11/12/2013

Trao i hc tp - chi tit

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Hc mn in t, ni cho cng l hc bit cch lp rp cc kiu mch in, do vy trong chuyn ngnh ny, ngi ta ngh ra v a ra v s cc dng mch in thc dng nhm kch thch cc Bn thch chi mn in t luyn tp tay ngh, nng cao trnh l lun v ri s t tr thnh tay chuyn nghip ly in t lm ngh mu sinh. Ngi nh li my chc nm v trc, khong nm 1964, lc ti cn nh, ti cng bt u vo ngh vi cc bc i chp chng nh vy. ...lc , ch ti mt ng th ngy ngy lm bnh ngt cho nh ti li rt m in t, ng lp rp cho ti ci radio 1 transistor khng cn pin m vn nghe c i pht thanh, lm cho ti nhng chic xe nh chy pin, ch cho ti cch gn cc dy n mu, ni cho ti bit cng dng ca cc dy anten cn ngoi tri...T cc kch thch nh lm chy ln ngn la t m trong lng ti, ti khng nhng theo ng hc lm bnh m cn dn tr thnh tay chi in t chuyn nghip,... ri khi ng v gi, chiu chiu ng i b my cy s ra nh ti, lc ti ang Qun 8, ngi c bui bn chic bn th, mi m xem ti nghin cu, xem ti lm my, xem ti dy hc tr v cng c lc t ra cho ti cc cu hi rt chuyn mn, hp dn,... by gi nhn chung quanh, nhn cc mn vt dng quen dng trn bn th, ti lun thy hnh nh ca ng ch ti, mt ngi th bnh "khai tm" cho ti bc vo ngh in t, mt ngh m ti cng n i qua my chc nm trong ci i ngi v by gi cng cn ang tip tc...

Lun v thnh cng trong i ngi. Thnh cng c 7 cp, l: Cp 1. Thnh cng l phi kim c tin, c ca ci, ti sn. Cp 2. Thnh cng l phi c vn ha, kin thc. Cp 3. Thnh cng l phi c a v, c ting tm. Cp 4. Thnh cng l phi c ngi chn tnh yu mnh, c gia nh yn vui.
phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144 1/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Cp 5. Thnh cng l phi c bn b, tm c ngi tri k Cp 6. Thnh cng l phi cn c thi gian cho bn thn mnh. Cp 7. V sau cng Thnh cng l phi c sc khe, mnh sng v vui v.

Cc mch in thc dng d rp

Ti s chn ra cc mch in t d rp hng dn cc Bn lm thc hnh, sp xp cc mch in ny t n gin dn n mc phc tp hn. Mi mch s trnh by ngn gn nguyn l vn hnh ca mch, v cho gi tnh m rng ng dng ca mch. Nu Bn thch v chu b cng ra lm thc hnh v lp rp cc mch in ny, ti tin l tay ngh ca Bn s c nhiu tin b, Bn s t b ng hn vi cng vic phi lm hng ngy ca ngi chuyn vin in t. V nht l i vi cc Bn sinh vin ngnh in v in t s khng phi c than l "hc l thuyt th nhiu m lm th chng bao nhiu", nn n khi nhn ti hc k hay ti tt nghip th khng bit phi bt u cng vic t u v lm nh th no?

1. Ci Bn cn c trc tin trn bn th l hp ngun DC.

c th cho chy th cc kiu mch in m Bn rp trn bn th, vic trc tin l Bn phi cp ngun nui thch hp cho mch. Do , mch in d rp u tin m chng ta s ni n l hp ngun DC. (1) Mch ngun n p dng transistor.

Trn bn th ca Bn lun phi c hp ngun DC, nu thch Bn c th t rp mch ngun DC theo s mch in trn. ng vo, Bn c bin p T1, cng dng ca bin p ny l gim p AC v to tnh cch ly board mch vi ng ngun AC, nh vy gi an ton cho ngi s dng. Cu ch F1 dng ngt dng khi trong mch b qu dng. in p 12V ly ra trn cun th cp cho qua cu 4 diode D1...D4 nn dng ton k, dng in xoay chiu dng Sin c i ra dng in mt pha dng xung. Dng ny cho np vo mt t ha ln C1, cng dng ca t l lm gim dn sng, nng cao mc ngun DC v n nh dng in cp cho ti. Chng ta dng Led D5 lm Led ch th v ly mc p 2V trn Led dng lm mc p mu cp cho cu o. in tr R1 c cng dng hn dng. Transistor Q1, Q2 l 2 transistor ghp dng phc hp c cng sut ln v c nhy cao. Q3 l transistor khuch i tn hiu ca cu o. Cu o dng theo di mc p bin ng trn ti, cu o gm c in tr R3, chit p R5, v R4, y l cu chia volt ly mt phn mc volt trn ti cp cho chn B ca Q3, trong khi chn E ca Q3 cho ly mc p mu khng i. T ha C2 to n p ng ra v trn ng ra chng ta dng Led xanh D6 vi in tr nh dng R6 bo c ngun ra. Nguyn l n p ca mch nh sau:
phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144 2/19

11/12/2013

Trao i hc tp - chi tit

* Khi ti nng, mc p trn ti c chiu hng gim xung, iu ny s lm cho mc p trn chn B ca Q3 gim theo, trong khi mc p trn chn E khng thay i, vy transistor Q3 s dn yu, mc volt trn chn C ca Q3 s tng ln, vy mc p trn chn B ca Q2 b y ln, iu ny s khng cho mc p trn ti gim xung, chng ta bit mc p trn ti cng l mc p trn chn E ca Q1, mc p ny lun tng gim theo mc p ca chn B ca Q2. * L lun ngc li, khi ti nh, mc p trn ti c chiu hng tng cao, iu ny lm tng mc p trn chn B ca Q3, transistor Q3 s dn in mnh hn, mc p trn chn C ca Q3 s gim xung, n ko mc p trn chn B ca Q2 xung v nh vy s khng cho mc p trn ti tng ln. Khi Bn chnh chit p R5, Bn lm thay i mc volt trn chn B ca Q3, nh vy s lm thay i mc volt trn chn C ca Q3 hay thay i mc volt trn chn B ca Q2, v iu ny s lm thay i mc p trn chn E ca Q1, v lm thay i mc p DC trn ng ra. Trong vn hnh, khng transistor Q1 qu nng, Bn nn gn Q1 trn ming nhm lm ngui.

(2) Ngun 5V c mc n nh tt vi ic 7805 rt thng dng vi cc mch s.

Chng ta bit trn th trng lun c bn cc ic n p 3 chn h 78xx, h 79xx. Vy nu mun c mc p DC ng ra n nh, Bn tm v dng cc ic n p ny. Vi ic n p 7805, mc p ra l 5V, vi ic n p 7809, mc p ra s l 9V, vi ic n p 7812, mc p ra s l 12V...IC n p h 79xx dng to n p trn ng ngun volt m. Trong mch, chng ta dng t ha ln C1 to n p trn ng ngun DC, y l dng n p th ng, chng ta dng ic n p 7805 c mc p ra 5V c n nh rt tt, y l dng n p tch cc. Khi dng ic n p h 78xx, h 79xx, trn ng ra Bn nh gn thm t ha dng trnh hin tng pht sinh dao ng t kch, khi mch n p trong ic b dao ng, Bn s thy mc p DC trn ng ra chp chn lc ln lc xung. Trng hp ng ngun 5V ny dng cp in cho cc mch in lm vic vng tn s cao, lc Bn phi gn thm t nh C3, cng dng ca cc t nh l lc b cc tn hiu tn s cao rt tt, trong khi do cu trc bn trong ca cc t ha ln c tim n tnh ng dy, cun cm nn khng lc tt cc dng in tn hiu tn s cao nhim trn ng ngun. Trong mch chng ta cng dng Led , Led xanh lm Led ch th.

(3) C th rp ngun c tnh n p v mc p ra chnh c vi ic LM317.

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

3/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Khc vi ic n p h 78xx, ic n p LM317 c chn Adjusment, iu ny to ra ti nh iu chnh mc p ng ra. Trong mch, C1 l t ha ln dng n nh mc p s khi, k dng mch n p tch cc vi ic LM317. IC ny c 3 chn, chn 2 cho ly ngun DC trn t C1, Chn 3 l ng ra, trn ng ra lp cu chia p vi in tr R2 v bin tr R5, mc p ly ra cho iu chnh mc p trn chn 1 nh mc p ng ra. C2 l t gi cho mch n p khng pht sinh dao ng t kch. Dng cc led ch th theo di hot ng ca mch ngun. Chng ta c h thc cho thy mc p ra ph thuc vo tr cc in tr R2, R5. Bn dng t liu sau hiu r hn v cch dng ic LM317

Khi trong mch c dng cc t ha, bo v ic LM317, Bn to ng x in cho cc t ha khi ngt ngun. Khng dng x ca t qua ic LM317. Trong mch khi ngt ngun, t C1 s x dng qua D1 v t C2 s x dng qua t C2. Cng thc tnh in p ng ra cho thy, khi R2 = 0 ohm, lc mc p ng ra s l 1.2V.

2. Mun th mch cn c ngun tn hiu dng kch thch mch.

(1) Mch pht xung vi ic Timer 555

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

4/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Khi hon thnh mt mch in, nhiu khi Bn cn c ngun tn hiu a vo th mch. Nu Bn cn c ngun tn hiu dng xung, Bn c th dng ic 555 to ra cc dng tn hiu ny. Trong mch: * Mch nh tn s ca xung ph thuc vo tr cc in tr RV1, R1, R2 v cc t C1, C2. Vy khi Bn dng t nh C2, Bn s to ra tn hiu dng xung c tn s cao, lc ny bin tr RV1 dng chnh chn tn. Khi Bn i qua dng t ha C1 c tr in dung ln hn, Bn s to ra xung c tn s thp hn, v cng chnh tn vi bin tr RV1. * Xung ra ly trn chn s 3. Khi chn 3 mc p thp, 0V, th Led xanh D1 sng v khi chn 3 mc p cao gn bng 12V th Led D2 sng. in tr R3, R4 dng hn dng lm vic ca cc Led, Bn nh khng dng qua Led qu ln d lm h Led. Xung ra trn chn 3 l dng xung vung vi b ln v b xung rt thng, dng dng xung ny kch thch cc mch s l rt tt. * Xung ly ra trn chn 2 v 6 c dng rng ca, khi chn 7 lc h masse, th t C1 hay t C2 s np in ngun, dng np qua RV1, R1, R2, mc p trn chn 2, 6 tng dn ln, khi mc p ny bng 2/3 mc ngun th chn 7 s cho ni masse, lc ny t C1, hay C2 s cho x in, dng x qua R2. Vy cng dng ca R2 l hn ch khng dng x qu ln s lm h ic 555, v khi mc p trn chn 2, 6 xung bng 1/3 mc p ngun th chn 7 li h masse, t li chuyn qua thi k np in.... tn hiu ra c dng xung vung vi h s duty = 50%, Bn ly tr R2 nh so vi tr ca RV1 + R1. Ghi ch: Khi ly xung rng ca trn chn 2, 6 lm tn hiu th mch, Bn phi ch n nh hng ca mch ngoi ln mch nh tn vi RV1, R1, R2 v cc t C1, C2, ni tr ca mch ngoi s lm thay i tn s ca tn hiu, cch hay nht l Bn dng thm tng khuch i m cch ly tr khng ca mch th vi mch nh tn ca ic 555. T liu ni v cc cch dng ic 555 c ti cp rt nhiu trong cc bi vit trc y. Nu mun hiu r hn v ic 555, Bn hy tm c li cc bi vit ny.

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

5/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

(2) Ngun tn hiu nhc vi ic UM66

IC UM66 l mt ic pht tn hiu nhc dng xung iu bin rng, hnh dng ca n ging nh transistor 2SC1815, kiu chn TO92. N c 3 chn, chn 3 cho ni masse, chn 2 ni vo ngun khong 3V v chn 1 cho ra tn hiu xung nhc. Trong mch chng ta dng 2 Led to ra mc p khong 4V, dng mc p ny ghim c nh mc p chn B ca transistor Q1, nh vy trn chn E ca Q1, chng ta c khong 3.4V v dng thm t ha C1 tng mc n p ng ngun, mc p ny cp cho chn 2 ca ic UM66. Tn hiu nhc ra trn chn 1 ca UM66 cho qua mch khuch i tng bin vi Q2, chng ta ly tn hiu trn chn C ca Q2 dng lm tn hiu th mch. Khi a tn hiu ny vo cc mch in th mch, Bn nn dng t lin lc, tr in dung khong 1uF, dng t lin lc nhm trnh tc dng ca cc mc p phn cc DC s c th lm sai lch trng thi phn cc vn c ca cc mch in, chng ta bit cc t lin lc ch bt cu cho tn hiu i qua v khng lm thay i trng thi phn cc DC vn c ca cc mch in.

(3) Mch dao ng to sng Sin dng ng hi tip qua cu 2T

Chng ta bit, ngi ta chia tn hiu ra lm 2 dng: Dng Sin v dng phi Sin.
phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144 6/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

* Cc tn hiu dng phi Sin, nh cc tn hiu dng xung, vi cc tn hiu ny, cc tnh ton v mc p kho st trn cc mch in s ly theo trc thi gian t. Do vy, khi phi tnh ton vi cc t in C, cc cun cm L ca mch s phi dng n ton cao cp vi-tch-phn, iu ny lm tng tnh phc tp ca cng vic thit k mch. * Khi dng ngun tn hiu dng sin, cc mc p trn cc mch in kho st s ch tnh theo trc tn s f. Vy vai tr ca cc t in C c xem l dung khng XC v vai tr ca cc cun cm L c xem l cm khng XL . y chng ta ch gp cc bi ton s cp dng tnh bin v gc pha ca tn hiu, do cng vic thit k mch n gin hn rt nhiu. c ngun tn hiu dng Sin, Bn c th rp theo s mch in trn. Mch dng tnh khuch i ca transistor Q1, tn hiu cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn C, hai tn hiu ny c tnh o pha. Chng ta dng mch lc tn dng 2T ly tn hiu hi tip, chng ta bit mch lc tn 2T va c tnh chn tn v va c th o pha tn hiu to ra dng hi tip thun v nh vy mch s tho iu kin dao ng, y chng ta hiu mch dao ng l mch t n khuch i chnh tn hiu ca n, khng cn ly tn hiu t ngoi vo. Trong mch dng bin tr RV1 chn gc pha cho ph hp vi iu kin dao ng. Tn hiu ly ra qua t C4 a vo cc mch th. Cng nn nhc li, ni tr ca cc mch th khng nh hng vo iu kin hot ng ca mch dao ng, Bn nn dng thm tng khuch i m. Tng khuch i m l cc tng khuch i, tn hiu a vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn E. Ngi ta thng dng tn hiu dng Sin kim tra v tnh ton iu kin hot ng ca cc mch in m thanh.

3. Ni n in t l ni n tnh khuch i tn hiu ca cc transistor.

Transistor l linh kin thuc nhm tch cc, n c tnh khuch i, khi ni n tnh khuch i phi hiu l tnh lm cho cng sut ng ra ca mt tn hiu phi ln hn cng sut ng vo. Chng ta bit, cng sut ca tn hiu tnh theo cng thc: P = V x I. * Vy cng sut ng vo s l: Pin = Vin x Iin * V cng sut ng ra s l: Pout = Vout x Iout Mch khuch i s lun phi cho: Pout >> Pin . y chng ta thy c 3 trng hp: Trng hp 1: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout >> Vin v Iout >> Iin . y l kiu khuch i va cho li in p va cho li dng in. Vi transistor, kiu mch khuch i m tn hiu cho vo chn B ly ra trn chn C s thuc trng hp ny. Trng hp 2: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout >> Vin v Iout gn bng Iin . y l kiu khuch i c li in p, khng c li v dng in. Vi transistor, kiu mch khuch i m tn hiu cho vo chn E v ly tn hiu ra trn chn C thuc trng hp ny. Trng hp 3: Pout >> Pin l do: Vout gn bng Vin , trong khi Iout >> Iin . y l kiu khuch i c li v dng khng c li v in p. Vi transistor, kiu mch khuch i m tn hiu cho vo chn B v ly tn hiu ra trn chn E thuc trng hp ny. Bn c th hi lm sao bit c mch khuch i dng transistor lm vic theo kiu chn no chung. Bn c nhn tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra l s bit chn cn li c dng lm chn chung. V hn na chn chung thng c dng t in cho ni masse. * Nu tn hiu cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn C, chng ta c kiu khuch i E chung. Kiu khuch i E chung, cho li cng sut rt tt. N c li in p v c li dng in. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra o pha. Tr khng ng vo trung bnh, tr khng ng ra ln. Kiu khuch i c dng rt ph bin. * Nu tn hiu cho vo chn B v ly ra trn chn E, chng ta c kiu khuch i C chung. Kiu khuch i C chung, cn quen gi l tng m, cho li cng sut tt. N c li dng in, khng c li in p. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra cng pha. Tr khng ng vo rt ln nn t gy nng ti ln cc ngun tn hiu, tr khng ng ra nh nn c kh nng mang ti ln. Quan h ng vo ng ra khng c tnh cch ly. * Nu tn hiu cho vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C, chng ta c kiu khuch i B chung. Kiu khuch i B chung, cho li cng sut tt. N cho li in p, khng c li dng in. Tn hiu ng vo v ng ra cng pha. Tr khng ng vo rt nh v tr khng ng ra ln. Kiu khuch i ny c tn s lm vic rt cao, n thng dng lm mch dao ng, vi ng hi tip thun, cho ly tn hiu trn chn C qua t in tr v chn E.

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

7/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

(1) Khuch i dng cho ng ni dng in dung.

ng ni dng chuyn i sng m thanh ra dng tn hiu in, ng ni dng in dung trong c mt transistor FET, trn chn cng (chn Gate), ngi ta t mn rung tnh in trng, quen gi l mn in chm, khi sng m thanh lm rung mn tnh in, n s lm thay i rng ca knh dn dng nm bn trong transistor FET v to ra tn hiu xut hin trn mt in tr t trn chn dn (chn Drain). Trong mch: X1 l microphone, l ng ni dng in dung, n c phn cc vi chn v cho ni masse v chn cn li qua in tr R5 ni ln ngun dng. Khi Bn ni vo micro, mn tnh in b lm rung, n s lm "co gin" knh dn in trong transistor FET, dng chy ra trn chn Drain qua in tr R5 v ngun, lc ny trn chn Drain s xut hin tn hiu m thanh. Mch khuch i dng transistor Q1, vi R2 l in tr nh mc p cho chn C v in tr R1 dng cp phn cc cho chn B v in tr R3 dng ly tn hiu cho chn E to tc dng hi tip nghch. mch lm vic trong vng khuch i, mc p trn chn B phi cao hn chn E khong 0.6V (mi ni BE phi cho phn cc thun) v mc p chn C cao hn mc p chn B (mi ni CB phi cho phn cc nghch), thng mc p trn chn C ly khong 1/2 mc p ca ngun nui. Dng lm vic ca transistor ly khong 0.5mA l . Trong mch ny, tn hiu m thanh pht ra t ng ni in dung cho qua t lin lc 1uF a vo chn B v sau khi c khuch i tn hiu ly ra trn chn C v cho qua t lin lc 10uF cp cho ti R6. Trn ng ngun t thm mch lc ngun vi in tr R4 v t C1.

(2) Khuch i dng cho ng ni dng in ng

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

8/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Microphone in ng gm c mt cun dy rt nh gn trn mn run v t bn trong l mt nam chm vnh cu kh mnh. Khi Bn ni vo micro in ng, mn rung s lm cho cun dy chuyn ng vo ra trn mt nam chm, v theo nh lut Faraday, trn hai u ca cun dy s xut hin in p tn hiu. Vy micro in ng to ra tn hiu m thanh bng s rung ca mt cun dy t gn mt nam chm vnh ca. Tn hiu ny cn rt nh (nh hn loi micro in dung), nn cn khuch i. Trong mch: Q1 l transistor khuch i cho lm vic theo kiu ly chn B lm chn chung, Bn thy chn B cho ni masse qua t C4. Kiu khuch ai ny c cc c im sau: * Tr khng ng vo trn chn E nh, nn rt ph hp vi loi micro in ng, d to c s phi hp ng tr khng, nh vy cng sut tn hiu ly vo s cc i. Tr khng ng ra ln, nn cho li in p cao. * Mch khuch i ly chn B lm chn chung cho li in p, khng cho li dng in. in p tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ln hn in p tn hiu a vo chn E, nhng dng ng vo l IE th gn bng dng ng ra IC nn khng c li v dng in. * Mch khuch i khng o pha. Khi tn hiu lm in p chn E tng thi in p tng ng trn chn C cng tng v ngc li, khi in p trn chn E gim th in p trn chn C cng gim theo. Trong mch: R2, R3 v t C4 cp mc volt phn cc cho chn B. in tr R1 dng nh mc dng lm vic IE cho transistor. in tr R4 dng nh mc p phn cc cho chn C. Tn hiu qua t lin lc C5 a vo chn E v tn hiu ly ra trn chn C qua t lin lc C6 a n chit p RV1. T y tn hiu s cho qua tng khuch i tng bin vi Q2, v tng khuch i m vi Q3. Ghi ch: Do tr khng ng vo trn chn E rt nh, nn tr ca t lin lc trn chn ny, t C5, Bn phi ly ln trnh lm mt cc tn hiu vng tn s thp. Transistor Q2 l tng khuch i ly chn E lm chn chung, nn tn hiu cho vo chn B v tn hiu ly ra trn chn C. Trong mch: R5 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C, R6 l in tr nh mc dng lm vic chy vo trn chn E v R8 l in tr cp mc p phn cc cho chn B. Q3 l tng khuch i m vi tn hiu vo trn chn B v ly ra trn chn E. Kiu mch khuch i ny ly chn C lm chn chung, chn C cho ni vo ng ngun DC, mch khuch i C chung c cc c im sau: * Mch cho li dng in, dng tn hiu ng ra IE ln hn dng tn hiu ng vo IB, khng cho li in p, in p tn hiu ng ra VE gn bng in p tn hiu ng vo VB. * Tr khng ng vo rt ln, tr khng ng ra nh nn kh nng mang ti ca n tt hn. * Mch khuch i khng c tnh o pha. in p tn hiu vo trn chn B tng th in p tn hiu ra trn chn E cng tng theo, v ngc li tn hiu vo gim th tn hiu ng ra cng gim theo. Ngi ta ly tn hiu ra trn chn E ca Q3 trn in tr R7, cho qua t lin lc C9 tip tc i vo cc tng khuch i chn tn hay khuch i cng sut. Trn ng ngun cng t mch lc vi in tr R9 v t C8.

phuclanshop.com/TraoDoiHocTap-ChiTiet.aspx?NewsId=144

9/19

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

(3) Tin khuch i, dng khuch i cc tn hiu nh.

Kiu mch khuch i ny hin rt thng dng, mch dng 2 transistor lin lc thng. Khi Bn phn tch mt mch khuch i, trc ht hy xt n iu kin phn cc tnh. cc transistor lm vic trong vng khuch i, mi ni BE phi cho phn cc thun v mi ni CB phi cho phn cc nghch, lc dng ht ti in phun ra t chn E s chy gn ht vo chn C v chy ra trn chn C, v lc ny, chng ta s dng mc volt bin i trn chn B lm tng gim dng in ny. Trong mch: R1 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C ca Q1, v R2 l in tr nh mc dng chy vo chn E ca Q1. R5 l in tr cp mc p phn cc cho chn B ca Q1. R3 l in tr nh mc p trn chn C ca Q2 v R4 l in tr nh mc dng chy vo chn E ca Q2. Khi kim tra mc p DC trn mch, chng ta thy Q1, Q2 c cho phn cc lm vic trong vng khuch i. Tn hiu cho qua t lin lc C1 vo chn B ca Q1, sau khi c khuch i, tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ca Q2 qua t lin lc C2 n ti. Trong mch dng t C3 lm tng li ca Q2. trnh hin tng dao ng boating, chng ta t mch lc R6, C4 trn ng ngun. Do 2 tng khuch i rp theo kiu E chung, nn mch ny cho li rt ln, nh vy chng ta c th dng ng hi tip nghch ci thin cht lng ca mch khuch i.

(4) Khuch i m sc, cn gi l khuch i chnh Bass - Treble . Tn hiu m thanh tai ngi nghe c nm trong dy tn s t 20Hz n 20000Hz. Ngi ta chia dy tn ny ra lm 3 on: * on t 20Hz n 400Hz gi l m trm, hay Bass * on t 400Hz n 3000Hz gi l m trung, hay Medium * on t 3000Hz n 20000Hz gi l m bng, hay Treble Khi nghe nhc hay khi nghe li thoi, c ngi thch nghe m trm, li c ngi thch nghe m bng, mi ngi mi , do vy ngi ta rp mch khuch i c chc nng iu chnh bin ca cc tn hiu m thanh theo tn s. Mch ph bin nht l dng mch lc Baxandal dng iu chnh bin tn hiu m thanh vng tn s thp, gi l nt chnh Bass v iu chnh tn hiu vng tn s cao, gi l nt chnh Treble. S mch in nh hnh sau:

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Trong mch: Q1 l tng khuch i tng bin, rp theo kiu chn E chung, Q1 c phn cc vi in tr R2 dng nh mc p cho chn C, in tr R1 cp mc p phn cc cho chn B v in tr nh dnh R3, cn dng ly tn hiu trn chn E to tc dng hi tip nghch nhm n nh mch khuch i. Tn hiu a vo chn B qua t lin lc C1 v cho ly ra trn chn C qua t C2 vo mch lc, ti y ngi ta t mch lc tn Baxandal. Mch lc gm 2 nhnh: * Nhnh lc ly tn hiu c tn s cao, gm t C4, RV1 v t C5. Cc tn hiu c tn s cao d qua nhnh ny, cc tn hiu tn s thp b "chn li". Nh vy chng ta dng chit p RV1 ch chn bin cho cc tn hiu c tn s cao, RV1 thng gi l nt chnh ting bng. * Nhnh lc ly tn hiu tn s thp, gm R10, RV2, R11 v cc t C6, C7. Mch cho thy ch c cc tn hiu tn s thp cho qua chit p RV2, cc tn hiu tn s cao u cho "i tt ngang qua" chit p ny. Trong nhnh ny, chng ta dng chit p RV2 ch chn bin cho cc tn hiu c tn s thp, RV2 thng gi l nt chnh ting trm. in tr R12 to phn cch gia cc nhnh lc tn. Sau khi ra khi 2 nhnh lc tn, mt cho tn s cao v mt cho tn s thp, thnh phn tn hiu m trm v m bng c cho "cng li" v cho qua t lin lc C8 a vo chn B ca tng khuch i vi Q2. Transistor Q2 c phn cc vi in tr R5 nh mc p trn chn C, in tr R4 cp p phn cc cho chn B, v in tr R6 to tc ng hi tip nghch trn chn E. Sau cng tn hiu ly ra trn chn C ca Q2 cho qua t lin lc C3 n ti, hay i tip vo cc tng khuch i khc. trnh "nh hng qua li gia cc tng do cng dng chung ng ngun", trn ng ngun DC chng ta t mch lc ngun vi in tr R7 v t C9. Mch lc ny s lc sch cc tn hiu ca cc tng nhim vo ng ngun, trnh c hin tng dao ng ngoi mun.

(5) Khuch i cng sut m tn, cp tn hiu bin ln cho ti.

tn hiu c cng sut ln dng cp cho cc loi ti nh cc loa trong ng nghe hay loa in ng, ngi ta lp rp cc mch khuch i cng sut lm vic vi tn hiu bin ln. Sau y l vi mch thng dng, d rp, c hi rp thnh cng cao.
(a) Khuch i ng ra dng cho ng nghe

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

c cng sut tn hiu ln cp cho cc loa nh t trong cc ng nghe, chng ta c th rp mch theo s trn. Trong mch: Q1 l transistor pnp rp theo kiu chn E chung, tn hiu m thanh t ngoi qua t lin lc C1 v in tr gim bin R9 a vo chn B ca Q1 v ly ra trn chn C a thng vo chn B ca Q3, y transistor Q2 dng nh mt ngun cp dng hng, n cp dng phn cc ln cho Q3 nhng li c tr khng AC rt ln, nn khng gy tn tht tn hiu trn chn C ca Q3. Sau cng tn hiu qua t lin lc C4 n cc loa nh t trong ng nghe. Mch c phn cc nh sau: Cc in tr R1, R2, R3 cp p phn cc cho chn B ca Q1. R6 l in tr nh mc dng lm vic cho Q1. T C3, v in tr R3 dng lm mch hi tip t c nhm tng tr khng ng vo cho Q1. Cc diode D1, D2 v in tr nh dng R7 dng to ra mc in p c nh gi cho mc p trn chn B ca Q2 khng thay i v dng Q2 lm ngun cp dng hng vi R8 l in tr nh mc dng hng. Q3 l tng khuch i ng ra, ly thng tn hiu trn chn C ca Q1, y in tr R4 dng tng h s n nh nhit cho Q3. T C4 l t ng ra, vi R10 l in tr dng n nh hot ng ca t C4, trnh cho mt chn ca t C4 khng b trng khi mch khng cm ng nghe. trnh nh hng qua li gia cc tng khuch i do dng ng ngun chung, chng ta cng t mch lc nhiu R5, C2 trn ng ngun DC.

(b) Khuch i ng ra dng cho Loa C rt nhiu kin mch khuch i cng sut m tn. Sau y chng ta th rp mt kiu mch Ampli rt ph dng.

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Mch c rp vi 6 transistor, cng dng ca mi transistor nh sau: * Q1 l transistor pnp, dng lm tng khuch i ng vo. Ngi ta dng 2 in tr R1, R2 ly p cp cho chn B phn cc, chn E nh dng lm vic vi in tr R5, lc ngun dng in tr R4 v t C2. Tn hiu cho qua t lin lc C1 vo chn B ca Q1, tn hiu ly ra trn chn C cho ghp thng vo tng khuch i thc Q2. Trn chn E t t C3 v in tr R11 dng ly tn hiu hi tip nghch nhm nh li ton phn ca mch tng m. * Q2 l transistor npn, dng lm tng thc, n c thit k cho lm vic theo dng cng sut nh hng A. Tn hiu cho vo chn B, chn E cho ni masse ly dng. Trn chn C t 2 diode 1N4148 ly ra mc p DC cp phn cc cho cc tng ko y, trnh tc dng ca ro p, nhm sa mo ti giao im tn hiu. R6, R7 l 2 in tr nh mc dng lm vic cho Q2, mc p phn cc trn chn C ca Q2 ly khong na mc p ngun nui. T C4 ly tn hiu ng ra hi tip t c v tng thc nhm lm cn bng bin tn hiu trn v di ng ra. Dng t nh C6 to hi tip nghch ch i vi cc tn hiu vng tn s cao nhm trnh cho mch khng pht sinh dao ng t kch. Khi mch dao ng t kch vng tn s cao, cc transistor cng sut s b rt nng v b h. * Q3, Q4 l 2 transistor h b npn v pnp dng lm tng khuch ai ko y. Cp transistor ny c mi tham s u ging nhau, n ch khc l mt npn v mt kia l pnp. Vi cp transistor h b ngi ta khng cn dng thm mch o pha. Khi tn hiu ra trn chn C ca Q2 tng ln, n s lm cho Q3 dn in v lc ny Q4 tt, v ngc li khi tn hiu ra trn chn C ca Q2 gim xung, n s lm cho Q4 dn in v lc ny Q3 tt. R8 v R9 l 2 in tr c tr s bng nhau v dng lm tng h s n nh nhit cho tng cng sut rp theo kiu phc hp. * Q5, Q6 l 2 transistor npn dng lm tng cng sut. c dng in tn hiu mnh ngi ta dng transistor cng sut Q5 cho ghp phc hp vi Q3 v dng transistor cng sut Q6 cho ghp phc hp vi Q4. Khi Q3 dn, Q5 s dn mnh hn v to iu kin cho t ra loa C5 np dng in ca ngun nui, dng ny c th dng ko mn loa vo. Khi n Q4 dn, Q6 s dn mnh hn v to iu kin cho t ra loa C5 x dng in qua loa, dng ny s y mn loa ra. T C5 l t cp dng ko y cho loa, t ny phi ly t ha c tr in dung ln. Ngang loa ngi ta t mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa trong dy tn tn hiu m thanh nhm trnh dng mo cng sut. Trong mch ny, c 2 h thc Bn cn nh: * H thc dng nh li ton mch:

Trong : KF l li ton phn. R5 l in tr nh dng trn chn E ca Q1, R11 l in tr ly tn hiu hi tip nghch * H thc dng tnh cng sut ly c trn loa:

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Trong : Vcc l mc p ngun nui. RL l tr khng ca loa. (c) Khuch i cng sut m tn dng mch tch hp IC. Trn phng dn thc dng, khi cn c cc mch tng m cng sut ln, ngy nay ngi ta t dng transistor v cc linh kin phn lp rp mch. V sao? V trn th trng hin c v s cc IC cng sut m tn, dng cc IC ny cng vic lp rp mch tng m s rt nhanh, gn nh. Di y ti gii thiu vi mch in Bn tham kho v lm thc hnh cho quen tay.

Mch rp vi mt ic tng m nh, c kch c nh ic 555, nhng trong ic c 2 mch tng m c lp c th rp dng mch tng m stereo hay rp theo kiu mch mono BTL. Khi rp mt ic tng m, Bn c th lm theo 3 bc: Bc 1: Tm chn cp ngun. Thng c mt chn ni masse, mt chn ni vi ngun dng v thng khi cn c mt chn dng mc t lc cho tng ngun tin khuch ai. Bc 2: Tm chn ng vo v ng ra. Trn chn ng vo Bn dng chit p iu chnh mc tn hiu. C nhiu IC ng vo phi dng t lin lc bo ton mc volt phn cc DC, c IC cho ni thng, v mc p phn cc ng cho mc 0V. Tm chn ng ra, ng ra thng c mc p phn cc cho bng na mc p ngun nui. Tn hiu cp cho Loa thng qua mt t in ha hc ln. Bc 3: Ch n cc mch hi tip, cc mch in ph khc, thng c cc mch sau: * Mch hi tip nghch, tn hiu ng ra tr tr li ng vo o. Tr in tr ly tn hiu hi tip nghch cng dng nh li cho ton mch. * Mch hi tip t c. Dng t hi tip t c ly tn hiu ng ra tr v tng thc c th lm cn bng bin tn hiu ln xung ng ra. * Dng t tr nh hi tip b pha hay hi tip nghch gi cho mch khng t pht sinh dao ng t kch. * Dng mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. Trong mch: * C1 l t lin lc ng vo, RV1 l chit p dng lm nt chnh mc m lng, tn hiu a vo chn 4 cho knh 1 v chn 6 cho knh 2. * Tn hiu ra trn chn 1 cho knh 1 v chn 3 cho knh 2, ti y tn hiu cho qua t ra loa C4
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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

cp dng in ko y lm rung mn loa. T C5 v in tr R3 dng lm mch lc zobel n nh tr khng ca loa nhm trnh hin tng sai cng sut. Mc p phn cc trn cc chn ng ra phi bng 1/2 mc p ngun nui Vcc. * Ngi ta dng cu chia volt vi in tr R2 v R3 ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghch v chn s 8 cho knh 1 v chn s 5 cho knh 2. ng hi tip nghch c tc dng ci thin cht lng ca tn hiu m thanh. * IC lm vic vi chn s 4 ni masse v chn s 8 noi vo ngun nui Vcc. IC c th lm vic vi mc ngun nui t 3V n 12V.

Trong mch: Chit p R1 dng lm nt chnh Volume, C1 l t lin lc ng vo, tn hiu a vo IC qua chn s 1. Tn hiu cho ra trn chn s 4 qua t ha ln C3 cp dng in ko y lm rung mn loa. Ngang loa dng mch lc zobel trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. Dng cu chia volt R2, R3 ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra qua t lin lc C2 cho hi tip nghch v chn s 2 ci thin cht lng ca m thanh. IC lm vic vi chn s 3 cho ni masse v chn s 5 ni vo ng ngun Vcc. IC c th lm vic vi mc ngun thay i t 6V n 18V, chng ta bit cp mc ngun nui cng cao cng sut ly ra cng ln. Ch : Khi kim tra mch, o mc p phn cc trn chn s 4 ca IC phi c mc p trung im, ngha l bng na mc p ca ngun nui. Tr ca in tr R3 dng nh mc hi tip nghch, ly tr R3 cng nh, mc hi tip nghch cng t, li s ln, cng sut ra ln nhng cht lng m thanh km hn, khi ly tr R3 ln, ngc li cng sut ra yu hn nhng cht lng m thanh s nghe hay hn.

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Trn xe hi Bn c th dng ic HA13118 rp mch tng m 2 knh ra 2 loa hay kiu mch mono BTL ra 1 loa ly cng sut ra ln khi IC lm vic vi mc ngun nui thp. Trong mch: Tn hiu m thanh c ly ra trn nt chnh mc m lng cho qua t lin lc C10 a vo chn s 3, y gn t nh C11 lc b nhiu tn s cao. Trn ng vo o cho gn t lc C1 ly li ln. Tn hiu knh 1 cho ra trn chn s 15, trong IC c ng cp tn hiu cho knh 2 v tn hiu cho ra ca knh 2 trn chn s 8. Chng ta gn loa ly tn hiu ra dng BTL trn chn s 15 v chn 8. T C5 v C6 l cc t hi tip t c dng cn bng bin ko y ng ra, n ly tn hiu ng ra cho hi tip v chn 14 v chn 10. ng ra cng t cc mch lc zobel vi t C7, R1 v t C8, R2, cng dng ca mch lc zobel l n nh tr khng ca loa, trnh hin tng mo cng sut do tr khng ca loa thay i theo tn s. IC lm vic vi chn 12 cho ni masse, chn 13 ni vo ng ngun Vcc, t 8V n 18V. Trn cc chn 2, chn 5 gn t lc C4 v C3. Trn chn s 4 ca ng vo knh 2 cho ni masse v chn 6 gn t ni masse C2. Trong mch IC phi cho gn trn ming nhm lm ngui gi cho IC khng qu nng.

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

S trn cho thy cc dng IC TDA7209 rp mch tng m c cng sut ra 50W. IC ny lm vic vi dng ng ngun i xng. c ngun nui dng i xng, Bn dng bin p ngun trn cun th cp phi c ra dy gia dng lm dy masse, k dng cu nn dng vi 4 diode c ng ngun V+ v ng ngun V-. n nh cc mc volt ngun ra, chng ta gn cc t ha ln dng lm kho cha in v n p. IC TDA7209 lm vic vi cc chn 7, 13 ni vo ng ngun dng, cc chn 1, 8, 15 cho ni vo ng ngun m v chn s 4 cho ni vo ng masse. Tn hiu qua chit p chnh bin cho qua t lin lc C1 v in tr gim bin R1 sa mo ting a vo chn s 3. in tr R2 dng n nh tr khng ng vo v t nh C2 dng lc b tn hiu nhiu tn s cao. Tn hiu ly ra trn chn s 14 cho cp thng vo loa, chng ta bit khi dng kiu mch tng m chy ngun nui i xng th trn ng ra khng cn dng t ha lm t xut m. y t C6 dng ly tn hiu hi tip t c lm cn bng bin tn hiu ko y ng ra. in tr R3, R4 v t C3 dng ly mt phn tn hiu ng ra cho ng hi tip nghch sa mo ting v ci thin cht lng m thanh. IC ny c chn s 10 dng tm lm cm loa v chn s 9 cho IC vo trng thi tt ch.

Tm kt
Mt ln na ti mong Bn sau khi xem hiu cc s mch in trn th chuyn qua tm linh kin rp thc hnh. Ch c lm nhiu, lm cho tht quen tay Bn mi tr thnh dn in t chuyn nghip. Khi c dp chng ta s tr li ti ny vi cc s mch in thch th hn. Cho!

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Trao i hc tp - chi tit

Ngi son

mi Bn vo xem...

Ch lin quan
Linh kin hc, bi 2 Linh kin hc, bi 1

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Tn mn chuyn ngh chuyn i... ng dng sng in t trong mch chung ca khng dy T rp n Led chiu sng sn vn dng ngun pin mt tri 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...

Trang ch | Download | Lin h

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