OGP

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data
Report No. 399 October 2007
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
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Report No: 399 October 2007
The environmental statistics for 2006 were derived from data provided by the following companies:
Contributing companies
ADNOC AgipKCO BG BHP Billiton BP Cairn Energy Chevron CNOOC ConocoPhillips DONG Energy Eni E&P Division ExxonMobil Gaz de France Hess Corporation Kuwait Oil Company Maersk Marathon Nexen Norsk Hydro Oil Search OMV Petrobras PetroCanada Petronas Premier PTT EP Repsol YPF Shell Statoil Total Wintershall
Table of contents
Executive summary................................................................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction............................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Overall review of submissions............................................................................................................................................... 5 Detailed review: 1 Gaseous emissions......................................................................................................................................................9 2 Aqueous discharges...................................................................................................................................................15 3 Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids (NADF) on cuttings........................................................................................ 19 4 Spills............................................................................................................................................................................ 21 5 Energy consumption................................................................................................................................................ 25 Appendix A Tabulated data..........................................................................................................................................26 Appendix B Glossary......................................................................................................................................................43
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Executive summary
Over the past 8 years the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) has collected environmental data from its member companies on an annual basis. The objective of this programme has been to allow member companies to compare their performance with other companies in the sector, leading, it is hoped, to improved and more efficient performance. The programme also contributes to the industrys wish to be more transparent about its operations. This report summarises information on exploration and production activities carried out by OGP member companies in 2006. 31 member companies, working in 60 countries worldwide, have submitted data for the report. 5 member companies are taking part in this report for the first time, while 2 companies that contributed 2005 data did not take part this year. Information is aggregated at both global and regional levels and is expressed in terms of 5 indicators: Gaseous emissions Aqueous discharges Non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF) on cuttings Spills Energy consumption These data represent oil and gas production of 2110 million tonnes (about 33% of global production in the BP Energy Review 2006). However, regional coverage is uneven, ranging from 100% of production in Europe to 17% of known production in the Middle East and 5% in the Former Soviet Union.
Gaseous emissions
In 2006, OGP reporting companies emitted: 290 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent to 142 tonnes of carbon dioxide per thousand tonnes of production; 2.0 million tonnes of methane (CH4) equivalent to 1.0 tonne of methane per thousand tonnes of production; 1.4 million tonnes of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) equivalent to 0.7 tonne of NMVOC per thousand tonnes of production; 0.4 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) equivalent to 0.2 tonne of SO2 per thousand tonnes of production; and 0.8 million tonnes of nitrogen oxides (NOX) equivalent to 0.4 tonne of NOX per thousand tonnes of production. Global average emission values (normalised to production) for CH4 and NMVOC are lower (by 9.9% and 11.4% respectively) than those reported in 2005. CO2 , and NOX are 7.1% and 19% higher respectively than the 2005 results. SO2 remains unchanged. Regional analysis confirms a direct link between the level of infrastructure to collect, market and use the gas associated with the production of oil and the level of gaseous emissions of CO2 and CH4. This is due to increased emissions relative to production reported by several of the contributing companies and no single underlying cause can be identified.
Aqueous discharges
Water from oil and gas production streams (produced water) is the most significant liquid discharge associated with upstream operations. For every tonne of hydrocarbon (oil, including condensates, and gas) produced, 0.6 tonne of produced water was discharged and 0.8 tonne of produced water was re-injected. The quality of produced water discharges is measured in terms of oil content. In 2006, the average concentration of oil in produced water was 8mg/l for onshore discharges and 17mg/l for offshore discharges. When expressed in terms of oil production, overall, these discharges are equivalent to 10 tonnes of oil for every million tonnes of hydrocarbon produced.
OGP Report 383, OGP Publications: http://www.ogp.org.uk/Publications/
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Comparison with 2005 indicates that the concentration of oil in produced water decreased in 2006 by 17%; The average quantity of oil discharged per unit of production increased by 3.6%.
Non-aqueous drilling uids (NADF) on cuttings

Although most drilling fluids are water-based, some conditions demand the properties that are only available from non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADFs). In the past, these NADFs have contained diesel or conventional mineral oil as the primary component (Group I fluids). However the industry has moved to NADFs using low toxicity mineral oil (Group II fluids) and, more recently, enhanced mineral oils and synthetics (Group III fluids). As a consequence of this shift, in 2006 reporting companies discharged 27391 tonnes of NADF on drill cuttings, with 90% containing Group III base fluids. There were no reports of discharges of Group I fluids. Regional analysis shows that, in 2006, Group III fluids were discharged in all regions except Europe and that discharges of Group II fluids took place only in Africa and Asia/Australasia. In Europe no drilling fluids were reported discharged.
Spills
A spill is defined as any loss of containment that reaches the environment, irrespective of quantity recovered. In 2006, OGP member companies reported 4711 spills, releasing a total of 15109 tonnes of oil, the equivalent of 7.7 tonnes of oil spilled per million tonnes of hydrocarbon produced. There is significantly less oil spilled offshore than onshore. Comparison with 2005 data indicates that the reported quantity of oil spilled doubled in 2006. This is largely due to a single incident which occurred in Africa where more than 4000 tonnes of oil was spilled from a corroded crude oil export line. 70% of the material spilled in that incident is reported to have been recovered. Regional analysis shows that the average size of onshore spills is higher in Africa than in any other region. This can be mainly attributed to equipment failure or to wilful damage to facilities (sabotage) or mishaps during theft of crude from oil facilities, wells, flow lines or pipelines.
Energy consumption
Production of oil and gas requires significant quantities of energy for extraction, process and transport. In many oilfields those energy needs are met by locally produced gas. In 2006, OGP reporting companies consumed on average 1.5 GigaJoules of energy for every tonne of hydrocarbon produced. Comparison with 2005 data shows an increase of 6% in the energy consumed. Data indicate that onshore production in 2006 was more energy intensive than offshore production. Regional analysis shows that operations in North America were the most energy intensive (2.4 GigaJoules per tonne of hydrocarbon produced), while Africa was the least intensive (0.9 GigaJoules per tonne), partly due to lower levels of processing of reservoir fluids (oil, gas and water).
Definitions of Group I, II and III base fluids are provided in section 3.1

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Introduction
Over the past 8 years, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) has collected environmental information from its member companies on an annual basis. The ultimate aim of this project is to provide a representative statement on the environmental performance of the upstream oil and gas industry. Subsidiary objectives are to provide a basis for individual member companies to compare their environmental performance and to demonstrate the industrys wish for greater transparency concerning its activities. This will help them to identify better and more efficient ways of operating. Environmental information relating to emissions and discharges is collected under the following five categories: Emissions to air; Aqueous discharges; Discharges of non-aqueous drilling fluids on cuttings; Accidental spillages of oil and chemicals; and Energy efficiency Data are collected annually for each of the categories above, on the basis of a set of definitions agreed by the OGP membership. The definitions are provided via a Users Guide that is reviewed at regular intervals and updated to reflect improvements in reporting and to provide additional clarification. Quality assurance is an integral part of the reporting process and contributing companies are asked to provide information on the quality assurance systems that underpin their data submissions. A report of activities in 2003, 2004 and 2005 and summary reports for activities in 2001 and 2002 have been published previously .
OGP report 359, 372, 383, 339s & 347s, OGP Publications: http://www.ogp.org.uk/publications/
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Overall review of submissions

31 OGP member companies reported environmental information for, on average, 6 countries each. Data from 60 countries are represented in the report. The data represent 2110 million tonnes of hydrocarbon production, approximately equivalent to 33% of world production as reported in the BP Energy Review for 2006. To view the data from a geographical perspective, 7 regions have been defined. The percentage of total production reported for each of these regions is shown in the figure below. In the subsequent figures in this section, we show overall aggregated information for 2002, 2003 and 2004, 2005 as well as 2006. Data for the earlier years have already been published but are included in this report for ease of comparison.
Percentage of total production
100 80 60 40 20 63 44
100
43 27 17 5
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
This report only reflects the performance of the OGP member companies that have provided data. However where the degree of coverage is highest, for example in Europe where almost all hydrocarbon production is represented, the information can be taken to approximate industry performance. In Africa, North and South America, and Asia and Australasia, the data give a broad indication of industry performance. Data represent just 17% of total production in the Middle East and 5% in the former Soviet Union (FSU). Data for these regions are therefore only representative of the performance of those companies reporting and not of the industry as a whole. Consequently, in the analysis of the data from these areas, the information is shown on the charts as grey bars, but is not included in cross-regional comparisons. Global averages are calculated using data from all regions, including those from the FSU and the Middle East.
Gaseous emissions
In 2006, gaseous emissions were as follows: 290 million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent to 142 tonnes of carbon dioxide per thousand tonnes of production; 2.0 million tonnes of methane (CH4) equivalent to 1.0 tonnes of methane per thousand tonnes of production; 1.4 million tonnes of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) equivalent to 0.7 tonne of NMVOC per thousand tonnes of production; 0.4 million tonnes of sulphur dioxide (SO2) equivalent to 0.2 tonne of SO2 per thousand tonnes of production; and 0.8 million tonnes of nitrogen oxides (NOX) equivalent to 0.4 tonne of NOX per thousand tonnes of production. These normalised figures (tonnes of gas emitted per thousand tonnes of production) are broadly consistent with data published for activities from 20022005.
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Emissions per thousand tonnes production

tonnes per thousand tonnes
1.5 1.2
1.0
2006 2005
163 142
200
2004 2003
0.7
150
0.9 0.6
2002
100
0.4
0.3 0.0
50
0.2
CH4
NMVOC
SO2
NOX
CO2
GHG
GHG: Total GreenHouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent)
Aqueous discharges
Aqueous discharge covers the discharge of produced water, mainly produced formation water. The quality of produced water discharges is usually monitored by the measurement of its oil content. The overall average oil content in produced water discharges in 2006 was 16mg/l, compared to 20mg/l in 2005 and 19mg/l in 2004. Offshore the average oil content in produced water was 17mg/l, whilst onshore it was 8mg/l. For every tonne of hydrocarbon (oil and gas) produced in 2006, 0.6 tonne of produced water was discharged and 0.8 tonne of produced water was re-injected. In 2005, 0.4 tonne of produced water was discharged and 0.7 tonne was reinjected. Comparison with 2005 data indicates that the oil content of produced water discharged decreased by 17% in 2006. However, comparison with 2005 data also indicates that the amount of water discharged increased by about 17%. The combined result was a net increase in the total amount of oil discharged (i.e. ~4% increase to 9.6 tonnes of oil for every million tonnes of hydrocarbon produced from 9.2 in 2005).
Oil discharged per unit of produced water discharged
milligrammes oil per litre of produced water discharged
25 20 15 10 5 0
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
17.4
16.4
7.9
Onshore
Offshore
Overall
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Oil Spills:
For every million tonnes of hydrocarbons produced, some 7.7 tonnes of oil were spilt, compared to 4.3 tonnes in 2005 and 3.7 tonnes in 2004; The reported spillage rate (which includes spillage due to wilful damage to facilities) onshore was 38 times the offshore average.
Oil spilt per unit of hydrocarbon production
tonnes per million tonnes
20
17.3
2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
15
10
7.7
0.5
Onshore
Offshore
Overall
Energy Consumption:
A significant proportion of the data supplied on energy consumption was provided as unspecified, being not identified as arising from either purchased or onsite combustion. Every tonne of hydrocarbon production consumed on average 1.48 GigaJoules of energy (1.40 GigaJoules in 2005 and 1.35 GigaJoules in 2004); Where a breakdown is available the figures show that energy requirements were largely met by combustion of fuels on-site rather than by purchase of electricity or steam.
Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production
GigaJoules per tonne
1.5
Unspecified energy Purchased energy
On-site combustion
1.2
0.9
0.6
0.3
0.0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
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Detailed review: 1 Gaseous emissions

Releases of gases to the atmosphere are an integral and inevitable part of exploration, production and processing operations. The principal (routine) sources are flaring, venting, turbine operation, fluids processing, fugitive losses (for example from pumps, gas driven valves, flanges and pipes) and drilling. Non-routine and emergency emissions can arise from well testing and emergency flaring and gas venting. Gaseous emissions covered in this report are those considered most relevant from a process control as well as from a regulatory perspective. They are: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOX). Given the wide range of sources of gaseous emissions, it is not practicable (or possible) to measure every single release individually. Industry has, however, developed and updated detailed guidance methodologies to calculate and estimate emissions and losses. Since companies may use a variety of estimation techniques to estimate the emissions from different sources, care must be taken when comparing aggregated numbers from different regions and different years. The following sub-sections present the data in terms of regional mean values for emission normalised by unit of production for the years 2004, 2005 and 2006. The use of normalised ratios (emission per unit of production) facilitates comparisons between different operating regions while absolute emission loads give a sense of the scale of the emissions. A number of factors affects the quantity of gases emitted from upstream petroleum industry operations. Consequently, understanding the variations in performance in terms of normalised emission ratios is complex. These factors include: Presence or absence of infrastructure for gas sales; Gas-oil ratio; Reservoir and field characteristics; Use of hydrocarbon recovery techniques; Regulatory and contractual aspects; Age of the fields.
See for example: Methods for estimating atmospheric emissions from E&P operations, OGP report 197, 1994; Petroleum Industry Guidelines for Reporting Greenhouse Gas Emissions (2003), joint OGP/API/IPIECA report, 2003 Compendium of Greenhouse Gas Emission Estimation Methodologies for the Oil & Gas Industry, API, 2004 Sangea Energy and Emissions Estimating System, API, http://ghg.api.org
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1.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Emission of carbon dioxide is the largest gaseous release (in terms of mass) from the upstream industry. Emissions occur principally from flaring and combustion of fuels for energy production and are therefore a function of the type and quantity of fuel burned. Carbon dioxide releases may also occur where the gas is used for enhanced petroleum recovery or where it is stripped from the natural reservoir gases to meet sales specifications.
1.1.1
Emissions per unit of production
Regional averages for quantity of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of production vary from 70 to 262 tonnes of carbon dioxide per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 1.1.1. In 2005 the range was between 65 and 274 tonnes per thousand tonnes of production.
Figure 1.1.1: CO2 emissions per unit of production
tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production
350 300 250 200

153
2006 (overall 142) 2005 (overall 132)
262
2004 (overall 138)
150 100 50 0
Africa
150
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
70
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
The higher normalised carbon dioxide emissions in Africa result from more widespread flaring of associated gas than in other parts of the world. In much of Africa, little or no infrastructure currently exists to market and use the gas associated with the production of oil. By contrast, in Europe there are mature gas markets and infrastructure. Consequently, emission rates are lower.
1.1.2 Emissions by activity

Just one third of the total CO2 emissions reported were categorised by activity. Where the activity is specified, almost all the carbon dioxide emissions reported (96%) are from process and treatment activities. Drilling activities account for 3% of total carbon dioxide emissions reported and 1% are attributable to activites carried out within terminals. In general, carbon dioxide emissions are primarily attributable to combustion (through energy use and flaring during processing and treatment activities).
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1.2 Methane (CH4)

After carbon dioxide, methane is the next largest emission (in terms of overall tonnage) by the oil and gas industry. It is emitted from sources including process vents, gas-driven pneumatic devices and tank vents. It also escapes from process components (valves, flanges, etc fugitive emissions) that carry process streams containing significant quantities of methane. In addition, some methane emissions result from incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
1.2.1 Emissions per unit of production

Regional averages for methane emissions expressed per unit of production vary from 0.3 to 1.5 tonnes of methane per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 1.2.1. In 2005 the range was between 0.2 and 1.9 tonnes per thousand tonnes of production.
Figure 1.2.1: CH4 emissions per unit of production
2.5
2006 (overall 1.0) 2005 (overall 1.1)
2.0
1.5
2004 (overall 1.1)
1.0
0.0
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
0.3
0.5
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Emissions for Europe are lower than for any other region. This is partly due to low levels of flaring and venting in the region and a greater reliance on conservative conversion factors when estimating emissions. In the other regions there are higher rates of natural gas flaring and venting in certain types of production facilities.

The activity was reported for just one third of the total CH4 emissions reported. Where the activity is specified, the largest portion of methane emissions, 98%, is from process and treatment. Terminal and drilling activities are responsible for the remaining 2% of total methane emissions reported.
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1.4
1.5
1.4
1.5
11
1.3 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)

NMVOC emissions mainly occur from non-combustion sources such as venting and fugitive releases (including crude oil loading). In addition, NMVOCs are emitted in the exhaust of combustion equipment and are, therefore, a function of the nature and quantity of fuel burnt, the type of combustion device used and the mode of operation.
1.3.1 Emissions by Unit of Production

Regional averages for quantity of NMVOC emitted per unit of production vary from 0.3 to 1.3 tonnes per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 1.3.1. In 2005 the range was between 0.3 and 1.7 tonnes per thousand tonnes of production.
Figure 1.3.1: NMVOC emissions per unit of production
2.0
2006 (overall 0.70) 2005 (overall 0.79)
1.5
1.3
2004 (overall 0.80)
0.8
0.0
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
0.3
0.5
FSU
Middle East
North America
0.6
South America
Venting and flaring are the main sources of both NMVOC and CH4 emissions and therefore their regional emission patterns are similar. NMVOC emissions are highest in Africa (1.3 tonnes of NMVOC per thousand tonnes of production). This is the result of high flaring rates that produce higher quantities of unburned NMVOCs. The second highest regions are Asia/Australasia and South America, both with a rate of 0.8 tonne of NMVOC per thousand tonnes of production. Europe has the lowest normalised emissions, producing 0.3 tonne of NMVOC per thousand tonnes production. This is due, in part, to relatively little flaring, as well as to stringent regulatory controls that limit fugitive emissions.

The activity was reported for less than a third of the total NMVOC emissions reported. Where the activity is specified, the largest proportion of emissions of NMVOC, 95%, comes from processing and treatment. Terminal and drilling activities are responsible for the remaining 5% of total NMVOC emissions reported.
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0.8
1.0
1.4 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

Sulphur dioxide emissions by the upstream industry arise through oxidation of sulphur naturally contained within hydrocarbons when burnt. The rate of emission therefore is a reflection of the sulphur content of produced hydrocarbons, which varies widely depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon produced. Flaring of gases from the sulphur removal process represents one of the biggest sources of SO2 , together with flaring of associated gas containing high concentrations of H2S.

Regional averages for quantity of SO2 emissions expressed per unit of production vary from 0.03 to 0.19 tonne per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 1.4.1. In 2005 the range was between 0.03 and 0.17 tonne per thousand tonnes of production.
Figure 1.4.1: SO2 emissions per unit of production
1.0
2006 (overall 0.20) 2005 (overall 0.20) 2004 (overall 0.23)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.09
0.19
0.2
0.0
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
0.03
Europe
0.04
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Asia/Australasia and Europe have the lowest average normalised emissions of SO2 , ranging from 0.03 to 0.04 tonne per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production.

The activity was reported for less than half of the total SO2 emissions. Where the activity is specified, the largest percentage of SO2 emissions, 94%, relates to processing and treatment. The drilling and terminal activity categories represent the remaining 6% of total SO2 emissions reported.
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0.07
13
1.5 Nitrogen oxides

Emissions of nitrogen oxides, (principally nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide, expressed as NOX), occur almost exclusively from the combustion of fuels. These emissions are a function of the combustion peak temperature, and therefore of the type and operation of combustion device. NOX emission figures are frequently estimated rather than measured directly. In consequence, they are strongly dependent upon the calculation methodology and thus it is difficult to get comparable data from different companies operating in different regions.

Regional averages for quantity of NOX emitted per unit of production vary from 0.2 to 0.7 tonne of NOX per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production, as shown in Figure 1.5.1. In 2005 the range was between 0.2 and 0.5 tonne per thousand tonnes of production.
Figure 1.5.1: NOX emissions per unit of production
0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

0.4
0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0
0.4
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
0.2
FSU
Middle East
North America
0.6
South America
Normalised NOX emissions are highest in the South American region, showing an average of 0.7 tonne of NOX per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production. Europe has the lowest normalised NOX emissions of 0.2 tonne NOX per thousand tonnes of hydrocarbon production.

The activity was reported for one third of the total NOX emissions reported. Where the activity is specified, the largest percentage of NOX emissions, 76%, is from process and treatment activities. Drilling accounts 23% and the terminal category represents 1% of total NOX emissions reported.
14
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0.7
2 Aqueous discharges
Produced water is the highest volume liquid waste generated and discharged during the production of oil and gas. It consists of formation water (water present naturally in the reservoir), floodwater (water previously injected into the reservoir) and/or condensed water (in the case of some gas production). After extraction, produced water is separated and treated (de-oiled) before discharge to surface water (including rivers, lakes, seas, etc.) or to land (including to evaporation ponds). Produced water can also be injected either into the producing reservoir (where it can enhance hydrocarbon recovery) or into another appropriate formation (for disposal). The volume of produced water typically increases as oil and gas fields age. As context, the worldwide volume of produced water reported in this database in 2006 was approximately 1.4 times that of hydrocarbon production. Discharge of produced water is regulated in most countries. Regulations usually vary between onshore and offshore, and from one region to another. Differences in onshore and offshore regulations reflect differing environmental conditions and sensitivities. For example, salt content and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) can be important aspects where discharges are to rivers or where these may have an impact on potable aquifers. These factors are less important for offshore discharges where the focus is more on the oil content of produced water. The quality of produced water is most widely expressed in terms of its oil content. There are a number of analytical methodologies in use around the world for measuring oil in water. These differences in analytical methodologies make the direct comparison of aggregated data more difficult or impossible.
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2.1 Quality (oil content) of produced water discharges

Figure 2.1.a: Oil content of produced water discharged onshore
40
2006 (overall 7.9) 2005 (overall 10.3)
milligrammes oil per litre of produced water discharged (equivalent to tonnes per million tonnes)
138
30
2004 (overall 10.1)
20
15 13
Asia/ Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America
10
no data
South America
Africa
Figure 2.1.b: Oil content of produced water discharged offshore

40
milligrammes oil per litre of produced water discharged (equivalent to tonnes per million tonnes)
2006 (overall 17.4) 2005 (overall 21.5)
30
25
2004 (overall 19.5)
20
16 19 16 12
10
no data
Africa Asia/ Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America South America
Regional averages for the oil content of produced water discharged vary onshore from 0mg/l to 15mg/l, while offshore they vary from 11 to 25mg/l. Onshore the average for the Asia/Australasia region has halved compared to the 2005 average.
16
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2.2 Produced Water Injection

As stated previously, produced water is often injected back into reservoirs to improve hydrocarbon recovery or into other geological strata for disposal. Onshore, where disposal to surface is often constrained by regulatory and environmental concerns, injection of produced water is the principal disposal route with more than 90% of water being returned below ground. In contrast, in the African region there is widespread use of evaporation ponds in desert areas and large river basins are available in equatorial areas in which to discharge de-oiled produced water. Offshore, where the majority of de-oiled produced water can be discharged to sea with limited impact, there is much less re-injection (average 19%). Exceptions to this are locations where injection would be beneficial to the management of the reservoir or where environmental sensitivity is considered to be high. In Asia/ Australasia 24% of the offshore produced water was reinjected while in Africa less than 1% was reinjected.
2.3 Quantity of oil discharged in produced water per unit of production of hydrocarbons
Figure 2.3.a: Oil discharged per unit of production onshore
tonnes per million tonnes of hydrocarbon production
25
2006 (overall 2.1) 2005 (overall 2.1)
20
2004 (overall 2.1)
15
10
6
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Figure 2.3.b: Oil discharged per unit of production offshore

tonnes per million tonnes of hydrocarbon production
25
22
74 69 57
20
15
12
10
10
5
0
Africa Asia/ Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America South America
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18
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3 Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids (NADF) on cuttings

Regional averages for the quantity of oil discharged by unit of production of hydrocarbons vary onshore from a few kg per million tonnes in Europe and North America to 6t/106t in Africa, while offshore they vary from 3 to 22t/106t. As noted above, the difference between the overall averages onshore and offshore reflects the fact that produced water is largely re-injected onshore (where environmental sensitivities to produced water - especially salt - are generally greater) while the offshore environment is generally less sensitive to produced water discharges.
3.1 General
While most drilling in the offshore oil and gas industry is achieved using water-based drilling fluids (muds), technical challenges often require the use of drilling fluids that provide higher lubricity, stability at higher temperatures and well-bore stability non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF). These challenges arise especially with techniques such as extended-reach and directional drilling, both of which may be required to develop many new reservoirs or to improve recovery from previously identified resources. OGP has proposed the following classification of NADFs:
Classication
Group I Group II Group III
Base uid
Diesel and conventional mineral oil Low toxicity mineral oil Enhanced mineral oil Synthetics (esters, olens, parafns)
Aromatic (%)
>5.0 0.5 5.0 <0.5
PAH (%)
>0.35 0.001 0.35 <0.001
In the past, diesel-based and mineral oil-based fluids (Group I fluids) were used to address these technical challenges, but it was recognised that the discharge of cuttings with adhering diesel or oil-based muds might cause adverse environmental impacts. Thus, less harmful low-toxicity mineral oil fluids (Group II) and later more sophisticated drilling fluids (Group III) were developed to deliver high drilling performance while ensuring that any discharges of drilling fluids adhering to cuttings posed minimal threat to the marine environment. Non-aqueous drilling fluids (NADF) contain more than 30% non-aqueous base fluid (NABF) as a continuous phase (typically 50%-80% by volume); the remainder consists of brine, barite and other materials such as gels and emulsifiers. The data gathered for this report relate to NADF adhering to cuttings that are discharged to the marine environment. NADFs as such are not discharged.
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3.2 Non-Aqueous Base Fluid Discharged on Cuttings

The following chart, Figure 3.1, provides a regional view of adhered base fluid quantities on cuttings discharged to the sea while drilling with NADFs. It should be noted that information on NADF discharges has been provided by a relatively small number of companies and they therefore cannot represent overall industry performance. No data were received on discharges of Group I fluids and, although it is not possible to state definitively that Group I fluids are no longer discharged, there is some evidence that this is indeed the case.
Figure 3.1: Total base fluid (NADF) discharges to sea, by region; 20042006
tonnes
20000
2004
2005
2006 NADF Unspecified NADF Group III
15000
NADF Group II
10000
5000
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
NB: No group 1 NADF discharges were reported in 2004, 2005 or 2006
20
2007 OGP
4 Spills
Spills are an important environmental performance indicator for the oil and gas industry since they can have a significant and visible impact on the environment. The degree of environmental impact is highly dependent on the nature of the release, where it occurred and how it was subsequently managed. Oil exploration and production companies have spill contingency plans and measures in place to respond to and mitigate spills. For the purposes of this report, a spill is defined as any loss of containment that reaches the environment, irrespective of quantity recovered. Spills may have a number of causes such as equipment failures (including corrosion), operating errors, sabotage and theft. The majority of spills in the upstream oil and gas industry are oil spills, which include condensate and petroleum related products. Chemical spills with release to the external environment occur only infrequently and quantities released are generally small. Relatively few reports of chemical spills have been received and the data for these are presented in Appendix A.
Oil Spills
In 2006 4,711 oil spills were reported, releasing a total of 15,109 tonnes of oil. Figure 4.1 shows the number of spills of all sizes reported per region. In 2005 8,877 tonnes of oil were spilled in 4,246 incidents. The increase in the quantity of oil spilled is largely due to one incident which occurred in Africa where more than 4,000 tonnes of oil was spilled from a corroded crude oil export line. 70% of the material spilled in that incident is reported to have been recovered. Spills resulting from sabotage are included in these figures.
Figure 4.1: Number of oil spills
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0
2006 2005 2004 1603 758
Africa Asia/ Australasia
262
Europe
373
FSU
Middle East
North America
1310
South America
2007 OGP
21
Figures 4.2 and 4.3 show the reported absolute quantities of oil spilled onshore and offshore respectively in the different geographic regions.
Figure 4.2: Quantity of reported oil spilled onshore by region
tonnes
7500
7216 2006 2005 2004
6000
4500
3137
Africa Asia/ Australasia
3000
1533 121
Europe
1500
206
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Figure 4.3: Quantity of reported oil spilled offshore by region

tonnes
7500
2006 2005
6000
2004
4500
3000
1500
145 191 62 59 19
South America
Africa
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
Environmental aspects of the use of non aqueous drilling fluids associated with offshore oil & gas operations, Report No. 342, May 2003
22
2007 OGP
Figure 4.4 shows the average size of oil spills occurring onshore for the different regions. These data indicate that onshore oil spills in Africa are, on average, larger than the overall reported average. This is mainly a consequence of wilful damage to facilities (sabotage) or mishaps during the theft of crude from oil facilities, wells, flow lines or pipelines.
Figure 4.4: Average size of reported oil spilled onshore by region
tonnes
25.5
28 24 20 16 12 8
2.2
Africa
Asia/Australasia
0.6
Europe
1.6
FSU
Middle East
North America South America
Figure 4.5 shows the average size of offshore oil spills. Average reported offshore spill sizes have reduced compared to 2005 averages, for all regions. The average offshore spill size, 0.6 tonnes, is just 12% of the average onshore spill size of 4.1 tonnes.
Figure 4.5: Average size of reported oil spilled offshore by region
tonnes
28 24 20 16 12 8 4
0.9
0.8
0.4
Africa
0.4
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
2007 OGP
0.6
2.0
23
Figure 4.6 shows the distribution of spills in terms of number of spills in each reporting category. In terms of number of events, the distribution is dominated by the large number of small spills. However, it is clear that the quantity released overall (for those spill where a size category was specified) will be dominated by the few, relatively large events.
Figure 4.6: Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore by size
Number of spills
2000
Offshore Onshore 1638
1500
1000
500
537
478
519
505 263 117
34
10 < x < 100 bbl
29
4
Unspecified
< 1 bbl
1 < x < 10 bbl
> 100 bbl
24
2007 OGP
5 Energy consumption
The energy used to produce oil and gas covers a range of activities. These include: driving pumps that produce the hydrocarbons (and any associated produced water); heating produced oil for separation; producing steam for enhanced oil recovery; driving the pumps to re-inject produced water, inject water for water-flooding and transport the produced oil through pipelines; powering compressors to re-inject produced gas or to export it through pipelines; driving turbines to generate electricity needed for the operations and for living quarters (eg at offshore platforms). Energy consumption will vary widely depending upon the specific local circumstances and operational conditions. In many oilfields the energy is derived from locally produced gas used as fuel in turbines to produce electricity and drive compressors. Where supply of produced gas is limited, additional energy in the form of electricity or heat (steam) may be purchased from external suppliers. On the basis of the data reported, energy produced on site is the dominant source of power, amounting to 66% of the total energy used. Purchased energy and energy from unspecified sources accounted respectively for 6% and 28% of the total. In Figure 5.1 the (overall) energy consumption is normalised against the quantity of hydrocarbons produced for each region. This shows a fairly narrow range of values with an average of 1.5 GJ/t.
Figure 5.1: Energy consumption per unit of production by region
GigaJoules per tonne
2.4
2.5
2006 (overall 1.5) 2005 (overall 1.4)
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.1
1.0
0.5
0.0
Africa
0.9
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
2007 OGP
1.7
2004 (overall 1.4)
25
Appendix A Data tables

The following tables provide the data from which the figures and charts throughout the report are compiled.
Summary
Production associated with database and BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2006 by region Region
Africa Asia/Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America South America Total
Production in this report (106t)

403 314 509 61 259 361 203 2,110
BP Review production (106t)

636 719 509 1,294 1,524 1,333 476 6,490
Production as % of BP Review production

63% 44% 100% 5% 17% 27% 43% 33%
Equivalent last year

66% 45% 98% 4% 16% 29% 53% 34%
NB:
Production gures given in this report relate to gross production whereas world data extracted from the BP Statistical Review represent net production. Thus the data are not directly comparable, but the percentage of world production gures are given as indicative of the relative regional contributions in the database.
No. of useable company/country data sheets/sets by region 2006 Region

Africa Asia/Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America South America Total
2005 No. of data sets

40 49 49 13 17 28 31 227
2004 No. of data sets

50 51 44 13 13 29 29 229
No. of data sheets

34 41 44 10 18 20 26 193
No. of data sheets

35 36 34 10 13 17 24 169
No. of data sheets

33 36 36 10 13 15 26 169
No. of data sets

45 44 43 16 12 25 35 220
Data sheet: all data for one country for an individual company Data set: a set of data with distinct company, country and location (onshore/offshore/unspecied) where there is a positive return of production, emissions, discharges, energy or spills data Gas emissions per unit of production 2006 Emission per 10 t production (t/103t)
3
2005 Hydrocarbon production 106t

2,044 2,044 1,997 1,992 2,004

2104 2103 2069 2062 2071
Emission per 10 t production (t/103t)

3
Emission per 10 t production (t/103t)

3
Hydrocarbon production 106t

2118 2118 2063 2057 2069
CO2 CH4 NMVOC SO2 NOX GHG
141.74 1.00 0.70 0.20 0.38 162.68
132.32 1.11 0.79 0.20 0.32 155.61
138.49 1.13 0.80 0.23 0.36 162.24
NB
Total greenhouse gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent) Data only included where gas quantity and production level are both reported
26
2007 OGP
Oil discharged with produced water per unit of produced water 2006 Oil discharged per unit PW (mg/l)
Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall 7.89 17.39 25.13 16.40
2005 Oil discharged per unit PW (mg/l)

10.33 21.48 20.52 19.87
2004 Oil discharged per unit PW (mg/l)

10.12 19.53 29.53 19.09
NB
Data only included where oil in produced water and produced water quantity are both reported
Oil spilt per unit of production 2006 Oil spilt per 10 t production (t/106t)
6

762 1,062 148 1,974

807 1,043 200 2,052
Oil spilt per 10 t production (t/106t)

6
Oil spilt per 10 t production (t/106t)

6

926 1,028 103 2,057
Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall
17.3 0.5 9.7 7.7
7.9 0.6 8.9 4.3
6 0.5 15.6 3.7
NB
Data only included where quantity of oil spilt and production level are both reported
Total oil discharged (discharges + spills) per unit of production 2006 Total oil discharged per 106t production (t/106t)
Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall 19 14 16 16

448 1,030 121 1,600

569 1,010 201 1,780
Total oil discharged per 106t production (t/106t)

11 15 15 13
Total oil discharged per 106t production (t/106t)

9 13 42 12

656 1,001 56 1,713
NB
For onshore, offshore and overall results data are only included where oil in produced water and spills are reported as well as production levels for the dataset.
Energy consumption per unit of production 2006

% Onsite combustion % Purchased % Unspecied Total energy consumption (GJ/t) Production (106t) 66 6 28 1.48 1,919
2005
66 6 28 1.40 1,913
2004
77 7 16 1.35 1,967
2003
78 8 14 1.22 2,231
2002
85 3 12 1.14 1,959
NB
Data only included where energy consumption and production level are both reported
2007 OGP
27
1 Gaseous Emissions
Gross emissions of gases per region Africa 2006
CO2 (106t) CH4 (10 t)
3
Asia/ Australasia
43.8 403.4 197.7 7.3 105.3
Europe
35.3 123.9 159.6 19.5 118.7
FSU
8.0 47.3 28.7 16.6 18.9
Middle East
21.5 106.8 147.2 239.4 39.3
North America
52.4 504.3 205.2 67.0 209.7
South America
27.3 288.1 163.4 13.7 131.8
Overall
290.0 2,038.8 1,392.3 397.6 763.0
101.9 565.0 490.5 34.0 139.2
NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (10 t)

3
2005
CO2 (106t) CH4 (103t) NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (103t) 106.8 674.0 655.6 64.9 142.9 39.8 565.6 216.3 8.3 85.2 33.5 122.4 169.7 40.0 108.7 7.1 48.9 14.9 28.4 17.2 27.5 138.6 197.0 226.1 40.1 41.5 389.2 144.8 39.9 170.0 27.0 421.8 267.4 12.6 115.1 283.2 2,360.5 1,665.7 420.1 679.2
2004
CO2 (106t) CH4 (10 t)
3
110.3 653.4 548.8 57.6 138.6
37.6 624.7 364.4 8.1 77.0
35.3 123.2 213.2 25.5 100.6
6.6 37.9 13.3 46.7 31.1
20.8 107.4 121.6 221.4 38.3
51.3 435.4 153.8 93.4 193.7
31.7 413.6 238.6 19.5 180.2
293.6 2,395.7 1,653.7 472.3 759.4
NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (10 t)

3
28
2007 OGP
Emissions per unit of production (tonnes per thousand tonnes) by region Africa 2006
CO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)
6
Asia/ Australasia
153.01 286 1.41 286 0.79 250 0.03 246 0.41 257
Europe
70.23 499 0.25 499 0.32 498 0.04 498 0.24 498
FSU
131.58 61 0.78 61 0.46 61 0.26 61 0.29 61
Middle East
83.15 259 0.41 259 0.59 251 0.96 251 0.16 251
North America
150.22 349 1.45 349 0.59 347 0.19 345 0.60 347
South America
134.43 203 1.42 203 0.81 203 0.07 203 0.65 203
Overall
141.74 2,044 1.00 2,044 0.70 1,997 0.20 1,992 0.38 2,004
262.08 389 1.45 389 1.26 389 0.09 389 0.36 389
CH4 emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) NMVOC emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) SO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) NOX emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)
6
2005
CO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) CH4 emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)
6
273.57 390 1.73 390 1.68 390 0.17 390 0.37 390
133.57 298 1.90 298 0.82 263 0.03 261 0.30 265
64.88 515 0.24 515 0.33 515 0.08 515 0.21 515
138.65 51 0.97 51 0.29 51 0.56 51 0.33 51
97.01 235 0.47 235 0.75 235 0.96 235 0.16 235
113.24 366 1.06 366 0.40 366 0.11 362 0.46 366
109.02 248 1.70 248 1.08 248 0.05 247 0.46 248
132.32 2,104 1.11 2,103 0.79 2,069 0.20 2,062 0.32 2,071
NMVOC emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) SO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) NOX emissions (t/103t) Production (106t)
2004
CO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) CH4 emissions (t/10 t)
3
312.55 353 1.85 353 1.55 353 0.16 353 0.39 353
133.29 282 2.22 282 1.32 276 0.03 275 0.27 282
64.60 546 0.23 546 0.42 506 0.05 506 0.20 506
141.08 46 0.83 46 0.27 46 1.00 46 0.33 46
95.26 219 0.49 219 0.56 219 1.01 219 0.18 219
126.55 406 1.07 406 0.38 402 0.23 402 0.48 402
118.04 268 1.55 268 0.91 261 0.08 256 0.68 261
138.49 2,118 1.13 2,118 0.80 2,063 0.23 2,057 0.36 2,069
Production (106t) NMVOC emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)

6
SO2 emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)

6
NOX emissions (t/103t) Production (106t)
NB
Data only included where gas quantity and production level are both reported
2007 OGP
29
Gas emissions by activity Drilling 2006

CO2 (106t) CH4 (10 t)
3
Process & Treatment

100.60 660.21 418.37 172.58 195.04
Flared
no data no data no data no data no data
Vented
no data no data no data no data no data
Terminal
1.23 7.33 14.31 3.84 2.66
Unspecied production
170.03 1,258.81 948.44 213.04 501.98
Total
275.30 1,933.32 1,391.18 396.57 759.77
3.44 6.97 10.06 7.11 60.09
NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (10 t)

3
2005
CO2 (106t) CH4 (103t) NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (103t) 1.21 0.24 0.86 6.28 25.34 82.46 273.82 294.17 150.03 220.01 90.55 498.94 221.74 115.98 43.36 2.34 429.51 221.07 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.62 0.31 2.35 1.54 96.45 837.12 918.28 145.41 382.97 273.22 2,040.25 1,656.43 420.06 673.22
2004
CO2 (106t) CH4 (10 t)
3
1.90 0.72 1.56 6.55 57.37
84.23 253.41 239.44 74.47 263.24
99.51 492.47 269.88 195.34 47.25
2.83 762.60 277.06 0.05 0.00
0.70 3.27 14.03 1.78 1.58
97.74 868.82 851.69 194.11 389.63
286.91 2,381.29 1,653.66 472.30 759.07
NMVOC (103t) SO2 (103t) NOX (10 t)

3
NB
Data only included where for any activity reported there are positive records of emissions of every type of gas The ared and vented categories were removed for 2006 data onwards
Gas emissions in production activities per unit of production (tonnes per thousand tonnes) onshore and offshore
CO2 Onshore Offshore
133.06 1,097
CH4 Onshore
1.36 770
NMVOC Offshore
0.64 1,097
SO2 Onshore
0.39 758
NOX Offshore
0.09 1,056
Onshore
0.81 760
Offshore
0.62 1,059
Onshore
0.47 762
Offshore
0.30 1,065
2006
Emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) 133.19 770
2005
Emissions (t/103t) Production (106t) 135.61 871 114.87 1,054 1.30 870 0.81 1,054 0.88 869 0.60 1,021 0.36 865 0.09 1,018 0.38 871 0.26 1,028
2004
Emissions (t/103t) Production (10 t)
6
139.79 934
123.2 1,065
1.24 934
0.95 1,065
0.78 934
0.85 1,010
0.37 932
0.1 1,005
0.42 934
0.28 1,016
NB
Data only included where gas quantities in production activities and production levels are both reported
30
2007 OGP
2 Aqueous discharges
Oil discharged in produced water per unit of produced water discharged by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) 14.62 26.22 4.67 85.51 4.27 1.34 N/A 0.00 138.38 0.43 0.00 0.06 12.67 10.16 7.89 123.72
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (10 t)
6
25.05 90.18
16.48 282.58
15.56 313.46
0.00 0.03
32.94 45.36
12.09 12.79
11.04 78.46
17.39 822.85
Unspecied
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 23.83 14.13 149.73 0.43 5.77 0.17 no data no data no data no data 22.68 13.07 no data no data 25.13 27.81
Overall
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) Production (106t) Total PW (106t) 22.82 130.53 372 151.04 13.90 368.52 308 1,014.26 15.51 314.97 481 435.28 2.28 0.03 57 0.99 33.92 45.79 85 116.90 17.40 25.92 249 110.17 11.23 88.61 203 364.86 16.40 974.39 1,756 2,193.51
2005 Onshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) 11.56 52.23 10.93 46.07 0.01 7.65 9.46 0.08 10.98 0.31 no data 0.00 8.86 9.16 10.33 115.51
Offshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) 26.94 76.58 24.67 138.78 18.94 301.97 no data 0.00 33.20 54.48 15.67 20.78 12.45 67.63 21.48 660.21
Unspecied
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (10 t)
6
21.26 23.82
20.61 28.28
11.78 0.25
no data no data
no data no data
17.41 5.88
no data no data
20.52 58.24
Overall
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) Production (106t) Total PW (10 t)
6
20.79 152.64 369 179.58
21.16 213.14 313 659.72
18.47 309.87 455 379.67
9.46 0.08 40 0.36
33.08 54.79 89 307.55
16.09 26.66 346 133.02
12.02 76.79 221 371.05
19.87 833.97 1,833 2,030.96
2004 Onshore
6
8.87 53.36
10.36 55.13
0.36 9.05
0.00 0.04
23.02 2.33
5.49 4.56
23.24 10.14
10.12 134.60
Offshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) PW discharged (106t) 27.77 82.69 23.71 99.05 15.99 351.77 no data 0.00 32.92 48.49 16.09 25.73 13.27 65.81 19.53 673.54
Unspecied
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 48.09 14.55 25.86 72.38 20.54 0.49 no data no data no data no data no data no data no data no data 29.53 87.42
Overall
6
23.04 150.60 348 167.52
21.15 226.56 289 794.54
15.60 361.31 531 438.51
0.00 0.04 8 0.15
32.47 50.82 96 66.93
14.50 30.28 342 161.53
14.60 75.95 236 340.19
19.09 895.56 1,851 1,969.36
Production (106t) Total PW (106t)
NB
Data only included where oil discharges and produced water discharges are both reported
2007 OGP
31
Oil discharged per unit of production (tonnes per million tonnes) by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 6.09 63 5.14 76 0.10 59 0.00 40 1.00 59 0.00 74 1.49 86 2.11 458
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
6
9.62 235
21.91 213
12.02 406
0.00 17
57.09 26
2.79 55
7.63 114
13.43 1,065
Unspecied
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 4.64 73 11.10 6 0.07 14 no data no data no data no data 5.15 58 no data no data 4.65 150
Overall
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 8.04 370 17.37 294 10.20 479 0.00 57 18.21 85 2.41 187 4.98 200 9.55 1,673
2005 Onshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 5.34 113 7.30 69 0.02 3 0.03 25 0.05 63 0.01 182 0.70 115 2.10 570
Offshore
6
12.01 172
17.11 200
13.17 434
0.00 16
69.25 26
4.40 74
8.12 104
13.83 1,026
Unspecied
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 6.19 82 16.17 36 0.19 16 no data no data no data no data 1.52 67 no data no data 5.95 201
Overall
2004 Onshore
Oil discharged (t/106t) Production (106t) 4.21 112 6.80 84 0.06 56 no data 0 0.72 75 0.13 195 1.77 133 2.08 656
Offshore
Unspecied
6
12.57 56
130.93 18
0.64 16
no data no data
no data no data
no data no data
no data no data
34.13 89
Overall
NB
Data only included where oil discharges and production level are both reported
32
2007 OGP
Ratio of produced water re-injected to produced water discharged (tonnes per tonne) by region Africa 2006 Onshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.69 6.76 47.73 267.75 214.24 1,264.17 27.60 8.69
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.01 0.31 0.22 0.05 0.31 0.24 0.04 0.23
Unspecied
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.15 no data 10.53 no data no data no data no data 0.28
Overall
PW re-injected (t/t) Production(106t) 0.28 211 2.04 234 0.49 432 31.27 57 1.57 88 7.68 181 3.13 195 1.56 1,398
2005 Onshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.49 9.45 2.21 1.06 9.27 no data 32.01 7.93
Offshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.01 0.06 0.17 no data 0.11 0.08 0.02 0.11
Unspecied
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.04 0.28 17.26 no data no data 0.00 no data 0.25
Overall
PW re-injected (t/t) Production(106t) 0.19 277 3.38 233 0.24 417 1.10 51 3.23 235 8.04 285 3.84 212 1.64 1,710
2004 Onshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 2.20 12.53 2.04 11.58 1.14 28.02 25.91 9.99
Offshore
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.04 0.11 0.16 no data 0.03 0.26 0.03 0.13
Unspecied
PW re-injected (t/t) 0.05 0.00 9.01 no data no data no data no data 0.34
Overall
PW re-injected (t/t) Production(10 t)

6
0.40 203
6.86 152
0.22 435
12.09 9
0.42 156
7.15 269
3.48 229
1.71 1,453
NB
Data only included where quantities of both re-injected and produced water are reported
2007 OGP
33
Produced water re-injected per unit of production (tonnes per tonne) by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Produced water (t/t) Production (106t) 0.29 68.60 6.66 87.03 1.13 61.45 0.03 38.09 0.57 147.64 0.79 141.78 3.41 80.11 1.82 624.70
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
Produced water (t/t) Production (10 t)
6
0.00 74.36
0.48 150.31
0.15 358.89
0.00 16.95
0.21 65.82
0.05 52.38
0.03 112.30
0.18 831.00
Unspecied
Produced water (t/t) Production (106t) 0.03 72.62 no data no data 0.13 14.36 no data no data no data no data no data no data no data no data 0.05 86.98
Overall
Produced water (t/t) Production (106t) 0.10 215.58 2.75 237.34 0.29 434.70 0.02 55.04 0.46 213.46 0.59 194.16 1.44 192.41 0.84 1,542.68
2005 Onshore
Offshore
6
0.01 89.11
0.03 123.34
0.12 398.69
0.00 15.71
0.23 26.12
0.02 59.06
0.02 96.91
0.08 808.94
Unspecied
Produced water (t/t) Production (106t) 0.01 81.84 0.28 29.03 0.28 15.58 no data no data no data no data 0.00 39.64 no data no data 0.08 166.08
Overall
2004 Onshore
Offshore
Unspecied
6
0.01 55.65
8.82 0.64
0.28 15.64
no data no data
no data no data
no data no data
no data no data
0.15 71.93
Overall
NB
Data only included where quantities of both produced water re-injected and production are reported
34
2007 OGP
3 Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluids (NADF) on Cuttings

Total Non-Aqueous Drilling Fluid (NADF) discharge to the sea by region (tonnes) Africa 2006
Group I Group II Group III Unspecied 0 926 2,930 0 3,856 0 1,485 9,401 423 11,309 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 354 0 354 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,966 0 6,966 0 0 4,906 0 4,906 0 2,411 24,557 423 27,391
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Total 2005
Group I Group II Group III Unspecied
0 534 2,821 0 3,355
0 696 3,971 1,559 6,226
0 1,022 0 0 1,022
0 0 535 0 535
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 7,156 1,539 8,695
0 19 1,218 7,089 8,326
0 2,271 15,701 10,187 28,159
Total 2004
Group I Group II Group III Unspecied
0 817 3,490 24 4,331
0 7,268 8,937 1,172 17,377
0 323 426 0 749
0 0 871 0 871
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 2,401 4,105 6,506
0 0 8,164 0 8,164
0 8,408 24,289 5,301 37,998
Total
2007 OGP
35
4 Oil & Chemical Spills

Oil spills onshore and offshore (average quantity by spill tonnes) by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 25.5 7,216 0.6 121 1.6 206 2.9 65 2.7 883 2.2 1,553 2.0 3,137 4.1 13,180
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 0.4 145 0.9 62 0.8 191 0.3 18 0.1 1 0.4 59 0.6 18 0.6 493
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 8.5 1,006 N/A 0 0.9 6 4.2 4 no data no data 0.9 420 no data no data 2.4 1,437
2005 Onshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 6.5 1,770 0.4 64 0.2 7 1.0 18 2.8 1,217 1.0 542 1.9 2,755 2.2 6,373
Offshore
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 4.3 1,184 3.7 7 4.9 29 no data no data no data no data 1.3 559 no data no data 2.5 1,779
2004 Onshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 5.3 1,274 0.6 233 1.4 90 0.2 16 3.2 1,145 1.2 899 0.7 1,883 1.2 5,541
Offshore
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 6.8 1,226 0.1 0 no data no data no data no data 0.1 0 2.0 384 no data no data 4.3 1,611
NB:
Excludes spill data for unspecied locations
36
2007 OGP
Oil spills onshore and offshore per unit of production (tonnes per million tonnes) by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Spills (t/106t) Production (106t) 99.16 73 1.35 90 2.91 71 2.01 32 4.58 193 7.06 220 36.84 85 17.27 763
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
Spills (t/106t) Production (106t) 0.59 243 0.29 211 0.47 404 1.04 17 0.03 20 1.09 54 0.16 114 0.46 1,062
Unspecied
Spills (t/106t) Production (10 t)
6
23.01 44
0.00 6
0.45 14
1.13 4
no data no data
5.18 81
no data no data
9.66 149
Overall
6
23.28 359
0.60 306
0.82 489
1.64 53
4.16 212
5.72 355
15.88 199
7.65 1,974
2005 Onshore
Spills (t/106t) Production (106t) 15.27 116 0.76 80 1.48 5 0.51 36 5.82 209 2.36 230 20.89 131 7.89 807
Offshore
6
0.34 187
0.53 198
0.82 439
0.18 16
0.05 26
0.77 77
0.44 101
0.61 1,044
Unspecied
Spills (t/106t) Production (106t) 14.46 82 0.21 36 1.88 16 no data no data no data no data 8.28 67 no data no data 8.85 201
Overall
2004 Onshore
6
11.34 112
2.61 89
1.26 72
0.44 36
5.99 191
3.39 265
11.74 160
5.98 926
Offshore
Unspecied
Spills (t/106t) Production (106t) 22.03 56 0.01 10 no data no data no data no data 0.04 3 11 35 no data no data 15.56 104
Overall
6
7.64 343
1.20 273
0.38 518
1.28 46
5.76 215
3.25 405
7.34 258
3.72 2,058
NB
Data only included for production level where oil quantities spilled and production are reported
2007 OGP
37
Distribution of oil spills onshore and offshore by size <1bbl 2006 Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall 2005 Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall 2004 Onshore Offshore Unspecied Overall
Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) 1,789 69 742 16 3 0 2,534 85 1,841 818 104 41 246 126 2,191 987 479 1,424 30 135 81 733 590 2,293 40 1,498 7 254 8 223 55 1,977 535 1,729 39 56 37 526 611 2,312 4,684 5,540 922 505 375 1,610 5,981 7,656 Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) 410 16 369 12 154 0 933 29 467 200 172 57 377 200 1,016 458 127 553 23 79 176 1,136 326 1,769 11 867 8 474 9 307 28 1,648 1,917 4,735 21 100 5 134 1,943 4,970 2,932 6,373 593 724 721 1,779 4,246 8,877 Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) Number Quantity (t) 537 13 478 19 52 0 1,067 33 519 230 117 49 118 79 754 360 1,638 3,511 34 119 40 227 1,712 3,858 29 5,917 4 107 14 946 47 6,970 505 3,506 263 198 363 182 1,131 3,887 3,228 13,179 896 493 587 1,436 4,711 15,109
1<X<10bbl
10<X<100bbl
>100bbl
Unspecied
Overall
38
2007 OGP
Distribution of oil spills by size by region <1bbl 2006

Africa Number Quantity (t) Asia/Australasia Number Quantity (t) Europe Number Quantity (t) FSU Number Quantity (t) Middle East Number Quantity (t) North America Number Quantity (t) South America Number Quantity (t) 248 15.5 136 2.5 218 6.1 39 0.9 25 0.8 365 7.1 36 0.6 107 76.1 64 27.2 95 33.3 10 3.5 69 35.3 391 177.7 18 6.9 53 268.0 9 32.1 11 37.1 7 17.8 30 127.8 101 488.9 1,501 2,886.8 17 5,291.4 2 83.2 3 162.4 0 0.0 7 280.9 17 1,013.6 1 139.1 333 2,715.7 51 37.9 46 164.3 18 64.2 200 439.0 436 344.2 47 122.2 758 8,366.7 262 182.9 373 403.2 74 86.5 331 883.8 1,310 2,031.5 1,603 3,155.5
1<X<10bbl
10<X<100bbl
>100bbl
Unspecied
Overall
2005
Africa Number Quantity (t) Asia/Australasia Number Quantity (t) Europe Number Quantity (t) FSU Number Quantity (t) Middle East Number Quantity (t) North America Number Quantity (t) South America Number Quantity (t) 160 8.2 58 2.0 158 4.3 19 0.5 7 0.5 357 5.8 174 8.1 250 129.9 49 20.0 68 23.9 12 4.1 57 27.8 530 222.2 50 30.7 154 995.0 12 35.7 8 46.8 3 9.9 26 114.6 109 505.8 14 61.7 5 202.6 1 60.1 4 301.7 0 0.0 5 707.5 11 333.2 2 43.8 184 1,768.9 69 58.2 18 20.9 7 6.7 345 368.3 58 93.2 1,262 2,654.5 753 3,104.7 189 175.9 256 397.5 41 21.2 440 1,218.7 1,065 1,160.3 1,502 2,798.9
2004
Africa Number Quantity (t) Asia/Australasia Number Quantity (t) Europe Number Quantity (t) FSU Number Quantity (t) Middle East Number Quantity (t) North America Number Quantity (t) South America Number Quantity (t) 321 7.4 259 6.7 195 7.9 6 0.1 23 1.7 356 6.3 1,374 55.8 157 93.7 163 61.4 32 10.0 2 1.7 101 50.6 664 292.2 1,072 477.5 70 742.7 19 59.5 10 43.0 82 14.3 43 184.3 110 420.7 256 829.2 4 79.0 6 176.3 2 113.8 2 42.1 12 701.1 15 506.7 14 358.5 207 1,698.3 17 23.3 64 20.8 0 0.0 202 303.1 58 93.1 63 173.7 759 2,621.2 464 327.2 303 195.4 92 58.2 381 1,240.9 1,203 1,319.0 2,779 1,894.7
2007 OGP
39
Chemical spills (tonnes) onshore and offshore by region Africa 2006 Onshore
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
Offshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 0.98 9 1.21 11 4.81 438 1.01 6 N/A 0 5.72 154 0.98 9 4.29 618
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) no data 0 no data 0 0.10 0 no data 0 no data no data 8.16 155 no data 0 7.76 155
2005 Onshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 0.93 8 0.32 8 1.27 1 0.08 0 no data 0 0.43 38 1.26 50 0.64 106
Offshore
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 0.06 4 no data 0 no data 0 no data no data no data no data 0.48 6 no data no data 0.14 10
2004 Onshore
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) 4.18 8 0.55 2 no data 0 97.02 291 8.99 306 0.82 63 2.50 40 5.26 710
Offshore
Unspecied
Average size (t) Quantity spilt (t) N/A 0 0.02 0 no data no data no data no data no data 0 1.39 21 no data no data 0.88 21
40
2007 OGP
5 Energy Consumption
Gross energy consumption (million GigaJoule) by region Onsite 2006
Africa Asia/Australasia Europe FSU Middle East North America South America 240.27 334.19 415.39 45.53 73.56 455.65 315.91 12.58 6.72 25.16 2.05 3.40 105.12 12.58 102.24 241.15 84.11 26.06 97.85 240.08 15.97 355.09 582.06 524.66 73.63 174.82 800.84 344.45
Purchased
Unspecied
Total
2005
2004
2007 OGP
41
Energy consumption per unit of production (GigaJoules per tonne) by region Africa 2006
% Onsite combustion % Purchased % Unspecied Total energy consumption (GJ/t) Production (106t)
68 4 29 0.93 384 57 1 41 1.87 311 79 5 16 1.07 489 60 3 37 1.17 61 42 2 56 1.31 133 57 13 30 2.36 340 92 4 5 1.70 203 66 6 28 1.48 1,919
Asia/ Australasia
Europe
FSU
Middle East
North America
South America
Overall
2005
69 2 29 0.84 385 52 1 47 1.48 298 82 3 15 1.02 465 54 1 45 1.16 51 38 2 61 1.29 110 58 13 29 2.28 359 90 4 6 1.74 245 66 6 28 1.40 1,913
2004
86 3 11 0.81 343 90 1 9 1.55 282 80 3 17 0.96 532 93 0 7 0.83 46 53 3 45 1.34 105 68 18 14 2.08 396 81 4 15 1.61 263 77 7 15 1.35 1,967
NB
Data only included where energy and production level are both reported. Production is the total HC production for data sets where one of onsite, purchased or unspecied energy is reported.
Energy consumption per unit of production 2006 (GigaJoules per tonne) onshore and offshore
Onshore (GJ/t) Offshore (GJ/t) Unspecied (GJ/t) Overall (GJ/t) 1.85 1.13 2.40 1.48
NB
Data only included where energy and production level are both reported
42
2007 OGP
Appendix B Glossary
Aromatic hydrocarbon
Hydrocarbon compounds with one or more benzene rings. The most common are benzene, toluene and xylenes.
Exploration
Study of geological formations to detect the presence of hydrocarbons.
Bbl, Barrel
In the energy industry, a barrel is 42 U.S. gallons measured at 60 Fahrenheit. This is 159 litres.
Flaring
The controlled burning of natural gas produced in association with oil in the course of oil and gas production operations. It also includes the controlled and safe burning of gas which cannot be used for commercial or technical reasons.
Base uid
The continuous phase or suspending medium of a drilling fluid formulation.
Fugitive emission, fugitive losses

Unintended emissions released to the air, other than those from stacks or vents from the processing, transmission, and/or transportation of fossil fuels. They are often due to equipment leaks, evaporative processes, and windblown disturbances.
CH4 CO2
Methane, the principal constituent of natural gas. One of the primary greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, a colourless, odourless, and non-flammable gas. CO2 emissions occur from the combustion of fossil fuels. CO2 is a primary greenhouse gas.
Gas-oil ratio
The volume of gas at atmospheric pressure produced per unit volume of oil produced.
Crude oil
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a liquid in natural underground reservoirs and remains liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Crude oil is the raw material that is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Gaseous Emission
Gaseous emissions to the atmosphere from flaring and venting, process and turbine combustion. Includes fugitive losses from pumps, valves, flanges, pipes, etc.
Greenhouse gas
A gas that contributes to the natural greenhouse effect. The primary six greenhouse gases (GHGs) produced by human activities are: carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride.
Cuttings
The particles generated by drilling into subsurface geologic formations and carried out from the wellbore with the drilling fluid. Examples of drill cuttings include small pieces of rock varying in size and texture from fine silt to gravel.
Hydrocarbon
An organic chemical compound of hydrogen and carbon (see petroleum).
Directional drilling
A drilling method in which the wellbore intentionally deviates from the vertical.
Lubricity
A property of a drilling fluid used to reduce friction between the wellbore and the drilling tool.
Drilling uid
The fluid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling to clean and condition the hole and to counterbalance formation pressure.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)
E&P
Exploration and production (of hydrocarbons).
Emission rate
Emissions of gases per unit of hydrocarbon production.
Emulsier
A substance added to create or maintain an emulsion; a substance to create or maintain a solution of oil in water or water in oil.
Nitrogen Oxides represent the sum of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) expressed as NO2 equivalent. Nitrous oxide (N2O) is not included as a component of NOX. NOX emissions occur from the combustion of fossil fuels for industry and transport and are a function of the type and quantity of fuel burned and the type of combustion device in which they are burned.
Non-aqueous drilling uid (NADF)

An emulsion of non-aqueous (water immiscible) base fluid and brine, mixed with weighting material and other material such as gels and emulsifiers. NADFs serve many purposes under difficult drilling conditions, the main one being suspending cuttings and transport them to the surface where they become segregated from the NADF. NADFs are usually recovered and reused.
Energy intensity
Energy consumed per unit of hydrocarbon production.
Ester
Any one of a group of organic compounds with general formula RCO2R (where R and R are alkyl or aryl groups) that are formed by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid. Drilling fluids may be composed of combinations of natural or synthetic fatty or organic acids and alcohol reacted esterfication products that meet physical and toxicological property requirements for use as base fluids for drilling fluids.
NMVOC
Non methane volatile organic compounds: all hydrocarbons other than methane that can vaporise at normal temperature and pressure.
2007 OGP
43
Normalisation
To compare emissions from different regions or sources it is useful to relate them to the size of the activity causing the emission. For example, tonnes of CO2 can be calculated per tonne of oil produced. This procedure is called normalisation.
Purchased energy
Energy purchased in the form of electricity or steam.
SO2
Sulphur dioxide.
Offshore
Activities and discharges that take place at sea, including major inland seas and other inland seas directly connecting with oceans.
Spill
Any loss of containment that results in a release that reaches the environment.
Spill rate
Quantity of a substance spilt per unit of hydrocarbon production.
Olen
Basic chemicals made from oil or natural gas liquids feedstocks; examples are ethylene and propylene.
Synthetics
Synthetic material as applied to synthetic-based drilling fluid means material produced by the reaction of specific purified chemical feedstock, as opposed to the traditional base fluids such as diesel and mineral oil which are derived from crude oil solely through physical separation processes.
Onshore
Activities and discharges that take place within a landmass, including swamps, lakes, rivers and estuaries, but excluding major inland seas.
Onsite combustion
The local combustion of fuels by E&P companies to produce energy for their operations.
Terminal
A terminal that is operated as part of the production process.
Operator
Term used to describe a company appointed by venture stakeholders to take primary responsibility for day-to-day operations for a specific plant or activity.
Tonne
A metric tonne; equivalent to 1,000 kilogrammes or 2,205 pounds.
Transport
The transfer of hydrocarbons from the site of production to the point of commercial metering or terminal or offshore loading device.
Parafn
A hydrocarbon having the formula CnH2n+2 (methane, CH4; ethane, C2H6, etc).
Petroleum
Naturally occurring liquids and gases which are predominantly comprised of hydrocarbon compounds. Petroleum may also contain non-hydrocarbon compounds in which sulphur, oxygen, and/or nitrogen atoms are combined with carbon and hydrogen.
Unspecied production
Production activities which are not sub-divided into drilling, process and treatment, etc.
Upstream industry
Those operations within the industry to the point where the produced resource is metered into the transportation system. This includes exploration and production.
Pneumatic device
Any of various tools and instruments that generate and use compressed air or gas.
Venting
The controlled release of unburned gas to the atmosphere.
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)

All compounds with multiple benzene rings (2 or more). They are also called Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons or PAHs.
Water ood
The injection of water into an oil reservoir to push additional oil out of the reservoir rock and into the wellbores of producing wells.
Processing
The separation of oil, gas, and natural gas liquids and the removal of impurities.
Water-based drilling uid (mud)

The continuous phase and suspending medium for solids is a water-miscible fluid (often seawater or another brine solution), regardless of the presence of oil.
Produced water (PW)

The water (generally brine) brought up from the hydrocarbonbearing strata during the extraction of oil and gas, including formation water, injection water, and any chemicals added downhole or during the oil/water separation process.
Production
All production activities including production drilling, process and treatment, flaring and venting, pipeline transport, and terminal operations. Also, quantity of hydrocarbon gas and/or liquids produced.
44
2007 OGP
What is OGP?
The International Association of Oil & Gas Producers encompasses the worlds leading private and state-owned oil & gas companies, their national and regional associations, and major upstream contractors and suppliers.
Vision
To work on behalf of the worlds oil and gas producing companies to promote responsible and profitable operations
Mission
To represent the interests of oil and gas producing companies to international regulators and legislative bodies To liaise with other industry associations globally and provide a forum for sharing experiences, debating emerging issues and establishing common ground to promote cooperation, consistency and effectiveness To facilitate continuous improvement in HSE, CSR, engineering and operations
Objectives
To improve understanding of our industry by being visible, accessible and a reliable source of information To represent and advocate industry views by developing effective proposals To improve the collection, analysis and dissemination of data on HSE performance To develop and disseminate best practice in HSE, engineering and operations To promote CSR awareness and best practice
209-215 Blackfriars Road London SE1 8NL United Kingdom Telephone: +44 (0)20 7633 0272 Fax: +44 (0)20 7633 2350 165 Bd du Souverain 4th Floor B-1160 Brussels, Belgium Telephone: +32 (0)2 566 9150 Fax: +32 (0)2 566 9159 Internet site: www.ogp.org.uk e-mail: reception@ogp.org.uk

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Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

Report No. 399 October 2007

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Consistent high quality database and guidelines

Internationally recognised source of industry information

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Non-aqueous drilling uids (NADF) on cuttings

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

Overall review of submissions

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Emissions per thousand tonnes production

GHG: Total GreenHouse Gases (CO2 + CH4 expressed in CO2 equivalent)

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002

Unspecified energy Purchased energy

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

Detailed review: 1 Gaseous emissions

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

1.1 Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

Emissions per unit of production

350 300 250 200

2006 (overall 142) 2005 (overall 132)

2004 (overall 138)

1.1.2 Emissions by activity

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

1.2 Methane (CH4)

1.2.1 Emissions per unit of production

2004 (overall 1.1)

1.2.2 Emissions by activity

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

1.3 Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds (NMVOCs)

1.3.1 Emissions by Unit of Production

2006 (overall 0.70) 2005 (overall 0.79)

2004 (overall 0.80)

1.3.2 Emissions by activity

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

1.4 Sulphur dioxide (SO2)

1.4.1 Emissions per unit of production

2006 (overall 0.20) 2005 (overall 0.20) 2004 (overall 0.23)

1.4.2 Emissions by activity

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

1.5 Nitrogen oxides

1.5.1 Emissions per unit of production

0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5

2006 (overall 0.38) 2005 (overall 0.32) 2004 (overall 0.36)

0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0

1.5.2 Emissions by activity

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

International Association of Oil & Gas Producers

2.1 Quality (oil content) of produced water discharges

2004 (overall 10.1)

Figure 2.1.b: Oil content of produced water discharged offshore

2004 (overall 19.5)

Environmental performance in the E&P industry 2006 data

2.2 Produced Water Injection

2004 (overall 2.1)