!F >8, (8, A8, C8, 4ire and e#plosion management philosophy 4ire and e#plosion ris+ categories 4ire and e#plosion strategies 4ire pre ention approach r/5a:.

F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 ?a4ar! -!e0t-f-7at-/0 F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t r/7e.. F907t-/0a: reB9-re2e0t. f/r f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t Pr/!97t-/0 I0.ta::at-/0 !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re r/te7t-/0) C8+ Safety system C82 5%uipment arrangement C83 Ignition pre ention de ices C8; ?ot surface protection C8< 4ire barriers C8> 5lectrical protection C8( 8ombustible gas detection C8A @ul+ storage C8C ?elicopter fueling facilities C8+, 5mergency po$er C8++ 8ontrol of ignition C8+2 8ontrol of spill C8+3 Ship 8ollision Protection C8+; Hnmanned Platform F:/at-03 r/!97t-/0 fa7-:-t-e. !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r/te7t-/0) M/6-:e Off.?/re Dr-::-03 $0-t. (MOD$.) !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r/te7t-/0) F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t-/0 a0! 7/0tr/: 2et?/!. +28+ Detection system +282 (larm system +283 8ontrol actions

+,8, ++8,

+28,

+38,

E2er3e07# .?9t-!/D0 a0! 6:/D-!/D0 .#.te2 +38+ 5mergency Shut;Do$n -5SD. system +382 @lo$ do$n system A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 +;8+ 4ire $ater system +;82 4oam system +;83 Dry chemical fi#ed systems +;8; Dual agent suppression system +;8< 8lean agent system +;8> 8o& based system +;8( Eitchen coo+ing appliances and hood protection +;8A ?elidec+ fire protection +;8C Portable fire e#tinguisher Pa..-5e F-re r/te7t-/0 I0. e7t-/0) 2a-0te0a07e a0! te.t-03 F-re re5e0t-/0 E2er3e07# re are!0e.. +A8+ 5mergency action plan +A82 5mergency communication +A83 5mergency e acuation +A8; 5mergency lighting Tra-0-03 Pr/!97t Ser5-7e S9 Refere07e. /rt

+;8,

+<8, +>8, +(8, +A8,

+C8, 2,8, 2+8, A00e=9re 1! &! B! F! G! 1! >! 0! /! 1'! 11!

Summary of methods of controlling fire "ypical Safety 8ritical 5lements "opsides issues during conceptual design stage 6ecommended number and distribution of portable e#tinguishers on MODH "ypical applications of fire)gas detectors Selection of (4P systems on typical areas "ypical placement of fire e#tinguishers at production installation "ypical fire integrity re%uirements for fire barriers "ypical fire integrity re%uirements for load;bearing structures "ypical protection criteria for critical e%uipment "ypical description

F-re a0! E= :/.-/0 R-.@ A..e..2e0t a0! F-re Pr/te7t-/0 S#.te2. f/r E&P Off.?/re I0.ta::at-/0.

+8,

I0tr/!97t-/0 Offshore oil gas installations are self contained units and ha e compact layout! (s per re%uirements of Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules, &''0 -6ules &B, &F and &>. the operator shall establish a safety management system and shall ensure that ris+ assessment is carried out, $hich $ill pro ide the necessary basis for ta+ing decisions to gi e due consideration to health, safety and en ironment! "he process of e aluation and ris+ management is +ey element of safety management system! "he recommended practices are based on an approach $here the selection of control & mitigation measures for fires and e#plosions is determined by an e aluation of ha*ards on the offshore installation! "he methodologies used in this assessment and the resultant recommendations $ill differ depending on the comple#ity of the facility, type of facility -i!e! open or enclosed., manning le els, and the en ironmental conditions associated $ith the area of operation! 4ocus should be on follo$ing priority: Safety of personnel Protection of the en ironment Protection of assets ) minimi*ation of financial conse%uences of fires and e#plosions!

It is impractical to control catastrophic fires! "hese types of e ents should be designed out or ery high integrity pre entati e measures should be pro ided to minimi*e the li+elihood! Hsual re%uirement of an effecti e fire protection system is to pre ent emergencies from de eloping into ma2or threat to these installations! "he re%uirement of fire fighting facilities, described in the follo$ing sections is based on the consideration that the fire fighting ser ices from other sources $ill not be immediately a ailable! 28, S7/ e "hese recommended practices co er the design criteria and minimum re%uirements of fire protection and mitigation systems to be pro ided at 5&P offshore installations! "he recommended practices can be applied to ne$ or e#isting installations: 4or ne$ installations it shall start during conceptualisation and feasibility studies and be fully de eloped during detailed design! "he results shall then be communicated to personnel operating the installation to ensure that they +no$ the purpose and capability of all the systemsI can operate them properly and that ade%uate maintenance schemes are in place! 4or an e#isting installation the process shall be applied to current arrangements, and during modifications! "hese should be assessed to determine if the high le el performance standards are achie ed and that ris+s are as lo$ as is reasonably practicable! r/5a:.

38,

C/!e.) Sta0!ar!. & A

"he latest edition of follo$ing codes & standards as applicable shall be follo$ed: N4P( standards SOD(S, 4S( 8OD5 and IMO 6esolutions NO6SOE Standard Oil &Gas, HE -4ire and 5#plosion guidelines.! IMO 8ode for the 8onstruction and 5%uipment of Mobile Offshore Drilling Hnits >

ISO 1B>'&, 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and e#plosions on offshore production platforms ; re%uirements and guidelines -ISO, 1//0. HD ) 4M) HS MID 6P 1F8 ; (nalysis, Design, Installation and "esting of @asic Surface Safety Systems on Offshore Production Platforms 6P 1FG ; 4ire Pre ention and 8ontrol on Open "ype Offshore Production Platforms 6P 1FJ ; Design and ?a*ards (nalysis for Offshore Production 4acilities

"he abo e standards outline the basic re%uirements of the fire protection e%uipment and systems! (ll e%uipment ) components ) engineered systems supplied shall be as far as possible HD)4M appro ed! "he e%uipment ) components ) systems shall be suitable for marine application and should be appro ed by maritime administration -or third party authori*ed by the maritime administration. of country of origin! "hird party appro al agencies shall be internationally recogni*ed in the field of Marine fire protection appro als ) by the maritime administration! "o ensure system integrity, system shall be tested and listed ) appro ed by the appro al agencies as a complete operating engineered system! Substitution of alternati e components, $here appro ed components are a ailable, shall not be permitted! ,here components are supplied not co ered by third party appro als, the components shall be built to the recogni*ed international standards! Pressurised containers $here er installed must ha e appro al from P5SO -Petroleum & 5#plosi es Safety Organi*ation. "he e%uipment and system shall be of sustainable and pro en technology! (ll systems shall be in place and functional for the life cycle of the installation! "he e%uipment ) systems shall be installed and commissioned by %ualified person, trained and certified by the manufacturer! "echnical, operational and ser ice manuals shall be pro ided both in hard and soft copies by the manufacturer for all e%uipment ) components ) systems supplied!

;8,

Def-0-t-/0. A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0: (ny fire protection system or component $hich re%uires the manual or automatic detection of fire and initiation of conse%uential response! ALARP1 (s Do$ (s 6easonably Practicable A..e26:# /-0t: e acuation alarm! (rea $here mustering shall ta+e place in the e ent of general and)or

C:ea0 a3e0t1 5lectrically non;conducti e, olatile or gaseous fire e#tinguishing agent that does not lea e a residue upon e aporation and meets the re%uirements gi en in the latest N4P( &''1 on clean agent fire e#tinguishing systems! E5a79at-/0) e.7a e a0! re.79e (EER): 6esults of the process that uses information from the e aluation of e ents, $hich may re%uire 556, to determine the measures re%uired and the role of these measures! F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ a..e..2e0t: (nalytical study of li+elihood, and se erity of fire and e#plosion ha*ard scenarios! 0

F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 .trate3# (FES): 6esults of the process that uses information from the fire and e#plosion ris+ assessment, to determine the measures re%uired to manage these ha*ardous e ents and role of these measures Mea0. /f e.7a e: 4i#ed stair$ays, ladders, passages of non;combustible construction or portable fle#ible ladders, +notted manropes, or other de ices of appro ed construction! Off.?/re -0.ta::at-/0: ( mobile or fi#ed installation including any pipeline attached thereto, $hich is or is to be, or has been used, $hile standing or stationed in rele ant $aters $ith a ie$ to e#plore or e#ploit petroleum and natural gas! Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 : (ny fire protection system or component $hich by it=s inherent nature, plays an inacti e role in the protection of personnel and property from damage by fire and functions independently $ithout re%uirement of any human, mechanical or other inter ention to initiate conse%uential response! Safet# 7r-t-7a: e:e2e0t. (SCE): Such parts of an installation, purpose of $hich is to pre ent, or limit the effect of fire and e#plosion incident, and the failure of $hich $ould cause or contribute substantially to ma2or fire and e#plosion incident! Te2 /rar# ref93e (TR): Place pro ided $here personnel can ta+e refuge, for a predetermined period, at the same time as in estigations, emergency response, and e acuation preplanning are underta+en! S?a::: Indicates pro isions that are mandatory in nature! S?/9:!: Indicates that re%uirement is recommendatory as per good engineering practices! <8, F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t "he fire and e#plosion ris+ management shall start ery early in the design stage and shall be used as basis for ha*ards management during all life cycle stages of an installation! <8+ F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t ?-:/./ ?# "he o erriding re%uirements for the fire and e#plosion ris+ management philosophy are: Minimi*e in2uries and fatalities from the initial e ent! (ll large off;site in entories should be isolated during all design fire and e#plosion e ents! Pro ide escape to temporary refuge -"6.I one escape route to the "6 should remain functional at all times! Protect personnel in the "6I "6 and its supports should be compatible and maintain their integrity during all design fire and e#plosion e ents! "6 should pro ide refuge on the installation for as long as re%uired for e acuation of the installation !Pro ide other means of escape ) e acuationI means of e acuation should be a ailable at all times! (bility of personnel to escape from, and to shelter safely, from the effects of a fire and e#plosion e ent, and the ability to e acuate to a safe location should not be compromised! "he philosophy shall ensure that: "he ha*ard scenarios are addressed! Di+ely fire and e#plosion scenarios ha e been considered and corresponding accidental loads ha e been determined! Plant and e%uipment minimises escalation -personnel $ithin the "6 do not continue to be threatened by the incident, until such time as the ha*ard has dissipated to a safe le el ia shutdo$n, blo$ do$n or other means.! Personnel are able to escape to a safe location, a$ay from the ha*ard! <82 F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 7ate3/r-e. 8omple#ity in the fire and e#plosion ris+ management process shall be based on the ris+ le el! Prescripti e design against the fire and e#plosion ha*ards can be an acceptable alternati e, for lo$ ris+ installations! "his method is based on standardi*ed guidance or re%uirements based on industry practices! 4or medium ris+ and high ris+ installations, the performance based approach /

presents a more specific prediction of potential fire and e#plosion ha*ards for a gi en system or process! "his approach pro ides solutions, based on performance, measured against the chosen performance standardsI rather than on prescripti e re%uirements! Solutions are supported by a fire and e#plosion ha*ard identification and ris+ assessment! Determining installation ris+ category: Do$ ris+ -conse%uences. installation e#amples areI $here the o erpressure le el is predicted to be relati ely lo$, radiation le els are predicted to be relati ely lo$ and immediate and delayed conse%uences are also lo$! "he e%uipment count $ould probably be lo$! ( medium ris+ -conse%uences. installation $ould be typically a platform or compartment, $here the congestion and confinement e#ceeds that defined for the lo$ conse%uence case! (lternati ely, a medium conse%uence installation may be a processing platform, necessitating permanent manning but $ith lo$ escalation potential to %uarters, utilities and control areas $hich are located on a separate structure! ( high ris+ -conse%uences. installation $ould encompass remaining installations and compartments $here there is significant processing on board leading to significant congestion and potential confinement $ith populated areas! "his may typically be characteri*ed by a bridge connected process, utilities, li ing %uarter and $ell platform -$ith or $ithout rig. or installation $ith %uarters on the same structure as the process!

,here there is doubt regarding the category, into $hich an installation should fall, it is recommended that the category $ith ne#t higher conse%uence ) li+elihood shall be used! <83 F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 .trate3-e. 4ire and e#plosion strategies are de eloped to manage each fire and e#plosion ha*ards: "o identify plant ) e%uipment, personnel and procedures, re%uired to manage these ha*ardsI and 4or setting performance standards by identification of safety critical elements and their functional re%uirements! In de eloping the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S., there are a $ide range of issues $hich should be considered to ensure that the measures selected are capable of performing their function $hen re%uired to do so! 4or the 45S, these issues include: Initiating e ents $hich may lead to fire and e#plosion "he nature of the fires and e#plosions $hich may occur "he ris+s of fires and e#plosions "he marine en ironment "he nature of the fluids to be handled "he anticipated ambient conditions "he temperature and pressure of fluids to be handled "he %uantities of flammable materials to be processed and stored "he amount, comple#ity and layout of e%uipment on the installation "he location of the installation $ith respect to e#ternal assistance)support "he e acuation, escape and rescue strategy -556S. "he production and manning philosophy ?uman factors! 4ire and e#plosion strategies -45S. shall be updated, $hene er there is a change to the installation, $hich may affect the management of the fire and e#plosion ha*ardous e ents! "he le el of detail in the strategy $ill ary, depending on the scale of the installation and the stage in the installation life cycle $hen the ris+ management process is underta+en! "he fire and e#plosion strategies should describe the role and functional re%uirements for each of the systems re%uired to manage possible ha*ardous e ents on the installation! In de eloping functional re%uirements, the follo$ing should be considered: "he functional re%uirements of the particular system! "his should be a statement of the purpose and essential duties that the system is e#pected to perform! 1'

"he integrity, reliability and a ailability of the system! "he sur i ability of the system under the emergency conditions $hich may be present $hen it is re%uired to operate! "he dependency on other systems $hich may not be a ailable in an emergency!

"he identification of safety critical elements -S85s. and corresponding performance standards, should demonstrate that 45S fulfils the re%uirements of 6ule >> -main safety functions. of Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules, &''0! "he performance standard should define the item=s functionality, reliability or a ailability, sur i ability and measures of interaction $ith other safety systems! Inherently safe design approach, reduces comple#ity and re%uirement for human inter entionI resulting in a simpler and robust system! <8; F-re re5e0t-/0 a r/a7?

,hen fire ha*ard cannot be eliminated by inherently safer design, the steps of the fire and e#plosion strategy, in order of priority are: Pre ent or minimise fires at source Detect fires early 8ontrol fires Mitigate against effect of fires "he follo$ing steps are typically in ol ed 1! Pre ent or minimi*e fires at source Methods for pre ention or minimi*ation of fires at source considered at design stage are: Minimise in entories Optimise layout Minimise the potential for loss of containment e ents Minimise the time to 5SD and blo$ do$n Minimise ignition sources Pro iding an inert en ironment

On e#isting installations, it may be possible to identify $ays of reducing the ris+s through changes in operational practices! &! Detect fires early 4ires that ha e not been pre ented should be detected and then controlled to reduce the si*e, duration, and escalation potential of the fire! Methods of detection include gas detection and fire detection! B! 8ontrol fires "he control methods commonly used for offshore are tabulated in A00e=9re -+! F! Mitigate against effect of fires Mitigating measures for fires are passi e fire protection methods and acti e fire protection methods! >8, F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 ?a4ar! -!e0t-f-7at-/0 "he starting point for ris+ assessment is the systematic identification of the ha*ards and effects $hich may arise from offshore acti ities! In the conte#t of fires and e#plosions, the e aluation of these e ents may be part of an o erall installation e aluation or may be treated as a separate process $hich pro ides information for the o erall e aluation! 4ire and e#plosion ris+ assessment includes ; assess the fire ris+, assess the e#plosion ris+ and manage accordingly! 11

"he fire and e#plosion ha*ards may be identified by formal processes such as: ?a*ard identification studies -?(KIDs. ?a*ard and operability re ie$s -?(KOPs. Dayout re ie$ ) ha*ardous area re ie$ Safety studies li+e 46(, 556( etc

4ire and e#plosion ha*ard sources can be: 6eser oir ha*ard: direct release from the reser oir may occur due to $ell inter ention during drilling or $or+;o er operations! Process ha*ard: release from any section of process operations including production manifolds -$ell manifolds.I $ater, oil and gas separatorsI stabilising and de$ateringI oil pressurising for e#portI gas compression including condensing and +noc+outI gas dryingI high pressure gas e#port including gas lift and gas in2ectionI oil and gas metering etc! Import and e#port risers!

4ire and e#plosion ris+s include both the ris+s from the initiating e ent and subse%uent escalation! Initiating e ents -causes of a release. may be plant and e%uipment failures such as e#ceeding design conditions ) parameters, dropped ob2ects, essel collision, inter ention, fatigue, ibration, e#treme en ironmental conditions, and human or procedural error! "he personnel from rele ant disciplines, including operational personnel, should be in ol ed in this fire and e#plosion ha*ard identification process, to ac%uire an e#tensi e understanding of potential ha*ards! Personnel carrying out this process shall be suitably trained or e#perienced in the ha*ard identification methods to be used! "he results of the ha*ard identification process should be used both to e aluate the conse%uences of ha*ardous e ents and to determine appropriate ris+ reduction measures! 5 eryone in ol ed in the design, commissioning, operation, maintenance and modification of the installation should ha e sufficient +no$ledge of the fire and e#plosion ha*ards and their contribution to the o erall ris+s! Safety systems shall be selected based on the hierarchy of pre ention, detection, control and mitigation! ,here any conflict e#ists bet$een e#plosion and fire management it is the latter $hich $ill tend to ta+e priority, ho$e er the optimum solution should generally be a balance bet$een the t$o! In estigate the ha*ard $ith a ie$ of: pre ention, detection, control and mitigationI to reduce the fre%uency and se erity of the ha*ard! 6is+ reduction measures should include $hich pre ent incidents -i!e! reduction of the probability of occurrence., control incidents -i!e! limiting the e#tent and duration of a ha*ardous e ent. and mitigate the effects -i!e! reduction of the conse%uences.! Pre entati e measures, such as using inherently safer designs and ensuring asset integrity should be emphasi*ed, $here er practicable! Mitigation effecti eness $ill depend on detection, in entory isolation and deluge acti ationI together $ith the probabilities that these measures $ill be initiated! "he process of selecting ris+ reduction measures, should predominantly lead to the use of sound engineering 2udgments! Principles of inherent safety should be applied early in the conceptuali*ation and design stage, to eliminate or reduce ha*ards to the (D(6P le el! (8, F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t r/7e.. 4ire and e#plosion ris+ management is a continuous process, rather than a series of discrete steps, $ith re ie$ and re ision of earlier decisions, as necessary! "here may be o erlaps and iterations bet$een the arious stages of the design, commissioning and operational phases! @asic steps in fire and e#plosion ris+ management process are: 1! &! During concept selection process, fire and e#plosion ha*ards should be identified and this information should be utilised for optimising layout and hydrocarbon processing methods! @ased on the selected concept, identify $hich codes and standards $ill be used -in case of ne$ installation. to design the structure, plant and e%uipmentI and operational regime! 1&

B!

6e;confirm that all fire and e#plosion ha*ards ha e been identified! T# -7a: f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 e5e0t. Pool fire -combustion of a flammable li%uid pool. Jet fire -combustion of high pressure gas or li%uid. Spray fire -combustion of a pressuri*ed li%uid release. @lo$out -$ellhead spray or 2et fire. 4lash fire -combustion of a flammable gas $here the flame propagates at a speed insufficient to result in damaging o erpressures. 5#plosion -combustion of flammable gas) apour in $hich confinement and)or flame elocities are sufficient to result in damaging o erpressure. @D5L5 -rapid ignited release of flammable pressuri*ed contents of a heated essel resulting in blast o erpressure, missile fragments and fireball. 8ellulosic fire -fire in ol ing material, such as $ood, paper, etc!. 5lectrical e%uipment fire! Pyrogenic materials 8ondensate fire $ith in isible flame Lent fire due to lightening Metal fires or radioacti e materials

Fa7t/r. affe7t-03 f-re 6e?a5-/r 5mergency shutdo$n -5SD.: (ssuming the 5SD operates, the olume of the isolatable olumes $ill affect the duration of the larger lea+ scenarios and result in a transient fire si*e, reducing $ith time! @lo$;do$n: Similar to 5SD operation, this could result in a transient release rate! (dditionally, blo$;do$n may reduce the conse%uences of the fire scenario by depressuri*ing a essel or pipe$or+ onto $hich a fire is impacting, thereby pre enting escalation! 8onfinement: 4ires in confined areas $ith limited entilation may change o er time, for e#ample, become progressi ely more se ere as Me#ternal flaming= occurs, $hen the fire mo es through the entilation openings! ,ind: "he direction of $ind $ill ha e significant affects on the beha ior of fire and smo+e generation $hich $ill affect escape, e acuation and rescue! Passi e fire protection -P4P.: "he use of passi e fire protection may not affect the nature of the fire but $ill affect the response of ob2ects sub2ected to fire attac+ and delay or pre ent incident escalation! Deluge: Depending on the fire type, acti e $ater deluge systems -area specific ) e%uipment dedicated. may affect both the nature of fire and the thermal loading to engulfed ob2ects and in most cases $ill be beneficial to escaping personnel!

Tra0.-t-/0 6etDee0 f-re .7e0ar-/. Some fire scenarios may change $ith time, for e#ample, a fire occurring in a confined space may lead to increasing fire se erity $ith time and the mo ement of the flame through the ent may produce e#ternal flaming! Similarly, some fire scenarios may lead to incident escalation and result in a different fire e ent occurring as a direct conse%uence, for e#ample, a 2et fire impacting onto a pressuri*ed essel may lead to essel failure and a @D5L5 fireball e ent! ( li%uid spillage may start as a pool fire on the installation but drainage of the spill may ultimately lead to a pool fire on the sea! "herefore, it is important that a Nuantitati e 6is+ (ssessment -N6(. considers the potential se%uence of fire e ents and that a fully representati e set of e ents is analy*ed! "he N6( should be supported by a thorough ?(KID $ith input from people $ith e#perience of the e#isting or similar plant or processes! F! Determine the e#plosion loads -including escalation analysis due to fire and e#plosion. to be used in designI o erpressure, duration and dynamic pressures, on the structure and other safety critical elements! 4or typical list of safety critical elements refer A00e=9re-28 1B

"he li+elihood of a significant fire $ill depend upon the li+elihood of occurrence, of a large release and ignition! "he follo$ing parameters $ill influence the potential li+elihood of a fire: ?a*ardous in entory comple#ity, i!e! the number of flanges, al es, compressors and other potential lea+ sources! "he type of flanges, al es or pipe$or+! Some special types of flange tend to ha e lo$er lea+ fre%uencies associated $ith them, e!g! hub type flanges! "he number of ignition sources $ithin the flammable region of a potential spray release, gas or apour cloud! "he entilation regime! "he e%uipment reliability and the maintenance philosophy!

"he escalation analysis is an important aspect, of fire and e#plosion ha*ard identification and ris+ assessment! 5scalation analysis should consider: "he location and description of the initial e entI especially its si*e, se erity, duration and fre%uency! "he means by $hich the initial e ent may escalate, and at each escalation stage, the corresponding probability and time to escalation! "he effects of the e ents on the installation, including the safety systems at each stage of escalation and ho$ these affect subse%uent e ent progression! "he contribution of safety systems in reducing the conse%uences and the probability of their successful operation! "he effects on the +ey facilities or systems such as the temporary refuge -"6. and e acuation escape and rescue -556. facilities in terms of impairment, time to impairment and impairment fre%uency! "he fatality le els associated $ith each scenario!

4or detailed guidance on e#plosion loads and fire loadings refer (PI 6P &4@, M6ecommended Practice for the Design of Offshore 4acilities (gainst 4ire and @last Doading= and M4ire and 5#plosion Guidance: Oil and Gas, HE -&''>.=! G! Identify plant and e%uipment, $hich can fail due to fire and e#plosion! Similarly identify personnel and escape routes, $hich are ulnerable to fire and e#plosion ha*ards! During this process, special attention should be pro ided to escalation scenarios! Design the hard$are to meet the re%uirements, and plan for future establishing performance standards! erification, by

Define the role and functionality, reliability, a ailability and sur i ability for engineered -hard$are. systems! Define the role, manning and competence re%uirements for procedural systems! 1! Lerification shall be done, to ensure that design codes are suitable for se erity of ha*ardous e ents! In the case of shortcomings, either design codes can be changedI or operating parameters, procedural system can be changed! If re%uired, additional specific pre enti e measures should be pro ided! "he structure and other S85s shall be designed for the identified fire and e#plosion scenario design load cases! Determine the response of the structure and other S85s to fire and e#plosion loads including o erpressure, dynamic pressures, strong shoc+ and missiles! ,here practicable designs cannot be achie ed, alternati e means of fire and e#plosion mitigation must be soughtI in order to reduce the magnitude or ris+ of e#ceeding design load scenarios -the structure and other S85s shall be able to accommodate these design loads.! "here is al$ays the potential for the systems, to be damaged in a ha*ardous e ent! Inherent safety a oids this potential, by aiming for pre ention rather than protection and the preference for passi e protection o er acti e systems! It is particularly important to follo$ inherently safe design principles, $here the conse%uences of process release or 1F

system failure, are high! ,here it is possible to reduce the reliance on engineered -acti e or passi e. safety systems or operational procedures, this should be done! 4or ne$ installations, re ie$ layout and process design, to eliminate or reduce the ha*ards, to meet the performance standards! In case of e#isting installations, it may be possible to identify $ays of reducing the ris+s though changes in operational practices! >! De elop procedural safety systems at e#isting installations: assessment of e#isting procedures should be done to ensure that operation and maintenance of systems meet their functional re%uirements! "hese include establishing effecti e operational, maintenance and test proceduresI setting maintenance and test fre%uenciesI and identification of training and competence re%uirements! 5 aluation ; analyse results of response analysis, against the appropriate performance standards to demonstrate that (D(6P has been achie ed! "he results of the e aluation process and the decisions ta+en $ith respect to the need for, and role of, any ris+ reduction measures should be recorded so that they are a ailable for those $ho operate the installation and for those in ol ed in any subse%uent change to the installation! /! Lerify that systems are effecti e and reliable, throughout lifecycle of the installation! "his re%uires continuous maintenance and operation of the facility, so that the engineered and procedural systems continue to meet, their original intent as de eloped during the design and initial assessment process! "his also includes carrying out periodic function testing, and ensuring that performance standards are met! 5nsure that personnel are trained and competent to operate, maintain and test engineering systems: and implement procedural systems! Inherent safety practices must be maintained throughout the life of the installation, continuing through the operational phase, by adherence to effecti e inspection and maintenance regimes and by ensuring that management systems and related procedures are follo$ed! Lerifications should chec+ that: "he initial design of the safety critical system )element is appropriate for the ha*ard! "he S85s procured, installed and commissioned, still achie e their re%uired function! "he maintenance being carried out is compatible $ith the reliability and a ailability, specified in the performance standard -functional re%uirements.! "he maintenance considers the li+ely failure modes -especially un;re ealed failures. of the components! 4or detailed guidance on failure modes ISO 1F&&F should be referred! During the life of the installation, changes may ta+e place, for e#ample changes in the produced fluids from the reser oir! (lternati ely a safety system may deteriorate, so that it is unli+ely to continue to achie e its intended functional performance, reliability and a ailability! (ll changes should be assessed to determine the effects on the performance standards and, $here necessary, impro ements should be considered to the systems= pro ision! "he fire and e#plosion ris+ management process should be documented and communicated to operational personnel so that they ha e ade%uate information about the ha*ards, ha*ardous e ents and safety systems pro ided to manage them! "he identified fire and e#plosion ha*ards should be compiled in ha*ard register, listing all ha*ards, their causes, and ho$ each ha*ard is handled! A8, F907t-/0a: reB9-re2e0t. f/r f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r-.@ 2a0a3e2e0t "he follo$ing goals should be considered for setting functional re%uirements for fire and e#plosion management: (ll fire and e#plosion ha*ards ha e been identified, analysed and understood by e eryone, $ith a part to play in their management! ( practical strategy to manage each of the ha*ards has been identified, documented and 1G

0!

implemented! Strategy ta+es into account sensiti ity of the installation=s o erall ris+ profile to fire and e#plosion ha*ards and the mitigation and control measures accordingly! "he operating limits for the $hole facility ha e been identified and there are clear instructions for the continued operation of the facility or use of additional controls $hene er operating limits are e#ceeded! (ll causes of ha*ards ha e been identified, understood and sufficient effecti e pre ention measures ha e been implemented! "he characteristics of those ha*ards $hich may re%uire e acuation ha e been carefully analy*ed to reduce the se erity and potential for escalation, thereby minimi*ing the need for e acuation! (ll reasonably practical steps to reduce the ris+s from fires and e#plosions ha e been ta+en, concentrating first on pre ention and thereafter on control, the pre ention of escalation and e acuation! (ppropriate combinations of pre ention, detection, control and mitigation measures ha e been put in place, to implement the chosen strategiesI and are maintained throughout the lifecycle of the installation! (ll of these measures: including people, processes and engineering systems ha e been documented, ha e clear o$nership and ha e functional re%uirements! ,here the effects of failure could o er$helm the installation and re%uire e acuationI these measures ha e been specifically identified and are of high integrity! "he systems pro ided to detect fires, are suitable for the ha*ard types and the en ironmental conditions! 4ire detection systems pro ide sufficient information to $arn personnel and allo$ an assessment of the ha*ards to be underta+en, $ithout personnel being e#posed to ha*ards! 5ffecti e isolation of all ma2or e#ternal sources of hydrocarbons, including pipelines and the reser oir is ensured! "hese isolations ha e been designed to sur i e all reasonably foreseeable fire and e#plosion ha*ards on the facility! Docation of personnel at installation is such that their e#posure to fire and e#plosion ha*ards is minimi*ed! (reas re%uired to shelter personnel from fire effects and their supports shall remain iable until either the incidents ha e been brought under control or full controlled e acuation has ta+en place! ( minimum pro ision of routes, systems and arrangements to allo$ e acuationI shall remain iable, under the effects of e ery incident, $hich may re%uire them! "he design, operation and maintenance of the fire and e#plosion ris+ management systems are underta+en by competent personnel, $ho understand their responsibilities in the management of the ha*ards and possible ha*ardous e ents! (ny changes to the installation, $hich may affect the li+elihood or conse%uences of fires and e#plosions, are identified, assessed and the systems re ised, to ta+e the changes into account, as necessary!

4or guidance on functional re%uirements of installation layoutI emergency shutdo$n system and blo$ do$nI control of ignitionI control of spillsI emergency po$er systemI fire and gas systemsI acti e fire protectionI passi e fire protectionI e#plosion protection and mitigation systemI e acuation escape and rescueI and inspection, testing and maintenance: ISO 1B>'&, 3Petroleum and natural gas industries O 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and e#plosions on offshore production installations O 6e%uirements and guidelines7 and NO6SOE standard S; ''1 -edition F, 4ebruary &''0. 3"echnical Safety7 should be referred! C8, Pr/!97t-/0 -0.ta::at-/0 !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r/te7t-/0)

11

Design and layout of installation shall ensure ade%uate firefighting access, means of escape in case of fire, and also segregation of facilities to e#tent possible so as to minimi*e fire ris+ to the ad2acent facilities! "his section describes critical specific issues ) items $hich should be considered during design of production installations for effecti e management of fire and e#plosion ris+! C8+ Safet# .#.te2. Safety systems play an important role in pre enting fires and minimi*ing their effect! "he primary purpose of a safety system is to detect abnormal conditions and initiate appropriate action to pre ent situations that could result in an accidental fire! "he primary action normally initiated by the safety system is to shut off process flo$, thus eliminating the ma2or fuel source on a platform! "he safety system may also shut do$n potential ignition sources such as engines, compressors, and heaters! "he amount of enting a ailable and the degree of congestion in the process area significantly influence the se erity of an e#plosion! In this respect, the follo$ing points should be considered: Dong and narro$ modules containing pressuri*ed hydrocarbon systems should be a oided, as large distance bet$een possible ignition points and the ent can contribute to high o er pressuresI 5#plosion pressure is dependent on bloc+age, so bloc+age should be reducedI 6epeated obstacles should be a oided! If this cannot be achie ed, ent openings along the $all $ith the repeated obstacles should be pro ided! "he design, operation, and maintenance of these safety systems are addressed in (PI 6P 1F8 and ISO 1'F10! C82 EB9- 2e0t arra03e2e0t In de eloping the layout of the installation, consideration shall be gi en to ma#imi*ing so far as is reasonable the separation by distance of the temporary refuge -"6., accommodation and e acuation, escape and rescue -556. facilities from areas containing e%uipment handling hydrocarbons! Guidelines for the arrangement of production e%uipment are presented in (PI 6P 1FJ! Particular consideration should be gi en to the location of fired process essels and the placement of temporary e%uipment during $or+ o er, completion, and construction acti ities! "opsides issues -mainly locations. during conceptual design stage for fire consideration in items li+e $ells, risers)pipelines, process & piping, structures and supports, fire protection etc! are gi en in A00e=9re-3! C83 I30-t-/0 re5e0t-/0 !e5-7e. Natural draft components should be e%uipped $ith spar+ and flame arrestors to pre ent spar+ emission! 6ecommended safety systems for fired components are presented in (PI 6P 1F8! C8; H/t .9rfa7e r/te7t-/0 Surfaces $ith a temperature in e#cess of F''P4 -&'FP8. should be protected from li%uid hydrocarbon spillage and mist, and surfaces in e#cess of /''P4 -F0&P8. should be protected from combustible)flammable gases and apors! (PI 6P 1F8 -for e%uipment and machinery component. and (PI 6P 1F5 -for piping. should be consulted for guidance! C8< F-re 6arr-er. @arriers constructed from fire resistant materials are primarily meant to pro ide a heat shield and may be helpful in special situations to pre ent the spreading of forces! Docations of fire barriers should be re ie$ed carefully due to the possibility that the fire barriers may impede natural entilation to such an e#tent that hydrocarbon apors and gases may accumulate! 4or details on entilation refer (PI 6P G'') ISO 1G1B0! 4ire barriers are co ered in detail in section /!' on passi e fire protection! C8> E:e7tr-7a: r/te7t-/0 1>

Protection from ignition by electrical sources should be pro ided by designing and installing electrical e%uipment in accordance $ith (PI 6P 1F4) (PI 6P 1F4K considering the area classification as per (PI 6P G'') (PI 6P G'G! C8( C/269.t-6:e 3a. !ete7t-/0 "he concentration of a combustible gas can be determined by detection de ices that may initiate alarms or shutdo$ns! "he usual practice is to acti ate an alarm at a lo$ gas concentration and to initiate action to shut off the gas source and)or ignition source if the concentration reaches a preset limit belo$ the Do$er 4lammable Dimit -D4D.! Gas detection system is co ered in detail in section 11!' on fire and gas detection and control methods! C8A "9:@ .t/ra3e "he in entories of flammable)combustible fluids should be consistent $ith operational needs and should be minimi*ed to the e#tent practical! 6ecommended practices for permanent bul+ storage -crude oil, condensate, methanol, 2et fuel, diesel, etc!. include the follo$ing: "an+s should be installed, as far as practical, a$ay from the ignition sources and should also be protected from damage -lifting operations, etc!.! "an+s should be enclosed by curbs, drip pans, or dec+ drains, to pre ent li%uid accumulation! "he drain system should be designed $ith pro isions to pre ent apor return! "an+s should be ade%uately ented or e%uipped $ith a pressure or pressure) acuum relief al e and should be electrically grounded!

C8C

He:-7/ ter f9e:-03 fa7-:-t-e. 6ecommended practices for helicopter fueling facilities include the follo$ing: 4ire e#tinguishing e%uipment should be ade%uate and readily accessible to the helicopter fueling area! ?elicopter landing areas $ith fueling facilities located abo e li ing %uarters should be constructed so as not to retain flammable li%uids and to preclude these li%uids from spreading to, or falling on, other parts of the platform! "he helicopter fuel hose should be of a type recommended for aircraft fuel ser ice and should be e%uipped $ith a static grounding de ice and a 3deadman7 type no**le! "he helicopter should be bonded $ith self;releasing or spring;clamp bond cables -same potential as hose.! Suitable storage should be pro ided for the fueling hose! "he fuel transfer pump should be e%uipped so that it can be shut do$n from the fueling station! Pro ision should be made, by pro iding releasing mechanism, for dumping ("4 storage tan+ into sea, in the e ent of fire on ("4 tan+!

C8+,

E2er3e07# /Der 5mergency electrical po$er may be pro ided by one of the follo$ing systems: (n emergency generatorI Installation mains po$er generation pro ided it can reliably pro ide po$er under emergency conditionsI 8ables $ith suitable integrity from land or other installationsI @attery systemsI or some combinations of these! "he design of the emergency electrical po$er system should consider pro iding automatic;start arrangements to a oid the need for manual inter ention during emergency condition! "he essential safety systems, $hich may re%uire emergency po$er, include: emergency and escape lightingI ent and obstruction $arning lightingI identification lights and na aidsI telecommunication e%uipmentI fire and gas detection and protection systemsI 10

5SD systemsI public address e%uipment and intercom systemsI installation of isual and audible alarmsI entilation)cooling for the e%uipment contained in this listI embar+ation areas, sic+ bays and other areas necessarily manned in an emergencyI

"he duration of the uninterruptible po$er supply -HPS. to systems such as the emergency lighting, 4&G system, emergency communications, 5SD systems etc! should be designed to cater for the emergency conditions, $hich may be e#perienced! ,here HPS systems are selected they should pro ide po$er for a period considerably longer than the "6 endurance time to cater for those e ents $here immediate e acuation is unnecessary or not practical! In a ma2or gas emergency, mains po$er generation may stop, resulting in the loss of the instrument air compressor-s.! If the integrity of the air supplies cannot be guaranteed, the need to po$er an air compressor from the emergency generator should be considered! Similar re%uirements are to be considered for hydraulic systems also! C8++ C/0tr/: /f -30-t-/0 Ignition occurs $hen sufficient heat is present to cause combustion! Ignition sources that may be present in offshore installations are: 8hemical reaction 5lectric spar+s and arcs Mechanical spar+s Dightning Static electrical spar+s 4lame and radiation heat ?ot surfaces ?eat of compression "o minimi*e ignition sources follo$ing points should be considered: a! (ll electrical e%uipment shall be suitable for use in the area in $hich it is installed! "his is to cater for Mfugiti e= lea+s in accordance $ith ha*ardous area design codes! ?o$e er, the dispersion distances for such lea+s, from $hich the ha*ardous *ones are calculated, do not cater for ma2or accident releases! b! ( gas cloud from a medium or large lea+ can, and $ill, drift outside ha*ardous area limits! "herefore caution must be e#ercised in locating unclassified e%uipment such as generator sets, temporary pump s+ids, heating e%uipment etc in Msafe= open locations around the installation! c! Installation should be suitably earthed and all operators trained in a$areness of offshore static spar+ ris+s -a recurring cause of fires.! d! 5%uipment, $hich pro ides an ignition source and is unacceptably close to release sources, should either be located inside an enclosure $ith entilation ducts that close off automatically on detection of gas, or be pro ided $ith some alternati e form of protection! e! 5lectrical e%uipment outside the "6 and control station, $hich is re%uired to operate during a gas emergency, should be suitable for operation in a flammable gas atmosphere! f! Diesel engines in non;ha*ardous areas po$ering essential safety systems should be pro ided $ith protection such that the diesel engine can continue to operate if gas can realistically reach the area in an emergency! "his may include isolation of non;suitable electrical components, o er;speed protection and, possibly, cooling of hot surfaces! g! "he integrity of physical barriers bet$een ha*ardous and non;ha*ardous areas is important to pre ent gas migration to non;ha*ardous areas! C8+2 C/0tr/: /f . -:: 8ontrol of spills is fulfilled through the open drain system! "he purpose of the open drain system is to pro ide measures for containment and proper disposal of li%uids including handling of 4,, e!g! through fire seals! 1/

"he design of the open drain shall limit the spread of a spill and route the spill a$ay to a oid escalation! ?a*ardous and non;ha*ardous open drains shall be physically separated to pre ent bac+ flo$ of hydrocarbons from a ha*ardous to a non;ha*ardous area! "he ha*ardous drain collection tan+ shall be purged! "he capacity of the drainage system should be sufficient to handle credible spill coincident $ith deluge and)or firefighting acti ities! "he design of drainage systems should ma+e allo$ance for possible bloc+age $hich may restrict the capacity of the system! ,hen a drainage system is pro ided, it should be designed to pre ent burning fuel spreading fire to other areas! Separate larger drainage systems may be necessary to control ma2or releases and any associated fire$ater! In areas $here there is no li+elihood of oil spill, it may be acceptable to pro ide fire$ater drains $hich discharge fire;$ater directly to the sea! 8onsideration should be gi en to the need to pre ent fires spreading to sea le el $here they may affect the integrity of the installation;supporting structure and impede e acuation! Eerbs or drip;pans should be pro ided around essels, pumps and other potential sources of lea+age to limit the spread of small spills! Storage arrangements for mo able containers of flammable li%uids or gases should ta+e account of the possibility of lea+s or spills and measures for handling these should be in place! C8+3 S?- 7/::-.-/0 r/te7t-/0 "he ship collision a oidance system and protection -such as barge bumper, riser guard. shall be pro ided to reduce the ris+ for ship collision! "he radar system shall be able to register the essel=s course & speed including plotting facilities and ha e function to transmit the signal unit responsible for sur eillance! "he radar system shall be e%uipped $ith pro#imity alarm to $arn the obser er of an approaching essel $ith time to closest point of approach! C8+; $02a00e! :atf/r2 Protection against fire and e#plosion on unmanned platforms should be based on 45S considering both scenarios A $hen it is unmanned and $hen it is temporarily manned! +,8, F:/at-03 r/!97t-/0 fa7-:-t-e. !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r/te7t-/0) "he floating production facilities can be: 4loating production system -4PS. 4loating production storage and offloading system -4PSO. Spar -also called Deep draft floating structures. "ension leg platform -"DP. Semi;submersible Special features ha ing impact on fire and e#plosion ris+s, on the floating facilities, include: "he geometry of the layout Methods of construction 8ompartmentalisation Operations 4ire and e#plosion scenarios 6esponse characteristics of marine construction to fires and e#plosions Special features associated $ith the motion, station +eeping, marine systems and stability of the structure! &'

4ire and e#plosion ris+ management on floating production facilities should include: 4ire and e#plosion ris+s $hich may impact integrity of floating structure -structural integrity of hull, stability of structure, station +eeping, marine systems etc!.! 4ire and e#plosion ris+s $hich may impact topside e acuation, rescue, li ing %uarters, and temporary refuge! 4ire and e#plosion ris+ management process shall be similar to section 1!', $ith the follo$ing specific considerations, in addition to the applicable issues ) items brought out in section 0!': a! b! c! Nature of crudeI less olatile $ill stabili*e easily in comparison to more olatile -higher ris+.! "ie;in of satellite $ells $ill increase the ris+ due to increased production throughput! @uoyancy, stability and station;+eeping must be maintained at all times, and the systems associated $ith these functions must be protected from fire ha*ards! ?igh conse%uence e ents $ith possibility of losing the facility are: Stability of the facility may be compromised during fire and) or e#plosion e ents -escalation e ents should also be considered. Doss of buoyancy due to significant lea+age from riser and subsea e%uipment underneath floating facility 4looding of a riser resulting in reduced buoyancy of hull! Potential for large fire and e#plosion e ents: Storage tan+s of crude oil on the facility may present ha*ards in the form of either large scale storage of stabili*ed crude or $ith empty storage tan+s containing potentially e#plosi e mi#tures -possibility of accumulation of gas cloud from ent pipes.! Non;process hydrocarbon in entoriesI the floating facility re%uires substantial stores of diesel to maintain station, process and utilities po$er demands plus other life;support systems! "he essels are often located in difficult or remote places and $ill generally be designed to be 3self;sufficient7 for e#tended periods in the e ent that supply essels cannot reach them! 4ire and e#plosion in engine room! Potential of hydrocarbon releases: 4PSO s$i el connections are source of releasesI the turret contains a large number of s$i el 2oints in order to function! "hese are often at the highest process pressure and pass the reser oir fluids prior to any cleaning or conditioning and are therefore sub2ect to most onerous process duty! 4PSO storage tan+s Piping due to hogging and sagging of dec+ structure Potential for spread of fire to multiple dec+s or compartments: Dayouts ha ing pro#imity of process area $ith li ing %uarters Presence of grated dec+s

d!

e!

f! g! h!

8onsiderable mo ement of floating structure has potential of contributing to spreading of pool fires! "he top dec+s should be designed to follo$ a ha*ard gradient from the most ha*ardous area -$ith respect to fires and e#plosions. to the least ha*ardous! "his $ill generally be from the turret out$ards! In case of turret;moored 4PSO $ith $eather aning capability, due to the $eather aning effects -either due to $ind or current and their effects on the superstructure height and hull draft. the fires can escalate do$n$ind and at the ery least, to#ic products of combustion $ill be distributed do$n$ind! "he layout should consider these additional ha*ards and the design should ta+e these into consideration to maintain le els of safety! 5%uipment spacing and layout ariations: Spread out spacing bet$een e%uipment and utilities on tan+er type 4PSO 8loser e%uipment spacing on semi;submersible, "DP and Spar

i!

&1

Segregation to a oid escalation of a fire can be achie ed by separation of modules and sometimes separated by fire barriers -if re%uired, based on ris+ assessment.! 2! Potential of confinement of gas, $ith increased potential for e#plosion e ent, in the areas such as: 4PSO turret, process area, storage tan+s and pump room Spar moon pool machinery or storage spaces inside hull "he layout of surface and sub;sea facilities should be carefully considered early in the design to account for the follo$ing shipping related ha*ards: Passing ships and fishing boats Supply and maintenance essels $ith respect to anchoring or dropped ob2ects (nchor mooring patterns of drilling rigs during positioning and rig mo ing -in case drilling or $ell ser icing is en isaged. Safe access -approach the production facility, moor, load their cargo, unmoor and proceed to open $aters. by off ta+e tan+ers, a oiding interference $ith other moorings, flo$ lines and risers as $ell as other field operations! "he +ey considerations are identified maneu ering areas and $eather limits, deri ed by means of a ris+ assessment study, for the operations of tan+ers! l! Offloading to shuttle tan+ers is a regular e ent and poses a significant ris+ both on the floating production facility and the shuttle tan+er! "he ris+s comprise the brea+age or lea+age of the transfer hoses and the potentially flammable mi#ing of hydrocarbon and air in the storage holds of floating production facility and shuttle tan+er! During the offloading operation, the shuttle tan+er and floating production facility are in relati e pro#imity and the ris+s of fire and e#plosion on either essel are compounded by increased potential for escalation to another essel! 4loating production facility shall be e%uipped $ith emergency shutdo$n and release e%uipment that $ill allo$ the essels to part in the e ent of an emergency on one essel! "he process dec+s on floating production facility are often lifted clear of the cargo storage tan+ roof for se eral design and operational reasons! "he space pro ided also allo$s 2et fires from the underside of the process to reach other process or utility modules $ithout any impingement to reduce the effect of the flame! "hough the gaps pro ide other ris+ reducing and operational benefits but steps should be ta+en to reduce the li+elihood of 2et fires by careful layout and orientation of the higher pressure e%uipment! Lolatile organic compounds -LO8. return lines and their use during offloading is also an important ha*ard! During loading, it is re%uired to continuously ent hydrocarbon aporsI enting system should be designed to accommodate the ma#imum olume of LO8s ented from storage! "he adopted loading procedures should minimise LO8 emissions! (lso, consideration should be gi en for the high temperatures the ents may e#perience during enting at ma#imum production rates and ) or possible process upsets! In storage tan+s, the atmosphere should be maintained in a non;e#plosi e condition! Purging should be carried out before introducing air into the tan+ to ensure that atmosphere $ill ne er enter the flammability *one! 5scape routes and piping runs may be ery long and personnel may be re%uired to pass the origin of the incident to reach the temporary refuge! Design for escape -o er long distances. during incidents and incident escalation shall ta+e these into consideration! 4ire $ater mains may be e#tensi e and distant from the fire pumps in the process area! 8orrect fire;pump si*ing and fire$ater;main hydraulic analyses shall be re%uired to ensure ade%uate pressure at deluge points, hoses and monitors!

+!

m!

n!

o!

p!

%!

Measures $hich may be ta+en during design phase to reduce ris+s from fire and e#plosion e ents associated $ith specific features of floating structures are controlled through arious rules and regulations of certifying agencies as $ell as SOD(S! Specific Design issues for floating production facilities are: &&

"he design of hull against e#plosion o erpressure shall ensure that the hull sustains only local damage, $hich is not detrimental to the integrity of complete facility at least for the period of e acuation! "he hull compartment design shall consider potential for containing damage $ithin the same compartment and eliminate the chain of e ents leading to spreading the damage to the ad2acent compartments or to dec+, so that significant loss of buoyancy and instability of the complete facility and failure of the mooring system is not compromised! "he compartments $ith potential for initiating or escalating fire or e#plosion e ents shall be designed accordingly! "he design of piping in hull compartments shall be suitable to eliminate potential for spreading damage to multiple compartmentsI design considerations may include pro ision of Mpipe chamber= or Mpipe chute= to limit damage and e entual flooding of multiple damaged compartments! "he upper hull design shall account for impact of fire e ents from topsides or moon pool $ith potential of deteriorating structural capacity of the hull and thereby reducing stability! Special attention shall be gi en to concentrated load areas such as topsides connection, or mooring chain;2ac+ foundation! Open drain systems on floating installations shall be designed to operate satisfactorily for all sea states in $hich the hydrocarbon in entory is present in the process system!

++8,

M/6-:e Off.?/re Dr-::-03 $0-t. (MOD$.) !e.-30 (D-t? re. e7t t/ f-re a0! e= :/.-/0 r/te7t-/0) MODH includes both 2ac+ up drilling rigs and floating drilling rigs! (dditional fire and e#plosion ris+ assessment on MODH should include ha*ards from the $ells including $ell testing operations! 4ollo$ing fire and e#plosion ha*ards related to $ells should be considered: Subsea shallo$ gas blo$ out Shallo$ gas blo$ out in cellar dec+ @lo$ out from $ell at drill floor Subsea $ell blo$out ?8 gas release ) ignition in mud processing area 4ire and e#plosion in $ell testing areas ,ell programmes shall be designed considering the anticipated ha*ards out of the abo e mentioned ha*ards! MODHs ha e to meet the re%uirements of 8on entions and 8odes of International Maritime Organisation -IMO., $hich includes MODH code, 4SS code! 4ire and e#plosion ris+ management at MODH can be ensured by meeting the re%uirements of these codes! 4ollo$ing issues ha e been ta+en into consideration by MODH code: Structural fire protection layout plan for dec+s and bul+heads Protection of accommodation spaces, ser ice spaces and control stations Means of escape 4ire pumps, fire mains, hydrants and hoses 4ire e#tinguishing systems in machinery spaces and in spaces containing fired processes Portable fire e#tinguishers in accommodation, ser ice and $or+ing spaces (rrangements in machinery and $or+ing spaces 4ire detection and alarm system Gas detection and alarm system 4ireman=s outfit Pro isions for helicopter facilities 4ire control plan 5nsuring fit for purpose status of fire e#tinguishing appliances -operational readiness and maintenance is detailed in MODH 8ode &''/. &B

Number and type of portable e#tinguishers pro ided on the MODH should be based on the fire ha*ards for the spaces protected! 6e%uirement of portable e#tinguishers on MODH, as generic guidance -based on the re%uirements of IMO MODH code. is placed at A00e=9re- ;! +28, F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t-/0 a0! 7/0tr/: 2et?/!. 4&G detection systems should be designed in accordance $ith recogni*ed codes and standards -such as N4P( >& and)or 5NGF. applicable to the area of operation to achie e the le el of performance stated in the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S.! Parts 1 to > of I58 11G'0 should be referred for guidance on re%uirements for electrical, electronic and programmable electronic system! Doss of po$er or +ey input signals should be considered in determining the reliability of the 4&G system! ,here pro ided, the 4&G system should be designed to perform the follo$ing functions: a. Monitoring to detect ha*ardous accumulations of flammable gases)oil mistI $here considered necessary, to detect lea+s -e!g! near pump seals.I to detect fires at an early stageI to detect ingress of smo+e and flammable gas into places $here they may present a ha*ardI to permit manual initiation of alarm! b. (larm to indicate the location of any fire or ha*ardous accumulation of flammable gaseous or oil mistI to immediately alert people of possible fire or gas incident! c. 8ontrol action Qto immediately initiate appropriate control actions! 4&G System shall recei e and display the status and any alarm signals from fire and gas detectors, manual call points -manual stations for initiation of 5SD. and fi#ed fire protection systems on fire *one basis! "he system shall also be capable of monitoring continuously the status of associated self contained systems such as ?L(8 fan and fire dampers, fire $ater ring main, fire $ater pumps, and gaseous e#tinguishing systems Pro iding the controls for the fire $ater distribution system, fire $ater pumps and gaseous e#tinguishing systems!

"he 4&G system shall operate as an independent system! 4&G detection safety instrumented functions shall be functionally and physically segregated from other systems or functions! 5%uipment used for fire and gas detection, and control shall be listed) appro ed by independent international certification agency namely HD) 4M! ,here systems are supplied, such systems shall be listed ) appro ed by the abo e mentioned agency as a complete operating system! Substitution of alternati e components, $here appro ed components are a ailable shall not be permitted! 5%uipment, if any, $hich is not listed ) appro ed by HD) 4M, shall be certified by a reputed third party $ho is recogni*ed in the field of fire protection of offshore installation! Ne$ technologies, if introduced, shall ha e HD)4M appro al before acceptance)introduction for field application and shall ha e pro en record of ser ice in a similar en ironment! +28+ Dete7t-/0 .#.te2 4&G detection shall be accomplished by the follo$ing automatic and manual methods: Detection of flammable gas Detection of heat &F

Detection of flame Detection of smo+e Detection of to#ic gases Manual alarm call point

"hese detection circuits shall be fault monitored continuously, and shall pro ide early $arning of an outbrea+ of fire or gas release in an area! (utomatic detection system $hether electric or pneumatic, shall ha e pro ision to detect failure of e%uipment or loss of super ising air pressure or failure of po$er supply! "ypical applications of fire)gas detectors e#cluding to#ic gases are tabulated in A00e=9re - <! "o#ic gas detectors shall be pro ided in all areas $here potentially to#ic gas concentrations may be present or be formed! 4&G detectors shall be sub2ect to a regular maintenance and testing programme! "he design of the 4&G system field de ices should consider the re%uirements for maintenance in order to minimi*e the need to pro ide special access arrangements for calibration, cleaning or testing! 4ire and gas detection system shall be designed to testing $ithout interrupting other system onboard! 4aults of detection systems should, once detected, raise an alarm at a control station! "emporary remo al or isolation of the 4&G system, or part of the system, is acceptable pro ided that ade%uate alternati e arrangements are ensured! Placing of detectors shall be based on rele ant scenarios, ha*ard analysis, simulations and tests! 5lectric automatic detection e%uipment and it=s au#iliary electric e%uipment in ha*ardous areas shall be designed and certified for use in such areas! 4ire detectors shall, e#cept for fusible plugs, be of resettable type such that after acti ation they can be restored to normal sur eillance $ithout the rene$al of any component! 4or automatic operation of system, ade%uate and reliable source of po$er supply shall be pro ided! "he need for an alternate po$er supply shall be determined considering criticality of the facility to be protected! +282 A:ar2 .#.te2 ,here automatic operation of 4&G System is pro ided, an alarm condition shall remain until manually reset! "he detection system shall acti ate a local alarm as $ell as an alarm at a constantly attended location! "he detection system=s alarms shall also be actuated $hen the system is operated manually! (n alarm system comprises: manual alarm input de ices input lines from detector and shutdo$n systems alarm central unit recei ing and e aluating input signals and creating output signals to alarm sounding de ices alarm sounding de ices such as bells, flashing lights and)or loudspea+ers po$er supply! (larms initiation from the follo$ing systems shall be pro ided, as applicable: general emergency -5SD. or muster fire detection hydrocarbon gas detection to#ic gas -e!g! ?ydrogen Sulphide. detection fire e#tinguishing medium release -8O& or other gases $ith lethal concentrations. po$er;operated $atertight door closing machinery fault detection! (ll alarms shall be indicated isually and audibly in the control room! &G

(n alarm philosophy shall be established ensuring that the alarms are simple and unambiguous! "he philosophy shall define $hich alarms are to be broadcasted to the entire unit or installation and $hether this should occur automatically or not! "he unit or installation shall be e%uipped $ith a public address system! "he alarm system may be combined $ith the public address system, pro ided that: alarms automatically o erride any other input olume controls are automatically set for alarm sounding all parts of the public address system -e!g! amplifiers, signal cables and loudspea+ers. are made redundant redundant parts are located or routed separately all loudspea+ers are protected $ith fuses against short circuits! "he number of alarms during abnormal conditions shall be assessed and reduced as far as practicable by alarm processing)suppression techni%ues in order to ha e operator attention on the most critical alarms that re%uire operator action! "he alarms shall be clearly audible at all locations on the unit or installation, and shall be easily distinguishable! If noise in an area pre ents the audible alarm being heard a isible means of alarm shall be pro ided! (larm to areas $hich are not regularly manned may be co ered by procedural precautions, e!g! using portable radios! (cti ation of the general alarm shall be possible from the main control stations, including na igation bridge and radio room! In addition to the alarm systems, a t$o;$ay communication system shall be pro ided for transmittal of alarm, instructions and information bet$een those $ho may re%uire them! Manual alarm call points -M8P. should be pro ided at con enient locations around the installation, to allo$ personnel to initiate an alarm of a ha*ardous situation and allo$ rapid initiation of any necessary control actions! ,here;e er applicable, M8P shall be designed and certified for use in ha*ardous areas! 1&!B C/0tr/: a7t-/0. 8ontrol actions initiated by 4&G system shall include isolation of the installation from the reser oir and pipeline, initiation of emergency depressuri*ation, isolation of electrical e%uipment to pre ent further de elopment of electrical fires shutdo$n of entilation system to minimi*e ingress of smo+e or flammable gasI isolation of electrical e%uipment and other potential ignition sources upon detection of flammable gas to minimi*e the ris+ of ignitionI initiation of (4P systems $here these ha e been pro ided to control or mitigate hydrocarbon firesI +38, +38+ E2er3e07# .?9t-!/D0 a0! 6:/D-!/D0 .#.te2 E2er3e07# S?9t-D/D0 (ESD) .#.te2 "he 5mergency Shut;Do$n -5SD. system pro ides the means of isolating the installation from import and e#port pipelines, in order to control the topsides in entory in an emergency or %uic+ly terminate e#port in the case of a pipeline or riser lea+! "he blo$ do$n system rapidly transfers the gas or oil in entory to the ent, flare or reser oir in a controlled manner, in order to reduce the potential for further escalation in the case of a fire or lea+! Pressure relief de ices are pro ided on process systems to pre ent rupture of pressure essels and lea+age of pipe$or+ 2oints under applied pressure arising from faults in the process control system or as a result of fire! "he isolation systems enable safe and secure isolation of +ey in entories and components to enable draining and purging of fluids prior to maintenance or inspection! &1

5mergency Shutdo$n -5SD. systems should be designed to initiate appropriate shutdo$n, isolation and blo$ do$n actions to pre ent escalation of abnormal conditions into a ma2or ha*ardous e ent and to limit the e#tent and duration of any such e ents $hich do occur! (n 5SD system shall be pro ided, in accordance $ith the re%uirements of the 45S, in order to: a! Isolate the installation from the ma2or hydrocarbon in entories $ithin pipelines and reser oirs $hich, if released on failure, $ould pose an intolerable ris+ to personnel, en ironment and the e%uipment! ,here appropriate, sectionali*e topside in entory to limit the %uantity of material released on loss of containment! 8ontrol potential ignition sources such as fired units, engines and non;essential critical e%uipment! 8ontrol subsurface safety al e-s.! ,here appropriate, depressuri*e hydrocarbon in entory and ent it to a safe place!

b! c! d! e!

Hpon failure of the shutdo$n system, all connected systems shall default to the safest condition for the unit or installation! "here shall be a pro ision to acti ate functions manually from the central control room in such a manner that the facility is brought to a safe condition in the e ent of failure in the programmable parts of the system! 5mergency shutdo$n system shall be in addition to systems for management and control and other safety systems e!g! if an 5SD al e is connected to the process control system, the process control function shall be performed completely separate from the 5SD functions! "he emergency shutdo$n system may ha e an interface $ith other systems if it cannot be ad ersely affected as a conse%uence of system failures, failures or single incidents in these systems! (n 5SD system shall pro ide ade%uate information at a control station so that personnel in ol ed in managing an emergency ha e re%uired information to effecti ely e#ecute the re%uired actions in an emergency! "he design of an 5SD system may be for manual or automatic initiation or both based on 45S! ,hen manual initiation is re%uired, the systems shall be simple to operate and shall not re%uire operators to ma+e comple# or non;routine decisions! Once initiated, all control actions re%uired by the 5SD system shall occur automatically! "he 5SD system may also be initiated automatically $hen process conditions indicate a loss of control $hich re%uires 5SD, for instance lo$ air pressure, high li%uid le el in a flare system! "he system may include a number of independent process shutdo$n systems that can also be actuated separately! (cti ation of the 5SD system should result in the termination of all production acti ity on the platform, including the closing of all pipeline SDLs! "he 5SD system should be designed to permit continued operation of electrical po$er generating stations and fire;fighting systems $hen needed in an emergency! 5%uipment that is critical for the effectuation of system actions shall be protected against mechanical damage and accidental loads until shut do$n se%uence is complete! "his includes 5SD al es, accumulators, electrical cables, pneumatic and hydraulic tubing! 5SD al es shall remain in safe position during dimensioning e ent! 6iser 5SD al es shall be located in easily accessible, open, $ell; entilated areas, to a oid damage from $a e impact and dimensioning accidental e ents such as fire, e#plosion and mechanical impact! Stations for manual acti ation of the 5SD system shall be located in strategic positions, be readily accessible, $ell;mar+ed and protected against unintentional acti ation! Manual stations for &>

initiation of 5SD for complete platform shutdo$n should be installed at the follo$ing locations of a platform: a! b! c! d! e! f! g! h! i! 2! +! helicopter dec+sI e#it stair$ay landings at each dec+ le elI boat landingsI at the centre or each end of a bridge connecting t$o platformsI emergency e acuation stationsI near the driller<s console during drilling and $or+ o er operationsI near the main e#its of li ing %uartersI control roomI other locations as needed to pro ide stations accessible to all platform areasI near $ell bayI near arri ing)departing pipelines!

5SD stations at boat landings may utili*e a loop of brea+able synthetic tubing in lieu of a al e or electric s$itch! @ecause of +ey role of 5SD system in the safety system, all 5SD components used should be of high %uality and be corrosion;resistant! "he 5SD system shall contain facilities for testing of both input)output de ices and internal functions! 5SD point shall ha e pro ision for self illumination! 5mergency shutdo$n and operational shutdo$n of the satellite platform -associated $ell platforms. shall be able to be carried out locally on the satellite platform as $ell as from the main platform! (cti ation of the 5SD system should result in the termination of all production acti ity on the platform, including the closing of all pipeline SDLs! "he 5SD system should be designed to permit continued operation of electrical po$er generating stations and fire;fighting systems $hen needed in an emergency! "he 5SD system of the satellite platform shall not be able to be ta+en out of ser ice from the main platform and shall be in operation $hen the platform is unmanned! +382 ":/D !/D0 .#.te2 6apid blo$ do$n or draining of topsides process in entories in order to pre ent escalation of a fire situation should be pro ided unless there are specific good reasons for not doing so -e!g! ery small topsides process.! @lo$ do$n should be designed in the light of the specific escalation times for each fire scenario and generally be as fast as feasible once acti ated! @lo$ do$n shall be at a safe location $ith respect to personnel, bearing in mind the li+elihood of spurious blo$ do$n e ents as $ell as real emergency e ents, and designed such that the heat radiation for ma#imum foreseeable flaring -or ignited enting. rate does not pose a ha*ard to escape and e acuation! ,hile designing blo$ do$n system, follo$ing approach should be considered: 4or each item of e%uipment, define the type of fire -pool, 2et, partial or total engulfment. li+ely to affect it! 8alculate the rate of heat input appropriate to that type of fire! 8alculate the rate of temperature rise of the essel $all neglecting heat transfer to the contents! "his simplification is appropriate for 2et or other fires, $hich might affect only a small area of the essel! More comple# methods can allo$ for heat transfer to the contents! 5stimate the time to essel rupture! 4rom this temperature;time profile prepare a yield A stress;time profile and a corresponding rupture pressure;time profile! 8ompare this to the actual pressure essel ersus time for the re%uired blo$ do$n time! If the time to rupture does not meet the established safety criteria -such as time to e acuate., then design changes may be necessary to impro e the essel protection! &0

"hese may be a reduction in blo$ do$n time, or application of fire protection insulation, or changes to the plant layout to reduce the fire e#posure! In case of unmanned platforms, manual depressuri*ation of all pressuri*ed systems should be possible from the platform $hen it is manned! "he conse%uences of ignited ent pipes should be considered! Lents on atmospheric essels, $hich are not dimensioned to $ithstand a full inside e#plosion pressure, should be pro ided $ith ade%uate flame arrestors! +;8, A7t-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 4ire and e#plosion strategies de eloped to manage fire and e#plosion ha*ards should ensure that the measures selected are capable of performing their function by setting performance standards -functional re%uirements. of safety critical elements! In de eloping the fire and e#plosion strategies -45S., there are a $ide range of considerations that influence the selection of (4P systems, e!g! the si*e and comple#ity of the installation, the nature of the operations, a ailability of e#ternal fire;response e%uipment, and the fire;response strategy adopted by the operator! Initiation of (4P systems may be automatic, manual or both! "he means of acti ation $ill depend on the e#pected location, si*e and type of fire, and the fire;response strategy for the installation! 4or automatically initiated systems, a manual release station shall be pro ided and con eniently located outside the protected area! Ob2ecti es of acti e fire protection system are: "o control fires and limit escalationI "o reduce the effects of a fire to allo$ personnel to underta+e emergency response acti ities or to e acuateI "o e#tinguish the fire $here it is considered safe to do soI "o limit damage to structures and e%uipment!

"he acti e fire protection system shall be pro ided on the offshore installation, out of the follo$ing, based on 45S: ,ater @ased System 4oam @ased System Dry 8hemical @ased System ,ater cum foam Spray System Dual agent suppression system - D8P and 4oam. 8lean (gent System 8arbon Dio#ide @ased System Eitchen 8oo+ing (ppliances and ?ood Protection System Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers Selection of acti e fire protection systems for typical areas on offshore installations is gi en in A00e=9re - > for initial design! 4inal selection of types and %uantities)rates should be based on 45S! 5ffects of the marine en ironment offshore shall be considered in the selection of e%uipment, materials, and systems! 5%uipment used for acti e fire pre ention shall be listed) appro ed) certified by independent international certification agency namely HD) 4M! ,here systems are supplied, such systems shall be listed ) appro ed by the abo e mentioned agency as a complete operating system! Substitution of alternati e components, $here appro ed components are a ailable shall not be permitted! 5%uipment, if any, $hich is not listed ) appro ed) certified by HD) 4M, shall be certified by a reputed third party $ho is recogni*ed in the field of fire protection of offshore installation! "he manufacturer of e%uipment)system shall confirm to pro ide after sales ser ice support including supply of spares during life cycle of the e%uipment!

&/

Ne$ technologies, if introduced, shall ha e HD)4M listing)appro al) certification before acceptance)introduction for field application and shall ha e pro en record of ser ice in a similar en ironment! Larious (cti e fire protection systems applicable in offshore are co ered belo$: +;8+ F-re Dater .#.te2 4ire $ater system shall comprise of fire $ater pumps and distribution piping net$or+ along $ith, deluge system, sprin+ler system, hose reels, hydrants and monitors, as the main components! Sea $ater is used for fire e#tinguishments, fire control, cooling of e%uipment and for e#posure protection of e%uipment)personnel from heat radiation! 4or these purposes, $ater in appropriate form should be used such as $ater 2et, $ater spray, $ater fog, $ater curtain, and for foam ma+ing! "he fire;$ater pump system should be selected to deli er the pressure and flo$ re%uired for the operation of $ater based (4P systems -deluge $ater spray, monitors, hoses, etc!. sufficient to meet the role of these systems as defined in the 45S! "his $ill typically be the single largest credible fire area -if deluge) $ater spray systems are installed., plus any anticipated manual fire; fighting demand -monitors)hose streams.! ,here re%uired in the 45S, allo$ance should be made to cope $ith escalation of the fire to ad2acent areas! 4or further guidance on fire $ater system section G!& of (PI 6P 1FG -F th edition, &''>. should be referred! +;8+8+ F-re Dater 92 .e:e7t-/0 "he fire;$ater pumps, their prime mo ers and starting arrangements should be designed so as to operate for a minimum period sufficient for them to fulfill their functions! "he speed of response of the fire;$ater pump unit should be selected so that fire;$ater is made a ailable to the systems $hich use fire;$ater in time for them to fulfill their function! "he 45S should identify the number of fire;$ater pumps re%uired and the arrangement necessary to pro ide a reliable supply of fire;$ater! "his should consider situations such as $hen a fire;$ater pump unit is una ailable due to maintenance or brea+do$n! On normally manned installations this may re%uire at least t$o independent pump units! If more than one fire;$ater pump is pro ided, fire;$ater pump units should be designed to minimi*e the ris+ of common mode failures occurring during emergencies! Pump inlets should be separated such that in the e ent of an incident rendering a pump inoperati e, the other pump unit-s. $ill not be affected! Suitable arrangements should be pro ided to allo$ erification of fire;$ater pump system performance o er the full range of the fire;$ater pump cur e! 4ire;$ater pump stop should be local only! 5#cept during testing, any alarms from pump monitoring systems should not automatically stop the fire pump! 4ire;$ater pumps should normally ha e t$o different means to start the pump automatically! 4ire detection at the fire;$ater pump should not stop the pump or inhibit the start of the fire;$ater pump dri er! If not running continuously, the system should be designed to start automatically in a fire emergency! In addition, facilities should be pro ided for local and remote manual start of the pumps! If the connection to the control room is lost, the fire;$ater pumps should start automatically! B'

"he fire;$ater pump system should be located, or protected, so that it is able to supply $ater in a fire emergency! Protection against damage of associated po$er cables, hydraulic)piping and control circuits should be considered! 4ire;$ater pump units re%uired to operate $hen gas is present should be designed to be suitable for such operation! ,ater treatment may be necessary to pre ent marine gro$th from impairing fire;$ater system performance! "he re%uirements for inlet filtration should be considered $here debris may damage the pump! Sufficient instrumentation -both local and, $here appropriate, remote. should be pro ided to enable personnel to ascertain the operational status of any pump unit! "he pro ision of relief de ices or other arrangements may be re%uired at the pumps to pre ent damage to pipe $or+ due to high operating pressures or surge! Such de ices should reset automatically once the e#cess pressure has been relie ed! 4ire$ater pump systems shall be self;contained! It shall be possible to start the fire $ater system e en if no other systems on the platform are operational! 4ire $ater pumps shall be e#clusi ely used for firefighting purpose only! N4P( &' 3Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for 4ire Protection7 should be consulted as guideline for design and installation of fire $ater pumps!

+;8+82

F-re Dater 2a-0. 4ire $ater mains are the means by $hich $ater for fire;fighting is transmitted from the fire;$ater pumps to the points of use! "he fire;$ater mains should be designed to pro ide an ade%uate amount of $ater to the discharge points at the re%uired pressure! "he fire $ater mains should be suitable for the marine en ironment! In de eloping the 45S, incidents $hich could result in damage to the fire mains should be considered! ,here necessary, fire;$ater mains should be routed or protected to a oid such damage! "he design should consider $hether arrangements are necessary to pro ide ade%uate fire protection $hen a section of the fire mains is isolated due to damage or maintenance! 4ire;$ater mains should be e%uipped $ith an ade%uate number of shut;off al es to allo$ sections of the mains and branches from the mains to be isolated! 5asy access for operation of these al es should be pro ided! Piping should be designed to be robust and should be ade%uately secured and supported! "he effects of surge should be considered! 8onsideration should be gi en to protecting deluge pipe $or+ against the effects of fires and e#plosions "he fire;$ater mains should be pro ided $ith suitable arrangements to permit testing of the pump units and the fire$ater mains under full operating conditions to determine any deterioration in efficiency! Di%uid filled pressure gauges shall be fitted at prominent locations to indicate pressure in fire $ater net$or+! 4ire $ater mains should be designed using a recogni*ed techni%ue for the hydraulic analysis of these systems! 4ire $ater mains of steel pipes, cupronic+el -or copper;nic+el., glass reinforced epo#y coated or pipes made of material suitable for the %uality of $ater should be used! (lternately, pipes made of composite materials should be used! "he composite material to be used as per (PI 1GD6 ) (PI 1G?6 B1

+;8+83

De:93e .#.te2 4i#ed deluge systems should be pro ided to: control pool fires and thus reduce the li+elihood of escalationI pro ide cooling of e%uipment and structures not impinged by 2et fires- in case of 2et fire, assessment should be carried out $hether deluge $ill contribute for fire control.I pro ide a means to apply foam to e#tinguish hydrocarbon pool firesI limit effects of fires to facilitate emergency response and 556 acti ities!

"he four broad types of deluge protection include: a. b. c. d. area protection designed to pro ide non;specific co erage of pipe $or+ and e%uipment $ithin hydrocarbon handling areasI e%uipment protection designed to pro ide dedicated co erage of critical e%uipment such as essels and $ell headsI structural protection designed to pro ide dedicated co erage of structural membersI $ater curtains to reduce thermal radiation and to control the mo ement of smo+e in order to pro ide protection to personnel during escape and e acuation!

4i#ed deluge systems should be designed using a recogni*ed techni%ue for the hydraulic analysis of these systems! N4P( 1G 3Standard for ,ater Spray 4i#ed Systems for 4ire Protection7 should be referred for design and installation of deluge systems! "he speed of response re%uired for a deluge system to fulfill its function should be determined and the system should be engineered accordingly! (rea deluge or local cooling system should be fully operational as soon as possible after the receipt of an initiating signal! "he $ater pressure a ailable at the inlet to the system or an indi idual section should be sufficient for the efficient operation of all no**les in that system or section under design flo$ conditions! "he deluge al e should be of globe pattern design $ith material of construction suitable for sea $ater ser ice! Dimit s$itches should be pro ided for monitoring opening and closing of the al e! "he deluge al e should be pneumatically opened and loc+ed! 4acility for both pneumatic and electrical operation from 8ontrol 6ooms must be pro ided! "he types of deluge no**le selected and the location of these no**les should be suitable to fulfill the role of the system during the fire e ents and the en ironmental conditions $hich may occur! It shall be possible to manually acti ate deluge al e locally, from control room and at release stations located along the escape routes outside the fire area itself! "he si*es of no**le and associated pipe $or+ should be selected to a oid bloc+age caused by corrosion products or build;up of salt deposits after operation and testing! Self;draining design is an important feature in this respect! "he location and orientation of deluge no**les should be defined so that the re%uired %uantity of $ater $ill impinge on surfaces to be protected! Due account should be ta+en of the effects of obstructions and air mo ements on the stream of droplets! 4or systems $here local manual initiation is unli+ely to be ade%uate, remote operation should be pro ided from a control station at $hich the operating status of the system -e!g! deluge al e open)closed. is indicated! Isolation of any automatically operated deluge system should be possible by means of a manually operated al e located outside the protected area! Piping should be designed to be robust and should be ade%uately secured and supported! "he effects of surge should be considered! 8onsideration should be gi en to protecting deluge pipe; $or+ against the effects of fires and e#plosions! Piping material should be suitable for sea $ater application! B&

Means should be pro ided to enable the testing of deluge al e performance $ithout discharging fire;$ater through the pipe;$or+ and no**les! 4i#ed deluge protection should be considered for temporary e%uipment such as modular rigs! "he design of the installation fire;$ater pumping system should consider the needs of any anticipated temporary deluge systems +;8+8; S r-0@:er .#.te2 (utomatic sprin+ler systems are typically used in areas $here fires are e#pected to in ol e cellulosic fuels -li ing %uarters., and $here slo$ fire gro$th is e#pected! Once initiated sprin+ler systems can be effecti e to control fire spread, to reduce fire and smo+e damage and to pro ide alarm at a control station! "hey are not normally suitable for e#tinguishing fires in flammable li%uid spills $hich can spread rapidly o er large areas and e#ceed the capacity of the sprin+ler system! (utomatic sprin+ler systems should be connected to a pressuri*ed $ater supply so that the system is capable of immediate operation and no action by personnel is necessary! ,here an automatic sprin+ler system is connected to an unpressuri*ed main, it should ha e a reliable supply of $ater a ailable $ith sufficient capacity to pro ide protection until the main is pressuri*ed! (utomatic supply from a pressuri*ed fire main or deluge main $hich acti ates upon drop of pressure in the sprin+ler system may be an acceptable $ater supply arrangement! If sprin+lers are pro ided in coo+ing areas, they should be pre ented from impinging directly on to e%uipment used for heating coo+ing oil or fat! 5lectrical po$er supply to the galley should be s$itched off automatically in the e ent that the sprin+ler system is operated! 4acilities should be pro ided to enable each part of the sprin+ler system to be drained and tested and to remo e all air from $ater;filled systems! 4or large sprin+ler systems, consideration should be gi en to di iding the system so that each section can be monitored to indicate $hich section has operated! O er board test line shall be pro ided to fully function test the sprin+ler system $ithout spraying $ater in the protected area! "his can be done by use of suitably located test sprin+ler using fresh $ater! "here shall be a pressure sensor do$nstream of each sprin+ler al e and a flo$ indicator upstream of each area indicating in $hich area release is ta+ing place! Indication in the control room shall be pro ided! N4P( 1B 3Standard for the Installation of Sprin+ler Systems7 should be referred for design of sprin+ler system! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(! +;8+8< *ater 2-.t .#.te2 ,ater;mist systems are an alternati e to gaseous systems in some applications! ( $ater mist system is a fire protection system using ery fine $ater sprays -i!e!, $ater mist.! "he ery small $ater droplets allo$ the $ater mist to control or e#tinguish fires by cooling of the flame and fire plume, o#ygen displacement by $ater apor, and radiant heat attenuation! 8onsiderations $hich should be addressed in e aluation of the use of $ater;mist systems include: suitability of the system for the particular applicationI pro ision of a suitable $ater supply and air supply, if needed for the particular systemI the si*e of the protected area and the degree of congestionI the fuel type and the nature of the fires $hich may be e#periencedI the effect on electrical and other sensiti e e%uipment $ithin the area of $ater;mist application! N4P( >G' 3Standard on ,ater Mist 4ire Protection Systems7 should be referred for guidance! BB

+;8+8>

H#!ra0t. a0! ?/.e ree:. & 0/44:e. No**les and hoses -and portable foam e%uipment if used. should be located in the most suitable positions considering the probable direction of approach of fire teams! ,here appropriate, enclosures should be pro ided to protect this e%uipment against mechanical damage and against the en ironment! 4ire;$ater mains should be e%uipped $ith hydrants to $hich hoses can be connected and)or pro ided $ith fi#ed hose reels! "he number and position of hydrants)hose reels should be sufficient to permit effecti e fire;fighting by the emergency response team in the intended areas! ?ydrants and hose reels should not be supplied from the same section of a fire main as a deluge or sprin+ler! "he system should be designed so that the ma#imum pressure possible in the line is less than the rated $or+ing pressure of the e%uipment! ?oses, no**les, al e +eys, etc! should be stored ad2acent to hydrants! 8ouplings should be standard throughout the installation! No**les should be of robust construction, easy to operate and made of materials suitable for the intended duty! N4P( 1F 3Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and ?ose Systems7 should be referred for installation of hydrants and hose reels! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!

+;82

F/a2 .#.te2 4oam;forming additi es can significantly increase the effecti eness of $ater in controlling li%uid hydrocarbon pool fires! 4irefighting foam is a stable aggregation of small bubbles, of density lo$er than $ater or oil, ha ing a tenacious ability for co ering and clinging to hori*ontal or inclined surfaces! It has the capability of flo$ing freely o er a burning li%uid surface, cooling the li%uid and forming an air;e#cluding, continuous blan+et to seal olatile combustible apours from access to air! 4oams are ineffecti e for fires such as pressuri*ed oil)gas 2et fires $here smothering effects cannot be achie ed! N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium, and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7 should be consulted for design and installation of foam systems! 4oams may be employed using hose stations, fi#ed systems, portable e#tinguishers or fi#ed monitors! "he foaming agent may be applied directly by introducing foam concentrate into the fire; $ater system in fi#ed proportions, or may be applied as a premi#ed solution of concentrate and $ater! ,here foam concentrates are introduced directly into the fire;$ater system, the method of proportioning should pro ide sufficient accuracy so that the re%uired performance is obtained o er the full range of flo$s and pressures $hich may occur in the fire;$ater system! "he foam concentrate selected should be suitable for use on the flammable li%uids present in the protected area, in the e#pected en ironmental conditions! ,here foam concentrate is in2ected into the fire;$ater main it should be of a type $hich is compatible $ith sea $ater! ,here pro ided, the foam pump, its sources of po$er supply, foam concentrate and means of controlling the system should be readily accessible, simple to operate, capable of being put into operation rapidly and located)protected so that it $ill be able to operate $hen re%uired! 8entral foam systems should not be utili*ed as the primary source of supply of foam solution to hand;held e%uipment as accurate proportioning cannot be guaranteed at lo$ flo$ rates! "he foam concentrate should conform to HD, HS MID;4;&FB0G standards and should be suitable for use and storage at anticipated ambient temperatures! ,hen dry chemical and foam e#tinguishing agents are e#pected to be used at the same location, compatibility should be confirmed! Minimum pressure for system re%uired shall be ensured at the remotest location of the hydrant! BF

4or further guidance on 4oam 5#tinguishing Systems refer N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium, and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7 and section G!B of (PI;6P;1FG - F th edition,&''>.! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!

+;828+ M/0-t/r. 4ire;$ater monitors may be used to pro ide $ater;spray co erage or apply $ater;foam solution! "hey may also be pro ided to supplement fi#ed deluge systems! "he design of monitors should consider location, si*e of supply piping, arrangement of control al es! 6emote operation of monitor-s., $here er applicable, should be considered! Monitors arranged for local operation should be pro ided $ith an access route, $hich is remote from the part re%uiring protection and so sited as to protect the operator from the effects of radiant heat, unless the monitor is also automatically)remotely operated! 5ach monitor should ha e sufficient mo ement in the hori*ontal and ertical planes to permit the monitor to be brought to bear on any point of the part protected by that monitor! "here should be means for loc+ing the monitor in position! 5ach monitor should be capable of discharging under 2et and spray conditions! "he locations and discharge characteristics of the monitor should be selected to suit the role and e#posure protection re%uired from the monitors and the local en ironmental conditions! Monitor should be capable of discharging foam also! Monitors $hich can be remotely actuated should be arranged so that they cannot cause in2ury or impede escape routes $hen operated! Docal manual o erride controls should be pro ided! Minimum pressure for system re%uired shall be ensured at the remotest location of the monitor! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!

+;8282 F/a2 *ater H/.e Ree: $0-t 4oam $ater hose reels are ideal means of fighting small oil and gas fires on 5 & P platforms! "ypical description of 4oam ,ater ?ose 6eel Hnit is gi en in A00e=9re- ++! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(!

+;83

Dr# 7?e2-7a: f-=e! .#.te2. Dry chemical fire;fighting systems can pro ide an effecti e means for e#tinguishment by chain brea+ing mechanism! ( ma2or ad antage is their self;contained feature $hich pro ides for protection $ithout reliance upon an e#ternal energy source! "he nature of potential fires should be carefully considered in selecting and si*ing the type of dry chemical and e%uipment! N4P( 1> 3Standard for Dry 8hemical 5#tinguishing Systems7 should be consulted for design and installation of dry chemical systems! Dry chemical from fi#ed systems may be applied from hand hose line or fi#ed no**le systems! "o co er se eral areas $ith a single supply of agent, hand hose lines $ith local actuators may be connected by rigid piping to a single dry;chemical supply! ( single large supply unit is li+ely to lose fire fighting capabilities, if the unit malfunctions or is damaged! "herefore se eral smaller units may be considered! Dry chemical po$der and its deli ery systems -e%uipment. shall be appro ed by certifying agency! "ype of dry chemical used in the system shall not be changed unless pro en to be changeable by BG

a testing laboratory, recommended by the manufacturer of the e%uipment and appro ed by certifying agency! "he discharge of dry chemical and e#pellant gas is a t$o;phase flo$, and the flo$ characteristics depend upon the particular dry chemical, e#pellant gas and e%uipment being used! "herefore, it is important to use the manufacturers= data, $hich ha e been established by in estigation and tests, $hen designing the piping! Nitrogen gas shall be utili*ed as e#pellant! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(! "ypical description of dry chemical fi#ed systems is gi en in A00e=9re- ++! +;8; D9a: a3e0t .9 re..-/0 .#.te2

Dual agent suppression system is self contained system utili*ing simultaneous or se%uential use of dry chemical po$der and foam! Darge 8lass @ fires re%uires rapid +noc+do$n and suppression of flaming li%uid $hich can be achie ed using dry chemical po$der, and the foam blan+ets the fuel $ith a thic+ film there by pre enting escape of flammable apours and also ensures cooling! Dry chemical po$der used in dual agent suppression system shall be compatible $ith foam! @oth dry chemical po$der and foam shall be stored in separate tan+s! Nitrogen gas shall be utilised as e#pellant! "he s+id unit shall be hydraulically designed to achie e balanced flo$ rates of dry po$der and foam! "he dry chemical po$der and foam concentrate shall also conform to the standards of certifying agency! "he unit shall be capable of operation by one person! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(! +;8< C:ea0 a3e0t .#.te2 Gaseous systems may be used to e#tinguish fires or, at higher concentrations, to inert a space and pre ent ignition! Hse of ?alon has been banned for ne$ systems due to their detrimental effect on atmospheric o*one and causing global $arming! 8lean agent based system as per Montreal and Eyoto Protocol shall be installed for ne$ installation and as replacement to e#isting ?alon system! ?48s are green house gases ha ing large global $arming potential can also pose health ris+ to personnel if e#posed to e#tinguishing concentrations and should be a oided! "he Gaseous clean agent system should ha e, as minimum, ban+ of cylinders filled $ith the agent under pressure, piping net$or+, dual actuating system, discharge no**les and operated through the control panel! 1''R redundancy should be pro ided in ban+ of cylinders! "he system should be capable of the being recharged at site! "he company should obtain a long term replacement $arranty -1' years or more. from the O5M in case the clean agent is found to be en ironmentally unsustainable $ithin this period! ,here e#isting ?alon system are to be replaced, safe disposal of ?alon must be carried out either by destruction using Plasma (rc technology as per 5P( guidelines or to be handed o er to (uthori*ed Go ernmental (gency for ?alon ban+ing! Onsite refilling of gaseous agent should be preferred! Gaseous agent system shall ha e the appro al of certifying agency! B1

5ach ha*ard area to be protected by the protection system shall ha e an independent system! 1''R standby containers shall be considered for each protected ha*ard! O er and abo e this, the time needed to obtain the gas for replacement to restore the systems shall be considered as a go erning factor in determining the reser e supply needed! Storage containers shall be located as near as possible to ha*ard area but shall not be e#posed to fire! Storage containers shall be carefully located so that they are not sub2ected to mechanical, chemical or other damage! (ll the components of the system shall be capable of $ithstanding heat of fire and se ere $eather condition! 8lean agent system shall also ha e on line monitoring and display system for pressure of cylinders at control room! Selection and design of clean agent system shall be in line $ith the N4P( &''1 3Standard on 8lean (gent 4ire 5#tinguishing Systems7! "he clean agent should also comply $ith the re%uirements of 3O*one Depletion Substances 6egulation & 8ontrol 6ules ; &''', Ministry of 5n ironment & 4orests, Go ernment of India! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(! +;8> Car6/0 D-/=-!e (CO2) 6a.e! S#.te2 4i#ed 8O& system shall be designed in accordance $ith N4P(;1&! 8O& is generally not used for protection of spaces that can be occupied by personnel due to suffocation ris+! @efore 8O& flooding system is operatedI persons in confined area, if any, should be e acuated! Suitable safeguard shall be pro ided to ensure prompt e acuation of personnel and prompt rescue of any trapped person! 8O& snuffing system: 4or fighting the fire occurring at cold flare)cold ent boom $here it is difficult to approach, a system employing the phenomena of dilution by 8O & snuffing system are commonly pro ided! "he 8O& snuffing system normally consists of amount of 8O & gas in cylinders $hich are manifolded and are located at easily accessible area! 8O & snuffing system shall be designed and installed in accordance to N4P( 1&! Pro ision shall be made to facilitate inspection, testing and maintenance as per N4P(! +;8( K-t7?e0 7//@-03 a :-a07e. a0! ?//! r/te7t-/0

,here +itchens are installed in con2unction $ith accommodation facilities to pro ide food ser ices, the +itchens should be protected $ith appropriate fi#ed pipe protection of the coo+ing appliances and e#haust duct systems! (gents for +itchen shall be $et chemical suitable for E 8lass fires as per N4P( 1'! Portable fire e#tinguishers suitable for E 8lass of fire shall be pro ided for response to small fires $ithout discharging the main system! +;8A He:-!e7@ f-re r/te7t-/0 Protection re%uirements may ary depending on helicopter types, the si*e of facility, the manning arrangements and the area of operation! 5#isting practices include portable fire e#tinguishers, local dedicated foam systems and foam monitors connected to the fire main! ?elidec+s should comply $ith the standards of any authority ha ing 2urisdiction for the helidec+, as $ell as B>

International 8i il ( iation Organi*ation -I8(O.!"he helidec+ fire protection should be designed to deal $ith fires on the helidec+ $ithout placing helidec+ cre$ in undue danger! "ypically on manned installations, (4P systems suitable for fires in ol ing aircraft engines, crash incidents or fuelling acti ities should be pro ided! 4ire;e#tinguishing e%uipment should be readily accessible at the helidec+! ,here fire;$ater is re%uired, location of fire;$ater pump start facilities should be considered at each helidec+ emergency response location, and the supply arrangements should ensure that there $ill be no interruption in fire$ater supply during fire; fighting! ( central foam system $hich in2ects foam concentrate into the fire;$ater mains at the fire pump discharge should not normally be used as the primary means of helidec+ protection, unless it can be sho$n that the delay in the fire$ater) foam solution reaching the helidec+ foam monitors is acceptable! Such a central foam system may, ho$e er, be used as a bac+;up system for protection of the helidec+, should the dedicated helidec+ foam system be una ailable! 8entral foam systems may be used if foam is immediately a ailable for induction at the helidec+ foam system! ,here foam is applied by means of fi#ed monitors, sufficient monitors should be pro ided, spaced at appro#imately e%ual distances around the helidec+! +;8C F-re e=t-039-.?er. Mobile -$heeled. and handheld fire e#tinguishers are intended as a first line of defense against fires of limited si*e and should be pro ided e en $hen other fi#ed firefighting systems are pro ided! ( ma2or ad antage of fire e#tinguishers is their self;contained feature, $hich pro ides for protection $ithout reliance on an e#ternal source of energy! ,ithin the arious types of e#tinguishing mediums, there are differences bet$een the specific e#tinguishing medium and the methods by $hich the medium is e#pelled! 5#tinguishers also ary significantly in si*e ranging from ery small hand portables, $hich can be transported to the fire %uic+ly and easily, to large mobile units, $here the container must basically remain in place and the e#tinguishing medium discharged through a long hose! 4ire e#tinguishers should be simple to operate and be designed in accordance $ith a recogni*ed standard $hich is suitable for anticipated en ironmental conditions! "he arious types of fire e#tinguishers a ailable are $ater, dry chemical, carbon dio#ide & clean agent type! ?ence, class of fire anticipated shall be considered $hile selecting the right type of fire e#tinguisher! Oil, gas and electrical fires anticipated on the offshore installations $ould generally be classified as 8lass @ and 8 fire ris+ $hich can be controlled by dry chemical po$ders and 8O& fire e#tinguishers! "he fire e#tinguisher should be light $eight and of compact design $ith considerations of reliability and ease of refilling! "he e#tinguisher body and components shall be designed for marine en ironment! 4ire e#tinguishers containing an e#tinguishing medium $hich, either by itself or under e#pected conditions of use, gi es off to#ic gases in such %uantities as to endanger persons should not be used! Suitable arrangements should be made for mobile e#tinguishers to accommodate the hose so that the hose $ill not +in+ and can be handled %uic+ly! Mobile e#tinguishers should be fitted $ith discharge hoses of length sufficient to reach any part of the protected area! "he hose should not be of such length as to preclude efficient discharge of the e#tinguisher<s contents! 4ire e#tinguishers are most effecti ely utili*ed $hen they are readily a ailable in sufficient number and $ith ade%uate e#tinguishing capacity for use by persons familiar $ith their operation! "he actual placement of fire e#tinguishers should be based on a physical sur ey of the area to be protected! B0

Suitable e#tinguishers should be pro ided such that personnel in an area ha e ready access to permit rapid inter ention $hile fires are still in their incipient stage! Particular attention should be paid to the distribution, siting and isibility of e#tinguishers in order that they are accessible and can be clearly distinguished! 5#tinguishers should be clearly mar+ed, to identify the e#tinguishing medium contained, and the type of fire for $hich it is suitable! ,hile selecting the location for mobile e#tinguishers, consideration for their mobility in the area should be carefully considered! If mobile e#tinguishers are located indoors, the si*e of the door$ays and passages should be sufficient for easy mo ement of e#tinguisher! Procedures should be established so that e#pended e#tinguishers can be immediately recharged or replaced! 6eser e supplies of dry chemical should be stored in a dry area in containers designed to pre ent entry of moisture! 5#tinguishers should be pro ided $ith suitable means for mounting! Suitable shades or co ers should be pro ided to protect e#tinguishers in the open from e#cessi e heat, cold, rains or corrosi e en ironment! ,here such shades or co ers are pro ided, they should be designed so that the remo al of e#tinguishers is not hampered in the e ent of fire! 5#tinguishers should be located to minimi*e the possibility of damage from a fire or e#plosion and be pro ided in sufficient number that the o erall fire control capability is not seriously impaired by a single fire! "ypical placement of fire e#tinguishers at production installations is placed at A00e=9re-(8 N4P( 1' 3Standard for Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers7 should be referred for selection, installation, inspection, maintenance, and testing of Portable fire e#tinguishers! "ypical description of 8O& and dry chemical po$der fire e#tinguishers are gi en in A00e=9re- ++! +<8, Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 Passi e fire protection -P4P. comes in many forms, but the ob2ecti e is al$ays to pro ide some sort of heat insulating barrier bet$een the fire and the item to be protected! P4P should be designed for use on essels, pipe$or+, structural members, boundary $alls or indi idual items of safety critical e%uipment! (ll P4P systems should be designed according to the specific fire scenarios based on 45S! Modern design philosophy is to identify specific areas or items of concern -usually structure or piping $hich on failure $ould escalate the initial e ent. and target these items for P4P application! P4P is preferred o er deluge in such situations since it is immediately a ailable and has no mo ing parts to fail and pre ent operation! F-re Da::. 4ire$alls are often pro ided for area segregation! On many installations combined fire and blast rated $alls di ide the process areas from the $ellbay and the $ellbay from the utilities and accommodation areas gi ing multi;barrier protection across the platform from the high ha*ard process end to the lo$ ha*ard accommodation end! 4ire$alls are usually composite items consisting of a structural part and an insulating part, both parts need to retain their integrity for the life of the installation! @ased on fire ris+ analysis appropriate class di ision is selected -li+e (;1', ?;1' and ?;1&' class di ision.! "ypical fire integrity re%uirements gi en in A00e=9re-A may be used as guidance in determining the P4P re%uirements -fire barrier. for the protected area! PFP /0 .tr97t9re. a0! .tr97t9ra: .9 /rt.

One of the functional re%uirements of the passi e fire protection system is to protect the critical structural members! "ypical fire integrity re%uirements gi en at A00e=9re-C may be used as guidance in determining the P4P for structural members re%uired to support the protected area including its e#ternal boundaries! B/

(ll P4P applications must ta+e account of the need for periodic inspection of +ey parts of the underlying structure! "his can be catered for by pro iding inspection hatches! ?o$e er, it must be emphasi*ed that P4P integrity must be sufficient to pre ent the ingress of $ater and subse%uent corrosion under the insulation and that the application of inspection or access points must not degrade the 3$ater;tightness7 of the P4P! PFP /0 r/7e.. 5e..e:. P4P is the preferred method of protecting essels from heating up and failing $hen e#posed to fire! ,ater cooling is possible but not as reliable and re%uires large amounts of $ater! If the fire e#posure is se ere, unprotected essels could @D5L5 $ith de astating conse%uences! "he main concern $ith P4P on essels is that it ma+es ND" of the essel difficult! PFP f/r r-.er. a0! .afet# 7r-t-7a: eB9- 2e0t "ypical protection criteria for critical e%uipment are pro ided in A00e=9re-+,, $hich may be used as guidance in determining the P4P re%uirement of critical e%uipment in order to allo$ it to fulfil its function in an emergency! ,ater tightness in case of risers is a +ey issue $hen the P4P goes do$n to the splash *one! It is no use protecting a specific item of safety;related e%uipment if escalation $ill then ta+e place through failure of the pipe$or+ on either side of the fire protected e%uipment! In designing any P4P system, an holistic ie$ of the $hole module, must be ta+en! Design of protection for 2ust Msafety critical= items in isolation can lead to inefficient safety spends! PFP Dra -03

,rapping 2ac+ets for protection of al es and critical piping sections may be considered $hich are easy to install and remo e for inspection! It has potential for e#ternal corrosion, $hich should be monitored $hen remo ed for inspection! Me.? .7ree0. "hese reduce heat radiation on escape routes by appro#imately G' R, pro ided the flame is not actually impinging on the route! "hey are fre%uently used to protect open stair$ays! +>8, I0. e7t-/0) 2a-0te0a07e a0! te.t-03 Inspection, testing and maintenance fre%uencies should be determined as part of the 45S de elopment, reflecting the role and importance of the system in managing fires and e#plosions! (ll systems for fire and e#plosion management shall be inspected, tested and maintained to N4P(, SOD(S 6egulation and manufacturer=s guidelines at predetermined inter als by competent personnel! "hese inter als $ill be determined by the re%uired probability that the e%uipment $ill not ha e an unre ealed fault -e!g! $ould not start or continue to operate $hen re%uired.I the systems should be inspected thoroughly at least annually, follo$ing an established procedure! "hese inter als and standards should be determined after ta+ing into account the re%uired reliability or the criticality of the system, historical information on the li+elihood of failure, +no$n causes of failure, the en ironmental conditions and ta+ing into consideration O5M recommendations! Systems should be maintained at all times! 6ecords of inspection reports sho$ing date of inspection, scope of inspection, any correcti e action ta+en or re%uired $ith the name and initial of person carrying out inspection should be retained! "he company shall be responsible for the establishment of health, safety and en ironment procedures co ering all acti ities during ser icing and maintenance! Periodic inspections and ser icing, as recommended by the manufacturer, shall be conducted under direct super ision of the company=s fire officer ) safety officer in accordance $ith instructions) procedures pro ided by the manufacturer! (ny ma2or repair shall be conducted by the Manufacturer=s representati e or a person appropriately trained and certified by the manufacturer for the $or+ to be done!

F'

Spares, agents and consumables shall be as per manufacturer=s re%uirements and standards to maintain the system integrity and original appro als! (fter sales ser ice support shall be pro ided by such supplier $ith assurance of spares a ailability for at least 1' years! ( competent fire officer )safety officer shall be made responsible for inspection, maintenance & testing of fire protection system! "he duties of fire officer shall be clearly defined, e#plained and communicated to him in $riting for role clarity! F-re a0! 3a. !ete7t/r.) 3e0era: a:ar2., ESD a0! 6:/D !/D0 .#.te2 4ire and gas control panel: functional chec+s at regular inter al -at least %uarterly. should be conducted to ensure that detectors annunciate correct *ones and initiate the appropriate alarms or e#tinguishing systems! Detectors -flame, heat, smo+e and gas.: should be tested -at least %uarterly. for operation and recalibrated if re%uired! "he fre%uency of testing detectors $ill be dependent upon the type! General alarm: alarms initiated from the fire and gas detection system should be regularly -at least monthly. tested! 5mergency shutdo$n and blo$ do$n systems: operational tests should be performed annually, to substantiate the integrity of the entire system!

F-re-Dater 92 .#.te2.1 1! Inspection and tests: dri ers and pumps should be regularly started -at least $ee+ly. and operated for a period sufficient to establish normal operating conditions! "hey should start reliably and run smoothly at rated speed and load! (t least monthly $ater should be discharged simultaneously from minimum t$o discharge points, to %ualitati ely erify the integrity of pump and $ater deli ery system! Pump performance -flo$ olume and discharge pressure. should be tested -at least annually. to ensure the pumping system satisfies the fire;$ater system functional re%uirements! Maintenance: engines should be +ept clean, lubricated and in good operating condition! 8orrect oil and coolant le els should be maintained! Diesel fuel tan+s should be chec+ed after each engine run to assure an ade%uate -at least B' minutes running. fuel supply e#ists! 4uel;gas scrubber essels on natural;gas fuel engines should be drained before and after any engine run! Pressure;gauge readings on fuel;gas lines should be chec+ed during engine tests to erify the fuel gas deli ery pressure! (t a fre%uency dictated by flo$ test and e#perience, submerged pumps should be lifted to inspect for corrosion and)or $ear $hich could cause failure $hen re%uired to function during an incident! @atteries and charger systems: storage batteries should be +ept in charged conditions at all times! "hey should be regularly tested -at least %uarterly., to determine the condition of the battery cells! "he automatic;charging feature of a battery charger is not a substitute for proper maintenance of the battery and the charger! Periodic inspection is re%uired to ensure that the charger is operating correctly!

&!

B!

F-re Dater 2a-0. "he ring main shall be chec+ed for lea+s -at least once in a year. by operating fire pump & +eeping the monitor, hose reel and hydrants closed to get the ma#imum pressure! "he ring mains, hydrant, monitor & deluge)sprin+ler header al es shall be isually inspected -at least monthly. for any missing accessories, defects, damage and corrosion and records maintained! (ll al es on the ring mains, hydrants, monitors & deluge)sprin+ler headers shall be chec+ed for lea+s, smooth operation and lubricated once in a month! De:93e a0! . r-0@:er .#.te2.1 F1

Deluge systems may be susceptible to plugging due to corrosion, biological fouling or other foreign ob2ects! (n effecti e means -e!g! inspection, testing. should be established to erify that the system has the capability to function as designed! It is recommended that the established procedures allo$ for erification -at least annually. of the integrity of the system! Pressure testing of piping system should meet the re%uirements of N4P(;1B! ,here installed, sprin+ler system $ater;flo$ alarms should be tested -at least monthly. for correct operation! "esting of alarms)actions -e!g! fire;$ater pump start. should be possible from deluge)sprin+ler systems! H#!ra0t.) ?/.e ree:.) 0/44:e. a0! 2/0-t/r.1 ,here necessary to confirm integrity, all fire hoses should be tested -at least annually. sub2ecting them to the ma#imum fire;$ater system operating pressures! No**les should function;tested -at least monthly. for proper operation! (fter each use, fire hoses should inspected for damage and returned to their storage de ice! 8otton;2ac+eted hoses should carefully cleaned and dried after use! by be be be

?ydrants and monitors should be physically inspected periodically to ascertain any lea+age or damage and should be function tested %uarterly! F-=e! !r# 7?e2-7a: .#.te2.1 (ll dry;chemical e#tinguishing systems and other associated e%uipment should be inspected and chec+ed -at least annually. for proper operation by competent personnel! (ll e#pellant gas containers should be chec+ed -at least %uarterly. by pressure or mass against re%uired minimums! (ll stored dry;chemical pressure containers should be chec+ed -at least %uarterly. by pressure and mass against specified data! 5#cept for stored pressure systems, the dry chemical in the system storage container should be sampled from the top centre and near the $all! (ny samples $hich contain lumps that $ill not be friable $hen dropped from a height of 1'' mm shall result in the replacement of the chemical! (fter use, hoses and piping should be cleared of residual dry chemical! Manufacturer<s recommendations $ith respect to cleanliness and dryness should be follo$ed for refilling e#tinguishers! F/a2 .#.te2 (t least annually, all foam systems shall be thoroughly inspected and chec+ed for correct operation! "he operation shall include performance e aluation of the foam concentrate or premi# solution %uality or both! Deficiencies, if any, shall be rectified as per re%uirements of N4P( 11! &a.e/9. .#.te2. (-07:9!-03 Dater-2-.t .#.te2.)1 Systems should be thoroughly inspected and tested -at least annually. by competent personnel for proper operation! Discharge of the system during function;testing should not be re%uired! (ll stored pressure containers should be chec+ed -at least semiannually. by pressure and mass against specified data -allo$able $eight loss is GR or pressure loss is 1'R.! "he $eight and pressure should be recorded on the tag attached $ith the container! M/6-:e a0! ?a0! /rta6:e f-re-f-3?t-03 eB9- 2e0t1 5#tinguishers should be isually inspected fre%uently -at least monthly. to ensure that they are in the designated location, to ensure that they ha e not been acti ated or tampered $ith and to detect any ob ious physical damage, corrosion, compaction of po$der or other impairments! In case of stored pressure type of e#tinguishers, compaction of po$der to be chec+ed at the time of refill or based on shelf life of the po$der! 4ire e#tinguishers should be hydrostatically tested in accordance $ith a N4P( 1'! (ny cylinder $hich sho$s e idence of corrosion or mechanical damage should be hydrostatically F&

tested to ensure its integrity! Nitrogen cylinders used for inert gas storage and used as an e#pellant for $heeled e#tinguishers should be hydrostatically tested by competent personnel in accordance $ith recogni*ed standards! (t regular inter als -at least annually., e#tinguishers should be thoroughly e#amined! Deficient e#tinguishers should be repaired, recharged or replaced, as appropriate! Manufacturer<s recommendations $ith respect to cleanliness and dryness should be follo$ed for refilling e#tinguishers! 5#tinguishers out of ser ice for maintenance or recharging should be replaced by an e#tinguisher-s. ha ing the same classification and at least e%ual rating! 5ach e#tinguisher should ha e a permanently attached identification tag indicating the maintenance or recharge date and the initials or name of the person $ho performed the $or+! "he mi#ing of different po$ders can cause a corrosi e mi#ture and abnormal pressures to de elop, resulting, in the e#treme, in e#plosion of the e#tinguisher! 5#tinguishers should only be refilled $ith the same type po$der originally contained in the unit! Pa..-5e f-re r/te7t-/0 Generally, passi e isual inspections inspections should fireproofing itself! recommendations! fire protection systems ha e fe$ maintenance demands! ?o$e er, periodic are recommended, $ith repairs to damaged areas as appropriate! "he identify damage such as crac+s or oids, either in the top coating or the 6epairs should be carried out in accordance $ith manufacturer<s

"hese periodic inspections are important in order to maintain the integrity of the fireproofing coating and to pro ide early detection of corrosion! If partial debonding of the fireproofing coating has occurred and there are surface crac+s in the area of the debonding, moisture may migrate to the base surface, establish a corrosion cell and become a source of corrosion! "his corrosion potential highlights the need to ha e a fireproofing coating application procedure, $hich ensures that a proper bond is established bet$een the fireproofing compound and the base surface! +(8, F-re re5e0t-/0 "here should be fire pre ention plan based on 45S! ( fire pre ention plan must include: 1! ( list of all ma2or fire ha*ards, proper handling and storage procedures for ha*ardous materials, potential ignition sources and their control, and the type of fire protection e%uipment necessary to control each ma2or ha*ardI Procedures to control accumulations of flammable and combustible $aste materialsI Procedures for regular maintenance of safeguards installed on heat;producing e%uipment to pre ent the accidental ignition of combustible materialsI "he name or 2ob title of employees responsible for maintaining e%uipment to pre ent or control sources of ignition or firesI and "he name or 2ob title of employees responsible for the control of fuel source ha*ards!

&! B! F! G!

(ll employees shall be informed upon initial assignment to a 2ob, of the fire ha*ards to $hich they are e#posed! OIM shall also re ie$ $ith each employee those parts of the fire pre ention plan necessary for self;protection! +A8, E2er3e07# re are!0e.. FB

"he emergency -support. systems pro ided for the management and control of an incident include the communications systems, escape and e acuation arrangements, po$er generation system-s. and e#plosion protection - ents)suppression system.! Periodic functional tests of these systems should be performed, to substantiate the integrity of each system! Specific test procedures should be in accordance $ith e%uipment manufacturer<s recommendations! 4or guidance on emergency preparedness refer OISD;GDN;&&>! 5mergency response plan of the offshore installation should include response plans for fire and e#plosion incidents! "hey should include the follo$ing: +A8+ E2er3e07# a7t-/0 :a0 (n emergency action plan must include as a minimum: 1! &! B! F! G! 1! >! 0! /! 1'! 11! 1&! Procedures for reporting a fire or other emergencyI Procedures for emergency e acuation, including type of e acuation and e#it route assignmentsI Procedures to be follo$ed by employees $ho remain to operate critical plant operations and firefighting before they e acuateI Procedures to account for all employees after e acuationI Procedures to be follo$ed by employees performing rescue or medical dutiesI "he name or 2ob title of e ery employee $ho may be contacted by employees $ho need more information about the plan or an e#planation of their duties under the plan! Description of purpose, scope and responsibilityI Description of organi*ation, alerts, mobili*ation and communication! Description of field-s. and facility-s. and potential areas impacted by acute pollutionI Description of installation resources, area resources, regional resources and e#ternal resources and e%uipmentI Instructions for emergency preparedness personnelI 8o;operation procedures and agreements, if applicable, for co;ordination $ith other participantsI

"he emergency action plan must be re ie$ed $ith each employee co ered by the planI $hen the plan is de eloped or the employee is assigned initially to a 2obI $hen the employee<s responsibilities under the plan changeI and $hen the plan is changed! +A82 E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0 "he P( system, alarms & emergency communication system shall ha e emergency po$er supply from emergency generators & HPS! "he emergency communication shall be in accordance $ith ha*ardous areas classification! 6adio fre%uency radiation from antennas shall be in compliance $ith the re%uirements of authority ha ing 2urisdiction! "he P( system, alarms and emergency communication system shall be located and protected from the effects of fire)e#plosion to ensure their continuous operation! FF

P96:-7 A!!re.. S#.te2 "he location, number, type and sounds from alarms shall be easily recogni*able in any area $here alarm is re%uired! "he alarm shall be heard in an area $here noise le el is up to 0G d@! In areas $here noise le el is up to 0G d@ and abo e, the audible alarm shall be supplemented $ith isual signals! "he P( & alarm system shall be di ided into t$o independent systems! A:ar2 S-30a:. & C/!e. (larm system $ith announcer in the galley and push buttons in the field shall be installed! "he alarms shall be routed to central control room! "he code of alarm signals shall be as per the uniform policy of the company! I0ter0a: E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0 S#.te2 "he platform shall be pro ided $ith page phones and)or intercoms so that 8entral 8ontrol 6oom -886. may be easily contacted during emergency and 886 operators shall also be able to contact $ith operators any$here on the platform! "$o $ay portable L?4)H?4 radio sets shall be pro ided for use by emergency response team! Driller=s intercom function shall pro ide t$o $ay communication in drilling areas bet$een the driller and drilling personnel! Intercom function shall pro ide t$o $ay communication bet$een radio room and critical areas! "he crane operator shall be able to communicate $ith 886, ship and operators on dec+! Maritime L?4)H?4 radio, P( loudspea+er and telephone shall be located in the crane cabin! E=ter0a: E2er3e07# C/2290-7at-/0 S#.te2 "he platform shall be pro ided $ith satellite phones and H?4)L?4 sets for communication $ith e#ternal emergency response teams! "he communication system shall be able to communicate $ith other installations, helicopter, lifeboats, multi support essels, offshore supply essels, life rafts and shore! A:ter0at-5e E2er3e07# C/0tr/: R//2
5mergency response plan should designate an emergency response control center -incident command center. $ith alternate center for each installation!

+A83

E2er3e07# e5a79at-/0 (t the time of an emergency, employees should +no$ $hat type of e acuation is necessary and $hat their role is in carrying out the plan! In some cases $here the emergency is ery gra e, total and immediate e acuation of all employees is necessary! In other emergencies, a partial e acuation of nonessential employees $ith a delayed e acuation of others may be necessary for continued plant operation! In some cases, only those employees in the immediate area of the fire may be e#pected to e acuate or mo e to a safe area such as $hen a local application fire suppression system discharge alarm is sounded! 5mployees must be sure that they +no$ $hat is e#pected of them in all such emergency possibilities, $hich ha e been planned in order to pro ide assurance of their safety from fire or other emergencies! "he refuge or safe areas for e acuation should be designated, identified and clearly mar+ed in the plan! 5#terior refuge or safe areas may be locations $hich are a$ay from the site of the emergency and $hich pro ide sufficient space to accommodate the employees!

FG

8ommunication and alarm systems shall be pro ided to alert all personnel on board, at any location, of an emergency! "he systems shall be suitable to pro ide instructions for emergency response! "he alarm and communication system shall be po$ered from the main po$er system and from a monitored Hninterruptible Po$er Supply -HPS.! +A838+ Mea0. /f E.7a e "he platform shall be pro ided $ith at least one safe escape route to enable ma#imum personnel on board to reach assembly point from any part of the platform follo$ing a platform abandon alarm! "he escape routes should ha e emergency po$er supply and lighting to ensure safe and fast escape & e acuation, if main po$er supply fails! "he escape routes should preferably be pro ided on the outside along the periphery of the platform and shall be part of the daily used passage$ays! 5scape routes shall be clearly mar+ed $ith photo luminescent signs! Mar+ing should distinctly sho$ the direction of escape! "here shall be at least t$o e#its to escape routes outside li ing %uarters and offices leading in different directions! 5scape routes should be so arranged and constructed as to minimi*e the possibility of bloc+age by any one fire or other emergency condition! "he escape routes shall be planned such that they lead to assembly point, life boats and life raft stations, helicopter dec+, etc!"he escape routes shall be of appropriate dimensions to facilitate easy transport of in2ured personnel on stretcher! 5scape routes on dec+ should be pro ided $ith a non;s+id oil resistant coating in yello$! On dec+ grating, t$o parallel 1' cm $ide yello$ lines shouldl be painted $ith photo luminescent paint indicating the $idth of escape route! 5scape routes in the li ing %uarters shall be pro ided $ith lo$ le el self glo$, florescent arro$s and)or directional lighting to indicate correct escape direction! 5scape routes leading to higher or lo$er le el should be pro ided by stair$ays! Lertical ladders can be used in areas $here only three persons are there for a short time! Dift shall not be considered as a part of escape route! ?o$e er, it shall be possible to escape from the lift and the hoist $ay $ith the lift)hoist $ay at any ele ation! On loss of main po$er supply, lift shall automatically go to ne#t floor le el and stop! If use of lift is necessary to ensure ade%uate and effecti e escape, the lift shall satisfy the re%uirements concerning transport of in2ured personnel on stretcher, protection, entilation and emergency po$er supply! 5scape routes shall be arranged from the drill floor to ad2acent modules and also do$n the substructure! "he protection of these escape routes from heat e#posure shall be considered and it shall be possible to escape from a drilling area $ithout running through a $ellhead area! Personnel shall be able to use the escape routes $ithout being e#posed to e#cessi e to#ic fumes, smo+e, e#cessi e heat loads, hot li%uids or falling ob2ects! 5scape route outside the area shall be designed and protected so that at least one route of escape is a ailable for the re%uired time considering possible search & rescue operations! "he steel should be the preferred material for escape routes including handrails and stairs! +A8382 Mea0. /f E5a79at-/0 "he safe e acuation should be met by using a combination of helicopter, fi#ed da it launch life boats and thro$ o erboard life rafts! F1

,here er installations are connected by bridge to other installations, the bridge may be considered as the primary means of e acuation! "he number, si*e and location of e acuation means shall be decided based on manning, ris+ of e#posure of assembly point and escape route to$ards this area! "he min! no! of fi#ed da it launch life boats in the main e acuation area shall be sufficient for the ma#imum no! of personnel 1''R on board, including isitors! 1''R redundancy shall be maintained in means of e acuation through life boats or)and life rafts "he total capacity of thro$ o erboard life raft shall as a minimum be sufficient for ma#imum! number of personnel onboard for each escape route on either side ! One additional e acuation system in the far end of the installation should be installed, if escape to the main e acuation area is impossible! "he distance bet$een life boats and platform structure shall be sufficient to ensure a safe drop of the life boats! Dife boats and thro$ o erboard life rafts shall be type appro ed by the Maritime (dministration in the country of origin and accepted ) appro ed by the Directorate General of Shipping, Go ernment of IndiaI conforming to the latest SOD(S 6egulations and National Maritime 6egulatory (uthority and tested in accordance $ith latest IMO 6esolution as applicable!

+A8383 L-fe "/at. & La907?-03 A

:-a07e.

Dife boats should be totally enclosed, fire protected $ith self contained air support system, $ater spray system and fitted $ith appro ed inboard engine and on load release mechanism! "he life boat shall be designed for min! 1' minute running in a gas cloud or fire on sea! "he engine e#haust shall not act as source of ignition! "he launching appliance should be capable of reco ering the lifeboat $ith full complement of loads in up to & m $a e height! "he $inches shall be designed for full load reco ery including personnels and should be fed by main po$er! "he hoisting speed for reco ery should be min! B m)min! Main po$er should be a ailable for charging of life boat batteries! "he disconnection point should be in the icinity of life boat and disconnection shall be automatic $hen dropping or lo$ering the life boat! (ccess $ays should be pro ided $ith antis+id coating! 8abinet housing should be pro ided for $inches and consoles! "he da it structure and life boat shall be so designed that they are easily approachable for operation and maintenance! 5 ery life boat should be pro ided $ith appro ed 5PI6@ -5mergency Position indicating 6adar @eacon. and S(6" -Search and 6escue "ransponder.! @oth the e%uipment should be ser iced e ery year at DG Shipping appro ed Ser ice Station! "$o $ay communication shall be pro ided bet$een the installation and the lifeboat by means of appro ed L?4 6adio -GMDSS.! ,ee+ly & monthly inspections and routine maintenance of lifeboat launching appliance and on load release gear shall be carried out as per manufacturer=s guidelines under direct super ision of safety officer! 6epairs and replacement of parts should be carried out in accordance $ith Manufacturer=s re%uirements and standards!

F>

(ll other inspection, ser icing and repair should be conducted by the manufacturer=s representati e or a person appropriately trained and certified by the manufacturer for the $or+ to be done! +A838; L-fe Raft. Dife rafts shall be thro$ o er board type and construction of the liferaft shall be as per the SOD(S DS( 8ode latest edition $ith sto$age height of min! B' mtrs! "he Diferaft shall be sto$ed in a suitable cradle pro ided $ith strap and sen;house slip such that it is easily launched! "he Dife rafts shall be pro ided $ith SOD(S M@= Pac+! "he Dife rafts shall be annually ser iced as per manufacturer=s guidelines and certified by party duly authori*ed by the D G Shipping and pro ided $ith manufacturer=s original log card! +A838< L-fe %a7@et. & L-fe69/#. Sufficient no! of life 2ac+ets shall be a ailable at embar+ation point! Personnel to don the life 2ac+ets before entering the lifeboat)thro$ o erboard life raft! Sufficient no! of lifebuoys shall be pro ided, fitted $ith $ater acti ated lithium battery light, $histle and other re%uirements conforming to the SOD(S DS( code! Personal Docator @eacon -PD@. should be pro ided to each personnel before boarding the life sa ing appliances! PD@ to be ser iced annually at D G Shipping appro ed ser ice station! Dife 2ac+ets and lifebuoys shall be periodically inspected for any deterioration)damage! +A838> SC"A & EE"D @ased on 45S, sufficient number of self contained breathing apparatus -S8@(. and emergency escape breathing de ice -55@D. shall be pro ided! "he S8@( and 55@D shall be ser iced -at least annually. as per the manufacturer=s guidelines! +A8; E2er3e07# :-3?t-03 (ll manned areas on the unit or installation shall be e%uipped $ith emergency lighting, $hich is supplied from the emergency source of po$er! "he illumination le el shall be sufficient to ensure that necessary emergency response actions, including reading of signs and layouts, can ta+e place efficiently! 5scape routes, access routes and e#it points shall be mar+ed and illuminated so they are readily identifiable in an emergency! Muster areas, embar+ation areas, launching arrangements and the sea belo$ lifesa ing appliances shall be ade%uately illuminated by emergency lighting +C8, Tra-0-03 Ne$ employees should recei e training in alarm recognition and fire protection soon after deployment to an installation! "hey should be instructed in the response and escape plans for platforms $here they are $or+ing! Platform isitors and contractors should be instructed and trained upon boarding the platform in the response and escape plans they are e#pected to perform in an emergency! "hey should also be instructed as to the arious alarms and to their meaning! (ll operating personnel and other personnel $ho go to offshore fre%uently should ha e fire;fighting training! "his training should include practice in combating staged gas and oil fires similar to $hat $ould be e#pected on an offshore platform! 5ach session should include defensi e fire response and operation of all the e%uipment personnel are e#pected to use! 5ach employee should +no$ the location of incipient stage fire e%uipment, ho$ to use it, and ho$ to report a fire alarm! "hey should be gi en actual e#perience in handling the e%uipment on small practice fires simulating actual situations as closely as possible!

F0

(ll offshore going personnel shall undergo ?elicopter Hnder$ater 5scape "raining -?H5". to gain understanding and a$areness of emergency response to helicopter emergencies that may occur during boarding, tra eling to and from offshore installation and disembar+ing! ?H5" should be able to pro ide trainees ability to efficiently and safely e#it from a helicopter $hich has come do$n in the sea and has flooded! ?H5" should meet the re%uirements of OPI"O guidelines on the sub2ect! Offshore going personnel shall also undergo sea sur i al training to achie e understanding and a$areness of ris+s and its management $hich they are e#posed to, sea sur i al techni%ues and effecti e use of life sa ing appliances! Personnel should repeat the trainings at regular inter als to de elop and maintain confidence! Person=s competence and confidence in his ability to handle an emergency situation depends on ho$ much practice he has had in using the e%uipment! 6efresher training should include the use of e%uipment e#pected to be used and practice in combating staged emergency scenarios similar to $hat may be e#pected! Planned drills should be used to ensure that each employee is familiar $ith the alarm signal systems, and the escape or response plan at his $or+ place, and that they +no$ their assignment! "he escape or response plan $ill set forth the special duties and duty stations of each member of the personnel in the e ent of an emergency! Practice scenario drills should be held including the announced $al+;through type as $ell as the unannounced type! 5ffecti e training and procedures should be pro ided for the personnel to escape and sur i e at sea! 5%uipment ) system supplier should impart training for inspection, ser ice and operation of the fire fighting e%uipment ) system Documentation co ering fire drills, training, etc! should be maintained 2,8, Pr/!97t Ser5-7e S9 /rt

5%uipment ) system supplier shall technical support)after sales ser ice support for a period of 1' years or more after hando er of the system! "hese consulting ser ices shall be pro ided by factory trained and authori*ed technicians of the supplier! "he e%uipment ) system supplier shall confirm to pro ide after sales ser ice support including supply of spares during the lifetime cycle of the e%uipment! 2+8, Refere07e.

1! &! B! F! G!

(PI 6P & 4@ 36ecommended Practice for the Design of Offshore 4acilities (gainst 4ire and @last Doading7 (PI 6P & 4PS 36ecommended Practice for Planning, Designing, and 8onstructing 4loating Production Systems7 (PI 6P 1F 8 36ecommended Practice for (nalysis, Design, Installation, and "esting of @asic Surface Safety Systems for Offshore Production Platforms7 (PI 6P 1F 5 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of Offshore Production Platform Piping Systems3 (PI 6P 1F 4 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of 5lectrical Systems for 4i#ed and 4loating Offshore Petroleum 4acilities for Hnclassified and 8lass I, Di ision 1 and Di ision & Docations7 (PI 6P 1F 4K 36ecommended Practice for Design and Installation of 5lectrical Systems for 4i#ed and 4loating Offshore Petroleum 4acilities for Hnclassified and 8lass I, Kone ', Kone 1 and Kone & Docations7 (PI 6P 1F G 36ecommended Practice for 4ire Pre ention and 8ontrol on 4i#ed Open;type Offshore Production Platforms7 F/

1!

>!

0! /! 1'! 11! 1&! 1B! 1F! 1G! 11! 1>! 10!

(PI 6P 1F J 36ecommended Practice for Design and ?a*ards (nalysis for Offshore Production 4acilities7 (PI 6P G'' 36ecommended Practice for 8lassification of Docations for 5lectrical Installations at Petroleum 4acilities 8lassified as 8lass I, Di ision 1 and Di ision &7 (PI 6P G'G36ecommended Practice for 8lassification of Docations for 5lectrical Installations at Petroleum 4acilities 8lassified as 8lass I, Kone ', Kone 1, and Kone &7 (PI 6P G&' 3Si*ing, Selection, and Installation of Pressure;6elie ing De ices in 6efineries7 M4ire and 5#plosion Guidance: Oil and Gas, HE -&''>. I58 11G'0 34unctional safety of electrical, electronic and programmable electronic -5)5)P5. safety;related systems7 IMO MODH 8ode IMO MS8)8irc!1'/B 3Guidelines for periodic ser icing and maintenance of lifeboats, launching appliances and on;load release gear7 IMO 4ire Safety Systems -4SS. 8ode,&''> 5dition International Dife;Sa ing (ppliances 8ode -DS( 8ode ) ISO 1F&&F 3Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries ;; 8ollection and e#change of reliability and maintenance data for e%uipment7 ISO 1B>'& 3Petroleum and natural gas industries ;; 8ontrol and mitigation of fires and e#plosions on offshore production installations ;; 6e%uirements and guidelines7 ISO 1'F10 3Petroleum and natural gas industries OOffshore production installations @asic surface process safety systems7 N4P( 1' 3Standard for Portable 4ire 5#tinguishers7 N4P( 11 3Standard for Do$, Medium, and ?igh 5#pansion 4oam7 N4P( 1& 3Standard on 8arbon Dio#ide 5#tinguishing Systems7 N4P( 1B 3Standard for the Installation of Sprin+ler Systems7 N4P( 1F 3Standard for the Installation of Standpipes and ?ose Systems7 N4P( 1G 3Standard for ,ater Spray 4i#ed Systems N4P( 11 3Standard for the Installation of 4oam;,ater Sprin+ler and 4oam;,ater Spray Systems7 N4P( 1> 3Standard for Dry 8hemical 5#tinguishing Systems7 N4P( &' 3Standard for the Installation of Stationary Pumps for 4ire Protection7 N4P( &G 3Standard for the Inspection, "esting, and Maintenance of ,ater;@ased 4ire Protection
Systems7

1/! &'! &1! &&! &B! &F! &G! &1! &>! &0! &/! B'!

B1! B&!

N4P( >& 3National 4ire (larm and Signaling 8ode7 N4P( >G' 3Standard on ,ater Mist 4ire Protection Systems7 G'

BB! BF! BG! B1! B>!

N4P( &''1 3Standard on 8lean (gent 4ire 5#tinguishing Systems7 OISD;GDN;&&> E5mergency 6esponse Preparedness in 5&P Industry7 3O*one Depletion Substances 6egulation & 8ontrol 6ules ; &''', Ministry of 5n ironment & 4orests, Go ernment of India Petroleum and Natural Gas -Safety in Offshore Operations. 6ules,&''0 Safety of Dife at Sea -SOD(S., 1/>F

A66re5-at-/0. (@ (4P (D(6P (PI @( @OP 886 84 846 8S 5DP 55@D 556 556S 5SD 45S 4M S85 SDL 4&G ?8 ?L(8 IMO J4 MODH OPI"O P( P4P PD8 SSSL "6 H( HEOO( (ccommodation @loc+ (cti e 4ire Protection (s Do$ (s 6easonably Practicable (merican Petroleum Institute @reathing (pparatus @lo$out Pre enter 8entral 8ontrol 6oom 8ellulosic 4ire 8ode of 4ederal 6egulations 8ontrol Station 5mergency Depressuri*ation 5mergency 5scape @reathing De ice 5 acuation, 5scape and 6escue 556 Strategy 5mergency Shutdo$n 4ire and 5#plosion Strategy 4actory Mutual Global Safety 8ritical 5lements Shutdo$n al e 4ire and Gas System ?ydrocarbon ?eating, Lentilation and (ir 8onditioning International Maritime Organi*ation Jet 4ire Mobile Offshore Drilling Hnit Offshore Petroleum Industry "raining Organisation Process (rea Passi e 4ire Protection Programmable Dogic 8ontrollers Sub;Surface Safety Lal e "emporary 6efuge Htility (rea Hnited Eingdom Offshore Operators (ssociation G1

HD HPS ,?

Hnder$riters Daboratories Hninterruptable Po$er Supply ,ellhead (rea

A00e=9re + S922ar# /f 2et?/!. /f 7/0tr/::-03 f-re FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG C/0tr/: 2et?/! Process 5mergency Shut Do$n Lal es -5SDLs. C/0tr/: 2e7?a0-.2 (utomatic A 6educes in entory a ailable to lea+ or fire by isolating process into separate, smaller, segments! F-re re:ate! !e.-30 7/0.-!erat-/0. 5ase of testing and maintenance! 6egular test of process 5SDLs often neglected! Specify and 2ustify test inter al and acceptable lea+ rate as part of design! 6ecord in performance standard documentation! In fire situations se eral 5SDLs plus ad2acent pipe $or+ may be engulfed at one time, releasing se eral in entories to prolong fire! 5SDLs are fre%uently used at module boundaries to pre ent in entories from one module feeding a fire in another, these di isions then match the designated fire areas and their associated fire$ater co erage! ,here no such boundary isolations are in place, it becomes possible for hydrocarbon $hich is stored in one module to be released into another module and fuel escalation of further fires! "opsides al es to fail close! Docate a$ay from process fire areas $here er possible! Protect al e and e#posed riser sections against foreseeable fire scenarios! G&

6iser 5SDLs A -"opsides and subsea.

(utomatic A isolates platform from pipeline in entories at the topsides!

Sub;sea Isolation Lal es -SSILs.

(utomatic A Isolates platform from pipeline in entories at a defined distance!

(l$ays consider benefits of subsea pipeline isolation, e en a simple N6L may pro ide significant ris+ reduction! Justify and record basis of decision! "opsides al es to fail close! Docate a$ay from supply essel routes, incoming 2ac+;ups and other potential sources of dropped ob2ects or dragging anchors! Docate the al e such that uncontrolled e ents 2ust the far side of the SSIL $ill not pose a radiation problem for the installation, distances are often of the order of about &G';BG'm! Surface and do$nhole al es to fail close on confirmed fire or gas release e ent! (ny prolonged fire necessitates e acuation as a precaution! OIM and deputies must understand escalation mechanisms and time frames for all emergency scenarios in order to be able to ma+e competent decisions! @DLs to be fail;open, unless this endangers helicopter operations and pre;$arning not feasible! (utomatic facility recommended! (ny manual arrangements need clear and detailed instructions for operation to offshore staff! (ppropriate blo$do$n time to be de eloped from escalation scenarios! Hsually manual facility 8onsider ulnerability of dump line route! 8onsider time re%uired for draining (ppropriate for ery small fires A Immediate inter ention on disco ery of small fire can pre ent fire ta+ing hold! (ll personnel trained for small fire inter ention! 4ire fighting, e%uipment cooling and helidec+ fire control only possible $here trained fire teams a ailable! 5ffecti eness depends on understanding of installation;specific fire and escalation scenarios and plus realistic offshore e#ercises! Note that e en $ith training, fire fighting teams that remain to fight a fire $ill be at greater ris+! 8omparati e ris+ issues must be understood and precise criteria defined to limit fire fighting team=s e#posure! Often used on helidec+ or open upper or $eather dec+s! May be affected by strong $inds! Hseful in enclosed, remote spaces difficult to access in fire situations -e!g! pump rooms in semi sub or ship hulls.! GB

,ell head and do$nhole isolation al es! General Platform (larm -GP(.

(utomatic A Isolates platform from reser oir in entories (utomatic A 6emo es people to place of relati e safety

@lo$do$n and blo$do$n al es -@DLs.

(utomatic or manual A 6emo es gases to flare or cold ent!

Process drain facility

Manual fighting

fire

(utomatic or Manual A 6emo es main li%uid in entories from icinity of fire to a safer location -e!g! cellar dec+ surge tan+s. Manual fire inter ention $ith hydrants, fire hoses, foam monitors, e#tinguishers etc!

6emote manual fire fighting Inerting agents

Initiation of fi#ed or oscillating fire monitors, $ith or $ithout foam! Pre ents fire from starting ) ta+ing holds by rendering the atmosphere inert A clean

agent, 8O& etc! Static discharge may ignite atmosphere, causing e#plosion A chec+ potential $ith endor! Inerted atmosphere may not be breathable so $arnings and pre;discharge alarms re%uired! Suitable for contained li%uid fires! Dess effecti e on running pool fires, not effecti e on 2et fires!

4oam application

Diri ent systems Other ?L(8 systems

6educes e aporation of apours! 8reates film ) foam to pre ent o#ygen reaching li%uid fuel thus reducing, or e#tinguishing pool fire! Disperses ery small lea+s to pre ent flammable cloud build;up! Pro ides air e#change $ithin an enclosed area to pre ent or slo$ flammable cloud build;up! 8ontrol spread releases of li%uid

@unds

Drains

6emo e li%uid and deluge release to drain system!

Only effecti e for fugiti e - ery small. lea+ scenarios! System shuts do$n during ma2or release scenarios! System needs special attention to be able to pro ide ade%uate air flo$ rates and be safe, i!e! to not introduce any ignition sources and also not mo e the fuel ) air mi#ture to other areas hitherto safe $ithin the conte#t of the originating accident! ,hile bunds can contain a li%uid release ) fire, they can also concentrate a fire around the e%uipment in the bund and should be used in con2unction $ith foam! Design must ensure deluge does not cause bund o erflo$ by being si*ed for ma#imum foreseeable li%uid olume release! Small releases are usually $ithin drain system capacity! "he drain capacity needs to be capable of remo ing ma#imum foreseeable li%uid olume release although the effects of burning li%uids in the drain system must be chec+ed! Sea;fire possibilities and conse%uences need chec+ing! In emergency scenarios en ironmental issues become secondary to preser ation of life!

GF

A00e=9re - 2

T# -7a: Safet# Cr-t-7a: E:e2e0t. FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! E= :/.-/0 &9-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG

?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A Pipelines, 6isers, Lent lines, fire$ater pipe$or+! ?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A "opsides Process 4acilities ?ydrocarbon 8ontainment A ,ells 4ie & Gas Detection System 6iser Shutdo$n System "opsides Shutdo$n System ,ellhead Shutdo$n System Ignition Pre ention Platform Sub;structure "opsides Structure Hninterrupted Po$er Supply 5mergency Dighting 5 acuation & 5scape Systems 6escue & 6eco ery "elecommunications Na igational (ids Personal Protecti e 5%uipment ?elidec+ 5scape 6outes "emporary 6efuge

A00e=9re - 3 T/ .-!e. -..9e. !9r-03 7/07e t9a: !e.-30 .ta3e FS/9r7e1 F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG Ite2 ,ells F-re 7/0.-!erat-/0. Docation and segregation for all anticipated types of $ell operation -including drilling and GG

$or+ o er. and maintenance during field life! Docation, accessibility and ulnerability of automatic and manual isolation al es in fire situations! Docation of artificial lift arrangements, in entories -including do$n hole gas lift in entories. and isolation! 6isers ) pipelines 6iser and riser isolation al e locations A ulnerability to fire attac+! 6isers and Pipelines as source of release and potential for escalation! 6iser ulnerability to passing and attendant operations! essel collision especially during cranes

4uture risers, e!g! gas lift risers or other proposed tie;ins! Process & piping Docation of ma2or in entories Docation of relief, blo$ do$n and flare and)or ent lines Number and rough location of process 5SDLs and @DLs Docation of o erboard discharge lines or atmospheric ents -in $orst case process upset condition. $ith respect to ignition points! Docation of fuel;gas piping and potential for fires ) e#plosions outside main process locations -especially turbine enclosures. 5#posure of personnel and e%uipment -including piping, instrumentation and safety critical elements. in closed or open module designs needs the consideration! Structures and supports Points of ignition Docation of tall structures or structural supports conse%uences! 8onsider ignition potential for all release scenarios 5specially consider the location of all non;certified e%uipment $ith respect to releases and associated gas plumes -e!g! cranes and generator or motor enclosures.! 5gress, escape and e acuation routes 4or potential fire scenarios: 8onsider egress routes, chec+ing for trap points or need for protected muster point alternati e to "6I 8onsider location of escape routes to seaI 8onsider time to escalation Ls time to muster, appraise and e acuateI 8onsider impairment of "5MPS8 loading area and helidec+ access routes! Docation of air supply ducts! ulnerable to fire attac+ $ith se ere

"6 and alternate protected muster points

Lulnerability to heat ) smo+e Lulnerability of "6 supports to fire scenarios! 8ommunicatio ns HPS 4ire Protection Docation and ulnerability of any critical communications hard$are 8hec+ for ulnerability to fire Docation of fire$alls and P4D Lulnerability of fire pumps and ring;main to damage in fire scenarios! G1

Lulnerability of deluge piping inside module and supply lines! Docation of bac+;up supply lines! Discharge location for oil and fire$ater drained to sea in fire incident!

A00e=9re ; Re7/22e0!e! 0926er a0! !-.tr-69t-/0 /f /rta6:e e=t-039-.?er. /0 MOD$ FS/9r7e1 MOD$ C/!e 2,,CG T# e /f . a7e Space containing the controls for the main source of electrical po$er M-0-292 0926er /f e=t-039-.?er. 1I and 1 additional e#tinguisher suitable for electrical fires $hen main s$itchboards are arranged in the G> C:a..(e.) /f e=t-039-.?er(.) ( and)or 8

space 8ranes: ,ith electric motors) hydraulics 8ranes: ,ith internal combustion engine Drill floor ?elidec+s Machinery spaces of category ( Machinery spaces of category ( $hich are periodically unattended Main s$itchboards Mud pits, Mud processing areas ' & -1 in cab and 1 at e#terior of engine compartment. & -1 at each e#it. In accordance $ith section /!11 of MODH code &''/ In accordance $ith section /!0 of MODH code &''/ (t each entrance in accordance $ith section /!0& of MODH code &''/ & in the icinity 1 for each enclosed space! -"ra el distance to an e#tinguisher not to e#ceed 1' m for open space. @ 8 @ @ @ 8 @

1!Minimum si*e should be: D8P and 8O& ; G +g capacity, 4oam; / l capacity! &!( portable e#tinguisher pro ided for that space may be located outside near the entrance to that space! ( portable fire e#tinguisher placed outside near the entrance to that space may also be considered as satisfying the pro isions for the space in $hich it is located! B!8lass of e#tinguisher is as per N4P( 1'!

In addition to the abo e re%uirement, the follo$ing additional re%uirements shall be considered: 1! 8ranes -,ith electric motors) hydraulics. : '& number 8 class e#tinguishers &! Drill floor : '& number @ and)or 8 class e#tinguishers B! Mud pits, Mud processing areas : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher for each enclosed space

G0

A00e=9re - < T# -7a: a Ha4ar! 4ire T# e /f !ete7t/r ?eat Pneumatic :-7at-/0. /f f-reH3a. !ete7t/r. FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G :-7at-/0 T# -7a: a7t-/0. (larm, 5mergency Shutdo$n -5SD., 5mergency Depressuri*ation -5DP., closure of the SSSL, acti e fire protection (larm, 5SD, 5DP, acti e fire protection (larm, 5SD, 5DP, acti e fire protection (larm, isolate po$er, acti e fire protection -if present. (larm, isolate entilation (larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate po$er

T# -7a: a

Process, $ellhead, utilities

5lectric

4lame Smo+e

"urbine hoods, $or+shops, stores, engine rooms, process, $ellhead, utilities Process, $ellhead utilities, generators, gas turbines 8ontrol rooms, electrical rooms, computer rooms, accommodation (ir inta+es to "6 and control stations Process, $ellhead utilities areas, engine 6ooms -Only for rooms containing essential safety systems. (ir inta+es

4lammable gas

(larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate po$er, 5SD entilation system (larm, 5SD, 5DP, isolate po$er (larm, start of fire pumps

Oil mist

5nclosed areas handling lo$ GO6 li%uid hydrocarbons Manual call point (ll areas, escape routes, muster points, "6s

G/

A00e=9re - > Se:e7t-/0 /f AFP .#.te2. /0 t# -7a: area. FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2 a0! F-re a0! e= :/.-/0 39-!a07e (2,,()) O-: a0! &a. $KG AreaHr//2 T# e /f r/te7t-/0 -0 a!!-t-/0 t/ /rta6:e Deluge)foam)dry chemical T# -7a: 2-0-292 Dater a :-7at-/0 rate. l)min)m& 1' -or F''l)min)$ell. 1' Re2ar@.

,ellheadS)manifold area

Process areas

Deluge)foam)dry chemical

Pumps)compressors Gas treatment area

Deluge)foam Deluge)dry chemical

&' 1'

Methanol area ,ater;in2ection treatment area Drill floor @OP area

(lcohol;resistant foam or deluge None, if no ?8 ris+ Deluge Deluge)foam

1'

"he ob2ecti e is to pre ent fires on one $ellhead, affecting ad2acent $ellheads! Deluge is suitable pro ided pool fire is not a spray fire! (ddition of foam is beneficial! General area deluge may not be suitable for protection of specific items against impinging 2et fires! Eey items such as essels $ith @D5L5 potential should be protected by other means such as P4P or e%uipment specific deluge! (ddition of foam is beneficial! 4oam if area contains significant flammable li%uids ,here gas 2et is large in comparison $ith si*e of module, deluge may pro ide limited benefit! 4oam if area contains significant flammable li%uids Portable foam units, if the methanol area is small Only if 45S sho$s role for this system "he ob2ecti e is to pre ent fires on one $ell, affecting ad2acent $ellheads and derric+ floor! Deluge is suitable pro ided pool fire is not a spray! Only if 45S sho$s role for this system Pro ided that no flammable materials stored

1' F''

Drillers cabin Degasser room Shale sha+er room (cti e mud tan+ room Sac+)bul+ storage room Mud lab 8ementing unit room 8ontrol station 8entral control room-886. Instrument room ad2acent to 8S)886 Docal e%uipment room 4alse floor and ceiling in 8S)886 and instrument rooms "urbine hall "urbine hood S$itch board room

None Deluge)foam Deluge)foam Deluge)foam None 8lean (gent ,ater; mist)deluge)foam 8lean (gent 8lean (gent 8lean (gent 8lean (gent

1' 1' 1'

1' "o be confirmed in de eloping 45S "o be confirmed in de eloping 45S "o be confirmed in de eloping 45S Difting gear for floor hatches! 1' or Dedicated system only if flammable in entories $ithin the hall Interloc+ access to hood, if gaseous "o be confirmed in de eloping 45S 1'

Deluge 8lean (gent $ater;mist 8lean (gent

@attery room 5mergency generator room 4ire pump room ?L(8 room Mechanical $or+shop Instrument $or+shop Storage of gas bottles Paint store (ccommodationSS Lent e#tract from galley General galley area Galley coo+ing appliances and range 8rane cabin 8rane engine room ?elidec+ ?angar 8hain loc+er @allast control room "urret area Pump room in column Lertical and hori*ontal structures 5scape and e acuation routes

8lean (gent ,ater; mist)foam)deluge ,ater; mist)foam)deluge 8lean (gent Sprin+ler Sprin+ler ,ater;mist)sprin+ler Sprin+ler (gent Sprin+ler ) 8lean

1' 1' 1 1

5ffect of $ater on e%uipment in the room should be e aluated 5ffect of $ater on e%uipment in the room should be e aluated

Pro ided stored e#ternally and not e#posed to radiant heat 1 Section flammable materials to limit fuel at ris+ Operated locally in galley (ccording to supplier recommendation Deluge, $ater;mist for diesel dri es 1 1' 1' 1' Hnless flammable li%uid present 1' -F l)min)m& for hori*ontal. 1G l)min)m& to FG l)min)m&

Eitchen ?ood Systems None ,et 8hemical System None Portable)$ater;mist 4oam)dry chemical Sprin+ler)foam)dry chemical ,ater None Deluge)foam None Deluge ,ater curtain

S4or $ellheads, as per (PI 6P &'B', $ater re%uirement should be >1';/&' l)min)$ell! SS(s per re%uirements of (PI;6P;1FG, accomodation should ha e follo$ing fi#ed firefighting systems: a! Sprin+ler or $ater mist system b! ,ater hose reels strategically located near or inside the li ing %uarters!

11

A00e=9re ( T# -7a: :a7e2e0t /f f-re e=t-039-.?er. at r/!97t-/0 -0.ta::at-/0 FS/9r7e1 API RP +; &G T# e /f . a7e Main corridor of building Stair$ay li ing %uarter M-0-292 0926er /f e=t-039-.?er. 1 1 $ithin 1' ft of each stair$ay on each dec+ le el 1 1 8 C:a..(e.) /f e=t-039-.?er(.) ( @ (

Sleeping accommodations -,here occupied by more than F persons!. 6adio room or other enclosed areas containing a significant concentration of electrical e%uipment or controls Galleys Internal combustion or gas turbine engine installed in an enclosed area Internal combustion or gas turbine engines installed in open areas 5lectric motors - B!>G E, or greater. 5lectric generators Gas or Oil fired boilers or heater 8rane

1 for each engine 1 for three engines 1 for each & motors 1 for each & generators 1 for each boiler or heater 1 on or in the icinity of each crane

(, @ and 8 @ @ 8 8 @ @

1! ,heeled dry chemical e#tinguishers pro ide more capacity and range than hand portable units! "his factor and the nature of potential fires must be carefully considered in selecting the si*e and number of e#tinguishers! &! ?and portable fire e#tinguishers $ith less than @;&' +g rating or multipurpose 8lass (, @, 8 e#tinguishers are not recommended for installation in the process areas of production platforms! B! "he ma#imum tra el distance from any point on the platform dec+ area ha ing a potential for fire to an e#tinguisher should not e#ceed G' ft -1G!& m.! F! 8lass of e#tinguisher is as per N4P( 1'!

In addition to the abo e re%uirement, the follo$ing additional re%uirements shall be considered: 1! Main corridor of li ing %uarter building : 'B number ( , @ and)or 8 class e#tinguishers &! 6adio room : '1 number 8 class e#tinguisher B! Internal combustion or gas turbine engine installed in an enclosed area : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher for each engine F! Internal combustion or gas turbine engine installed in open areas : 'B number @ class e#tinguishers for three engines G! 5lectric motors - B!>G E, or greater. : '1 number 8 class e#tinguisher for each motor 1! 5lectric generators : 'B number 8 class e#tinguishers for each t$o generators >! Gas or Oil fired boilers or heater : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher for each boiler or heater 0! 8rane : '1 number @ class e#tinguisher in the icinity of each crane /! 8ontrol room) Data room)ser er room : '& number 8 class e#tinguishers for each compartment

1&

A00e=9re A T# -7a: f-re -0te3r-t# reB9-re2e0t. f/r f-re 6arr-er. FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G F-re area A!Ia7e0t r/te7te! area N/0*e::?ea! area. Pr/7e.. area. -07:9!-03 C/0tr/: ?a4ar!/9. a0! !r-::-03 area. &a. 7/2 re..-/0 area. Stat-/0. 9t-:-t# area. (*H) (PA) (CS) ($A) 1)84;1' 1)84;1' Not to be ad2acent 1)84;1' 1)84;1' 1)84;1' 1)84;' 1)84;' 1)84;' 1)84;' Not to be ad2acent 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;1&' 1)J4a;1' 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;' 1)J4a;' 1)84;0' 1)84;1' 1)84;1' 1)84;1' 1)84;1' 6ating is specified as: 5ndurance duration, in hours) "ype of 4ire for protection)insulation re%uirements, in minutes, to reach 1B/ o8 abo e ambient temperature on the non e#posed surface! 1)J4;M#= indicates re%uirements to maintain stability and integrity against 2et fires for one hour $ith insulation re%uirements for # minute! Di+e$ise, 1)84;# indicates re%uirements to maintain stability and integrity against cellulosic fires for one hour $ith insulation re%uirements for # minute! "ype of fire: ?8 T?ydrocarbon pool fire, 84T8ellulosic fire, J4TJet fire! A77/22/!at-/0 6:/7@. (A"HTR) M?8= type of fire may be appropriate if the e aluation of the fires li+ely in the area indicates that MJ4= is not a credible basis for the design of the passi e fire protection!

(@ H( ,? P( 8S Note 1 Note & Note B a!

A00e=9re C T# -7a: f-re -0te3r-t# reB9-re2e0t. f/r :/a!-6ear-03 .tr97t9re. FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G Area re:#-03 /0 .tr97t9re -0 f-re area f/r -0te3r-t# N/0-?a4ar!/9. *e::?ea! area. Pr/7e.. area. C/0tr/: 9t-:-t# area. a0! !r-::-03 area. -07:9!-03 Stat-/0. ($A) (*H) &a. 7/2 re..-/0 (CS) area. (PA) (@)"6 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' Not applicable Not applicable 1)84)F'' H( 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' ,? 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' P( 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 1)J4a)F'' 8S 1)84)F'' 1)84)F'' Not applicable Not applicable 1)84)F'' Note 1 6ating is specified as: Period of resistance -hours.) "ype of fire ) critical temperature - o8.! Note & "ype of fire: ?8 T?ydrocarbon pool fire, 84T8ellulosic fire, J4TJet fire! Note B 8ritical temperature is the temp! at $hich yield stress is reduced to the minimum allo$able stress under operational loading conditions! -F'' o8 has been used as a typical alue for structural steel! 4or (l; uminium the corresponding temp! is &'' o8.! a! M?8= type of fire may be appropriate if the e aluation of the fires li+ely in the area indicates that MJ4= is not a credible basis for the design of the passi e fire protection! F-re area A77/22/!at-/0 6:/7@. (A"HTR)

1B

A00e=9re +, T# -7a: r/te7t-/0 7r-ter-a f/r 7r-t-7a: eB9- 2e0t FS/9r7e1 ISO +3(,2G Protection criteria Surface temperature Protection period o 8 min 6iser sections U &''a 1'b 6iser supports U F'' 1'b 6iser topside SDL U &'' 1'b 4ire pumps U &'' 1' 5mergency generators U &'' 1' HPS systems F'c B' 8ontrol panels for SSIL)SSSL)@OP F'c 1G a! In the absence of any +no$ledge as regards the relati e location of the fire on the riser, the 5SD al es and the contents of the riser, it has been assumed that the fire is near the 5SD al es and the riser is filled $ith li%uid hydrocarbon! (s a result, &'' o8 has been used as the default surface temperature for the riser sections to ensure the integrity of the 5SD al es! b! Or the minimum time period considered sufficient for a complete e acuation of the installation! c! P4P may be pro ided to pre ent temperature in the enclosure containing this e%uipment rising to these le els $hen sub2ected to an e#ternal fire!

A00e=9re ++ 1F

T# -7a: !e.7r- t-/0 F/a2 *ater H/.e Ree: $0-t "he unit should consist of SS foam tan+ of &B' ltr capacity $ith SS hose reel! Inline @rass 5ducator 1 V 3 of /G GPM capacity at 1'' psi suitable for sea $ater shall be connected to the hose reel $ith suitable SS foam and $aterline ball al es! ?ose of &B mtr length fitted $ith 1 V 3 of fi#ed /G GPM flo$ at 1'' psi brass) gun metal no**le capable of gi ing 2et spray & foam and shut off function shall be pro ided! M/0-t/r Monitor should be of dual $ater $ay design $ith integral no**le and light $eight in construction! Slide bearing systems should be pro ided for hori*ontal mo ements! ,here remote controlled monitors are installed, the monitor shall be fitted $ith flame proof electric motor and remote controlled $ith 2oystic+ operation for both the mo ement of the monitor and the control of the no**le! Dr# C?e2-7a: f-=e! .#.te2 "he Dry 8hemical po$der fire fighting system shall as a minimum include common $elded structural frame mounting the primary system components and inter;connection pipe $or+, nitrogen e#pellant system including nitrogen cylinders -conforming to HS DO" B(( &F'' or e%ui alent., po$der storage tan+ -as per (SM5 section A LIII. $ith relief mechanism, actuator system, bursting disc, discharge de ices and all other items necessary for safe and proper system operation, recharge and maintenance! "he dry chemical po$der selected shall be free flo$ing, $ater repellant, non abrasi e, potassium bicarbonate, HD listed )4M appro ed for application $ith the e%uipment! "he po$der shall be compatible $ith (444 foam concentrate as per MID A4;&FB0G 4! "he Dry 8hemical Po$der should ha e chemical pigment added $hich changes the colour, for identification purposes!! "he system shall be pro ided $ith close couple hose reels either s+id mounted or located remotely! "he hose reel shall be fitted $ith 1G' ft! rubber hose as per HD /&! "he hose reel shall be pro ided $ith actuator and one piece spun nitrogen cartridge in accordance $ith HS DO" B( 0''! "he special tools re%uired for operations and maintenance should be pro ided $ith each system! CO2 E=t-039-.?er.: "he 8ylinder body should be steel and the al e should be s%uee*e grip type and should be of forged brass chrome plated! Pins, hose bands etc! should be of stainless steel! Lisual seal must be pro ided to help pre ent un$anted discharge of contents! "ypical technical parameters of the fire e#tinguishers shall be as under: 8apacity 5ffecti e 6ange Discharge "ime Shell HD 6ating HS8G 6ating Suppression capability & Egs 1 ft! and abo e Dess than 1& secs! ?igh tensile steel G;@;8 "ype @ 8 si*e I 1& s%!ft and abo e 1!0 Egs 1 ft! and abo e Dess than 1& secs, ?igh tensile steel 1';@;8 "ype @ 8 si*e II &F s%!ft and abo e /!& +gs 1 ft! and abo e Dess than 1F secs! ?igh tensile steel 1';@;8 "ype @ 8 Si*e II &F s%!ft and abo e

Dr# C?e2-7a: P/D!er E=t-039-.?er. "he 5#tinguisher body shall be steel and the handles, le ers, pull pins, hose bands etc should be stainless steel ) aluminum! "he 5#tinguisher shall be e#ternal cartridge operated type containing non corrosi e potassium bicarbonate -Purple E. as the e#tinguishing agent $ith 8O& e#pellant cartridge! 1G

"ypical technical parameters of the fire e#tinguishers shall be as under: 8apacity 5ffecti e 6ange Discharge "ime Shell 8orrosion 6esistance F +gs B' ft and abo e Dess than &' secs! 8arbon steel minm 1!Gmm th+ Passed &''' hrs salt spray test $ith min! total paint thic+ness B;1 MID Dess than 1' +gs 1';@;8 "ype @ 8 si*e II 1F' s%!ft and abo e 1& +gs FG ft and abo e Dess than B' secs! 8arbon Steel minm 1!/mm th+ Passed &''' hrs salt spray test $ith min! total paint thic+ness B;1 MID Dess than &F +gs 1&';@;8 "ype @ 8 Si*e IL &0' s%!ft and abo e FG +gs &G ft and abo e Dess than GG secs! 8arbon steel minm &!'mm th+ Passed &''' hrs salt spray test $ith min! total paint thic+ness B;1 MID Dess than &'& +gs B&';@;8 "ype @ 8 Si*e IL >G' s%!ft and abo e

8harge ,eight HD 6ating HS8G 6ating Suppression capability

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