MS 544 PART 5 2001 Timber Joints

MALAYSIAN STANDARD
MS 544 : PART 5 : 2001
Licenced to UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP) / Downloaded on : 01-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohib
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER : PART 5 : TIMBER JOINTS
ICS : 91.080.20
Descriptors : permissible stress design, timber joint, solid timbe fabricated with mechanical fasteners, joint groups, timber grade, working loads, permissible loads, spacing, edge, end distances
Copyright DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA
DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS

The Department of Standards Malaysia (DSM) is the national standardisation and accreditation body.
The main function of the Department is to foster and promote standards, standardisation and accreditation as a means of advancing the national economy, promoting industrial efficiency and development, benefiting the health and safety of the public, protecting the consumers, facilitating domestic and
international trade and furthering international cooperation in relation to standards and standardisation.
Malaysian Standards are developed through consensus by committees which comprise of balanced representation of producers, users, consumers and others with relevant interests, as may be appropriate to the subject in hand. These standards where appropriate are adoption of international standards. Approval of a standard as a Malaysian Standard is governed by the Standards of Malaysia Act 1996 (Act 549). Malaysian Standards are reviewed periodically. The use of Malaysian Standards is voluntary except in so far as they are made mandatory by regulatory authorities by means of regulations, local by-laws or any other similar ways.
The Department of Standards appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent to develop Malaysian Standards. The Department also appoints SIRIM Berhad as the agent for distribution and sale of Malaysian Standards.
For further information on Malaysian Standards, please contact: Department of Standards Malaysia OR Level 1 & 2, Block C4, Parcel C Federal Government Administrative Centre 62502 Putrajaya Malaysia Tel: 60 3 88858000 Fax: 60 3 88885060 http://www.dsm.gov.my Email: central@dsm.gov.my SIRIM Berhad 1, Persiaran Dato' Menteri P.O. Box 7035, Section 2 40911 Shah Alam Selangor D.E. Tel: 60 3 5544 6000 Fax: 60 3 5510 8095 http://www.sirim.my
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
CONTENTS
Page
Committee representation Foreword 1 2 3
iv vi 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 12 15 25 28 37
Scope Referenced documents Joint groups Timber grade Anti-corrosion treatment Tendency to split Eccentric joints Shear stress in the jointed member Nailed joints Screwed joints Bolted joints Coach screws Split-ring connectors Shear plate connectors
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tables 1 2 3 4
Group classification of timbers for use in joint design Dry basic single shear lateral loads for one nail inserted at right angles to side grain Dry basic single shear lateral loads for one nail in a plywood to timber joint Modification factor k1 for duration of loading for different fasteners
2 5 6 9
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
5 6 7 8
Values of factor k17 for use in the design of multiple nail and screw joints Minimum spacing, edge and end distances for nails Basic withdrawal loads for one nail inserted at right angles to side grain
9 10 11
Dry basic single shear lateral loads for one wood screw inserted at right angles to side grain 12 Minimum spacing, edge and end distances for screws Dry basic withdrawal loads for one wood screw inserted at right angles to side grain 14 14 16 18 19 21 24 24 27 27 28 29 30 Maximum permissible withdrawal load per screw Dry basic loads for one bolt in single shear Basic working loads for a bolted joint system loaded parallel to grain Basic working loads for a bolted joint system loaded perpendicular to grain Values of factor K17 for use in the design of multiple connector joints of bolts, coach screws, split ring and shear plates Minimum required size of washers for structural bolted joints Design parameters for bolts under axial load Dry basic withdrawal loads for coach screws in side grain Maximum permissible withdrawal loads per coach screws Sizes of split-ring connectors and minimum sizes of washers Dimensions of circular grooves for split-ring connectors Dry basic loads for one split-ring connector unit 13
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
CONTENTS (continued)
Page
23 24 25 26 27
End distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors Edge distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors Spacing modification factor, k~, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors End distances modification factor, k~, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors Loaded, edge distances modification factor, kD, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors Sizes of shear-plate connectors and minimum sizes of washers Dry basic loads for one shear-plate connector unit Limiting values for permissible loads on one shear-plate connector unit
32 32 33 35 36 37 40 41
28 29 30 Figures 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Shear stress in the jointed member Illustration of a longitudinal and rotational joint Graph of Hankinson formula Spacing, edge and end distances for bolted joints Coach screw Timber thicknesses and fastener lengths for coach screws Spacing, edge and end distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors Dimension of circular recesses for shear-plate connector units conforming to BS 1579
4 8 20 23 26 26 36
38
III
MS 544: PART 5: 2001
Committee representation
The Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee (ISC D) under whose supervision this Malaysian Standard was developed, comprises representatives from the following Government Ministries, Trade, Commerce and Manufacturing Associations, and Scientific and Professional Bodies: Association of Consulting Engineers Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Department of Standards Malaysia Department of Occupational Safety and Health Jabatan Bornba dan Penyelamat Pertubuhan Akitek Malaysia Master Builders Association Malaysia Ministry of Housing and Local Government (Housing Department) Ministry of Works (Public Works Department) The Institution of Engineers, Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia The development of this Malaysian Standard is under the supervision of the following representatives of the CIDB Standard Committee: Ir. Mohamed bin Mohd Nuruddin Megat Kamil Azmi bin Megat Rus Kamarani Puan Zainora bt Zainal Puan Hanishahani Othman General Manager Technology Development Division Senior Manager Standard and Quality Unit Manager Standard and Quality Unit The Secretary of CIDB Standard Committee
The Technical Committee on Structural Use of Timber which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following representatives: Dr. Abdul Rashid bin H]. Ab. Malik (Chairman) Puan Hanishahani Othman (Secretary) Tuan Hj. Mohd Shukari bin Midon Encik Hilmi bin Md. Tahir Encik Chow Wah/ Puan Dang Anom Md. Zin Prof. Madya Dr. Sabaruddin bin Mohd. Prof. Dr. Zainai bin Mohamed/ Dr. Abd. Latif bin Saleh Prof Madya lr. Dr. Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Dr. Mohd Ariff bin Jamaludin Encik Mohd Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin Ir. Yap Chin Tian Tuan H]. Wahab bin Abdul Razak. Dr. Peter Kho Chin Seng Encik Lall Singh Gill Encik Mohamad Omar bin Mohamad Khaidzir Forest Research Institute Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Forest Research Institute Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Jabatan Perumahan Negara Universiti Sains Malaysia Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Malaysian Timber Industry Board Timber Trade Federation Malaysia General Lumber Fabricators and Builders Bhd Sarawak Timber Association Malaysian Wood Moulding and Joinery Council Forest Research Institute Malaysia
iv
MS544: PART5: 2001
Committee representation (continued)

The Working Group on Timber Joints which developed this Malaysian Standard consists of the following representatives: Tuan H]. Mohd Shukari bin Midon (Chairman) Puan Hanishahani Bte Othman (Secretary) Encik Hilmi bin Md. Tahir Ir. Yap Chin han Dr. Peter Kho Chin Seng Mr. Nicolas Roulant
Forest Research Institute Malaysia Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia Timber Trade Federation Malaysia Sarawak Timber Association General Lumber Fabricators and Builders Bhd Universiti Malaya Universiti Putra Malaysia Syntek Sdn. Bhd
Prof. Madya Ir. Dr. Mohd Zamin bin Jumaat Dr. Mohd. Ariff bin Jamaludin YM. Engku Abdul Rahman bin Chik Encik Chu Yue Pun Encik Mohd Nor Zamri bin Mat Amin
Malaysian Timber Industry Board
MS544: PART 5:2001
FOREWORD
This Malaysian Standard was developed by the Technical Committee on Structural Use of Timber established at the Construction Industry Development Board Malaysia (CIDB) under the authority of the Building and Civil Engineering Industry Standards Committee. 01DB is the Standards-Writing Organisation (SWO) appointed by SIRIM Berhad to develop standards for the construction industry. In the development of this standard, the following references were referred to: a)
BS 5268: Part 2: 1996, Code of practice for permissible stress design, materials and workmanship; and AS 1720.1-1 988, SAA Timber structures code: Part 1 Design methods.
b)
MS 544 consists of the following parts and sections, under the general title, Code of practice for structural use of timber Part 1 : General Permissible stress design of solid timber Permissible stress design of glued laminated timber Timber panel products Section 1: Structural plywood Section 2: Marine plywood Section 3: Cement bonded particleboard Section 4: Oriented strand board Timber joints Workmanship, inspection and maintenance Testing Design, fabrication and installation of prefabricated timber for roof trusses Fire resistance of timber structures Section 1 : Method of calculating fire resistance of timber members Preservative treatment of structural timbers Recommendation for the calculation basis for span tables Section 1 : Domestic floor joists Section 2 : Ceiling joists Section 3 : Ceiling binders Section 4: Domestic rafters Laminated veneer lumber for structural application.
Part 2 : Part 3 : Part 4 :
Part 5 : Part 6 : Part 7 : Part 8 : Part 9 : Part 10 : Part 11 :
Part 12 :
Compliance with a Malaysian Standard does not of itself confer immunity from legal obligations.
Vi
MS544: PART5: 2001
CODE OF PRACTICE FOR THE STRUCTURAL USE TIMBER: PART 5 : TIMBER JOINTS 1. Scope
This part applies to joints in solid timber fabricated with mechanical fasteners described by Malaysian Standard. These include joints fabricated with the following mechanical fasteners: a) b) c) d) e) f)
NOTES:
nails; wood screws; bolts; coach screws; split-ring connectors; and shear-plate connectors.
1. Design rules for specialised and patented mechanical fasteners and for variants of conventional fasteners are not included in this code. 2. This Standard doe.s not specifically cover glued timber-to-timber or timber-to-plywood connections as occurred in fabricated components such as stressed skin panels or plywood webbed beams. In such cases, joint design can be based on the timber components in the connection, provided that the joint is fabricated using a rigid, durable adhesive. Phenolic type adhesives meet these requirements. The design of fabricated components comprising glued connections is therefore based on the fact that with correct bonding practice and quality control, a joint is developed in which the adhesive bond strength and durability will be superior to the components comprising the joint. Reference may be made to AS 1720.1: 1988, Appendix D2 for information on methods for assessing the deformation of joints.
2.
Referenced documents
The following referenced documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provision of this Malaysian Standard. For dated references, where there are subsequent amendments to, or revisions of, any of these publications the Malaysian Standard shall be amended or revised accordingly. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication referred apply. MS 544: Part 2: Permissible stress design of solid timber MS 544 : Part 4: Timber panel products: Section 1: Structural plywood Section 2: Marine plywood NZS 3603: 1981 Code of practice for timber design : Section 4 Joints
Timber design handbook-Malaysian Forest Record No. 42 FRIM

-
Structural timber joints-Malaysian Forest Record No. 32 FRIM

-
AS 1393 AS 1476 AS 2334
Coach screws (metric series) (with ISO hexagon heads) Metric wood screws Steel nails Metric series
-
MS 544: PART5: 2001
AS 1111 BS 373 BS 1579 ASTM D143
ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws
Products grade C
Methods of testing small clear specimens of timber Connectors for timber Standard methods of testing small clear specimens of timber
Air seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers -Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No.41 MTIB
-
The strength properties of some Malaysian timbers Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No. 34- MTIB
-
3.
Joint groups
For the purpose of joint design, timber species have been classified into five joint groups: Ji, J2, J3, J4 and J5. The joint group classifications for specific timbers are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Group classification of timbers for use in joint design
Joint group J1 J2 Strength group SG1 SG2/ SG3 Balau Agoho Dedaru Kelat Merbatu Pauh kijang Ranggu Berangan Kapur Malabera Meransi Merpauh Rengas Alan bunga Brazil Nut Kungkur Meranti, dark red Meranti white Ramin Tembusu Ara Damar minyak Jenitri Machang Mersawa Terap Bitis Bekak Delek Kembang semangkok Mertas Penyau Tualang Dedali Kasai Meranti bakau Nyalin Resak Timbers
Chengal Belian Kern pas Kekatong Mata ulat Petaling
Penaga Balau, red Keranji Kulim Perah Surian batu
J3
504
Derum Keruntum Merawan Perupok Simpoh
Giam Mempening Merbau Punah
J4
SG5
Babai Gerutu Kelendang Melunak Nyatoh Rubberwood Teak Bayur Geronggang Kasah Medang Pelajau Terentang
Balik angin bopeng Kedondong Keruing Mempisang Petai Sepetir
Biritangor Kayu kundur Ketapang Mengkulang Penarahan Sen gkuang
J5
SG6/ SG7
Batal Jelutong Laran Melantai/ Kawang Pulai
Durian Jongkong Meranti, light red Meranti ,yellow Sesendok
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Where joints comprise more than one species of timber, the design load to be used in the absence of other information is that appropriate to the weakest species in the joint.
4~
Timber grade
No allowance for the various grade of timber has been made in design data for fasteners. Design loads for joints have been based on the assumption that there are no loose knots, severe sloping grain, gum veins, gum or resin pockets, pith, holes or splits near any fastener. Accordingly, all of these defects shall be avoided at fastener locations.
5.
Anti-corrosion treatment
The loads specified for nails, screws, bolts and coach screws apply to fasteners that are not treated against corrosion. Some forms of anti-corrosion treatment may affect fastener performance. The loads specified for timber connectors apply to fasteners that are treated against corrosion. Fasteners used in wet timber or in timber, which will be exposed to the wet exposure condition, should be non-corrodable or are treated by an anti-corrosive process.
6.
Tendency to split
Special precautions shall be specified in the use of timber that has a tendency to split to an extent that may be detrimental to connector strength. In the absence of other guidance, the criterion for tendency to split shall be based on the parameter cx defined by:
where, c y is the tangential shrinkage, in %; and is the tangential cleavage strength of green timber, in Newton per millimetre (N/mm), as measured by BS 373 or ASTM D143. Species for which cx > 0.8 often have a high tendency to split, particularly in exposed locations; species for which cx < 0.55 may be considered to have a negligible tendency to split.
NOTES: 1. Information on shrinkage and cleavage for specific species can be obtained from the following: a) Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No: 41: Air-seasoning properties of some Malaysian timbers. b) Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No: 34: The strength properties of some Malaysian timbers. 3 2. It will be found that most hardwoods that have a basic density of less than 700 kg/m will have splitting parameter c~> 0.8; most rainforest hardwoods of higher density have a splitting parameter a < 0.8.
MS 544: PART5 :2001
7.
Eccentric joints
When it is impracticable to ensure that all the members meeting at a joint are arranged symmetrically, with their centrelines intersecting on a common axis which is also the axis of resistance of the fasteners or group of fasteners, the combined effects of primary stresses and secondary stresses due to the resulting bending and shear stress shall be checked.
8.
Shear stress in the jointed member
The effective cross-section of a jointed member should be used when calculating its strength. The method of determining the effective cross-section is given in the appropriate clauses for each type of fastener. In addition, it should be shown that the shear stress condition shown in Figure 1 is satisfied in the jointed member.
Unloaded edge
hI
Figure 1. Shear stress in the jointed member V Fsina shall not exceed C 2 bhe where, V is the shearing force at the section; B is the thickness of the member;
3V
adm
MS544: PART5 :2001
he
is the depth of member less the distance from the unloaded edge to the centre of the bolt (see Figure 1); and permissible shear stress as given by MS 544: Part 2.
adm
9.
9.1 9.1.1
Nailed joints
Lateral loads Basic working loads
The basic working loads for plain shank, low carbon steel nails specified in AS 2334 or equivalent whether driven by hand or by gun, in single shear in timber fabricated in the dry condition is given in Table 2. For plywood to timber joints the basic working loads are given in Table 3. A nailed joint should normally contain at least two nails. In general, the species in joint groups Ji and J2 of Table 1 require to be pre-drilled. Driving nails into holes pre-drilled to a diameter slightly less than the diameter of the nail results in a small increase in the holding power. The diameter of the pre-drilled holes should not be greater than four-fifths of the diameter of the nail. Table 2. Dry basic single shear lateral loads for one nail inserted at right angles to side grain
Diameter of nail (mm) 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.4 5.9 6.4 SWG 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 Standard thickness of members (mm) Head side 13 16 19 22 25 29 32 38 44 51 57 64 Point-side 19 22 25 29 32 38 44 51 57 67 76 89 Ji 248 310 377 473 551 660 779 900 1035 1205 1390 1575 Basic lateral load (N) for timber in joint group: J2 197 246 300 375
437
J3 158 197 239 300 350 419 495 572 657 767 882 1000
J4 126 157 191 240 280 335 395 457 526 613 703 801
J5 99 123 150 188 219 262 309 359 411 480 555 626
523 618 715 822 958 1103 1250
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 3. Dry basic single shear lateral load for one nail in a plywood to timber joint
Nominal plywood thickness (mm) 6 Nail (mm)
~_________
Penetration of nail to timber~ (mm) Standard 34 39 39 49 55 31 36 36 46 51 28 33 33 43 48 25 30 32 40 45 25 29 32 38 44 25 29 32 38 44 Minimum 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21
Basic Lateral load (N) for timber in group
Diameter 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1
Minimum length 40 45 45 55 60 40 45 45 55 60 40 45 45 55 60 40 45 45 55 60 43 47 50 56 62 46 50 53 59 65
JI 339 426 496 594 701 342 429 494 597 704 345 432 502 600 707 348 435 505 603 710 351 438 508 606 713 354 441 511 609 716
J2 270 337 393 471 556 273 340 396 474 559 276
343
J3 215 270 315 377 445 218 273 318 380 448 221 276 321 383 451 224 279 324 386 454 227 282 327 389 457 230 285 330 392 460
J4 172 216 252 301 355 175 219 255 304 358 178 222 258 307 361 181 225 261 310 364 184 228 264 313 367 187 231 267 316 370
J5 135 169 197 236 278 138 172 200 239 281 141 175 203 242 284
144
12
399 477 562 279 346 402 480 565 282 349 405 483 568 285 352 408 486 571
15
178 206 245 287 147 181 209 248 290 150 184 212 251 293
18
21
NOTES: 1. Plywood should be structural or marine plywood depending on service condition, see MS 544: Part 4: Section 1 and 2. 2. The basic load is based on the standard nail penetration, If the penetration is less than the standard but not less than the minimum, the basic load should be reduced proportionately. If the penetration is more than the standard, no increase in basic load is allowed.
MS 544: PART5:2001
9.1.2
Fadm
Permissible loads
Fadm
The permissible load

-
of a laterally loaded nail shall be taken to be given by:
k1 k2 k13 k14 k16 k17 F
where; k1 k2
=
the factor for duration of load given in Table 4; 1.0 for dry timber 1 .0 for annular ring shank and helical threaded shank nails under all exposure conditions 0.7 for wet timber; 1.0 for nails in side grain 0.7 for nails in end grain; 1.0 for nails in single shear 0.9 times the numbers of shear plane, provided that each of the member in a multiple shear joint has a thickness of not less than 0.7 of the standard thickness for point side member given in Table 2; 1.25 for nails driven through close fitting holes into metal side plates 1 .0 for timber to timber joint; factor for multiple nailed joints given in Table 5.1 for longitudinal joints and Table 5.2 for rotational joints; and
= =
k13 k14
= =
= =
= =
k17
basic working load given in Table 2.
For longitudinal joints containing n nails, F~,the design load capacity of the joint, shall be taken to be given by
=
nFadm
For rotational joints containing n nails, M~,the design in-plane moment capacity of the joint, shall be taken to be given by n M~ where; r, rmax is the distance from the P~ nail to the centroid of the nail group; and is the maximum value of r1
=
Fadmrmax~
(rj/rma,~f2
1=1
Longitudinal and rotational joints are illustrated in Figure 2.
MS 544: PART5:2001
~aI
7
~.
Fn~
F,~
(a) Longitudinal joint

Circle of radius 0.7 r M~

. I ,i.
~.
~
~
~~
I I I I I I I
r max na= 14
k~i
(b) Rotational joint Figure 2. Illustration of a longitudinal and rotational joint
MS 544: PART5:2001
Table 4. Modification factor k1 for duration of loading for different fasteners

Fastener Long term Nails and screws Bolts, coach screw, split-rings and shear- plates
Duration of loading Medium term 1.125 1.25 Short and very short term 1.25 1.5
1.0 1.0
Table 5. Values of factor k17 for use in the design of multiple nail and screw joints (Comprising of Table 5.1 and 5.2) Table 5.1. For longitudinal tension joints
Value of 1c17 Condition of timber
Fasteners
flal
flat
fla;
= 10
flal
20
Wet ry NOTE.
flaf
1.00 1.00
0.90 0.94
0.80 0.90
0.75 0.85
number of fasterners in each row per interface. See Figure 2(a)
Table 5.2. For rotational joints

flar =
number of nails per interface 2 5 10 20 100 or greater
17
1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20
NOTES:
fla
=
= =
number of nails within the circle of radius 0.7 rmax distance from fth nail to centroid of nail group maximum value of r 1
r, rmax
See Figure 2 (b).
MS544: PART5:2001
9.1.3
Spacings, edge and end distances
Table 6 provides recommended minimum spacings, edge and end distances for nails in terms of nail diameter d. For spacings at an angle to the grain, interpolation by means of Hankinsons formula may be used.
NOTE. For timber that has a tendency to split (see Clause 6) some mitigation measures such as pre-drilling or increased spacing are recommended. The fabrication of prototype joints is a useful method of checking the efficacy of mitigation measures.
Table 6. Minimum spacing, edge and end distances for nails

Spacing type
Minimum distance Holes predrilled to 80 percent of Holes not predrilled nail diameter 20d Sd 20d 1 Od lOd Sd lOd 3d
End distance Edge distance Between nails Along grain Across grain
9.1.4
Nail length and timber thickness
For the basic loads to apply, the nails ~Iiouldfully penetrate the tabulated standard thickness of members or, for members receiving the nail point, should penetrate to an equivalent depth. Where the thickness of members is less than those tabulated, the basic load should be reduced proportionately. No increase in basic load is allowed for thickness of members greater than that in Table 2. The nail should be considered as non-load bearing if the penetration of the head side or point side is less than 5d. 9.1.5 Improved nails
For sc~uaregrooved or square twisted nails of steel with a yield stress of not less than 375 N/mm the basic loads given in Table 2 should be multiplied by 1.2. The nominal diameter of the nail should be assumed to be 0.75 times the distance between diagonally opposite corners of the cross-section.
,
9.1.6
Slant driving
The direction of the slant should be such that the joint will not loosen under load. 9.1.7 Avoidance of splitting
The basic loads for nails have been derived on the assumption that splitting of the timber does not occur to any significant extent. In wet timber which shows a marked tendency to split, (see Clause 6), the use of predrilied holes of diameter 80 percent of the nail diameter is recommended.
10
MS 544: PART5:2001
9.2 9.2.1
Withdrawal loads Basic working loads
The basic working loads in withdrawal for plain shank, low carbon steel nails as specified in AS 2334 driven by hand, into side grain of timber are given in Table 7. Table 7. Basic withdrawal loads for one nail inserted at right angles to side grain
Diameter of nail (mm) 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.3 3.7 4.1
4.5
Basic withdrawal load (N/mm of penetration) for timber in group Ji 5.8 6.7 7.6 8.7 9.6 10.7 11.9
13.1
SWG 14 13 12 11 10 9 8
7
J2 4.1 4.7 5.3 6.1 6.7 7.5 8.3

9.1
J3 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.7 5.3 5.9

6.5
J4 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2

4.6
J5 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.8

3.1
4.9 5.4 6.9 6.4

NOTES:
6 5 3 3
14.2 15.7 17.1 18. 6
9.9 10.9 11.9 13.0
7.0 7.7 8.5 9.2
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
3.4 3.7 4.1 4.4
1. No withdrawal load should be carried by a nail driven into the end grain of timbers. 2. The penetration ofthe nail should not be less than 15 mm.
9.2.2
Permissible loads
The permissible load F adm of a single nail in withdrawal from side grain shall be taken to be given by
Fadm
=
k1k2 F
where; k1 k2
=
1.0 for all duration of loading; 1.0 for both wet and dry timber which subsequently will not change appreciably in moisture content. 0.25 where cyclic changes in moisture content can occur after nailing; and the basic working load in withdrawal given in Table 7.
11
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
9.2.3
Changes in moisture content
The values of basic resistance to withdrawal given in Table 7 apply to round wire nails driven into timber which subsequently will riot change appreciably in moisture content. Where large changes in moisture content of the timber subsequently to nailing are expected, the values given in Table 7 should be multiplied by 0.25. 9.2.4 Improved nails
The values of basic resistance to withdrawal given in Table 7 should be multiplied by 1 .5 for ringed-shank or annularly-threaded nails. No reduction in basic resistance to withdrawal of these nails need be made where timber seasons subsequent to nailing. However, no load in withdrawal should be carried by ringed-shank or annularly-threaded nails driven into the end grain of the timber.
10.
10.1
Screwed joints
Lateral loads
10.1.1 Basic working loads The basic working loads for plain steel wood screws as specified in AS 1476, whether driven by hand or by machine, in single shear in dry timber are given in Table 8.
NOTE. In the absence of specific data, these loads may also be used for other forms of steel screws intended for the fabrication of timber joints. Loads for other diameters may be derived by linear interpolation in direct proportion to diameter raised to the power of 1.7.
Table 8. Dry basic single shear lateral loads for one wood screw inserted at right angles to side grain
Diameter of screw (mm)
2.7 3.1 3.4 3.8 4.2 4.5
Gauge
4 5 6 7 8 9
Standard thickness of members (mm) Head-side Point-side

10 11 12 13 15 16 19 22 24 27 29 32
Basic lateral load (N) for timber in group: Ji

498 587 655 748 843 915
J2
410 484 540 617
J3
340 401 448 511
J4
282 333 371 424
J5
229 270 302 344
695
755
576
625
477
518
388
421
4.9
5.2
10
11
17
18
34
37
1012
1087 1187 1366 1548
835
897 976 1126 1276
692
742 811 933 1057
574
616 672 774 877
466
500 546 628
5.6
6.3 7.0
12
14 16
20
22 25
39
44 49
7.7
18
27
54
1734
1430
1184
982
712 798
10.1.2 Permissible loads The permissible load

Fadm
for a laterally loaded screw shall be taken to be given by:

Fadm
=
k1 k2 k13 k16 k17 F 12
MS 544: PART5:2001
where;
=
the factor for duration of load given in Table 4; 1.0 for dry timber 0.7 for wet timber; 1.0 for screws in side grain 0.7 for screws in end grain; 1.25 where the load is applied through metal side plates of adequate strength to transfer the load and the screws are a close fit to the holes in these plates 1.0 otherwise; factor for multiple screw joints given in Tables 5.1 and 5.2; and basic working load given in Table 8.
k2 k13 k16
= =
= =
10.1.3 Spacings, edge and end distances Table 9 provides recommended minimum spacings, edge and end distances for screws stated in terms of the shank diameter d. Table 9. Minimum spacing, edge and end distances for screws
Spacing type End distance Edge distance Between screws -along grain -across grain NOTE. d = shank diameter of screws. Minimum distance lOd 5d
lOd 3d
For spacing at an angle to the grain, interpolation according to Hankinsons formula may be used. 10.1.4 Screw length and timber thickness For the basic loads to apply, the screws should fully penetrate the tabulated standard thickness of members, or for members receiving the screw point should penetrate to an equivalent depth. Where the thickness of members are less than those tabulated the basic load should be reduced proportionately. No increase in basic load is allowed for thickness of members greater than those in Table 8. The penetration of the point should be not less than 0.6 of the standard point side member.
13
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
10.1.5 Pre-drilling The values given in Table 8 apply when the correct size lead holes have been drilled. The diameter of the hole for the shank must be equal to the diameter of the shank, and the lead hole for the threaded portion of the screw must not be greater than 7/8 of the root diameter of the screw adjacent to the shank. Screws installed directly without pre-drilling have the same value given in Table 8, provided that the timber does not split. 10.2 Withdrawal loads
10.2.1 Basic working loads The basic working loads for plain wood screws as specified in AS 1476 driven by hand or by machine from the side grain of dry timber are given in Table 10. The maximum working load that may be applied to any one screw shall not exceed the value appropriate to the diameter and metal from which the screw is manufactured as given in Table 11. Loads for other diameters may be obtained by linear interpolation in all tables. The basic working loads for wood screws driven into end grain shall not exceed 70 % of the values given in Table 10. Table 10. Dry basic withdrawal loads for one wood screw inserted at right angles to side grain
Diameter of screw (mm)
2.7
Basic withdrawal loads (N/mm of penetration for timber) in group Ji

26.5
Gauge
4
J2
19.2
J3
14.1
J4
10.3
J5
7.3
3.1
3.4 3.8 4.2
5
6 7 8
30.2
33.0 36.8 40.5
21.9
24.0 26.7 29.4
16.1
17.6 19.6 21.5
11.8
12.9 14.3 15.8
8.4
9.1 10.2 11.2
4.5
4.9 5.2 5.6 6.3 7.0 7.7
9
10 11 12 14 16 18
43.2
46.9 49.7 53.3 59.7 66.1 72.4
31.4
34.0 36.0 38.7 43.3 47.9 52.5
23.0
25.0 26.4 28.4 31.8 35.2 38.5
16.9
18.3 19.4 20.8 23.3 25.8 28.2
12.0
13.0 13.8 14.8 16.5 18.3 20.0
Table 11. Maximum permissible withdrawal load per screw

Maximum permissible withdrawal load, N Metal Screw size number 4 Steel and 18/8 stainless steel Brass and silicon bronze Aluminium alloy 2.74 730 560 430
6 3.45 1110 850 650
10 I 12 Shank diameter (mm) 4.17 4.88 5.59 1650 2270 2960 1270 1750 2280 970 1340 1740 8
14 6.30 3780 2910 2230
18 7.72 5600 4310 3300
14
MS544: PART5:2001
10.2.2 Permissible loads The permissible load

Fadm
for a screw in withdrawal shall be taken to be given by the lesser of
the value given in Table 11 and the value:

Fadm =
k1 k2k13F
where, k1 k2
=
1.0 for all duration of loading; 1.Ofordrytimber 0.7 for wet timber; 1.0 for screws in side grain 0.7 for screws in end grain; and basic working load given in Table 10.
= =
k13 F
= =
NOTE. The penetration of the screw point should not be less than 15 mm.
11.
11.1
Bolted joints
General
The basic working loads given in 11.2.1 and 11.2.2 are applicable to steel bolts as specified in AS 1111, when fitted into pre-drilled holes of diameter approximately 10 % greater than the bolt diameter and when fitted with washers as given in 11.2.5. 11.2 Lateral Loads
11.2.1 Basic working load parallel and perpendicular to grain The dry basic working load F for a single bolt bearing parallel and perpendicular to the grain and acting in single shear is given for a selection of bolt diameter and effective timber thickness in Table 12.
15
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 12. Dry basic loads for one bolt in single shear
Effective* timber thickness b (mm) 12.7 Bolt diameter (mm) 6.3
9.5
,~
Basic load (kN) for timber in group J2 J3 J4

-_____
J5 Perp 0.20
0.24
Par 0.80
1.21
Perp 0.53
0.65
Par 0.63
0.96
Perp 0.37
0.45
Par 0.50
0.76
Perp 0.28
0.33
Par 0.41
0.60
Par 0.29
0.42
Perp 0.13
0.15
12.7
15.9 19.0 22.2
1.58
1.92 2.22 2.46
0.76
0.85 0.95 1.04
1.26
1.52 1.76 1.97
0.53
0.60 0.67 0.73
0.98
1.19 1.38 1.55
0.38
0.44 0.49 0.54
0.79
0.96 1.10 1.24
0.28
0.31 0.36 0.38
0.55
0.66 0.76 0.85
0.18
0.20 0.23 0.25
19.0
6.3
9.5 12.7 15.9 19.0 22.2 25.4
1.12
1.74 2.33 2.82 3.30 3.71 4.10
0.79
0.97 1.13 1.27 1.42 1.56 1.69
0.90
1.39 1.86 2.24 2.63 2.95 3.25
0.56
0.68 0.80 0.90 1.01 1.10 1.20
0.71
1.09 1.46 1.76 2.06 2.30 2.54
0.41
0.50 0.59 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.88
0.58
0.89 1.18 1.42 1.66 1.85 2.04
0.30
0.36 0.42 0.48 0.53 0.59 0.64
0.41
0.61 0.80 0.97 1.14 1.27 1.40
0.19
0.24 0.28 0.31 0.35 0.37 0.41
25.4
6.3
9.5 12.7
1.30
2.22 3.01
1.02
1.30 1.51
1.09
1.79 2.41
0.74
0.92 1.07
0.88
1.42 1.91
0.54
0.67 0.78
0.72
1.13 1.54
0.40
0.48 0.56
0.52
0.80 1.07
0.24
0.31 0.36
15.9
19.0 22.2
3.72
4.36 4.91
1.70
1.90 2.08
2.96
3.48 3.91
1.20
1.34 1.48
2.34
2.72 3.06
0.88
0.98 1.08
1.87
2.18 2.46
0.64
0.71 0.78
1.30
1.51 1.69
0.41
0.46 0.50
38.1
25.4 6.3
9.5 12.7 15.9 19.0 22.2 25.4
5.46 1.30
2.84 4.22 5.28 6.29 7.16 8.32
2.26 1.34
1.87 2.24 2.54 2.84 3.12 3.40
4.34 1.14
2.38 3.41 4.25 5.04 5.72 6.62
1.60 1.03
1.37 1.60 1.80 2.02 2.21 2.40
3.40 0.95
1.92 2.70 3.36 3.96 4.51 5.21
1.16 0.76
1.00 1.16 1.32 1.46 1.62 1.75
2.72 0.76
1.58 2.20 2.71 3.20 3.63 4.19
0.84 0.56
0.72 0.84 0.95 1.07 1.16 1.27
1.88 0.55
1.12 1.54 1.88 2.22 2.50 2.89
0.54 0.36
0.47 0.54 0.61 0.68 0.76 0.82 0.44 0.60 0.72 0.82 0.91 1.10 1.09 0.82 1.03 1.20 1.37 1.51
50.8
6.3
9.5 12.7 15.9
1.30
2.84 4.94 6.65
1.34
2.34 2.92 3.37
1.14
2.50 4.10 5.38 6.44 7.37 8.30 2.50 4.33 6.53 8.57 10.22
1.10
1.76 2.11 2.40 2.69 2.95 3.20 1.81 2.98 3.50 3.98 4.40
0.95
2.08 3.06 4.28 5.10 5.83 6.55 2.08 3.60 5.41 6.91 8.17
0.86
1.28 1.55 1.75 1.96 2.15 2.34 1.58 2.17 2.56 2.92 3.23
0.76
1.76 2.74 3.48 4.14 4.72 528 1.76 3.06 4.61 5.71 6.67
0.66
0.95 1.13 1.27 1.42 1.56 1.69 1.22 1.61 1.90 2.11 2.34
0.55
1.27 1.93 2.44 2.88 3.28 3.66 1.27 2.22 3.17 4.04 4.68
19.0
76.2 22.2 25.4 9.5 12.7 15.9 19.0 22.2
8.00
9.18 10.37 2.84 4.94 7.43 10.30 12.58
3.79
4.16 4.52 2.56 3.84 4.75 50 6.18
25.4
101.6 28.6 12.7 15.9 19.0 22.2 25.4 28.6 31.7
14.52
15.94 4.94 7.43 10.30 13.43 16.99 19.62 21.74
6.74
7.33 3.98 5.62 6.85 7.86 8.74 9.61 10.41
11.71
12.85 4.33 6.53 9.02 11.80 14.11 15.96 17.59
4.80
5.20 3.16 4.37 5.15 5.77 6.34 6.89 7.46
9.31
10.16 3.60 5.41 7.49 9.79 11.40 12.80 14.02
3.50
3.79 2.47 3.20 3.76 4.22 4.63 5.05 5.45
7.56
8.23 3.06 4.61 6.38 8.14 9.42 10.48 11.44
2.53
2.74 1.90 2.38 2.76 3.08 3.37 3.66 3.94
5.27
5.75 2.22 3.17 4.39 5.76 6.66 7.36 7.99
1.63
1.76 1.26 1.55 1.76 1.98 2.17 2.36 2.54
127.0
15.9
19.0 22.2 25.4 28.6
7.43
10.30 13.43 16.99 20.53
5.62
7.49 9.12 10.42 11.53
6.53
9.02 11.80 14.92 18.02
4.45
5.94 6.92 7.73 8.48
5.41
7.49 9.79 12.38 14.72
3.48
4.39 5.08 5.65 6.20
4.61
6.38 8.34 10.55 12.20
2.68
3.28 3.73 4.15 4.52
3.17
4.39 6.02 7.62 8.65
1.78
2.14 2.40 2.66 2.92
31.7
24.31
12.72
20.22
9.23
16.33
6.74
13.50
4.90
9.55
3.17
16
MS544: PART5:2001
Table 12. Dry basic loads for one bolt in single shear (continued)
Effective timber thickness* (mm) 152.4 Bolt diameter Ji (mm) 19.0
22.2
Basic load (kN) for timber in group J2 Perp 7.49

9.61
Par 10.30
13.43
Par 9.02
11.80
Perp 5.94
7.63
Par 7.49
9.79
Perp 4.64
5.72
Par 6.38
8.34
Perp 3.56
4.27
Par 4.39
6.02
Perp 2.36
2.78
25.4
28.6
16.99
20.53
11.94
13.26
14.92
18.02
8.93
9.91
12.38
14.98
6.52
7.26
10.55
12.74
4.82
5.34
7.62
9.20
3.11
3.42
203.2
31.7 22.2
25.4 28.6 31.7
24.31 13.43
16.99 20.53 24.31
14.74 9.61
11.94 14.52 17.36
21.34 11.80
14.92 18.02 21.34
10.85 7.63
9.48 11.53 13.56
17.72 9.79
12.38 14.98 17.72
7.94 5.95
7.40 8.82 9.92
15.08 8.34
10.55 12.74 15.08
5.83 4.57
5.69 6.62 7.36
10.75 6.02
7.62 9.20 10.90
3.73 3.05
3.78 7.32 4.79
the loads for intermediate thickness may be obtained by linear interpolation. The units for timber thickness and bolt diameter are direct conversion from imperial units.
*
11.2.2 Basic working load for a bolted joint system a) Parallel and perpendicular to grain For a bolt in other than a two-member joint, the basic working load shall be multiples of F11 for parallel loading as shown in Table 13 and F1 for perpendicular loading as shown in Table 14 for the appropriate type of joint. b) Other angles to grain For systems loaded at an angle a to the grain, the basic working load is given by use of Hankinsons formula as follows:FF
II
Fsin2ci+F cos2a
1 1
Hankinsons formula is conveniently evaluated by means of the nomogram given in Figure 3.
17
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 13. Basic working loads for a bolted joint system loaded parallel to grain
Type of joint 1. Two member Effective timber thickness b Smaller of 2b and 2b 1 2 Basic load F F 11
11
1I~I~1
2. Three member
Smaller of 2b and b 1 2
2 F
11
II
3.
Multiple member
i)
Between A and B
i)
ii) A
1 b 2 b 3 b4 b
Smaller of b and b 1 C 2 Between B and
11
iii)
Smaller of b and b 2 3 etc.
ii) iii)
11 etc.
B C ID
j
/
Total basic load sum of basic loads (i), (ii), etc.
18
MS 544: PART5 :2001
Table 14. Basic working loads for a bolted joint system loaded perpendicular to grain
Type of joint 1. Two member
b,
Effective timber thickness b 2b, but not exceeding twice thickness of side member.
Basic load F ~ F ~
ft~
2. Three member b 2
~
~
i) b 1
b but not exceeding twice 2 thickness of thinner side member.
i)
2F
ii)
2 b, but not exceeding thickness of inner member.
ii)
2 F
4.
Multiple member
1) ii)
iii)
Between A and B thinner of b, and b 2 Between B and C thinner of b and b 3 Between C 2 and D thinner of b and b 3 4 etc.
1) ii) ii)
F F
1 F 1
iv)
Total basic load etc. = sum of basic iv) loads (i), (ii), (iii) etc.
19
MS 544: PART5 :2001
F;
Fi
Figure 3. Graph of Hankinson formula
EXAMPLE Given F 11
=
9.0 kN, F
=
=
6.0 kN, cx 9.0 to F 1
60
To find Fcc connect F
11
6.0.
=
At intersection with 60 line, construct line parallel to grid line to axis at Fcc
6.5.
11.2.3 Permissible loads The permissible load F

adm
of a laterally loaded bolt system shall be taken to be given by: 20
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
11.2.3 Permissible loads The permissible load F F adm where, k1

= =
adm
of a laterally loaded bolt system shall be taken to be given by:
k1 k2 k16 k17 F
the factor for duration of load given in Table 4; 1.Ofordrytimber 0.7 for wet timber; 1 .25 for bolts that transfer load through metal side plates of adequate strength and the bolts are a close fit to the holes in these plates provided that b/d > 5 for loads acting parallel to grain and b/d > 10 for loads acting perpendicular to the grain (where b denotes the effective timber thickness and d is the bolt diameter) 1.0 otherwise; factor for multiple bolted joint given in Table 15; and basic working load as derived in 11.2.2.
= =
k16
k17 F
Table 15. Values of factor k17 for use in the design of multiple connector joints of bolts, coach screws, split ring and shear plates
joint
~[
fla4 fla
Value of k 5
fib
17
tjo
=10
=15
17o
16
restraint*)
restraint*)
1.00 1.00
0.50
0.95 0.95
0.50
0.80 0.80
0.50
0.65 0.55
0.50
0.62 0.50
0.50
of fasteners in each row per interface. restraint refers to the possibility of restraint to timber shrinkage due to the joint detail.
21
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
11.2.4 Spacings, edge and end distances Spacings, edge and end distances shall comply with the following requirements: a) Loads parallel to grain The basic working loads given in Tables 12 and 13 apply to joints in which the edge, end and between- fastener spacings are not less than those shown in Figure 4a. The distance a indicated in the figure shall be at least (n 2)d with a minimum of 2.5d, where n is the total number of bolts in the joint and d is the diameter of the bolt.
Similarly, the required end distance par shall be at least 7d in tension joints in both wet and dry timber and 4d in compression joints and in joints subjected to bending moment for both moisture conditions. However, lesser end distances may be used in tension joint provided that the basic load is reduced in proportion to the reduction in end distance. Nevertheless, in no case shall the end distance for tension joints be less than 6d for wet timber and 4dfor dry timber. b) Loads perpendicular to grain The minimum edge, end and between-fastener spacing shall not be less than those shown in Figure 4b. The distance a shall be at least 2.5d for a bid ratio of 2, and it shall be increased proportionately so that it is at least 5d for a bid ratio of 6 or more, where b is the thickness of the member loaded perpendicular to the grain. c) Loads acting at an angle to the grain For loads acting at an angle 00 to 30 to the grain, the spacings, edge and end distances may be taken as for loads parallel to the grain. For loads acting at an angle of 30 to 90 to the grain, the spacings, edge and end distances may be taken as for loads acting perpendicular to the grain.
22
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
(a) Load applied parallel to grain
par
(b) Load applied perpendicular to grain Figure 4. Spacing, edge and end distances for bolted joints
23
MS 544 : PART 5 : 2001
11.2.5 Washers In all timber-to-timber bolted structural joints, every bolt shall be provided with a washer at each end, of a size not less than that stated in Table 16. If smaller washers are used, then the basic working load given in 11.2 shall be reduced in proportion to the dimension of the washer diameter or side length. Table 16. Minimum required size of washers for structural bolted joints
diameter Thickness
Licenced to UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP) / Downloaded on : 01-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohib 1.6
. .
Washer size (mm) Mm. diameter for round washers

30
Mm. side length for square washers

25
2.0 2.5
3.0
36 45
55
32 40
50
4.0 5.0 6.0
65 75 85
57 65 75
11.3
Axial loads
Where bolts are loaded axially, the basic working load of the bolt shall be taken as the lesser of the axial strength of the bolt and the bearing strength of the timber under the washer when loaded perpendicular to the grain. The design axial strength of bolts and the effective diameter for use in computing the bearing pressure on the timber are given in Table 17. Table 17. Design parameters for bolts under axial load
Bolt diameter (mm)
M6 M8
Axial strength of bolt (kN)

4.0 7.5
Effective diameter of a standard washer* in bearing (mm)

16 21 27 31
M10 M12 M16

M20 M24
11.5 17 32
50 72
31
50 60
M30
M36
115
165
69
78
* Standard washers are washers having the minimum dimensions shown in Table 16. The effective diameter is less than the actual diameter because it includes an allowance for bending ofthe washer.
24
MS544: PART5 :2001
12.
12.1
Coach screws
General
The basic working loads given in the following clauses are applicable to steel coach screws as specified in AS 1393 and as shown in Figure 5. 12.2 Lateral loads
For coach screws bearing laterally in dry timber, the provision of Clause 11 for bolts shall apply, subject to the following conditions: a)
for the purpose of Clause 11, a coach screw shall be considered to be a bolt of diameter equal to the shank diameter of the screw; the screws shall be fitted with washers as specified in 11.2.5; in a two-member joint, the thinner member shall have a minimum thickness of three times the shank diameter of the coach screw; The diameter of the hole for the shank shall not be less than the shank diameter of the screw nor exceed it by more than 1 mm or 10 percent of the shank diameter, whichever is the lesser. The diameter of the hole for the threaded portion of the screw shall not exceed the root diameter of the screw. The depth of the hole shall not be less than the intended depth to which the screw is to be driven. The screw shall not be hammered into place but turned with a hand operated or machine operated wrench; and Timber thickness and screw lengths as shown in the Figure 6 shall be such that: i) ii) thickness of first member, t1 > 3d depth of penetration into second member for species in joint groups: JlandJ2 t~ >7d J3 t~ >8d J4andJ5 t~>lOd
,
b) c) d)
e)
For the lesser values of t~ the basic load shall be reduced in proportion to the decrease in t~ and the coach screw shall be considered as non-load bearing if t~ is less than 4d.
25
MS 544: PART5:2001
Head
~~:~;i~
ID
.
D = Shank or nominal diameter S

=
Length of shank or unthreaded portion
T = Length of threaded portion
Figure 5. Coach screw
Figure 6. Timber thicknesses and fastener lengths for coach screws
26
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
12.3
Withdrawal loads
12.3.1 Basic working loads The basic working loads for coach screw in withdrawal from the side grain are given in Table 18. 12.3.2 Permissible loads The permissible withdrawal load given by:
Fadm Licenced to UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP) / Downloaded on : 01-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohib
=
Fadm
for a coach screw in withdrawal shall be taken to be
k1 k2k13F
but not greater than the value given in Table 19 where; k1 k2 k13 F
=
1.0 for coach screw for all duration of loading; 1.Ofordrytimber 0.7 for wet timber; 1.0 for coach screws in side grain 0.7 for coach screws in end grain; and basic working load for coach screws in side grain, given in Table 18. Table 18. Dry basic withdrawal loads for coach screws in side grain
= =
= =
Shank diameter (mm)

6
Basic withdrawal load, N per mm penetration of tread for timber in group J1

57
J2
41
J3
30
J4
22
J5
16
8
10
75
93
54
68
40
50
29
36
21
26
12 16
20
111 146
181
80 106
131
59 78
96
43 57
71
31 40
50
Table 19. Maximum permissible withdrawal loads per coach screws

Nominal diameter of coach screw (mm) 6 8 10
12
Maximum permissible withdrawal load N 2000 4000 6000

9000
16
20
20000
31500
27
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
13. 13.1
Split-ring connectors General
13.1.1 Connector sizes

The recommendations contained in this clause are applicable to the sizes of split-ring connectors given in Table 20 and conforming to BS 1579. Table 20. Sizes of split-ring connectors and minimum sizes of washers
Nominal size of connectors
Nominal size and thread diameter of bolt
Minimum size of round or square washers Diameter or length of side (mm) 50 75
Thickness (mm) 3
(mm) 64 102 M12 M20
NOTE. The sizes given in this table are metric conversions of the imperial sizes given in BS 1579.
13.1.2 Bolts and washers The diameter of the bolts to be used with the connectors are given in Table 20. Round or square washers should be fitted between the timber and the head and nut of the bolt. The minimum size of washer to be used with each connector is given in Table 20. 13.1.3 Joint preparation To prepare a connectored joint, the positions of the bolt holes should be set out accurately with reference to the point of intersection of the centre-lines of the members. One of the following two procedures should be used when drilling the bolt holes: a) b) fit the members together in their correct positions and clamp while drilling the bolt holes through all the members; and drill the bolt holes in the individual members using jigs or templates to locate the bolt holes accurately.
Bolt holes should be within 2 mm ol their specified position. The contact surfaces of the timber members should be grooved to the dimensions given in Table 21. The grooves for split-rings may be cut simultaneously with the drilling of the bolt holes if procedure b) is used.
28
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 21. Dimensions of circular grooves for split-ring connectors

Split-ring size (mm)
64 65.0
Dimensions of groove (mm)

4.6 9.5
102
13.2
Effective cross section
The effective cross-section of each member at a joint should be determined by deducting the projected area from the gross area of the cross-section of the connector recess (i.e. 705 mm2 for each 64 mm split-ring, or 1455 mm2 for each 102 mm split-ring) and the projected area of the groove. The depths of the connector grooves are given in Table 21. When assessing the effective cross-section of multiple connector joints, all connectors and their bolts that lie within a distance of 0.75 connector diameters, measured parallel to the grain from a given cross-section should be considered as occurring at that cross-section. Then the effective cross section should be determined by deducting the given net projected areas of the connector grooves and bolt holes from the gross area of the cross-section being considered. 13.3 Basic loads
The basic working loads for parallel and perpendicular to the joint in dry timber are given in Table 22. These loads apply to a connector unit comprising one split-ring in the contact faces of a timber-to-timber joint with its bolt in single shear. When loaded at an angle a to the grain, the basic load is given by use of Hankinsons formula or evaluated by means of the graph as given in Figure 3.
29
Cl)
Ui
Table 22. Dry basic loads for one split-ring connector unit
01 Basic load~ (kN) for timber in group Ji J2 J3 J4 J5
Actual thickness of members~ Connectors on both sides and on same bolt (mm) Par Par Perp Par Perp Par Perp
Split-ring diameter
Bolt diameter
Connectors on one side only
0 0
(mm)
(mm)
~mm)
Perp
Par
Perp
0 40 12.69 8.27 9.57 6.31 7.29
64
4.86
M12 50 15.48 10.08 11.67 7.70 8.89 5.93
22 3.97
32
10.37
6.77
7.82
5.16
5.96
4.54
5.55
3.06
3.75
3.36
4.11
2.29
2.80
25
29
6.77
4.57
5.01
3.42
102 50 26.67 16.20 20.96 12.68
M20
29
41
22.34
13.57
17.55
10.62
13.52 16.14
8.38 10.01
10.41 12.43
6.62 7.90
7.8 9.31
5.09 6.08
32
36 75 33.34 26.20 20.25
63
31.34
19.03
24.63
14.90 15.85
18.97 20.18
11.76 12.51
14.61 15.54
9.29 9.88
10.94 11.64
7.14 7.60
41
1) Loads for
intermediate thickness may be obtained by linear interpolation.
MS544: PART5:2001
13.4
Permissible loads
The permissible load Fadm for split-ring connector shall be taken to be given by:
Fadm
k1
1(2
k17 k18 F
where; k1 k2
=
factor for duration of load given in Table 4; 1.Ofordrytimber 0.7 for wet timber; factor for multiple connector joints given in Table 15;
k17 k18
=
1.0 for standard and end distance, edge distance and connector spacing as given in Tables 23, 24 and 25 respectively modification factor for the relevant connector spacing (ks), end distance (kc) and edge distance (k0) which are less than the corresponding standard values as given in Tables 25, 26 and 27 respectively. (The lowest factor of the values of k5 kc and kD is to be used (see 13.5); and
=
F 13.5
basic load given in Table 22.
Spacing, edge and end distances
Associated with each size of split-ring connector is standard end distance, edge distance and spacing between connectors which permit the basic load to apply. These standard distance s are given in Table 23 to Table 25. If the end distance, edge distance or spacing is less than the standard, but more than the minimum, the basic load should be modified as given in 13.4. No increase in load is permitted if end distance, edge distance or centre spacing exceed the standard values. The definition of end distance, edge distance and spacing is illustrated in Figure 7. If split-ring connectors are used in wet timber, the standard end distance should be multiplied by 1 .5. One-half of this increased end distance should be taken as the minimum end distance, with a permissible load of one-half of that permitted for the standard end distance.
31
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 23. End distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors

Type of end distance Angle 1) of load to grain cc End 1~ distance (mm)
Connector size 102mm split-ring or 102mm 64 mm split-ring or 67mm shear-plate shear-plate (degrees) Unloaded 0 45 90 Oto9O Minimum 64 67 70 70 Standard 102 121 140 140 Minimum 83 86 89 89 Standard 140 159 178 178
Loaded
For intermediate angles and end distances, values should be obtained by linear interpolation.
Table 24. Edge distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors

Type of edge distance Angle 1) of load to grain cx Edge distance (mm) Connector size 64mm split-ring or67 mm 102mm split-ring or 102mm shear-plate shear-plate Minimum 44 44 44 44 44 Standard 44 44 54 64 70 Minimum 70 70 70 70 70 Standard 70 70 79 87 95
(Degrees) Unloaded Loaded Oto9O 0 45 90 45to90
32
MS 544: PART5 :2001
Table 25. Spacing modification factor, k9, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors
Angle of load to grain a (degrees) 0 Angle ~ of connector axisto grain B (degrees) 0
15 30 45 60 Licenced to UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP) / Downloaded on : 01-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohib 75 90
Spacing (mm)
k~ =0.75 Minimum ks =0.80 k~ =0.85 ks =0.90 k~ =0.95 k =1.00 5 Standard
64 mm split-ring or 6 7 mm shear-plate 89 105 121 140

89 89 89 89 89 89 102 98 92 92 89 89 117 108 95 92 89 89 130 114 105 95 92 89
156
146 124 108 95 92 89
171
157 132 112 98 91 89
15
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
89
89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89 89
102
102 98 95 92 92 89 98 95 95 92 92
114
111 105 98 95 92 92 105 105 102 95 95
127
124 114 105 98 95 92 114 111 108 105 98
140
133 124 108 102 95 95 124 121 114 108 102
152
145 129 114 103 97 95 130 127 119 111 104
30
0 15 30 45 60
75
90
89
89
92
92
92
92
95
95
95
95
99
98
45
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
89
89 89 89 89 89 89
~2
92 92 92 92 92 92
95
95 95 95 95 95 95
102
102 102 102 98 98 98
105
105 105 105 102 102 102
108
108 107 106 106 105 105
60 to 90
0
15 30 45 60 75 90
89
89 89 89 89 89 89
89
89 89 92 92 92 92
89
89 80 92 92 95 95
89
89 92 95 95 98 102
89
89 92 95 98 102 105
89
90 93 97 102 106 108
33
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 25. Spacing modification factor, k5, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors
(continued)
Angle of load to grain cc (degrees)
Angle of connector axisto grain 0 (degrees)
k~ =0.75 Minimum
k~ =0.80
Spacing (mm) i(~ =0.85 k~ =0.90
k~ =0.95
k =1.00 5 Standard
102 mm split-ring or 102mm shear-plate

0 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 15 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 30 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 45 0 15 30 45 60 75 90 60 to 90 0 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 127 146 143 140 133 130 127 127 143 140 137 1~3 130 130 130 137 137 133 133 133 130 130 133 133 133 133 133 133 133 127 168 162 149 140 133 127 127 159 152 146 140 133 133 130 146 146 143 140 137 137 137 137 137 137 137 140 140 140 127 187 178 162 146 133 130 127 171 168 159 149 140 133 133 159 156 149 146 143 140 140 143 143 143 143 146 146 146 427 210 197 171 149 142 130 127 187 181 168 156 142 137 137 168 165 159 152 146 145 143 146 146 146 146 149 149 149 127 229 213 183 157 140 130 127 203 195 178 161 147 140 137 178 175 168 160 152 148 146 152 152 153 154 155 156 156 127
15
30 45 60
127
127 127 127
127
127 130 133
127
130 133 137
127
130 133 143
127
133 137
129
134 142
75
~ 90
127
127
133
133
140
143
146 149
146 152 159
152 161 165
34
MS 544: PART5:2001
Table 26. End distances modification factor, kc, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors
Unloaded Connector size 64 mm split-ring or 67 mm shear-plate 102 mm split-ring or 102 mm shear-plate Angle
0
-
Value of_k
Loaded . Connector size 102 mm 64 mm splitring or 67 split-ring or mm shear102 mm plate shear-plate

0 to 90
.
1>
of load to grain a
45 90 0 to 90
45
90
0.63 0.68 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.88 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.64 0.68 0.71 0.75 0.78 0.82 0.85 0.89 0.92 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.62 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.76 0.78 0.81 0.84 0.86 0.89 0.92 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.63 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.77 0.80 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.64 0.67 0.69 0.72 0.74 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.95 0.98
0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
0.62 0.65 0.67 0.69 0.71 0.73 0.75 0.77 0.80 0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
0.92 0.94 0.97

0.99
1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00
0.92 0.94 0.97

0.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
intermediate angles and end distances, values should be obtained by linear interpolation.
35
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
Table 27. Loaded, edge distances modification factor, k~, for split-ring and shear-plate connectors
Edge Distance (mm) 64 mm split-ring or 67 mm shear-plate Value of , ~D Connector size 102 mm split-ring or 102mm shear-plate
Angle ~ of load to grain a

0 45 Licenced to UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG (UMP) / Downloaded on : 01-Jul-2009 / Single user licence only, copying and networking prohib 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95
15 0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
30 0.89 0.93 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
45 0.83 0.87 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0
-
15
-
30
-
45 to 90
-
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
. -
1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.94 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
0.89 0.92 0.95 0.99 1.00 1.00
0.83 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00
a4
a1
Legend: a, a 2 a a3
a3
F-
= = = =
Spacing parallel to grain; Spacing perpendicular to grain; end distance; and
edge distance.
Figure 7. Spacing, Edge and End distances for split-ring and shear-plate connectors
36
MS544: PART5 :2001
14. 14.1
Shear plate connectors General
14.li Connector sizes

The recommendations contained in this clause are applicable to the sizes of shear-plate connectors given in Table 28 and conforming to BS 1579. The following requirements relate to shear plate connectors of nominal 67 mm and 102 mm sizes. Table 28. Sizes of shear-plate connectors and minimum sizes of washers
Nominal size of connector (mm)

67
Nominal size and thread diameter of bolt
Minimum size of round or square washers Diameter or length of side (mm) Thickness (mm)
5
M20
75
102
M20
75
NOTE. The sizes given in this table are metric conversions of the imperial sizes given in BS 1579.
14.1.2 Bolts and washers The diameter of the bolts to be used with the connectors are given in Table 20. Round or square washers should be fitted between the timber and the head and nut of the bolt. The minimum size of washer to be used with each connector is given in Table 20.
14.1.3 Joint preparation

To prepare a connectored joint, the positions of the bolt holes should be set out accurately with reference to the point of intersection of the centre-lines of the members. One of the following two procedures should be used when drilling the bolt holes: a) b) fit the members together in their correct positions and clamp while drilling the bolt holes through all the members; and drill the bolt holes in the individual members using jigs or templates to locate the bolt holes accurately.
Bolt holes should be within 2 mm of their specified position. The contact surfaces be within 2 mm of the timber members should be recessed to the dimensions shown in Figure 8. The recesses for shear-plates may be cut simultaneously with the drilling of the bolt holes if procedure b) is used. 37
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
067
L
057
11.5
Figure 8. a) Recess for 67 mm connector unit 0102.5 089 039.5
16.5
6.0
13
.4
022~ ~
Figure 8. b) Recess for 102 mm connector unit

All dimensions are in millimetres.
Figure 8. Dimension of circular recesses for shear-plate connector units conforming to
BS 1579
38
MS 544: PART 5 : 2001
14.2
Effective cross section
The effective cross-section of each member at a joint should be determined by deducting the projected area from the gross area of the cross-section of the connector recess (i.e. 770 mm2 for each 67 mm shear-plate, or 1690 mm2 for each 102 mm shear-plate) and the projected area of the bolt hole not within the projected area of the recess. The depths of the connector recess are 11.5 mm and 16.5 mm for the 67 mm and 102 mm shear-plates, respectively. When assessing the effective cross-section of multiple connector joints, all connectors and their bolts that lie within a distance of 0.75 connector diameters, measured parallel to the grain from a given cross-section should be considered as occurring at that cross-section. Then the effective cross section should be determined by deducting the given net projected areas of the connector recesses and bolt holes from the gross area of the cross-section being considered.
14.3
Basic loads
The basic working loads for parallel and perpendicular to the grain in dry timber are given in Table 29. These basic loads apply to a connector unit either: a) b) one shear plate with its bolt in single shear in a steel plate-to timber joint; or two shear plate back to back with the bolt in single shear, in a timber-to timber joint.
When loaded at an angle a to the grain, the basic load is given by use of Hankinsons formula or evaluated by means of the graph as given in Figure 3.
39
CI)
(1
Table 29. Dry basic loads for one shear plate connector unit
~
-o I 01
~J4 J5 0 0
Actual thickness of members JI J2 J3
Basic load~ (kN) for timber in group
Shearplate diameter Par ~ar Perp Par Perp Par Perp
Bolt diameter
Connectors on one side only
(mm)
(mm)
(mm)
Connectors on both sides and on same bolt (mm) Perp
Par
Perp
67
M20
41 50 9.48 10.08 11.67 7.70 8.89 5.93 10.97 7.24 8.36 5.57 67 15.48*~ 14.55~
11.92
7.76
8.99
5.93
6.83
4.57
5.21 6.36 6.77
3.52 4.30 4.57
3.86 4.71 5.01
2.63 3.21 3.42
41
102 67 75 12.24 13.16 92 27.67~ 16.81 22.05 25.73~ 15.63 20.51 24.07~ 14.62 19.18 11.45
M20
50
20.48
12.48
16.32
9.74
13.00 15.29 16.34 17.57
7.68 9.03 9.65 10.38
10.36 12.18 13.02 14.00
6.07 7.13 7.63 8.20
8.05 9.47 10.12 10.88
4.67 5.49 5.87 6.31
41
44
Loads for intermediate thickness may be obtained by linear interpolation. a) see clause 14.4
MS 544: PART5:2001
14.4
Permissible loads
The permissible loadFadm for a shear plate connector shall be the lesser of by: a) or b)
Fadm = Fadm
=
The limiting values given in Table 30
k1 k2k17k18F
where k1 k2 k17 and k18 are as defined in 13.4 and F is the basic load given in Table 29.
NOTE. Loads mark with a cross (x) in Table 29 exceed the limiting values given in Table 30 but are included for
interpolation purposes.
Table 30. Limiting values for permissible loads on one shear-plate connector unit
Shear-plate diameter Nominal bolt size All loading except shortand very short-term loading (kN) 12.9 22.1 All loading including short- and very shortterm loading (kN) 17.2 29.5
(mm) 67 102
(mm) M20 M20
14.5
Spacing, edge and end distances
As defined in 13.5 where the given data for split-ring connectors are applicable to shear plate connectors.
41
Printed by: SSP, SIFIIM Berhd

MS 544 PART 5 2001 Timber Joints

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

MS 544 PART 5 2001 Timber Joints

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MALAYSIAN STANDARD

MS 544 : PART 5 : 2001

CODE OF PRACTICE FOR STRUCTURAL USE OF TIMBER : PART 5 : TIMBER JOINTS

Copyright DEPARTMENT OF STANDARDS MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF MALAYSIAN STANDARDS

MS 544: PART 5 : 2001

MS 544: PART 5 : 2001

MS 544: PART 5 : 2001

MS 544: PART 5: 2001

MS544: PART5: 2001

Committee representation (continued)

Malaysian Timber Industry Board

MS544: PART 5:2001

Part 2 : Part 3 : Part 4 :

Part 5 : Part 6 : Part 7 : Part 8 : Part 9 : Part 10 : Part 11 :

MS544: PART5: 2001

Timber design handbook-Malaysian Forest Record No. 42 FRIM

Structural timber joints-Malaysian Forest Record No. 32 FRIM

AS 1393 AS 1476 AS 2334

MS 544: PART5: 2001

AS 1111 BS 373 BS 1579 ASTM D143

ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws

Chengal Belian Kern pas Kekatong Mata ulat Petaling

Penaga Balau, red Keranji Kulim Perah Surian batu

Derum Keruntum Merawan Perupok Simpoh

Giam Mempening Merbau Punah

Balik angin bopeng Kedondong Keruing Mempisang Petai Sepetir

Biritangor Kayu kundur Ketapang Mengkulang Penarahan Sen gkuang

Batal Jelutong Laran Melantai/ Kawang Pulai

Durian Jongkong Meranti, light red Meranti ,yellow Sesendok

MS 544: PART 5 : 2001

MS 544: PART5 :2001

Shear stress in the jointed member

MS544: PART5 :2001

523 618 715 822 958 1103 1250

MS 544: PART 5 : 2001

Penetration of nail to timber~ (mm) Standard 34 39 39 49 55 31 36 36 46 51 28 33 33 43 48 25 30 32 40 45 25 29 32 38 44 25 29 32 38 44 Minimum 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21 13 15 17 19 21

Basic Lateral load (N) for timber in group

The permissible load

of a laterally loaded nail shall be taken to be given by:

k1 k2 k13 k14 k16 k17 F

basic working load given in Table 2.

Longitudinal and rotational joints are illustrated in Figure 2.

(a) Longitudinal joint

Circle of radius 0.7 r M~

(b) Rotational joint Figure 2. Illustration of a longitudinal and rotational joint

Table 4. Modification factor k1 for duration of loading for different fasteners

number of fasterners in each row per interface. See Figure 2(a)

Table 5.2. For rotational joints

number of nails per interface 2 5 10 20 100 or greater

1.00 1.05 1.10 1.15 1.20

See Figure 2 (b).

Spacings, edge and end distances

Table 6. Minimum spacing, edge and end distances for nails

Nail length and timber thickness

Withdrawal loads Basic working loads

J2 4.1 4.7 5.3 6.1 6.7 7.5 8.3

J3 2.9 3.3 3.7 4.3 4.7 5.3 5.9

J4 2.0 2.3 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.8 4.2

J5 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.3 2.6 2.8

4.9 5.4 6.9 6.4

14.2 15.7 17.1 18. 6

9.9 10.9 11.9 13.0

7.0 7.7 8.5 9.2