solid

mush

liquid

Enthalpy Method
Introduction M.S Darwish MECH 636: Solidication Modelling

The Mushy Zone

Conservation of Energy
!( " sh s ) !t
T

= # $ ( k s#T )
+ ( Interface term)
s

solid

mush

liquid

!( " l h l ) !t

+ # $ ( " l v l h l ) = # $ ( k l #T )
hl =
T
l + ( Interface term ) T

hs =

Tref

! c dT
s

Tref

l c ! dT + L

k=CS/CL CS CL

T1 T2 T3

!( " sCs ) !t

= # $ ( D #Cs )
s

Conservation of Specie !( " C ) +#$

l l

kCo

Co Cmax Co/k

Ceut

!t

(" v C ) = # $ (D #C )
l l l l l

Averaging
rs = 0 rl = 1
ms !s = m
Vs r = V
s

ml Vl !l = r = m V
l

solid

mush

liquid

!s + !l = 1 rs + rl = 1
!( r s" sh s + r l " l h l ) !t
!( r s" sCs + r l " l Cl )
rs = 1
rl = 0

sh s + r l v l h l ) = # $ ( r sk s#T + r l k l #T ) + # $ ( r sv

!t

sCs + r l v l Cl ) = # $ ( r sk s#Cs + r l k l #Cl ) + # $ ( r sv

Mass and Volume Fractions

T k=CS/CL CS T1 T2 T3 CL

ms !s = m

Vs r = V
s

ml Vl !l = r = m V
l

C A kCo Co Cmax Co/k Ceut B

mass fraction

volume fraction

!s + !l = 1 rs + rl = 1

!s =

Cl " Co m s = Cl " Cs m

rs =

Vs V

! s ms V #s = " = s r m Vs #

rs = ! s

" Cl # Co " = " s Cl # Cs " s

" Co # Cs " rl = ! l = " l Cl # Cs " l

Equilibrium Relations
T To T1 T2 T3 k=CS/CL CS CL

C A kCo Co Cmax Co/k Ceut B

Cl T1 ! T2 = Co T0 ! T2 T0 ! T2 Cl = Co T0 ! T1

Co ! Cs T2 ! T3 = Co ! kCo T1 ! T3
" T2 ! T3 % Cs = Co $1 ! (1 ! k ) ' T1 ! T3 & #

!s =

Cl " Co m s = Cl " Cs m
T1 " T2 (1 " k )(T0 " T2 )

!s =

#"& T1 ! T2 rs = % ( (1 ! k )(T0 ! T2 ) $ "s '

Average Energy Equations

Tref = 0

!( rs" shs + rl " l hl ) shs + rl " l v l hl ) = # $ ( rsks#T + rl kl #T ) + # $ ( rs" sv !t

T

$T ' rs! shs + rl ! l hl = rs! s " c p ,sdT + rl ! l & & " c p ,l dT + #H ) ) Tref % Tref (
= !m
T Tref

hl =
=

Tref
T

!c
!c

p ,l

dT + L
dT + "H

"c

p ,s

dT + rl ! l#H

p ,s

Tref

mixture

!H =

Tref

# (c

p ,l

" c p ,s ) dT + L

shs + rl ! l v l hl rs! sv

$T ' s " CsdT + rl ! l v l & = rs! sv & " CsdT + #H ) ) Tref T % Tref (
T

! m = rs! s + rl ! l
vm = s + rl ! l v l rs! sv rm ! m

= rm ! m v m
mixture

Tref

" C dT + r ! v #H
s l l l

rsks!T + rl kl !T = km !T
mixture

km = rsk s + rl k l

Assumptions
T

Tref

! CdT " C ! dT
Tref

Tref = 0

!( " m c p ,sT + rl " l#H ) !t

+ $ % ( " m v m T + rl " l v l L) = $ % ( k m $T )

Neglecting Convection

!( " m c p ,sT ) !t

!( rl " l&H ) = # $ ( k m #T ) % !t

Discretizing

! m c p ,sTPVP " ! c T = #t
Algebraic Form

m p ,s P

old

rl ! l'H P " r ! ' H l P & (km$T % dS) f " #t f = nb ( P )

old

V# l$H aP TP = ! aNB TNB + bP + a T " r " r ( l ,P l ,P ) % t NB ( P )

t P P

Average Specie Equation

!( rs" sCs + rl " l Cl ) sCs + rl " l v l Cl ) = # $ ( rsDs#Cs + rl Dl #Cl ) + # $ ( rs" sv !t

rs! sCs + rl ! l Cl = ! m Cm
mixture

Cm =

rs! sCs + rl ! l Cl !m

sCs + rl ! l v l Cl rs! sv

sk + rl ! l v l )Cl = ! m v m Cl = ( rs! sv
mixture

sk + rl ! l v l rs! sv vm = !m

rsDs!Cs + rl Dl !Cl = rsDs!( kCl ) + rl Dl !Cl = Dm !Cl

mixture

Dm = rskDs + rl Dl

!( " m Cm ) + # $ ( " m v m Cl ) = # $ ( Dm #Cl ) !t

Cm = ! sCs + ! l Cl =

ms m ! m Cm = rs! sCs + rl ! l Cl Cs + l Cl ! mCm = msCs + ml Cl m m m m m = rs! skCl + rl ! l Cl Cm = s Cs + l Cl V V V ms Vs ml Vl = ! m Cl " rs! s (1 " k )Cl ! m Cm = Cs + Cl V Vs V Vl

!( rs" s (1 % k )Cl ) !( " m Cl ) + # $ ( " m v m Cl ) = # $ ( Dm #Cl ) + !t !t

!( rs" s (1 % k )Cl ) !( " m Cl ) = # $ ( Dm #Cl ) + !t !t

Case 1: no Specie diffusion

!( " m Cm ) =0 !t
!( " m c p ,sT ) !t = # $ ( k m #T ) % !( rl " l&H ) !t

V# l$H aP TP = ! aNB TNB + bP + a T " r " r ( l ,P l ,P ) % t NB ( P )

t P P

" $1 $ $ T ! TLiquidus rl = f (T ) = # $ TLiquidus ! Tsolidus $ $0 %

!s + !l = 1

rs + rl = 1

T > TLiquidus Tsolidus < T < TLiquidus T < Tsolidus

Liquid Fraction Update

V" l#H aP TP = ! aNB TNB + bP + a T + r % r ( l ,P l ,P ) $ t NB ( P )
t P P

TP = f !1 ( rl .P )

V# l$H aP f ( rl .P ) = " aNB TNB + bP + a T ! r + $ r ! r ( l ,P l ,P l ,P ) % t NB ( P )

!1 t P P

TP # f #1 ( rl .P ) !rl ,P = aP "t V$ l!H

+1 n rln = r ,P l , P + !rl , P

+1 0 ! rln ,P ! 1

Algorithm
Compute Average Properties

Compute T

Compute r

Update Source of T

Converged

case 2: Specie Diffusion

!( " C ) !t sCs + r l v l Cl ) = # $ ( r sDs#Cs + r l Dl #Cl ) + # $ ( r sv

Under equilibrium conditions a discontinuity exist at the solid/liquid interface given by

Cl = Cs / k
C = ! l Cl + ! sCs
m !l = l m

!C = ! l

= ! l rl Cl + ! srskCl

Vl V Cl + ! s s Cs V V
!l =

!l =

mC = ml Cl + msCs
!VC = ! lVl Cl + ! sVsCs

= ( ! " ! srs )Cl + ! srskCl

ml " lVl " = = rl l m " Co " Cs "V

Cl " Cs

= !Cl " (1 " k ) ! srsCl

!C = !Cl " (1 " k ) ! srsCl

! = ! l rl + ! srs
! = !l
Vl V + !s s V V

!( " C ) !t

sCs + r l v l Cl ) = # $ ( r sDs#Cs + r l Dl #Cl ) + # $ ( r sv

!V = ! lVl + ! sVs

!( " C ) !t

sCs + r l v l Cl ) = # $ ( r sDs#Cs + r l Dl #Cl ) + # $ ( r sv

= D "Cl
!

r sDs!Cs + r l Dl !Cl = ( r sDs + r l Dl k )!Cl

!( " Cl ) + # $ ( " v%Cl ) = # $ ( D %#Cl ) !t

Algorithm
Unknowns
T
rl , rs
!l,!s
C, Cl , Cs

Equations Relations

Conservation of Energy (T)