PHOSPORESCENCE

GROUP 4 : 1. ADRIAN SAPUTRA 2. JERVITA SARI 3. NADIRA 4. NANDA RAUDHATIL J 5. VANELLA INDAH P 6. LOVERA ANGGRAINI

(0910412041) (1110412018) (1110412021) (1110412024) (1110412028) (1110413017)

Phosphorescence

The process of a molecule hold a transition (emission) from the triplet to the ground level. A phosphorescent material does not immediately re-emit the radiation it absorbs. Phosphorescence (molecular fluorescence) bands are found centered at wavelengths that are longer than the resonance line

The slower time scales of the re-emission are associated with "forbidden" energy state transitions in quantum mechanics. As these transitions occur very slowly in certain materials, absorbed radiation may be reemitted at a lower intensity for up to several hours after the original excitation.

Excited States Producing Phosphorescence

Electron spin The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons in an atom can have the same set of four quantum numbers. This restriction requires that no more than two electrons can occupy an orbital and furthermore the two must have opposed spin states

Singlet/Triplet Excited States Singlet state is a molecular electronic state in which all electron spins are paired. When one of a pair of electrons of a molecule is excited to a higher energy level, either a singlet or triplet state is formed.

In the excited singlet state, a spin of the promoted electron is still paired with the ground-state electron ; in the triplet state however the spin of the two electrons have become unpaired, and are thus parallel. The excited triplet state is less energetic than the corresponding excited singlet state.

Energy-Level diagrams for Photoluminescent Molecules

The lowest heavy horizontal line represents the groundstate energy of the molecule, which is normally a singlet state and is labeled So The two lines on the left represent the first (S1) and second (S2) electronic singlet state. T1 represents the energy of the first electronic triplet state.

The Instrument for measuring The Phosphorescence

The first is the device that will alternately irradiate a sample an after a suitable time delay, measure intensity of phosphorescence. The time delay is required to differentiate between long-lived phosphorescence emission an short live fluorescence emission, both of which would originate from the same sample.

APPLICATION OF PHOSPHORIMETRIC METHOD

Phosphorimetry has been used for determination of a variety of organic and biochemical species including such substances as : 1. Nucleid acid 2. Amino Acid 3. Pyrine and pyrimidine 4. Enzymes 5. Petroleum hydrocarbon 6. pesticides