THE SET OF REAL NUMBERS 1.

Natural Numbers counting numbers (1, 2, 3) positive integers Even numbers divisible by 2 Odd numbers not divisible by 2 Prime numbers all numbers divisible by 1 and itsel , e!cept 1 "omposite numbers non#prime numbers 2. $%ole Numbers set o all natural numbers and &. 3. Negative 'ntegers t%e corresponding negative value o all natural numbers results in a sum o & (%en added to its corresponding natural numbers ). 'nteger set o natural numbers, its corresponding negative numbers and &. *. +raction t%e ,uotient o t(o integers, (%ere t%e denominator is not e,ual to & and t%e numerator is not e!actly divisible by t%e denominator -. .ational numbers t%e union o t%e set o ractions and t%e set o integers

t%e ,uotient or ratio o t(o integers, e!cept a denominator o & is unde ined /. 0erminating decimal decimal orm o a raction (%ere t%e inal digit o t%e resulting ,uotient is a &. 1. Non#terminating, repeating decimal decimal orm o a raction (%ere t%e resulting ,uotient is a set o repeating numbers, repeating in initely 2. 'rrational numbers numbers (%ere t%e decimal representation is non#terminating and non# repeating 1&. .eal numbers t%e union o t%e set o rational and irrational numbers The Real Number System 3consists o t%e set o real numbers and t%e operations addition and multiplication. 4ubtraction and division are de ined in terms o addition and multiplication. Properties of Real Numbers Closure La s !of a""itio# a#" multipli$atio#% ' a and b are real numbers, t%en a + b and ab are also real numbers $%en a set is closed to an operation, t%e per ormance o t%e operation bet(een elements o t%e set results in a value t%at is also an element o t%at set.

Commutati&e La s ' a and b are real numbers, t%en a + b = b + a and ab = ba. 0%e sum and product o real numbers is not a ected by t%e order o t%e numbers Asso$iati&e La s ' a, b and c are real numbers, t%en (a + b) + c = a + (b + c) (ab) c = a (bc) 0%e grouping in (%ic% real numbers are ta5en does not a ect t%e sum and product o real numbers. 'istributi&e La s !of multipli$atio# o&er a""itio#% ' a, b and c are real numbers, t%en a (b + c) = ab + ac 3Existence of Identity Elements t%ere e!ists t(o real numbers & and 1, called t%e additive and multiplicative identities, respectively, suc% t%at or any real number a, a 6 & 7 a and (a)(1) 7 a 3Existence of Additive and Multiplicative Inverses 3For every real number a, there exists values called: t%e opposite or additive inverse o a, (#a) t%e reciprocal or multiplicative inverse o a, 18a suc% t%at per orming t%e operation bet(een t%e number a and its inverse (ill yield t%e identity elements9 a 6 (#a) 7 & (a) (18a) 7 1 E,uation a mathematical statement that two expressions are equal Properties of E(uality 3Refle)i&e ' a is any real number, t%en a is e,ual to itsel 3Symmetri$ ' a is numerically e,ual to b, t%en b = a 3Tra#siti&e +or real numbers a, b and c, i a = b and b = c, t%en a = c. 3A""itio# +or real numbers a, b and c, i a = b, t%en a + c = b + c. 3Multipli$atio# +or real numbers a, b and c, i a = b, t%en ac = bc. 3Substitutio# ' a = b, t%en b may be used to replace a in any mat%ematical statement containing a.

Rules o# Si*#e" Numbers 3A""itio# 0o add values (it% li5e signs, get t%e sum o t%e absolute values and pre i! t%e common sign. 0o add values o unli5e signs, subtract t%e smaller absolute value rom t%e larger absolute value and pre i! t%e sign o t%e larger absolute value to t%e di erence. 3Subtra$tio# 0%e di erence bet(een t(o signed values is e,ual to t%e sum o t%e minuend and t%e additive inverse o t%e subtra%end. 3Multipli$atio# 0%e product o values (it% li5e signs is positive, (%ile values (it% opposite signs (ill yield a negative product. ' t%e number o negative actors is odd, t%en t%e resulting product is negative: i even, t%e resulting product is positive. 3'i&isio# 0%e ,uotient o values (it% li5e signs is positive: i unli5e signs, negative.