Prof.(ret.) Shalihuddin Djalal Tandjung, Ph.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
Edisi Revisi ke-4

Program Studi Magister Manajemen Fakultas Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Gadjah Mada Yogyakarta 2012
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Pengantar

Natural Environment yang ditulis ulang tahun 2012 ini merupakan edisi ke empat dari uraian menyangkut lingkungan dan ekonomi sumber daya alam yang sebelumnya pada edisi pertama berjudul Changes of Ecology yang ditulis tahun 1988. Diupayakan pada edisi terbaru ini dilengkapi dengan data terbaru.

Yogyakarta, 19 Agustus 2012 Penulis

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT Introduction The study of natural environment ( ecosystems or ecological systems) has become a topical and important subject relevant to everyone. An ecosystem composed of arrangement of functional natural resources. Understanding of the study of natural environment also mean comprehension of renewable and un-renewable resources. In recent

times human activity has disturbed the natural environment to an unprecedented extent. We have reached a point in the earths history where the knowledge of ecology or natural environment is essential for human future. It is therefore important for managers of society whether in government, business, agriculture, transportation, industry or education, etc. to appreciate the phenomena of natural environment. Ecology is the study of totality or pattern of relationship between organisms and their environment (Odum, 1971 dalam Tandjung 2001). The ecology is studied under many different titles such as natural environment, ecosystems, ecological changes, environmental biology, life science, resources conservation; and in many different sorts of departments, schools, faculties, and institutions e.g. anthropology, biology, chemistry, demography, economy, engineering, forestry and geography under subject title of environmental anthropology, environmental biology, environmental chemistry, environmental demography, environmental economy, environmental engineering, environmental forestry,

environmental geography, environmental law, and environmental physics (Tandjung, 1995, in Tandjung 2008b). In the context of Natural Environment for General Business Environment, we should look at national development in utilization of

renewable natural resources such as forest, air, water, and fertile soil; and un-renewable resources, the minerals, such as fossil fuels, precious metals, metallic radioactive elements such uranium and radon etc. Issues of our discussion are based on the reciprocal relationship between business and ecology and the effort to reach out for sustainable development (Figure 1) in page 5. This figure is the resume of natural environment lecture.

NATURAL ENVIRONMENT (Ecosystems, Ecological Systems)

Business Reciprocal relationship Environment

Entropy, Residue Environmental Pollution: Air, Water, Land, Cross Media Non point pollution: Chemical substances

Public demand for regulation

International trade agreement. Equal opportunity, Equal treatment

Competitive requirement for ecolabeling

Customer demand for clean processes and products &3R

Public demand for environmen tal protection. CSR and Com-dev

Indonesian Instrument for Environmental Management & SNI; International Environmental Management System & ISO

Planning

Utilization

Control

Maintenance Supervision

Law Enforcement

Environmental Management System

Business opportunities and threats

Natural Resource Conservation

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Figure 1. Natural Environment (Ecosystems) The reciprocal relationship between business and ecology, and sustainable development

The background study on the Natural Environment based on two (2) reasons, first, the ecological crisis of the world (figure 2 on page 8), and second, the UNCED, United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development (figure 3 on page 10). From those 2 monumental events, the natural environment or ecology become the object of study at all level of education, from primary school to university. Ecological crisis occur all over the world of natural environment; it took place in America, Europe, and in Asia, e.g.: 1. Donora deadly 1948 smog emission from industrial stacks, polluted the air and killed 20 people, and such 7000 people suffer of respiratory disease ( Hopey, 2008 ). 2. The London Smoke Disaster 1952. The smog, toxic substances in the air formed of chemical reaction between industrial smoke and fog, killed 4000 people ( De Angelo, L. and B. Black, 2008 ) 3. Silent Spring, USA 1962. Environment with out animals, no butterfly, no birds neither organisms on land and water (Rachel Carson,1962 in Campbell, 2012). The animals, non target organism killed as an impact of application of 32 kinds of insecticides in agriculture and garden. 4. Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006. Mud Volcanoes Blow Out. The hot mudspout out at the ground of Lapindo Brantas Inc. Geothermal Project. The mud polluted and inundated the land of 10,426 houses, 77 mosques, 30 factories, 18 schools and many other building. About 1900 people lost their job, no less than 25,000 people evacuated, and about 2000 live-stocks of chicken, duck, sheep, goat, buffalo and cow

killed (Anonymous, 2007). Farmers suffer from a loss of 25.61 hectares for sugarcane plantation and 172.39 hectares for rice-field. Six hundreds (600) hectares of un-irrigated agricultural field for crops and vegetable garden are inundated.

Those

environmental

disaster

and

degradation

represent

the

environmental pollution, the entropy as an impact of relationship between the business and ecology. Smog in Donora and London are entropy of manufacture business which cause air pollution. Application of insecticide in USA is entropy of gardening and agricultural business that pollute the land, water, and air. Last but not least the Lapindo Brantas in Sidorejo is geothermal mining business, causing cross media pollution, the poisonous gas pollute the air, the mud volcano pollute and sink the land by created reservoir; mud effluent from reservoir goes to Porong river, at estuary in Madura Straits kill mangrove and fish. Air, water, and land pollution that cause misery known as silent spring in the USA is example of non point pollution, because the exact source of pollution could not be identified, since people in States were in euphoria for using insecticide around the country.

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

1. Donora Smog 1948 Deadly Emission. USA (Hopey, 2008). Toxic chemical from factories caused air pollution which killed 20 people, 7000 suffering. 2. London Smog Disaster 1952 ( De Angelo L., and B. Black, 2008 ) Smog pollution killed 4000 people. 3. Silent Spring in USA, 1962 (Campbell, H. 2012) Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water exterminated all animals and other living form. 4. Mud volcano Disaster in Sidoarjo, Indonesia, 2006. Mud Volcano Blow out. Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions inundated underwater; 25000 person evacuated. Future: river and ocean pollution forever (Anonymous, 2007).
Figure 2: Ecological Crisis of the World

The Ecological Crisis of the world occur in all domains of the business activities, and affect the environment. This phenomena creates the reciprocal relationships between business and ecology

Environment and Development The first Earth Summit on the Environment and Development was held in the first week of June 1972 in Stockholm ( Figure 3). Later, every ten years the event was held in a member-state of the United Nations Organization, in Nairobi 1982, Rio de Janeiro in 1992, and 2002 in Johannesburg.

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED) STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972

WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

UNCED 1972 - 1987 RIEPMA 2009

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

PROTECTION AND MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

PLANNING, UTILIZATION, CONTROL, MAINTENANCE, SUPERVISION, LAW ENFORCEMENT

Figure 3: Stockholm Conference on UNCED and RIEPMA for Sustainable Development

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In the first week of June 1972, in the first Earth Summit on the Environment and Development was formed the Commission on Environment and Development, chaired by Mrs. Brundtland, the Prime Minister of Norway. Fifteen (15) years later, in 1987 the Brundtland Report was published. The main issue of the report was Sustainable Development, this apply for all-countrymembers of the United Nations. Think globally on sustainable development, act locally for implementing the concept.

Implementing sustainable development in education on Natural Environment, is very encouraging, based on the fact that fortunately the concept has established in Republic of Indonesia Environmental Protection and Management Act (RIEPMA) or Undang Undang Republik Indonesia No. 32 tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup. The comprehension of verse 18 and 2 of RIEPMA in Chapter I, paragraph 1 goes in parallel in Natural Environment. To act locally in the sustainable development, is to implement Conservation of Natural Resources by Protection and Management of Natural Environment. The management are efforts on the planning, utilization, control, maintenance,

supervision, and law enforcement. Natural Environment and Sustainable Development

Based on the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No 32 of 2009 concerning the Protection and Management of the Living Environment or Republic Indonesia Environmental Protection and Management Act (RIEPMA) (Undang-undang

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup), the environment is defined: "The living environment is the spatial entity with all objects, potentials, conditions and living organisms, including man and his behavior, which influence the

continuance of the life and welfare of man and other living organisms (Anonimous, 2009). Tandjung (1982 in Tandjung,2009b) observed the elements of

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the living environment are resources consisting of human resource ( sumber daya manusia, SDM ), organic natural resource (sumber daya hayati, SDH ), inorganic natural resources ( sumber daya non hayat, sumber daya fisik, SDF ), and manmade resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB ) as seen in figure 4 Human resources

SDH

SDF

Organic natural resources

Inorganic natural resources

Man-made resources

Figure 4. The environment consists of organic natural resources, human resources, inorganic natural resources, and man-made resources

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ABC Environment, Components of Natural Environment. The inorganic natural resources (Physical environment, sumber daya alam non hayati, sumberdaya fisik, SDF) is A-biotic Environment. The organic natural resources (Sumber daya alam hayati, SDH) is the Biotic Environment. The human resources (Sumber daya manusia, SDM) and man-made resources (sumber daya buatan, SDB) is combined as the Cultural Environment (sumberdaya SOSEKBUD). In short, the ABC environment consists of A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment (Tandjung 1982, in Tandjung, 2008). A-biotic or physicochemical environment consists of 3 elements: water, land, and air including mineral in its. Biotic or ecological environment consists of plant (flora), animals (fauna, satwa) and microbes (bacteria, yeasts, fungi). Cultural environment (lingkungan SOSEKBUD) consists of individual environmental interests, individual well-being, social interactions, and community well-being. Each component of the natural environment, e.g. the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with each other and are inseparably interrelated with their a-biotic and cultural environment (Tandjung, 1995 in Tandjung 2008b) as seen in figure 5. Effort to reach out for sustainable development goes together with conservation of natural resources and management of natural environment (Anonymous, 2009). Environmental management is an integrated effort to preserve environmental function, which covers planning, utilization, control, maintenance, supervision, and law enforcement (RIEPMA 2009).

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Proposed Action

Biotic A-biotic a-b Environment Environment (B) (A) a-b-c a-c b-c

Cultural Environment (C)

Figure 5. The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on a-b and c on b-c Interaction of environmental components occur on a-b-c

A-biotic Natural Environment of Indonesia Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands stretching between two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia is 80,791 km (Anonymous.,1995 in Tandjung, 2008a), ithis is the longest in the world. The a-biotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is composed of: A. Land 1.91 million sq km B. Ocean Territorial Waters . 5.1 million sq km Continental Waters . 3.0 million sq km EEZ .. 2.7 million sq km Total = 12.71 million sq km

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C. Coastal Area Coastal length . 81,000 km Marsh 10,000,000 ha Mangrove ... 3,600,000 ha Brackish Fish Pond (tambak) . 183,000 ha D. Inland Waters Open Waters (lake, river, reservoir, swamp. etc) .. 13,700,000 ha Fish pond ... 40,000 ha Rice Field Waters (for minapadi) ... 61,000 ha E. Mountain and Hill Volcanoes more than one hundred 100

Biotic Natural Environment On the 191 million ha land of Indonesia, in 1970 we used to have 143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38 % of land is covered by forest, the highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world, (table 3), Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designet for the: 1. Production forest 2. Conversion forest 3. Conservation forest 4. Protected forest : 64,392,000 ha : 30,537,000 ha : 18,725,000 ha : 30,316,000 ha

Now, after 32 (thirty two) years the size of tropical rain forest in Indonesia decreasing drastically, due to forest fire, deforestation and illegal logging.

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However, the land covers by vegetation in our tropical rain forest far more than minimal requirement for protecting this country from global warming. The minimum requirement needed by any country in the world for preventing the global warming, each country must have a minimum of 30% forest vegetation covering the land. Industrial country only have less than 19% covered, ranging from 7% ( the Nederland ) to 19% ( Canada and Germany). Who and what country causes green house effect or the global warming ? In the next paragraph this main issue will be discussed. Indonesia tropical rain forest plays an important role in maintaining the atmospheric balance, prevents the global warming or green house effect, by absorbing the CO2 in photosynthesis process. Industrialized countries are responsible for the majority of the current and historic emissions, but many developing countries are significantly increasing share in contributing GHG (green house gas). Combustion of fossil fuels in industrial countries are the major contributor to climate change (Anonymous, 2006). Earlier statement of UNEP (Anonymous, 2006), is an agreement with United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, that the largest share of historical and current global emissions of green house gas (GHG), has originated from industrial so called developed countries ((Anonymous, 1999, in Tandjung 2008b).

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Ecosystems Type Based on the vegetation type ranging from alpine meadows of West Papua (Irian Jaya) to a wide variety of humid low land forest, the biotic natural environment forms at least 42 different terrestrial, and 5 marine ecosystems in Indonesia (Tandjung, 2009d). In terms of species diversity, Indonesia is a very rich country. Although it occupies only 1.3 % of the world's land area, it possesses up to about 17 % of the total number species in the world, which include 10% of the world's flowering plant species, 12.875 % of the world's mammal species (Table 1). Table 1. World's biodiversity of major groups Groups Mammals Birds Reptile Amphibian Fish Gastropods Insects Plants Moss Algae Fungi Bacteria, and Blue algae Total number of species World Indonesia 515 4,000 8,900 1519 8,000 600 6,000 1,000 38,000 9,500 150,000 20,000 1,250,000 250,000 300,000 25,000 13,000 1,250 16,000 1,500 210,000 1,800 100,000 12,000 2,700 300

Indonesia's species-rich forests harbor the world's greatest diversity of palms, more than 400 species of dipterocarps (the most valuable commercial timber trees in Southeast Asia) and an estimated 25,000 flowering plants as well as rich and diverse fauna. Indonesia ranks

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first in the world for species richness for mammal (515 species, 38% endemic), first for Shallow-tail butterflies (121 species, 44% endemic), third for reptiles (600 species), fourth for birds (1519 species, 28 % endemic), fifth for amphibians (270 species) and seventh for flowering plants (Anonymous, 1995 in Tandjung, 2011). For that reason, Indonesia is called as a mega-biodiversity country. The biotic natural environment of Indonesia offers a wide range of genetic resources among both plant and animals which are valuable for immediate and long-term use. At least 6.000 of Indonesia's native species of plants and animals are used on daily by Indonesians for food, medicines, dyes, and for a great number of other purposes. The ocean of Indonesia, the biggest part of natural environment, supports a highest degree of marine biological diversity, as shown in table.2, represented result of the research on marine biodiversity in 1985. Some population inhabit the coastal beach most probably already decreasing their number of species do to environmental pollution. Mangrove and aquatic biota living in its ecosystems; fishes, shrimps, crabs, clams, and see grass in littoral zone were the victims of the coastal ecosystems degradation.

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Table 2. Mega-biodiversity of marine life in Indonesia (Soegiarto and Polunin, 1985 in Tandjung 2008b) Major groups Plants Groups Green algae Brown algae Red algae Sea grass Mangrove Scleractinians Gastropod Bivalve Stomatopods Portunids Sea lily Sea stars Brittle stars Sea urchins Sea cucumbers Pelagic fish Turtle Sea birds Whales and dolphins Number of species 196 134 452 13 38 >70 1,500 1,000 90 124 91 87 142 84 141 >200 5 158 24

Corals Mollusca Crustaceae Echinodermata

Fish Reptile Birds Mammal

Overfishing is one of the culprit of the environmental degradation in Indonesia. Coral reef ecosystems is a home for many species of biota. We used to have 85,000 km square of coral reef, now we have only les than 50 percent of it, about 40 km2. In 1966 Department of Public Work (PU) stop the illegal using of the coral reef for construction (Zimah, 2004). It is assumed that there are a huge number of Indonesia's marine biodiversity that are still unknown and underutilized (Anon.,1995 in Tandjung, 2008). Indonesia is often called the mega-biodiversity country in the world.

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Cultural Environment Indonesia has 300 ethnic groups, and very rich in cultures and traditions which play an important role of life or her people. The traditions has various patterns of motifs in which ethnical norms are formulated and ethical decisions are implemented. (Tandjung, 1982 in Tandjung 2008b). According to latest research (Abdullah, 2005) there are 512 ethnic languages in Indonesia. In conclusion, Indonesia is not only a megabiodiversity but also a mega-ecodiversity (figure 6) as well (Tandjung, 2004).

ABIOTIC ENV. 17. 508 Islands 100 Volcanoes 47 Ecosystems

BIOTIC ENV. 25.000 sp Flowering plants 400 sp Meranti timber 12.000 sp Vertebrate 515 sp Mammals

300 Ethnic groups 512 Ethnic languages Multicultures

CULTURAL ENV. Figure 6: The Megaecodiversity of Indonesia Natural Environment

Culture and Tradition Culture and tradition play an important role in natural resources conservation and environmental management. Tandjung (1990, in

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Tandjung, 2008b) figures out that the role of Indonesian traditions, values, and beliefs in natural resources conservation and environmental management are very significant in Indonesia. In the most cases the traditions symbolized concept of local wisdom including ecological wisdom needed for managing the Natural Environment (Tandjung, 2010). The

statement is based on the fact of practicable of the wisdom concept in people tradition and life style. In WISDOM International Confererence at Gadjah Mada University, the motto : Local wisdom inspiring global solution was adopted (Tandjung,2009c).

The culture and tradition in Indonesia has various patterns of motif in which ethnical norms are formulated and ethical decisions are

implemented, resulted local and ecological wisdom. Minangkabau people of West Sumatera believe that Adat bersandi syara, syara bersandi kitabullah, alam takambang jadi guru meaning that Tradition is based on religious conception, religious conception is based on Quran, all of universe is the teacher, the environment become our teacher (Tandjung, 2008b, Munir 2012). Some other local wisdoms which become the way of life in Indonesia are Banjarsari (Jakarta), Nyabuk Gunung (West Java), Bersih Desa (Central Java), Hamemayu Ayuning Bawono (Yogyakarta Special District ), Karah (Surabaya), Tri Hita Karena (Bali), Awig Awig (Lombok), Sasi (Sulawesi), and Kassi-Kassi (Maluku). In the survey on the Bali traditional life style and ecological conservation, an important note is recorded. Some of the Bali Hindu basic

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philosophies are Tri Hita Karana, Yadnya Rwa Bhineda (Semara Ratih) and Awig-awig. In this paragraph Tri Hita Karana will be discussed.

Tri Hita Karana Tri Hita Karana means three causes of goodness. There are several concepts derived from Tri Hita Karana, e.g. Tri Angga concept divides everything into 3 components of zones. The implication and practice of this concept is for instance a home yard consists of 3 parts Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan. A spatial arrangement is beginning here. Those 3 spaces have been provided for growing a certain plants and raring animals. a. Parahyangan Parahyangan is a place for growing all kinds of flowers and shrubs and for the site of pura (offering quarter) usually placed in front of the house or at north. Flower is an important material in Hindu Balines Religion for offering (sesaji, yadnya) to Sang Hyang Widhi (God Almighty). The religion is to Balinese both race and nationality. The existence of Parahyangan is to maintain the relationship between man and his creator. They lose automatically the right to be called Balinese if they changes their faith (Budihardjo, 1986 in Tandjung 2008b). b. Pawongan Pawongan is a place for growing medium size trees of fruits, situated in the middle, between Parahyangan and Palemahan. The fruits are

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given to neighbor, friends, guests and visitors. The practice of this conduct is to maintain relationship to other people. c. Palemahan Palemahan is a habitat for tall trees animal house and fish pond located at the back of the house, those plants and animals represented the environment. There are two important values of the zoning. Firstly that Parahyangan, Pawongan, and Palemahan are three habitats (spaces) for certain purposes for growing different groups of green plants and raring animals: Parahyangan for shrubs and flowers, Pawongan for medium trees of fruits, and Palemahan for tall trees, and raring animals. The three types of habitat provide variety of species. The resultant of this the Spatial Arrangement and Ecological Diversity. It should be remember that Parahyangan symbolized the relationship between man and Gods, Pawongan for the harmony of man and man, and Palemahan is the relationship between man and the environment. Surveys showed that there was surprisingly good agreement on the similarity meaning of the concepts; to me the Parahyangan for Bali Hindu is equal to the hablumminallah for muslim, and the Pawongan is the hablumminannas, and Palemahan is hablumninkauniyyah in Islamic teaching (Tandjung, 1988 in Tandjung, 2008b). More study on the Hinduism in Ecology reported by Chapple and Tucker (2000). The role of religions in Ecology have been studied by many scientists and sociologist, for example Barbour (2002), AbdelHalim (1998, in

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Tandjung, 2008b) and Conan (1995 in Tandjung, 2008b). Recent Harvard publications on relationship religion and environment are Islam and Ecology (Foltz et al., 2003), and Judaism and Ecology (Tirosh Samuelson, 2002).

Problems and Issues The condition of Indonesia environment affected by global changes as consequence of international business activities and development.. There are also many local or regional activities which produce a great impact to Indonesia environment. Global climate change such as green house effect, ozone layer depletion, acid rain, green revolution and sustainable agriculture, and industrial waste dumping are the examples.

Green House Effect Green house effect or the increase of temperature in the world (global warming) is believed to be the result of the trap of heat energy in our environment. This situation exactly similar to condition of hot and warm the year around in the experimental glass house or green house. The culprit of green house effect is CO2 gas. It is believed that more than 50% of green house effect phenomena is caused by CO2. Other gases that also promote the green house effect are CH4, CFC, N2O, and other industrial wastes. It is important to remember that there are two kind of CO2: Firstly, CO2 resulted from burning of fossil fuel such as gasoline, kerosene, avtur (airplane fuel), natural gas, and coal.

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Secondly, CO2 which are released by life activity as physiological phenomena. This CO2 is released from man and animal during their respiration activity and released by plant in the night or in the dark when this green plant do not conduct physiological activity so-called

photosynthesis. The burning of today material or natural material such as wood and paper is also releasing present CO2. All the physiological CO2 or may be we called as natural CO2 is absorbed or used by green plants for their photosynthesis, physiological activity, and in return those plants give us oxygen (O2) for our respiration. If in the night there is no photosynthesis activity some of CO2 fill the surrounding as a normal condition in the nature, they absorb the heat of infrared radiation from surrounding resulted the temperature of the environment in about 15-35 o C in tropical country. Some of CO2 become a part of cloud for that reason it produces rain water which a normal acidity of pH > 5.6. Actually if some forest is burning the CO2 resulted from this accident will be absorbed by the forest neighborhood which are needed for photosynthesis activity during the day. If the forest fire occur in the night all of this natural CO2 most probably "waiting" for 12 hours before it is used for photosynthesis locally or will be transported to the other side of the world day-light. This CO2 will not increase the earth temperature because they only absorb the heat from infra red radiation, and this infra red radiation only exist during the day when there is a sun in the sky. And during this time of course all the CO2 will be used for photosynthesis so there is no way to blame forest fire as a culprit for the green house effect. In conclusion the green house effect is

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caused by excessive production of fossil CO2 from fossil fuel combustion in industrial activity by developed nations. We believe, it is not fair to say that the green house effects caused by present CO2 emission. The issues is that the green house effect may cause the melting of ice in the polar region. Many scientist believe if the increasing of world temperature up to 2oC in all parts of the world occur, the flooding will cause to sink most of coastal area of American continent and West Europe, Japan and Korea probably also a part of China land. This happen because of increasing the ocean surface up to 90 m. This "doomsday" scares most people who live in those areas mentioned earlier. The problems rise when the question how to protect the earth from the green house effect is not in agreement with our scientific or our knowledge to day. May be it is fair if the question arise by industrial countries how to minimize or to reduce the amount of CO2 the produce. Industrial countries do understand, naturally or according to natural law, the CO2 will be used by green plant for photosynthesis. And they understood that the existence of green plant the year around only on the areas which are not experience fall or autumn season. The area is the tropical countries. Today Brazil, Congo (Zaire), and Indonesia are the biggest country with tropical rain forest. It is not make a sense when industrial countries ask (hope) that those three countries not to use their forest or minimize the use of forest for their economic development. Industrial countries such as the United States of America considers the tropical rain forest as a carbon sink. Carbon trading maybe the answer to solve the global warming problems.

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I think every party in world should understand that for the atmospheric balance it is a must for every country to have about 30-40% of forest for land cover that green around the year. In tropical country the efficiency of forest as a green cover is 100% because the forest is green around the year. In sub tropic countries such as in the United States, Canada, West European Countries and Japan the efficiency is about 4150% because during the fall and winter most of the plant with out leaves. By calculation in 1990 Indonesia has about 75% of forest land cover (Anonymous 1994 in Tandjung, 2008b), the meaning of this, we may use our forest as half of it or we still have forest two and half time as much as the amount we need (table.3). And by calculation in that year the Nederland has 7% and USA has around 15% only (Anonymous,1994 in Tandjung, 2008b). Contradiction to the fact, industrial countries in that time always say that global warming caused by tropical deforestation. Logically industrial countries have no right to ask tropical countries not to use their own forest since the still have more than they need, in other way the industrial countries pollute the air with CO2 that causes green house effect and hope another country such as tropical country to clean the mess.

Ozone Layer Depletion The uses of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) or freon for sprayer, air condition, refrigerator, and other convenient facility has resulted in depletion of ozone layer of stratosphere. The stratosphere ozone is the shield of earth, to protect the life from the danger of the UV light. It is

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believed that this UV light may kill microorganisms (for that reason it is used also for sterilization), affects the physiological activity of plant (causing the decrease of yield crop, even kills the plants). In human the UV light cause skin cancer. The only way to avoid those misery mentioned is to replace CFC with another chemical compound that not affect the ozone layer and safely to use. The Dupont Company of the US has been trying to find the substitute for CFC. The introduce the new formula so called H-CFC which they believe will not react with O3, the ozone layer.

Table. 3. The distribution of the world's major forest Temperate & Boreal Forests Country Percent of Forest The Nedherland 7 USA 15 Canada 19 Germany 19 Tropical Rain Forest Country Percent of Forest Indonesia 75 Zaire 71 Brazilia 69 (Anonymous, 1994 in Tandjung 2008b)

Acid Rain Acid rain has an acidity lower than pH 5.6. It is caused by the emission of Sulphur-dioxide from power plants especially coal power plants which contribute 70% of acidity to acid rain. The other 30% caused by NOx from automotive and other electric power equipment (Tandjung, 1982 in Tandjung 2008b). The problem of acid rain is that the target area is out side the country that produce SO2 and NOx. Pollution knows no 28

national boundaries, so the acid rain that fall in the USA for instance in Adirondack of up State New York comes from Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. Acid rain in Scandinavian Country come from West Central Europe. Because of industrial activity now become world wide it is possible that acid rain will be a global problem later. In Indonesia occasionally acid rain occur in Jakarta, Palembang and Surabaya. The source of the acid perhaps from the Pulau Gadung Industrial Estate, Oil refinery and Fertilizer Company along the Musi River dan Surabaya Industrial Estate Rungkut (SIER).

Green Revolution & Sustainable Agriculture In green revolution movement the usage of pesticide and fertilizer are encouraged. For that reason the technology to produce pesticide and fertilizer by the industrial countries are exported to the developing countries. The target to produce enough food in most countries are met. However, the side effect of using pesticide and fertilizer is very costly. Un fortunately the so called developed or industrial countries which involved in the green revolution export the insecticides that caused silent spring to all over the world (Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980 in Tandjung 2008) as seen in table 4. Environmental pollution and degradation occur in many places of the worlds. The persistence of pesticide residue in our water and land may cause environmental pollution. The excessive use of fertilizer cause excessive blooming of water hyacinth ( eutrophication of Eichhornia crassipes/eceng gondok) in reservoir and other water bodies. The high

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rate of evaporation and transpiration may resulted in lack of water, and then fish killing because of suffocation (hypoxia, anoxia : less or lack of oxygen), disturbance of irrigation and hydropower generation. Sustainable agriculture is agriculture without destruction of environment. In this case farmers have to use the pesticide and fertilizer very carefully. Some farmers choose to back to the natural farming or traditional agricultural system, by putting into practice the organic farming. Application of Leguminosae ) natural fertilizer from and animal manure green plant of legumes ( used for fertilizing the soil is

recommended for the organic farming.

Table 4. The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in the USA (Ludvik, 1980; Risebrough, 1980 in Tandjung 2008b) No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Names/Year DDT 1968 Aldrin 1975 Dieldrin 1975 Toxaphene 1976 Endosulfan 1976 Kepon 1976 Mirex 1976 No. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Names/Year Heptachlor 1978 Chlordane 1978 Endrin 1979 Diazinon 1979 Malathion 1979 Parathion 1979 and 19 other organophosphorus insecticides

Note: 1 10 are organochlorine insecticides 11 14 are organophosphorus insecticides

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Industrial Waste Dumping The hazardous chemical of industrial waste are shipped by industrial countries to developing countries. Most of Indonesian scientists consider this practice against the human right. Developed country so called, understood already that the hazardous chemical, the toxic industrial waste will kill human being. People raises a question about the reason why they sent those toxic materials to other countries. Many practice of developed countries against human right. For instance in the USA the production of DDT has been stopped in 1960 and the use of DDT and 31 other insecticides in this country has been banned since 1968 because they know the danger of this chemical (table.4). It raised the questions why they export the poisonous agents to developing countries.

Air Pollution The other problem in our natural environment is air pollution, especially from transportation. The government has to pass laws requiring that the money from vehicle tax is established for the compensation. The time of usage of car should be regulated, for example in the USA and Singapore for 10 years. The action of taking the environment into proper account in this matter is not to reduce the number of vehicle registration or the ownership, but the control of emission is a must, a necessity. Environmental management and natural resource conservation, the tool to conserve our

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natural environment, have to be brought to bear and to solve the problems. In effect, as suggested in the inauguration speech, we should have a regulation, decree or even an act concerning the responsibility for all people to grow green plant as a universal absorber for absorbing all the energy and substance that causes the air pollution (Tandjung, 2001). Perhaps it is needed a law that regulate the sellers of automobile have to plant a tree for each car they sold.

Indicator of Sustainable Development The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development

(UNCSD) and the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA) four major dimensions of sustainable development: social, economics, environmental and institutional. (Anonymous, 2005). In term of environment, energy is one of the indicator. Environmental impact of energy production and use significantly affect the sustainable development process. Among the environmental dimensions related to energy production and use are green house gas (GHG), ambient concentration of air pollutant, air pollutant emission from energy system, contaminant discharges in liquid effluents, oil discharges into coastal water, rate of deforestation etc (IAEA, 2005; EEA, 2003; EEA, 2004; EEA, 2005)

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Alternative energy for sustainable development is renewable energy instead of fossil fuels. Among the renewable energy that are currently in wide use in many areas of the developing world are: Biogas for decentralized cooking and electricity Small Hydro Power for local electricity Small Wind Power for water pumping and local electricity Solar Photovoltaic (Solar PV) for local electricity Solar Collectors for water and space heating Ethanol and Biodiesel for agriculture and transportation Large Hydro Power for grid electricity Geothermal Energy for heat and grid electricity (Anonymous, 2005) Finally, we may say that sustainable development in state-member of United Nations Millennium Development Goal (MDGs) must goes together with alternative energy service (EREC, 2005).

Management of Environmental Pollution In the abstract of this essay, to manage the environmental pollution it is suggested to use the concepts of management in the Environmental Protection and Management Act 2009. In Planning of business activity, the planner have to realize the demand of public for regulation related to project. In the long run, public need to know all activities they thought against human right.

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Utilization of opportunity in international trade agreement. Equal opportunity and equal right have to obey by parties in business, win- win solution in trade. The parties not buy the industrial waste dumping, neither sell the bad thing. Control on application of eco-labeling. The product with out ecolabel will be refused by second party, the buyer have the right not to accommodate the product with out eco-label. Maintenance the costumer demand for clean process and product. Apply 3 R to keep the tradition of quality. Supervision on public demand for environmental protection. Install the CSR (Social Corporate Responsibility) and Com-dev ( Community Development ). Law Enforcement on International Environmental Management Systems /ISO 14000. First, for organization/institution : Environmental Management, Business Environment Attitude, Environmental Auditing. Second, for product: Eco-labeling, Product Life Cycle, and Product Usage History. Indonesias Environmental Management Instruments: AMDAL,UKL/UPL, Audit Lingkungan, KLHS dan SNI.

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