Lecture

L!yer "hic#ness
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top 20 ms

top

base

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

.utline

'ertic!l Resolution
Resolution (s )etection "hin *ed Res+onse !nd "unin,

L!ter!l Resolution
Fresnel -one Mi,r!tion !nd L!ter!l Resolution

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

)etection (s/ Resolution 0 1n!lo,y

2ou !re dri(in, !t ni,ht/ 2ou s+ot ! li,ht in the dist!nce/ 3s it ! c!r or ! motorcycle444

1h!5 it is ! c!r6

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

Resolution (s/ )etection

)etection7 1bility to identify th!t some fe!ture exists

Resolution7 1bility to distin,uish t8o fe!tures from one !nother

)etection limit is !l8!ys sm!ller th!n the resolution limit )etection limit de+ends u+on Si,n!l0to09oise

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

'ertic!l Resolution
:!mm! R!y

Wh!t is the minimum (ertic!l dist!nce bet8een t8o subsurf!ce fe!tures such th!t 8e c!n tell them !+!rt seismic!lly4

For Ex!m+le7 *!sed on seismic d!t!5 could you determine th!t there is ! thin sh!le l!yer bet8een the t8o s!nds4
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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

S!nd

Sd

Sh!le

Shale Baseline

"hic# *ed Res+onse

;uestion7 Wh!t is ! thic# bed4
3m+ed!nce R/ C/ W!(elet $ W!(elet % W!(elet $ ends before W!(elet % be,ins Com+osite
"o+ of *ed Res+onse

1 )+ *

9. 3nterference

C
1ns8er7 1 thic# bed is one th!t h!s ! "W" <
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F W Schroeder 04

*!se of *ed Res+onse

)+
L 9 Seismic Resolution

=!rti!l 3nterference
"W" thic#ness > 0/9 ? )+
3m+ed!nce R/ C/ W!(elet $ W!(elet % W!(elet % st!rts before W!(elet $ ends Com+osite
"o+ of *ed Res+onse

1 * )+

Some 3nterference

*!se of *ed Res+onse

%nd h!lf0cycle from W!(elet $ !nd $st h!lf0cycle from W!(elet % form ! trou,h doublet

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

M!ximum 3nterference 0 "unin,

"W" thic#ness > @ )+
3m+ed!nce R/ C/ W!(elet $ W!(elet % W!(elet % st!rts before W!(elet $ ends Com+osite
"o+ of *ed Res+onse

1 * C )+

M!ximum 3nterference

*!se of *ed Res+onse

%nd h!lf0cycle from W!(elet $ !nd $st h!lf0cycle from W!(elet % !re com+letely in +h!se resultin, in %x !m+litude
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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

)eterminin, 'ertic!l Resolution

3n+ut =!r!meters7 'elocity !t the Done of interest =e!# FreEuency of the +ulse !t the Done of Com+ut!tions7 interest =eriod > $F=e!# FreEuency W!(elen,th > =eriod ? 'elocity Limit of 'ertic!l Resolution > W!(elen,thF4
=ulse

8!(elen,th > +eriod C (elocity

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

=eriod AmsB

1 Sim+le Exercise 0 % -ones

Calculating Vertical Resolution

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

"y+ic!l 'ertic!l Resolution

Sh!llo8 E(ent
'elocity > %000 Meters F sec =ulse7 Center FreEuency > G0 HD =eriod > $ F G0 > /0%0 sec W!(elen,th > /0%0 x %000 > 40 Meters Limit of resolution > 40 F4 > $0 Meters )ee+ E(ent 'elocity > &000 Meters F sec =ulse7 Center FreEuency > %0 HD =eriod > $ F %0 > /0G0 sec W!(elen,th > /0G0 x &000 > $G0 Meters Limit of resolution > $G0 F 4 > &I/G F W Schroeder 04 L 9 Seismic Resolution

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Summ!ry7 'ertic!l Resolution

Resolution is the !bility to distin,uish distinct e(ents "hin bed res+onse occurs belo8 tunin, thic#ness Short0dur!tion seismic +ulses !re +referred
*ro!d b!nd8idth5 Dero0+h!se +ulses !re best =ulses 8ith minim!l side0lobe ener,y enh!nce inter+ret!bility

"o 3m+ro(e Resolution

*!nd8idth c!n be incre!sed by decon(olution FreEuencies to be included must h!(e !deEu!te SF9

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

Wh!t 3s L!ter!l Resolution4

Would 8e im!,e the n!rro8 horst4

Would 8e im!,e !ll three ch!nnel s!nds4

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

L!ter!l Resolution
Wh!t is the minimum horiDont!l dist!nce bet8een t8o subsurf!ce fe!tures such th!t 8e c!n tell them !+!rt seismic!lly4
9eidell J =o,,i!,lioimi5 $9II

11=:K$9II re+rinted 8ith +ermission of the 11=: 8hose +ermission is reEuired for further use/

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

"he Fresnel -one

1n e(ent obser(ed !t ! detector is reflected from ! Done of +oints "he r!y+!ths from source to detector 8hich differ in len,th by less th!n ! Eu!rter 8!(elen,th c!n interfere constructi(ely "he +ortion of the reflector from 8hich they !dd constructi(ely is the Fresnel Done Ch!n,es th!t occur 8ithin this Done !re difficult to resol(e "he siDe of the Fresnel Done de+ends u+on the 8!(elen,th of the +ulse !nd the de+th of the reflector

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

Mi,r!tion Reduces L!ter!l Sme!rin,

Ideal / Model Response

00 m

Stack No Migration

Image After Migration

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

:ood Mi,r!tion Enh!nces Resolution

St!nd!rd Mi,r!tion
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F W Schroeder 04

Hi,h0end Mi,r!tion
L 9 Seismic Resolution

Fresnel -one EEu!tions

=re0Mi,r!tion =ost0Mi,r!tion

Fd > '!(, "FF

8here7

Fd > L F4 > '!(, F4 F

Fd > Fresnel )i!meter '!(, > 1(er!,e 'elocity " > "ime F > FreEuency of =ulse L > W!(elen,th
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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

1nother Sim+le Exercise 0 % -ones

Calculating Fresnel Zone Diameters

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

"y+ic!l L!ter!l Resolution

Sh!llo8 E(ent
"ime > $/0 s 'int > '!(, > %000 mFs =ulse > G0 HD =reMi, Fresnel )i!meter > % % m =ostMi, Fresnel )i!meter > $0 m

)ee+ E(ent
"ime > G/0 s 'int > 4M00 mFs '!(, > & 00 mFs =ulse > %0 HD =reMi, Fresnel )i!meter > $900 m =ostMi, Fresnel )i!meter > 4I/G m F W Schroeder 04 L 9 Seismic Resolution

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:r!+hic!l 1ns8ers Fresnel Zone Circles

Sh!llo8 Windo8
% % m +re0mi,r!tion $0 m +ost0mi,r!tion

)ee+ Windo8
$ #m

$900 m +re0mi,r!tion 4I/G m +ost0mi,r!tion

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution

Summ!ry7 L!ter!l Resolution

Mi,r!tion enh!nces l!ter!l resolution L!r,e !+erture Arecei(er c!ble len,thB is needed for hi,h l!ter!l resolution Fine s+!ti!l s!m+lin, is needed for hi,h l!ter!l resolution =rest!c# mi,r!tion +ro(ides better l!ter!l resolution th!n +ostst!c# mi,r!tion )e+th mi,r!tion +ro(ides better resolution th!n time mi,r!tion

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F W Schroeder 04

L 9 Seismic Resolution