DEVELOPMENTAL TASK

ERIK ERIKSONs PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY Stage/ Age Actual findings Interpretations Justification

Trust vs Mistrust

As what his mother At

this L

stage, During this stage the had infant is the uncertain world in

told him, Patient L patient

(Infancy- birth to 18 likes sucking his develop a sense of about months)

thumb. He keeps trust to his parents which they live. To on crying when he especially feels pain, hungry mother. and what doesn't he get Based on to his resolve these feelings of uncertainty looks the

the infant

towards

wants. actual of his patient

findings, their primary caregiver achieved for stability and of

Besides

personality shown, this stage. he still cared by his parents and

consistency

care.Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers reliability, provide care and

provided the things he needed.

affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust.

During this stage the child should develop virtue of hope. During this stage the child needs to develop sense of personal

control over physical skills and a sense of Autonomy vs When he was independence. Shame and Doubt almost 2 y/o, his Success leads to the mother (Early told him Based on the feeling of autonomy, Childhood that he was trained actual to walk findings, failure results in feeling 18months to 3 y/o) with patient L achieved of shame and doubt. assistance (of his this stage. mother). At this During this stage the child should develop virtue of will.

age, he was the one who choose of what clothes he

wants to wear. He was fond of playing toy cars. According to his mother, he let patient L to play In this stage, the child needs to begin

asserting control and power over the

around.

environment. Success to this stage leads to a sense of purpose.

Initiative vs Guilt According ( Preschool 3-5 Based . actual on

Children who exert too much experience the disapproval, resulting power

y/o)

findings, in sense of guilt. If parents are but

patient L achieved this stage. encouraging, consistent in discipline, children will learn to accept without guilt,

that certain things are not allowed, but at the same time will not feel shame when using

their imagination and engaging believe plays. purpose. Virtue in makerole of

During teachers

this play

stage, an

increased role in the childs development. If children encouraged reinforced for are and their

initiative, they begin to feel industrious and

feel confident in their ability to achieve goals. Industry Inferiority vs At this L stage, was If this initiative is not encouraged, if it is

Patient

( School age 6-12 encouraged by his y/o) parents and Based on

restricted by parents or the teacher, then the child

teachers to study actual findings, the begins to feel inferior, hard as well as to patient participate in this stage. achieved doubting his own

abilities and therefore may not reach his

joining activities in their school. According to him,

potential. Child needs to cope

during his primary with new social and days, his always academic demands.

interact

with

his

Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results to feelings of inferiority. Virtue of competence. During this stage,

classmates.

development depends on what is done to a person. At this point, development depends now primarily

upon what a person does. must An adolescent struggle to

discover and find his or her own identity, while negotiating and

struggling with social interactions and fitting in, and developing a Identity confusion vs Role In this L stage, was sense of morality and right from wrong.

Patient

confused about the ( Adolescence 12- things 20y/o) perceived in he his Based on

Those

unsuccessful

with this stage tend to the experience role and

environment such actual as smoking At

findings confusion

and patient L achieved upheaval. Adolescents the this adolescence begin to develop a

drinking.

age of 15, Patient stage. L tried to take for

strong affiliation and devotion to ideals,

those

things

causes, and friends.

him not be ignorant though he knows During that it is not right young adult need to doing as a form teenager. He was relationship with other scolded by his people. Success leads mother about his to strong relationship doing understands side. isolation. and while failure results tin their loneliness and inmate loving this stage,

In this stage, adults need to create or

nurture things that will outlast them, often by having a children or creating a positive

change that benefits Intimacy Isolation ( Young adulthood Patient 18-30y/o) committed relationship with on L had vs with other people. to

Success

leads

feeling of usefulness and accomplishment,

while failure results in the shallow involvement in

the opposite sex. Based At the age of 28, actual

findings, the world.

he got married and patient L achieved they live together this young after marriage. their Adulthood.

Generativity Stagnation

vs.

(30 y/o to 65 y/o)

Patient

was

married for almost 30 years and they have already 5 Based on the

children. He seems actual findings, the happy with his patient achieved

family and they are this stage. supporting each

other in times of difficulties in life

especially when he was suffering from stroke.

JEAN PIAGETs COGNITIVE THEORY

Stage/ Age

Actual Findings

Interpretation

Justification

Sensory-Motor

As what his mother Based on the actual

In this stage, infants progressively construct knowledge understanding the world and of by

Stage: Birth through told him, he was a findings, patient L 2 y/o breastfeed child. He achieved always thumb. when sucks He he his sensory-motor cries stage. was the

hungry or in pain. He always grasps the objects nearer to him. He when was he

coordinating experiences as vision (such and with

hearing)

weaned turned 2.

physical interactions with objects (such as sucking, grasping, and

stepping). Infants gain knowledge of the world from these physical actions

they perform within it. They progress reflexive,

from

instinctual action at birth to the

beginning symbolic

of thought

toward the end of the stage.

Pre-operational (2-7 years)

As what his mother Based on the actual The child in pretold him, when he findings, patient L operational stage is wants something he achieved the prenot yet able to think can definitely get it. operational stage. logically. With the His notice mother that also acquisition his language the child playing and talking is able to represent without any the playmates. And he mental images and always ask question symbols, in the things and stage, happening surround symbols depend on him. his own perception and his intuition. these but in world trough of

The preoperational child is completely egocentric.

Concrete Operations (7-12 years)

According to him, Based on the actual This he was starting to findings the patient begins make excuses to some achieved this stage. child his perform parent. He was able operations. to solve simple this stage, children mathematical begin problem. logically, organize coherently. However, they can only actual think about physical and thoughts to reason During mental is able to when the stage

objects, and cannot handle reasoning. stage is abstract This also

characterized by a loss of egocentric thinking.

Formal Operations

According to him, Based on the actual The

formal

11

years

to during this time he findings, patient L operational stage is can mathematical problem even it is difficult. And he also develop the sense of arguing. solve achieved this formal characterized by the operational stage. ability to formulate hypotheses systematically and test

adulthood

them to arrive at an answer problem. to a

According to Mr. L, The as a father he individual always looks up to formal stage is also his children able especially in times abstractly of problems and understand the form decision making. or structure of a His opinion is very mathematical important in the problem. family and most of the time it was Another characteristic of the individual ability to is their and to to think in the

followed.

reason

contrary to fact.

SIGMUD FREUDs PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY

Stage/ Age Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)

Actual Findings

Interpretation

Justification

During this stage, Based on the actual During this stage, he was breastfeed findings the patient the child is focused and often feed achieved this stage. on oral pleasures (sucking). Too much or too little can an oral

through bottle. As what his mother

said that when his hungry, he will

gratification result fixation. in

sucks his thumb. He was weaned when he turned 2.

At

this L by

stage, Not achieved was his

The

anus

is

the

Patient Anal Stage trained

primary

erogenous

zone and pleasure is derived from bladder bowel The

(18 months to 3 y/o mother the proper ) way of elimination and had control his bodily needs.

controlling and movement.

major conflict issue

during this stage is toilet training. A

fixation at this stage can result in a

personality that is too rigid or one that is too disordered.

Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)

Patient L had these Based on the actual In this stage, the feelings of wanting findings, patient L center of desire is to possess and the achieved this stage. the genital. Gender mother the development occurs desire to replace the at this stage due to father, as verbalized the by his mother. But Electra later on he realized Freud believed that that his mother have a boy would have no penis like him. natural love for his mother up until this stage, but as the pleasure focus at complex. Oedipus and

this stage is the

genital

region,

it

was inevitable that this love would

become sexual.

Whilst these sexual feelings were in the unconscious, young boy a would

see his father as a rival standing in his way, and would feel of and

therefore feelings aggression

hatred towards his father.

Latency Stage (6 years old

Patient L mingles Based on the actual Children to with his friends as findings, the patient stage he enters He the achieved is latency stage. the healthy

at will

this form

puberty)

same-sex at

school.

friendships

interested in playing

school, and will start

basketball or other activities that

to focus on

their school life and involves in sports sport. Fixation is not and he enjoys possible participating in their stage, as there is no school activities. pleasure focus. at this

Genital Stage Puberty adulthood

According to him,

Based on the actual Through the lessons

to he got a relationship findings, patient L learned during the with opposite sex achieved the genital previous adolescents stages, direct

when he was in high stage. school. Pt. L was married to his wife for more than 30years

their sexual urges to the peers opposite with sex the

primary focus is the genitals.

already and he was happy living with his family. He was a good husband and a warm and caring father. He balanced

his time for his work and family.