Gis 30-851

Document No.
GIS 30-851
Applicability Group
Date 23 January 2003
Guidance on Industry Standard for

Fire and Gas Detection
GIS 30-851
DO NOT COPY BP GROUP

ENGINEERING TECHNICAL PRACTICES
23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
Guidance on Industry Standard for Fire and Gas Detection
Foreword
This is the first issue of Engineering Technical Practice (ETP) BP GIS 30-851. This Guidance on
Industry Standard (GIS) is based on parts of heritage documents from the merged BP companies as
follows:
Amoco
A PS-F&GD-00-E Process Safety—F&G Detection and Alarm Equipment—Engineering
Specification, May 1997.
A PS-F&GD-00-G Process Safety—F&G Detection and Alarm Equipment—Guide, May
1997.
A PS-F&GD-FDA-P Process Safety—F&G Detection and Alarm Equipment—Fire Detection
and Alarms—Supply Specification, May 1997.
A PS-F&GD-GD&A-P Process Safety—F&G Detection and Alarm Equipment—Gas Detection
and Alarms—Supply Specification, May 1997.
BP (pre-1999)
GS 130-10 Guidance for Specification 130-10, Specification for the Supply of Fire &
Gas Systems, January 1994.
RP 30-7 Instrumentation and Control, Design Philosophy for Fire and Gas
Detection and Control Systems, February 1994.
SPR/G/97/005 Guidance on F&G Detection, by SPR Operational Integrity Team, Part 1
General Requirements, Part 1, April 1997. (BP Exploration).
Setting Performance Requirements, Part 2, April 1997. (BP Exploration).
Detector Specification, Part 3, July 1997. (BP Exploration).
Audit & Inspection, Part 6, April 1997. (BP Exploration).
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Copyright © 2002, BP Group. All rights reserved. The information contained in this
document is subject to the terms and conditions of the agreement or contract under which
the document was supplied to the recipient’s organization. None of the information
contained in this document shall be disclosed outside the recipient’s own organization
without the prior written permission of Manager, Standards, BP Group, unless the terms of
such agreement or contract expressly allow.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
Table of Contents
Page
Foreword............................................................................................................................................2
1. Scope........................................................................................................................................5
2. Normative references ...............................................................................................................5
3. Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................5
4. General .....................................................................................................................................6
4.1. Local codes and standards............................................................................................6
4.2. Power supply .................................................................................................................6
4.3. Safety integrity level ......................................................................................................7
4.4. Electrical connections....................................................................................................7
4.5. Vibration ........................................................................................................................7
4.6. Ingress protection ..........................................................................................................7
4.7. Switch and relay contact rating......................................................................................7
4.8. Environmental protection...............................................................................................7
4.9. Communications protocol ..............................................................................................7
5. Flame detection ........................................................................................................................7
5.1. Type...............................................................................................................................7
5.2. Sensitivity ......................................................................................................................8
5.3. Response time...............................................................................................................8
5.4. Alignment.......................................................................................................................8
5.5. Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................8
5.6. Output............................................................................................................................8
5.7. Testing...........................................................................................................................8
5.8. Field of view...................................................................................................................8
5.9. False alarm immunity ....................................................................................................8
5.10. CCTV flame detectors ...................................................................................................8
5.11. Infrared flame detectors.................................................................................................8
5.12. Ultraviolet flame detectors .............................................................................................9
6. Flammable gas detection..........................................................................................................9
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6.1. Type...............................................................................................................................9
6.2. Response time...............................................................................................................9
6.3. System faults .................................................................................................................9
6.4. Output............................................................................................................................9
6.5. Open path gas detectors .............................................................................................10
6.6. Point infrared gas detectors.........................................................................................11
7. Toxic gas detection.................................................................................................................12
7.1. Sensitivity ....................................................................................................................12
7.2. Calibration ...................................................................................................................12
7.3. False alarm immunity ..................................................................................................12
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
7.4. Environmental tolerance ..............................................................................................12

8. Gas leak detection ..................................................................................................................12
8.1. Technology ..................................................................................................................12
8.2. Sensitivity ....................................................................................................................12
8.3. Response time.............................................................................................................12
8.4. Testing.........................................................................................................................12
9. Heat detection.........................................................................................................................12
9.1. General........................................................................................................................12
9.2. Point detection (electrical/electronic) ...........................................................................13
9.3. Point detection (pneumatic) .........................................................................................13
9.4. Linear detection ...........................................................................................................14
10. Oil mist detection ....................................................................................................................14
10.1. System configuration ...................................................................................................14
10.2. Sensitivity ....................................................................................................................14
10.3. Response time.............................................................................................................14
10.4. Environmental tolerance ..............................................................................................14
10.5. System faults ...............................................................................................................15
10.6. Output..........................................................................................................................15
10.7. Testing.........................................................................................................................15
11. Smoke detection .....................................................................................................................15
11.1. Aspirating.....................................................................................................................15
11.2. Point detectors.............................................................................................................16
11.3. Open path....................................................................................................................17
12. Manual fire alarm stations.......................................................................................................17
13. Panel equipment.....................................................................................................................17
13.1. Panel architecture........................................................................................................17
13.2. Power supplies ............................................................................................................18
13.3. Operator interface........................................................................................................18
13.4. Other system interfaces...............................................................................................20
14. Certification inspection and testing .........................................................................................22
14.1. Certification and inspection .........................................................................................22
14.2. Factory acceptance test ..............................................................................................22
14.3. Site acceptance test ....................................................................................................23
15.
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Documentation........................................................................................................................23
Bibliography .....................................................................................................................................24
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
1. Scope
This GIS provides guidance on industry standard for the design, materials, fabrication, inspection,
testing, documentation, and preparation for shipment of equipment for fire and gas detection.
2. Normative references
The following normative documents contain requirements that, through reference in this text,
constitute requirements of this technical practice. For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
revisions of, any of these publications do not apply. However, parties to agreements based on this
technical practice are encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of
the normative documents indicated below. For undated references, the latest edition of the normative
document referred to applies.
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

IEC 61508-2 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-
related systems – Part 2: Requirements for
electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems.
IEC 61508-3 Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-
related systems – Part 3: Software requirements.
3. Abbreviations
For the purpose of this GIS, the following abbreviations apply:
AWG American wire gauge.
CCTV Closed circuit television.
ESD Emergency shutdown.
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility.
F&G Fire and gas.
FAT Factory acceptance testing.
FSD Full scale deflection.
HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
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IP
IR
Ingress protection.
Infrared.
I/O Input and output.
LED Light emitting diode.
LEL Lower explosive limit.
LELm Lower explosive limit metre.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
LFL Lower flammable limit.
mA milliamps.
MAC Manual alarm contact (US definition).
MAC Manual alarm call point (UK definition).
MTBF Mean time between failure.
RHO Radiant heat output.
SAT Site acceptance testing.
SIL Safety integrity level.
T90 Time to reach 90% of scale.
TWA Time weighted average.
UEL Upper explosive limit.
UFL Upper flammable limit.
UV Ultraviolet.
Vdc Voltage direct current.
VDU Visual display unit.
The pair of terms LEL and LFL, and the pair of terms UEL and UFL are practically
interchangeable. They are all units of measurement for gas flammability. The terms
LFL and UFL are more common in the Americas, and LEL and UEL are more
common in Europe.
The terms “fault” and “trouble” may be used interchangeably as they both describe
improper conditions that could prevent detection, display functions, or control
actions. “Trouble” is more common in the Americas, and “fault” is more common
in Europe.
4. General
4.1. Local codes and standards
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Fire and gas detection equipment shall comply with local codes and standards.
No national or international standards that could cover the requirement for fire and
gas detection on BP sites are available at the time of creating this ETP. Particular
standards may be mandatory in some countries or states and these must be followed.
4.2. Power supply

Detection equipment should operate on a nominal 24 Vdc power supply within a range of
18 Vdc to 32 Vdc.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
4.3. Safety integrity level

Detectors used to ensure safety or protect the environment with a specified integrity level shall
comply with IEC 61508-2 and IEC 61508-3, and the assigned safety integrity level (SIL).
Normal practice should be to avoid the need for significant reliance on F&G
systems by incorporating inherently safe design where possible. In this case the
F&G system need not be SIL rated. Otherwise a maximum of SIL 1 should be
assigned unless special measures are taken to achieve a higher integrity
specification. This recognises the practical difficulty in achieving higher than SIL 1
with the conventional F&G function for detection, logic and final element action.
4.4. Electrical connections

a. Detection equipment shall have sufficient connection terminals for all electrical
conductors, with one conductor per terminal.
b. Conductor sizes may be up to 2.5 mm2 (AWG 10).
4.5. Vibration
Detection equipment shall be designed to ensure correct operation during vibration up to 1 mm
(0.04 in) from 2 Hz to 60 Hz.
This is a vibration level for typical BP sites.
The foundation may be expected to vibrate at the site power generation frequency
and its harmonics.
4.6. Ingress protection

Detection equipment installed outdoors shall have an ingress protection rating of at least IP66
(NEMA 4).
4.7. Switch and relay contact rating

Relay contacts or switch contacts used for input circuits to the F&G panel shall have a minimum
rating of 1A at 24 Vdc.
4.8. Environmental protection

a. Detection equipment shall be suitable for the environment in which they are installed, and
shall be protected from the effects of corrosion, dust, vibration, and hosing-down
operations.
b. Detection equipment may be fitted with protection from the environment (for example, sun
visors or water splash guards). Such protection should not impair detection capability.
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4.9. Communications protocol
At this time, no common protocol exists for fire and gas detectors. In some
applications, preference should be given to suppliers of complete F&G detection
systems because there are fewer different protocols. Preference should also be given
to widely recognised (but not proprietary) protocols.
5. Flame detection
5.1. Type
Flame detectors should be closed circuit television (CCTV), infrared (IR), or ultraviolet (UV).
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5.2. Sensitivity
For general use, equipment should detect a fire of 10 kW radiant heat output (RHO) at 10 m
(33 ft).
Detector sensitivity may be reduced from this value depending on where it is
installed and the expected fire types. Consideration should be given to the
desensitising effects of airborne obscurants and contaminants on the window.
5.3. Response time

Response time shall be less than 10 seconds.
5.4. Alignment
a. Detectors shall allow easy horizontal and vertical adjustment of ±π/4 radians (45 degrees).
b. Detectors shall lock in the desired position.
5.5. Diagnostics
System shall contain diagnostics for checking that the detector is online.
5.6. Output
a. Detectors or interface units shall have volt-free relay contacts for:
1. Alarm.
2. Fault.
Current output (4-20 mA) should not be used, because this prevents multidropping
several devices on a single loop. Placing multiple devices on a single loop is
common practice for fire detectors but not gas detectors.
b. Detectors should have serial communication capability (or equivalent) for use with
interrogation tools or connection to smart control equipment.
5.7. Testing
A fire alarm simulation test source that can be used a minimum of 5 m (16 ft) from the detector
should be provided.
5.8. Field of view

Detectors shall have at least a π/2 radian (90 degree) field of view in the horizontal axis.
5.9. False alarm immunity

Solar interference (sunlight), artificial lighting, or regularly modulated black body radiation
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shall not cause false alarms.
5.10. CCTV flame detectors

Closed circuit television (CCTV) flame detectors that analyse object motion and behaviour
should be used for detecting hydrocarbon fires.
CCTV flame detectors can be used as simple fire detectors. This technology is used
to full advantage when the video image is displayed at the control point.
5.11. Infrared flame detectors

a. Single frequency detectors that respond to infrared radiation equivalent to the CO2 band
should be used to detect hydrocarbon fires.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
b. Detectors that respond to infrared radiation outside the CO2 emission band shall be subject
to BP approval.
Hydrocarbon fires have a strong emission at 4.4 microns (the peak of the CO2
emission band), and detectors operating at this wavelength are solar blind.
Detectors that do not take advantage of this emission wavelength and lack immunity
to sunlight should be used only after careful consideration.
c. Multiple wavelength detectors shall be subject to BP approval.
Multiple wavelength detectors measure the ratios of levels of radiation between each
wavelength to detect fire. On many sites there are other sources of radiation at these
wavelengths, and contaminants and airborne obscurants that affect the ability of the
detector to detect fire (desensitise the detector) or affect false alarm immunity. Such
effects are normally undetected. Multiple wavelength detectors should only be used
if it is understood how specific site conditions affect them.
5.12. Ultraviolet flame detectors

Ultraviolet (UV) flame detectors shall respond to energy radiation wavelengths from
0,18 microns to 0,25 microns.
Hydrocarbon and hydrogen fires have an emission from 0,18 microns to
0,25 microns. Detectors operating at this wavelength are solar blind.
6. Flammable gas detection
6.1. Type
Flammable gas detectors should be point or open path infrared type.
6.2. Response time

Response time to reach 90% of scale (T90) shall be:
a. Less than 5 seconds for general applications.
b. Less than 2 seconds for HVAC duct applications.
6.3. System faults

a. Detector and supporting electronic equipment shall detect and communicate any failure
that might prevent a response to hydrocarbon gas.
b. Undetected failures in ability to respond correctly to hazards are not acceptable.
6.4. Output
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a. Detector should have 0–20 mA current output (sink or source configurable, or option).
b. Required output modes are in accordance with the following table:
Current (mA) Signal meaning
0 Common fault
2 Optical fault
4 No gas
20 Full scale deflection
c. Detectors should have serial communication capability (or equivalent) for use with
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6.5. Open path gas detectors
6.5.1. System configuration

a. For open areas, open path gas detectors should be the split transmitter and receiver type.
Detectors with combined transmitter/receivers using a reflector panel should not be used.
Detectors with separate transmitters and receivers are more tolerant to operation in
dense airborne obscurants (fog, rain, or snow) than detectors that use reflector
panels. Their narrower beams also make them less susceptible to false alarm from
partial obscuration.
b. For HVAC duct applications, either split transmitter and receiver type detectors or
combined transmitter/receivers using a reflector panel may be used.
6.5.2. Alignment
a. Transmitters and receivers shall allow easy horizontal and vertical adjustment of
±π/4 radians (45 degrees).
b. Transmitters and receivers shall lock in the desired position.
c. The system should be tolerant of misalignment of either or both the transmitter and the
receiver of 4,4E–3 radians (0,25 degrees) without any effect on system operation.
6.5.3. Sensitivity
a. For general area use, the detector sensitivity range should be 0–5% lower explosive limit
metre (LELm).
b. For HVAC applications, the detector sensitivity range should be 0–100% lower explosive
limit (LEL). Detector calibration should be determined by the width of the duct, or path
length, whichever is shorter.
6.5.4. Calibration
Detector shall be calibrated so that the flammability of any gas compositions for the area where
it is installed shall not be underestimated.
Detectors operating with a detection wavelength about 2,3 microns underestimate
higher order alkanes with respect to methane, and detectors operating with a
detection wavelength about 3,4 microns overestimate higher order alkanes with
respect to methane. This should be checked for each Vendor detector.
6.5.5. Diagnostics
System shall contain diagnostics for the following conditions.
a. Improperly installed equipment shall be detected. Detection of either excess path length or
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misalignment shall prevent equipment from going operational.
b. After initial setup, significant reduction in signal for more than 60 seconds shall
automatically indicate an optical fault.
c. If system is in optical fault condition, gas shall be detectable without underestimation of
flammability.
d. Reduction of signal strength to less than 5% of the initial setup value for more than 1 hour
detector shall indicate a common fault.
6.5.6. False alarm immunity

a. Solar interference (sunlight) shall not cause false alarms.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
b. Sunlight shall not cause the detector to be unavailable, even if this condition is
communicated.
c. Detector shall not produce an alarm indication greater than 0,5 LELm in response to any
combination of obstructions, vibration, or external sources of infrared radiation (including
solar and hydrocarbon flare radiation) in the beam.
d. A test report verifying this performance shall be submitted for BP approval.
6.5.7. Environmental tolerance

a. Fouling of optical surfaces by the common contaminants found in the area of installation
should not cause unwanted alarms.
b. Substantial fouling shall be communicated as an optical fault.
c. Detector should be capable of operating in sea fog densities equivalent to a transmittance
of 0,1 (90% drop in visibility) over 40 metres (130 feet), measured at a nominal
wavelength of 0,632 microns.
Sea fog is a special case.
d. Information on wavelength dependent effect of varying water droplet sizes should be
provided.
6.5.8. Testing
a. Optical test filters to test function and accuracy of the detector should be provided.
b. Using calibration gas to test these detectors is unacceptable due to the large volume of gas
that would need to be released into the optical path.
6.6. Point infrared gas detectors
6.6.1. Sensitivity
The standard sensitivity range of the detector should be 0–100% LEL.
6.6.2. Calibration
a. Detector shall be calibrated so that it will never underestimate the flammability of any gas
compositions that it may see in the area it is installed.
b. Detector shall be factory calibrated and should not be recalibrated in the field.
6.6.3. False alarm immunity

a. Detector shall not produce an alarm indication greater than 10% LEL in response to water
or water vapour in the optical path.
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b. A test report verifying this performance shall be submitted for BP approval.

a. Fouling of optical surfaces by common contaminants found in the area of installation shall
not cause unwanted alarms.
6.6.5. Testing
Optical test filters should be provided to test function and accuracy of the detector. If this is not
available, calibration gas may be used.
Detectors do not require calibration in the field. Experience has shown that function
checking with optical filters is more reliable than calibration gas.
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7. Toxic gas detection
7.1. Sensitivity
The sensitivity range of the detector should be from zero to no more than twice the time
weighted average (TWA) for the target gas.
For example, CO has a TWA of 30 ppm (UK), so the sensitivity range would be
0-50 ppm. H2S has a TWA of 10 ppm, so the sensitivity range would be 0-20 ppm.
7.2. Calibration
Detectors should be supplied with suitable calibration gas for site calibration.
7.3. False alarm immunity

It should be determined if there are any interfering components or compounds that
could be present in each area where toxic gas detectors will be installed. The
Vendor should be consulted for a list of interference components or compounds that
can be detected or could cause the detector to lose sensitivity.
7.4. Environmental tolerance

The environment in which toxic gas detectors will be installed should be assessed for
its effect on the detector ability to detect gas, and the potential for false alarms. The
Vendor should be consulted for effects that different environments will have on the
equipment.
8. Gas leak detection
8.1. Technology
Gas leak detectors should be based on ultrasonic technology.
8.2. Sensitivity
Detector should have adjustable sensitivity settings from 44 dB to 104 dB.
The alarm should be set after a background ultrasound mapping exercise has been
completed.
8.3. Response time

a. Standard response time should be less than 5 seconds.
b. Time delays may be employed to improve false alarm immunity.
c. Maximum time delay shall not exceed 30 seconds.
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8.4. Testing
A test source should be provided that can be used at a distance of a minimum of 5 m (16 ft)
from the detector for gas leak simulation.
9. Heat detection
9.1. General
Several types of heat detection are available, based on technologies such as bimetallic strips, IR
sensors, thermistors, frangible bulbs, fusible plugs, and pressurised plastic tubes.
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The technology can be divided into two categories, point detection and linear
detection.
9.2. Point detection (electrical/electronic)
9.2.1. General
a. Point detection detectors should respond to a factory set temperature and incorporate an
additional trip on a high rate of rise in temperature.
These detectors are commonly known as rate of rise or rate compensated detectors.
b. The detector should be approved for compliance with the recognised test standard (for
example, UL or CSA) in the country of installation.
c. The detector should be self-resetting.
9.2.2. System faults

a. Detector and supporting electronic equipment shall include functions to detect and
communicate any condition that might prevent fire detection.
b. Undetected failures in availability to respond correctly to hazard are not acceptable.
9.2.3. Outputs
a. Detector shall be one of the following:
1. Addressable
2. A simple current change detector that produces an increase in circuit current when it
detects heat.
b. System shall be capable of indicating the following four circuit conditions:
1. Short circuit fault.
2. Quiescent.
3. Alarm.
4. Open circuit fault.
9.2.4. Testing
A heat source to test the detector should be provided.
9.3. Point detection (pneumatic)

a. If firewater deluge valves must be directly controlled, frangible bulb or fusible plug
pneumatic heat detection systems may be used.
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filter regulator and a small, variable restriction orifice. The flow of makeup air into
the tube should be just sufficient to keep the deluge valve closed and also maintain a
pressure transmitter above its alarm setting. If the fire detecting tube is ruptured, the
pressure should quickly fall, causing the deluge valve to open and the transmitter to
raise an alarm.
b. These detectors can also be used without a deluge valve as a “detection only” system,
where the electrical signal is used to raise alarms and cause control actions.
c. These detectors should use a pressure transmitter (rather than a pressure switch) for alarm
and fault indication.
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9.4. Linear detection

Linear detectors should be used to supplement other forms of detection in difficult areas (for
example, a heavily congested plant or where flare radiation may be visible).
There are many types of linear detectors, most for monitoring air temperature and a
few for detecting radiated heat. Linear detectors can be pneumatic, electrical, or
optical.
9.4.1. Pneumatic tube systems

Pneumatic tube systems should be used in preference to frangible bulbs or fusible plugs where
detection of fires below 100 kW RHO is required. These systems should be configured in the
same manner as pneumatic point heat detection systems.
A disadvantage of using pneumatic tubes in preference to frangible bulbs or fusible
plugs is that they are more prone to activation from mechanical impact and
therefore have a higher false alarm rate.
9.4.2. Electrical linear heat detectors

a. Electrical linear heat detectors come in two types:
1. Detectors that respond to an average temperature along their length.
2. Detectors that respond to the highest temperature at any point along their length.
b. Detectors should be self resetting.
c. Detectors should have control equipment with volt-free relay contacts for alarm and fault
indication.
9.4.3. Optical linear heat detectors

Optical linear heat detectors should use a property of a particular type of optical fibre (Ramman
scattering) that changes with temperature to monitor the temperature at any point along the
fibre.
Optical linear heat detectors should have control equipment that has volt-free relay contacts for
alarm and fault indication.
10. Oil mist detection
10.1. System configuration

a. Oil mist detection systems are a combination transmitter/receiver using a reflector panel.
b. These detectors can be used for open path smoke detection, and dual function smoke and
oil mist detectors.
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10.2. Sensitivity
Alarm sensitivity should be a signal loss of 0,5 dB or greater.
10.3. Response time

10.4. Environmental tolerance

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10.5. System faults

a. The detector and supporting electronic equipment shall include functions to detect and
communicate any condition that might prevent a response to oil mist in the optical path.
10.6. Output
a. Detector or its interface unit should have volt-free relay contacts for:
1. Alarm.
2. System fault.
3. Optical fault.
b. A serial communication (or equivalent) output for use with smart control equipment is
preferable to a simple relay output interface.
10.7. Testing
Optical test filters should be provided to test the function and accuracy of the detector.
11. Smoke detection
Smoke detectors should be ionisation or optical type. Optical detectors should be photoelectric,
open path infrared beam, or laser based aspirating.
Laser based aspirating smoke detectors are sometimes known as “VESDA”. VESDA
(Very Early Smoke Detection Apparatus) is a registered trademark of Vision
Systems. Use of the VESDA name in this ETP should not be inferred as preference
for this product over other similar aspirating type systems (for example, Kidde
Analazer).
11.1. Aspirating

The system should be a single unit containing a fan, laser based detector, and control/display
card that is connected to a piping distribution network that covers the protected space.
11.1.2. Sensitivity and response time

Detector should be calibrated for the specific application. Calibration should ensure that
detector achieves full scale deflection (FSD) in the required time.
To achieve the correct calibration many factors have to be taken into account in the
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system design, such as the volume and normal air change rate of the room being
monitored, and the piping and sample point locations.

communicate any condition that might prevent smoke detection.
b. Undetected failures in availability to respond correctly to the hazard are not acceptable.
11.1.4. Output
a. Detector should have at least 3 volt-free changeover relay contacts, two used for preset
smoke concentration thresholds, and one for fault.
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b. Detector should have serial communication (or equivalent) capability for use with
11.1.5. Diagnostics
The system shall contain diagnostics to detect changes in air flow a maximum of ±10% from the
commissioned value that could arise due to broken or blocked pipework.
11.1.6. Testing
A burned wire test kit should be provided to test the function of the system for compliance with
the performance requirements.
11.2. Point detectors
11.2.1. Ionisation
Ionisation smoke detector should have a dual chamber design for sensing both visible and
invisible combustion products.
11.2.2. Photoelectric
Photoelectric detectors shall operate on the light scattering principle and shall have a sensing
chamber that allows smoke entry while minimising light entry.
11.2.3. HVAC duct mounting

For mounting in HVAC ducts, the detector shall be installed outside the duct with sampling
tubes drawing a sample from the air being monitored.
11.2.4. Approval
The detector should be approved for compliance with the recognised test standard (for example,
UL or CSA) in the country of installation.

a. The detector and supporting electronic equipment shall include functions to detect and
communicate any condition that might prevent smoke detection.
11.2.6. Output
a. Detector shall be one of the following:
1. Addressable
2. A simple current change detector that produces an increase in circuit current when it
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detects smoke.
b. System shall be capable of indicating the following four circuit conditions:
1. Short circuit fault.
2. Quiescent.
3. Alarm.
4. Open circuit fault.
c. Each detector should have an LED to indicate when the detector is in alarm.
11.2.7. Testing
Smoke detector test aerosol should be provided to test the function of the detector.
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11.3. Open path

Open path systems should have a combined transmitter/receiver using a reflector panel.
These detectors can be used for open path oil mist detection, and also used as dual
function smoke/oil mist detectors.
11.3.2. Sensitivity
Alarm sensitivity should be a signal loss of 0,5 dB or greater.
11.3.3. Response time



communicate any condition that might prevent a response to smoke in the optical path.
11.3.6. Output
a. The detector or its interface unit should have volt-free relay contacts for:
1. Alarm.
2. System fault.
3. Optical fault.
b. A serial communication (or equivalent) output for use with smart control equipment is
preferable to a simple relay output interface.
11.3.7. Testing
Optical test filters should be provided to test the function and accuracy of the detector.
12. Manual fire alarm stations
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a.
b.
c.
Manual fire alarm stations shall have one set of volt-free changeover contacts.
The contacts shall have a minimum rating of 1A at 24 Vdc.
Manual fire alarm stations may be of the break glass, lift flap and push button, or pull
handle type.
13. Panel equipment
13.1. Panel architecture

a. Panel equipment used for detector interface may be a centralised unit or be a number of
distributed units communicating to a central control point.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
Addressable type detector interfaces are preferred because this provides better
information at the control point and reduces the overall amount of electronic
hardware. Local panels should be in compliance with GP 30-65.
b. The system may use solid state or programmable electronics for system logic. If
programmable electronics are used the requirement for redundancy for the necessary safety
integrity level shall be determined by analysis in accordance with IEC 61508.
In practice, solid state logic controllers are only cost effective on small systems
(< 100 I/O circuits).
13.2. Power supplies

a. Power supply design shall consider the need for redundant supplies and distribution.
b. The level of redundancy shall be determined by analysis in accordance with IEC 61508.
c. Circuit breaker and fuses shall be rated for current surge on equipment powerup as well as
current limit.
d. Failure of any circuit breaker or fuse shall automatically be reported as a fault on the F&G
panel.
13.3. Operator interface
13.3.1. General
a. Operator interfaces should be visual display units (VDUs).
b. For small systems (less than 100 I/O circuits) front panel displays may be used for the fire
panel and gas control cards only.
c. Hardwired matrix panels may be used as backup to VDU systems, or as the primary
interface for small systems.
General requirements for operator interface design shall be in accordance with
GP 30-45.
13.3.2. VDU philosophy

VDU based operator interfaces should be based, where feasible, on the Vendor standard.
The requirements below should be considered BP preference based on over 20 years
experience with these systems.
13.3.3. Area mimics

a. Area mimics should show an overall view of the site.
b. Each area mimic shall be divided into subsections, each corresponding to an expanded
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c.
d.
mimic.
Each subdivision of the area mimic shall define the presence of an alarm, fault, or
inhibit/override condition.
No individual detectors shall be shown on area mimics.
e. An alarm or fault condition shall be automatically displayed on the correct subdivision of
the area mimic in alarm, and simultaneously give an audible warning that can be silenced
by the operator.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
13.3.4. Expanded mimics

a. Each expanded display shall show a detailed part of an area mimic display, including more
text information (where space permits), and a reference to the presence of an active fire or
explosion protection system where relevant.
b. Each individual detector and MAC shall be shown in its approximate location.
c. Fire areas where nonaddressable fire circuits are installed shall show one indication per fire
area of smoke, heat, flame, and manual alarm call point.
d. In large fire areas, this indication may need to be subdivided.
e. The same rules as the area mimic regarding colour convention and other features apply to
these expanded displays.
13.3.5. Alarm banner area

An area of each area mimic and expanded mimic shall be used as an alarm banner indicating the
first up unacknowledged fault or alarm.
13.3.6. Trending pages

a. Trending page displays should show the value of analogue parameters within individual
detectors.
b. It should be possible to set trend rate and duration for a minimum of 10 values.
c. The trend resolution should be adjustable to one second sample intervals.
d. If trending pages are used, all analogue values fed into the system should be available for
trending.
A typical use of this feature would be to trend the analogue value for gas
concentration for a number of gas detectors during a release.
13.3.7. System output

System output displays should show the state of all system outputs as either activated or not
activated.
13.3.8. Inhibits and overrides

a. The system shall have facilities for applying inhibits to detectors and overrides to output
devices.
b. The application of an inhibit should prevent the inhibited detector from automatically
generating control actions but should not prevent audible and visual alarms at the control
point.
c. The application of an override should prevent the overridden output from being activated
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13.3.9.
from the F&G system until the override is removed.
Fire pump and ring main display

If a site has fire pumps, a separate mimic display shall be used for fire pump ring main and fire
pump status.
13.3.10. Alarm lists

a. Standard alarm lists shall be available on a rolling alarm principle, detailing tag number,
alarm type, location, and time.
b. Each line shall be tagged, and shall indicate the time of occurrence.
c. Alarm text shall be shown red flashing until accepted, changing to nonflashing.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
d. Fault text shall be shown yellow flashing until accepted, changing to nonflashing.
e. Inhibit and override text shall be shown cyan nonflashing.
f. Status text shall be shown in white with the above accept facilities.
g. There shall be two alarm listings:
1. One “current” showing fire, gas, manual call point, and fault.
2. A second alarm listing shall be available for historical records and may be sorted for
display on either a device basis or a time period basis via the directory.
h. The historical alarm listing shall be capable of listing all events and operator actions.
i. Storage capacity shall hold on file at least the last 10,000 events.
13.3.11. Printer facilities

a. Alarms received into the system shall be available for printing on demand.
b. Each entry shall have a full line identical to the historical alarm listing display.
13.3.12. Alarm handling

a. For both area and expanded mimics, sensor symbols that are not in alarm shall be
displayed green or white.
b. If a sensor goes into alarm, status indication at base of display area shall start flashing, red
for alarms and yellow for faults, and the audible alarm shall sound.
c. The first alarm condition shall automatically display the correct area mimic, with a red
flashing fire, manual call point, or gas symbol, in the area where the alarm has occurred.
d. First alarms shall be individually acknowledged from the expanded mimic display, where
the flashing symbol identifier will go steady and continue to stay red until the relevant
detectors are reset.
e. After any alarm condition, display selection of the correct area mimic shall be made by
direct select button or by another fast access field facility.
f. It shall not be possible to reset unacknowledged alarms.
g. Global acknowledge and reset facilities should only be available on pages where all the
indications that will be affected by their action are displayed.
13.3.13. Page access

Page hierarchy shall be arranged so that any page can be displayed in no more than two
commands.
13.3.14. Previous/next paging
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Special keys shall enable access to one display forward or back in the display hierarchy, up to
the last 10 pages displayed.
13.4. Other system interfaces
13.4.1. General
a. The F&G system may be required to interface with several systems (for example, ESD,
HVAC, fire protection, fire pumps, and public address).
b. The interface between the F&G system and other systems shall be hardwired discrete
circuits for each control action.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
13.4.2. ESD interface

a. Output relays should be provided in the Fire and Gas system to interface with the
emergency shutdown (ESD) system where automatic shutdown actions have been
specified.
b. A single relay should be provided for ESD, ESD with blowdown, and each individual
process unit shutdown where required.
c. These relays should be normally deenergised with volt-free closed contacts, opening for a
control action command.
d. The output circuit including the relay coil should be monitored for all fault conditions that
could prevent the relay coil being energised on demand (for example, open circuit or short
circuit).
13.4.3. HVAC
a. Output relays should be provided in the F&G system to interface with the HVAC system to
initiate the starting and stopping of fans and opening and closing of dampers.
b. A single relay should be provided for each control action.
c. These relays should be normally deenergised with volt-free closed contacts, opening for a
circuit).
13.4.4. Fire protection systems interface

a. Output circuits should be provided in the F&G system to interface with fire protection
system actuation solenoids.
b. These circuits shall monitor the field device in the nonenergised state and its cabling, for
all fault conditions that could prevent the solenoid being energised on demand (for
example, open circuit or short circuit).
13.4.5. Fire pumps

a. If fire pumps are installed, output circuits should be provided for automatic starting of the
fire pumps.
b. Controls, alarms, and status indications should be provided on the F&G system for all fire
pumps on a site.
c. Output relays should be provided for all fire pump controls, and at the fire pump controller
for all inputs to the F&G system.
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d.
e.
These relays should be normally deenergised with volt-free closed contacts, opening for a
The output circuit including the relay coil should be monitored for all fault conditions that
circuit).
13.4.6. Public address

a. Output relays should be provided in the Fire and Gas system to interface with the public
address system to audible and visual alarms on an individual area basis.
b. Each area shall have a single relay.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
c. Relays shall be normally deenergised with volt-free closed contacts, and shall open for a
circuit).
13.4.7. Other systems

Other system interfaces could include standalone packages such as drilling and
turbines.
a. Controls, alarms, and status indications should be provided on the F&G system for
standalone packages.
b. Output relays should be provided:
1. In the F&G system for all control actions.
2. At the local control panel for all inputs to the F&G system.
c. Output relays shall be normally deenergised with volt-free closed contacts, and shall open
for a control action command.
could prevent the relay being energised on demand (for example, open circuit or short
circuit).
e. Use of standalone F&G panels separate from the main F&G system is discouraged. If
feasible all F&G detectors should be connected directly to the main F&G system.
14. Certification inspection and testing
14.1. Certification and inspection

Certification and inspection records shall be provided as defined by BP or their representative
on the purchase order. These records may include:
a. Hazardous area certificates.
b. Test and inspection records.
c. Calibration certificates.
d. Third party approvals (for example, fire marshal approval for fire detection service).
e. EMC compliance.
f. Any document required to demonstrate compliance with local legislation.
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14.2. Factory acceptance test
a. A factory acceptance test (FAT) shall be performed to demonstrate that the equipment
performs as specified, including any site specific configuration.
b. For practical reasons, simulators may be used to simulate field detectors.
c. Simulators shall be limited to simulating no more than 90% of the detectors.
d. The remainder of the test shall use the actual field equipment.
e. FAT will be performed against a procedure, provided by Vendor, and subject to BP
approval.
f. Test results shall be accurately recorded, including any simulators used and any ad hoc
tests that were performed.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
14.3. Site acceptance test

a. A site acceptance test (SAT) shall be performed to demonstrate that the installed
equipment performs as specified including any site-specific configuration.
b. SAT will be performed against a procedure, provided by the supplier, subject to BP
approval.
c. Test results shall be accurately recorded, including any ad hoc tests that were performed.
15. Documentation
a. Manuals and other information required for design, operation, and maintenance of the
supplied equipment, including any necessary accessories, shall be provided.
b. The following topics shall be included, together with any information required on the
specification sheet for the detector:
1. Detector specification and functional description.
2. Detector performance.
3. MTBF calculations (including accessories if supplied).
4. System design application notes.
5. Installation and commissioning procedures.
6. Test and maintenance procedures.
7. Spares and accessory lists.
8. Operating and maintenance manuals.
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23 January 2003 GIS 30-851
Bibliography
[1] EN 54, Fire Detection and Fire Alarm Systems.
[2] GP 30-45, Guidance on Practice for Human Machine Interface.
[3] GP 30-65, Guidance on Practice for Control Panels.
[4] NFPA 72, National Fire Alarm Code.
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Guidance on Industry Standard for

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7.4. Environmental tolerance ..............................................................................................12

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)

For the purpose of this GIS, the following abbreviations apply:

AWG American wire gauge.

CCTV Closed circuit television.

ESD Emergency shutdown.

EMC Electromagnetic compatibility.

F&G Fire and gas.

FAT Factory acceptance testing.

FSD Full scale deflection.

HVAC Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.

I/O Input and output.

LED Light emitting diode.

LEL Lower explosive limit.

LELm Lower explosive limit metre.

LFL Lower flammable limit.

MAC Manual alarm contact (US definition).

MAC Manual alarm call point (UK definition).

MTBF Mean time between failure.

RHO Radiant heat output.

SAT Site acceptance testing.

SIL Safety integrity level.

T90 Time to reach 90% of scale.

TWA Time weighted average.

UEL Upper explosive limit.

UFL Upper flammable limit.

Vdc Voltage direct current.

VDU Visual display unit.

4.1. Local codes and standards

4.2. Power supply

4.3. Safety integrity level

4.4. Electrical connections

4.6. Ingress protection

4.7. Switch and relay contact rating

4.8. Environmental protection

5.3. Response time

5.8. Field of view

5.9. False alarm immunity

5.10. CCTV flame detectors

5.11. Infrared flame detectors

5.12. Ultraviolet flame detectors

6. Flammable gas detection

6.2. Response time

6.3. System faults

6.5. Open path gas detectors

6.5.1. System configuration

6.5.6. False alarm immunity

6.5.7. Environmental tolerance

6.6. Point infrared gas detectors

6.6.3. False alarm immunity

6.6.4. Environmental tolerance

7. Toxic gas detection

7.3. False alarm immunity

7.4. Environmental tolerance

8. Gas leak detection

8.3. Response time

9.2. Point detection (electrical/electronic)

9.2.2. System faults

9.3. Point detection (pneumatic)

9.4. Linear detection