Tm hiu Bng n Lch Vn Nin

Khi qut v ng h Vn Nin Lch:

Hnh chp cho thy, bng n lch thng gm c mt bn l khun hnh phong cnh, bn trong c trang b h thng n quay lm cho khun hnh rt sinh ng, mt bn l bng n lch vi cc led 7 on. Trn bng n lch thng c:

* Cc n s dng ch: Ngy - Thng - Nm. * Cc n s dng ch: Gi - Pht. * Cc n s dng ch: Thng v Ngy m lch. * Cc Led ch trng thi, nh gi bui sng (AM) v gi bui chiu (PM), Mode chnh. * Cc n s lm b nhit k in t, dng ch: Nhit phng. bn hng n l nt tt m in v cc nt chnh thi gian: Mt nt chn Mode, hai nt chnh Tng/Gim. mt nt chnh Reset v mt nt chnh nhc chung. Do trong bng n c dng ngun pin d phng (3V), nn d bng n b mt in, trng thi m ca ng h vn hot ng (lc ny n khng sng, pin d phng khng cng sut cp in cho cc n s), nh vy khi c in li, ng h vn hot ng ng vi gi tht, Bn khng phi chnh li. Nu Bn

nhn nt Reset th s bt u xc lp li tt c cc thnh phn ca bng n, nh ly li ngy gi nm thng... (chnh bng cch chn Mode, ri dng nt Tng hay Gim). Phn tch: S mch in ton phn, bng n ng h Vn Nin Lch.

Hnh chp ny cho thy, bn mch in bn trong bng n. Trn bo mch ny Bn phi nhn thy: * Mt IC vi iu khin 32 chn, dng iu khin hot ng ca ng h. y l loi IC da1n nn rt gn nh. Bn cnh IC l thch anh ng h c tn s 32768Hz, bn cnh thch anh lun c 2 t nh dng b nhit n tn. * Ngun nui vi cc linh kin nm chung quanh IC p h 78xx, y dng 7805 hay 7806 (nu mch c dng thm diode cch ly cc ng ngun). vng ny Bn cn th: - 4 diode lm thnh cu nn dng. Mt t ha ln dng lm kho cha in, c tnh n p ng ngun s cp. - Dng cc t nh c cng dng lc b cc tn hiu nhiu vng tn s cao. * Ngun pin d phng (3V), pin c cch ly vi ng ngun chnh bng 1 diode. Mi khi bng n b mt in, pin d phng s tip tc cp in cho b m trong IC ng h, nh vy khi c in li, ng h vn chy ng theo gi tht (Bn khng phi chnh li).

* Cc n s vi Led 7 on (thng l mu n c hiu sut cao, sng mnh, t hao in). Bn phi xc nh c: - Cc n Led dng ch: Gi - Pht. - Cc n Led dng ch: Ngy - Thng - Nm (Dng lch). - Cc n Led dng ch: Ngy - Thng (m lch). - Cc n Led dng ch: Th - Cc n Led dng ch Nhit trong phng. Hot ng ca cc n Led vi: - 8 transistor (loi PNP) dng lm cc kha in, nhn xung qut, mi ln ch cho m mt b phn, phi qua 8 nhp mi quay li. - Cc in tr hn dng cho cc Led. - Cc b ni dng ni cc n Led vo IC ng h. * Loa chung vi mt transistor (NPN), i khi bng n lch dng thm mt IC nhc chung, hay pht ting ni. Ch : Cc u cm dy, bng n thng c cc u cm: - u cm dy ngun (ly in t cun th ca mt my bin p nh). - u cm bng chnh ng h. - u cm loa chung. - u cm nhit tr dng d nhit phng. Tm li, khi tho bng n ra, vic trc tin l nhn vo bn mch in, Bn phi nhn thy cc khi vng chc nng. Hy quan st k cc linh kin, nh vy vic kim tra tm h hng s nhanh v d dng hn. Sau y, chng ta s phn tch mt s mu c tnh kinh in. S ny ti v li t mt bng n tht (do hnh tng th nh nn mi phn ti v li vi r cao hn, gip Bn hiu c hot ng ca tng vng trong mch).

S cho thy, mch in gm c 4 phn:

1. Mch ngun nui v pin d phng. Trong mch: * T1 l bin p ngun dng lm bin p cch ly v cho gim p, chuyn mc p 220V AC xung 12V AC. * 4 diode D1...D4 (vi 1N4007 x4) dng lm cu nn dng, dng in AC ra dng dng xung mt chiu. * 1 t ha C1 (1000uF) dng lm kho cha in u ngun, c tc dng n p, nng p v tng hiu xut cho ti. * 1 t nh C2 (104) dng lc b cc tn hiu nhiu nm vng tn s cao. * IC n p h 78xx, U1 (LM7805C) dng to ra ng ngun +5V c n nh cao. * T dp hin tng dao ng t kch trong IC 7805 vi t C3 (470uF). * T lc b nhiu tn cao vi C4 (104).

Ngun nui +5 Volt s cp cho IC ng h: * IC ng h JW23A03C ly in 5V cho chn s 1 qua diode cch ly ng ngun D5 (1N4148). Chn 3 cho ni masse ly dng. * Pin d phng 3V, qua diode cch l D6 (1N4148) cp in cho mch m trong IC ng h mi khi bng n b mt in, chng ta bit: - Khi bng n c in th mc p 5V trn chn 1 cao hn mc p ca pin, lc ny D6 nghch v pin b lm h mch, khng cp in cho IC. - Khi bng n b mt in, mt ng ngun +5V, diode D6 s thng v pin d phng s cp ngun cho IC ng h trn chn 1. Nh vy mch in ng h vn m d in nh b mt. * Trn chn 2 v chn 4, ngi ta mc mch Reset vi in tr R1 (360K), R2 (470K) v cc t in C9 (102), t C10 (102). * Trn chn 5, 6 mc thch anh ng h Y1 dng tn s 32768Hz (tc 2 ly tha 15, y l tn s ph hp cho cc thanh cia 8 bit). Cc t C7 (20p), C8 (20p) dng lm t b nhit n tn. Kim tra vng mch ny: n gin Bn o cc mc p DC trn cc t ha, nu c p DC khong 16V trn t C1 v c mc p 5V trn t ha C3 l mch cp ngun tt. kim tra thch anh 32768Hz, Bn dng ng h o tn s, o tn s trn 2 chn 5 v 6, nu ng h hin s 32K l mch dao ng c hot ng bnh thng. Nu khng th thay th thch anh hay thay th IC ng h. 2. Mch in ng h vi IC ng h chy thch anh 32768Hz.

Hnh chp cho thy cc chn v vi tr gn IC ng h trn board. Bn hy xc nh du ghi chn s 1 v t xc nh c cc chn khc. Nguyn l hot ng ca IC ng h nh sau: (Bn xem s mch in).

* S cho thy, chn 1 ni vo ng ngun 5V, chn 3 cho ni masse. * Chn 2, chn 4 cho mc mch Reset vi R1 (360K), R2 (470K) v cc t C9 (102), C10 (102). * Chn 5, chn 6 mc thch anh ng h Y1. Dng t b nhit n tn C7 (20pF), C8 (20pF). * Dng b ni trn cc chn Q1 (chn 7)...Q8 (chn 14) cho xut xung qut, dng ln lt ng m cc transistor pnp (8550), y l 8 transistor, mi ln ch m in cho mt ng. Cc in tr hn dng chn B l R9 (680), R10 (680). * Dng b ni trn cc chn 15 (G), 16 (F) , 17 (A), 18 (B), 19 (C), 20 (D), 21 (E) xut cc m s dng 7 on, cp cho cc n s Led dng hin th thi gian. (Bn xem hnh cch cho hin th trn 2 n ch Pht). * Dng b ni khc trn cc chn 23 (G), 24 (F), 25 (A), 26 (B), 27 (C), 28 (D), 29 (E) xut s dng m 7 on cho cc n s khc. * Chn 32 cho xut tn hiu bo chung. * Cc chn khc dng cho mch d nhit qua mt cm bin nhit tr v gn bng chnh thi gian. Hnh v cho thy cc thnh phn linh kin trn bng mch dng ch thi gian:

Board chnh cho ni vo cc chn ca IC ng h, y: - Nt nhn S1 (-) dng chnh cho gim s. - Nt nhn S2 (+) dng chnh cho tng s. - Nt chnh S3 (Set) dng chnh chn Mode. - Nt nhn S4 (Reset) tr v trng thi khi u. - Nt chnh S5 (Sing) dng chnh trng thi bo chung. 3. Mch hin th dng cc n s Led 7 on. S cho thy cu trc ca mch hin th vi cc n Led dng m 7 on.

Hnh v cho thy, Bn ni chn chung vo chn C ca transistor pnp, cc chn khc cho ni vo cc chn ca IC ng h. Khi transistor pnp dn in, lc ny chn chung cho ni vo ng ngun 5V, v nu lc ny cc chn cathode ca Led cho xung mc p thp, th s c dng qua Led v Led s pht sng. T n Led ny chng ta c th cho hin ra cc con s, nh 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.

Qua s mch in trn Bn thy, chn chung ca cc Led s cho ni vo vo cc chn C ca cc transistor, khi transistor dn in v lc ny cc chn trn

Port ca IC ng h xung mc p thp th cc Led tng ng s pht sng v chng ta s thy cc con s hin trn cc n s. Trong mch ngi ta dng cc in tr hn dng gi cho dng qua cc Led khng qu ln. 4. Mch n v motor to hnh ng.

S mch trn lu in t lm sng n hunh quang:

Nguyn l lm vic ca mch: * Ngi ta dng 4 diode 1N4007 nn dng, i dng AC ra dng dng xung mt chiu. * Dng mt t lc 4.7uF/400V to ra mc p DC cao, trn 300V. * Dng 2 transistor kha rp thnh mch dao ng ko y, vi bin p hi tip c 3 cun dy, qun trn vng hnh xuyn, tn hiu hi tip tr v chn B vi t lin lc l 1uF, in tr hn dng 1 Ohm. Cho dp p ngc vi diode v in

tr hn dng 12 Ohm. * Dng t 1000PF v in tr 500K mi chy mch dao ng. * Qua t 0.033uF (chu p 400V), in p cao s kch sng n, trong mch dng cun cm n dng qua n. T 2200pF to dng nung nng tim n lm gim mc p kch n, gi cho n b b en hai u. Ton mch c rp trn mt mch in nh (Bn xem hnh). Trong bng n ngi ta cn dng mt motor AC nh c b gim tc quay lm quay cc a mu to, hay ko cc mn hnh chy, lm cho phng cnh c tnh chuyn ng, nh hnh phong cnh s sinh ng hn. Cc hnh chp trn cc board mch tht gip Bn nhanh chng xc nh c cc vng chc nng: Hnh 1: Cho thy cc n hin s dng Led theo m 7 on. N c mt chn chung (common) v 8 chn cp dng cho cc Led, nh du theo k t A, B, C, D, E, F, G v dot. Trc ht Bn phi tm ra chn chung, ri dng Ohm k thang Rx1 ( c1 dng ln trn dy o) kim tra tng Led trong n.

Hnh 2: Bn tm cc dy transistor pnp (8550), v IC ng h dng cng (Port) 8 bit, nn trn mch ch c 8 transistor dng ng m cc h thng hin th. theo k thut qut Mi ln trn chn B ca mt transistor s nhn c mt xung bin thp cho m mt ng mch, vi xung qut nhanh, v vi tnh lu nh ca mt, Bn s thy tt c cc s u hin ra cng lc, tht ra mi lc ch c mt phn cho pht sng m thi.

Hnh 3: T Loa chung theo dy ni, Bn s truy ra mch bo chung. Mch thng gm mt transistor npn (8050) v mt vi linh kin ph nh in tr hn dng R v t lin lc C. Trong mt s board ngi ta cn dng IC nhc chung, lc tn hiu chung nghe s "mu m" hn. i khi l cc ICbo bng ting ni, ting g gy...

Hnh 4 : Hnh chp cho thy b trn lu in t, n l mt mch dao ng ko y lm vic mc p cao, mch cp in p co kch sng mt n ng neon (thng dng loi ng hnh trn). Mch ny rt d h. Cc h hng thng cc transistor, t lc ngun c mc chu p cao (400V), i khi gy chm cc diode nn dng lm chy mch (vt en nm rt d nhn ra).

Hnh 5: Trong bng n ngi ta dng mt loa nh cho bo nhc chung. Loa nh nh v c dng keo do cho dn dnh trn bng n. y ngi ta cng gn mt nhit tr (mi nhn hnh ging diode 1N4148) d nhit phng.

Hnh 6: Bin p dng cch ly v h p AC. y Bn thy mt cu ch dng bo v trnh chm mch, mt kha in ng m ngun. Bn nh bin p thng c kch thc rt nh, nhiu khi khng cng sut cp cho mch. Bn di Bn cn thy c board chnh, trn board chnh l cc nt nhn, lu ngy n b tip xc xu, lc Bn phi dng RP7 lm sch cc tip im, khng cn thay mi.

Li cm t: Bi vit ny c son li theo t liu ca cc bui hc gia bn c v thy Hng (hc ti gia). Bn c l ch i l ln cho cc bng n lch Vn Nin, tim ng 3/2 - Q10. Trong cc bui hc, chng ti thng phi cng nhau gii quyt c th trn rt nhiu loi bng n lch, t ly c rt nhiu kinh nghim thc t v loi sn phm ny, khi c dp, chng ti s tr li ti ny vi nhiu loi IC lp trnh khc, n s gip Bn "linh ng" hn trong cng vic bo tr v kinh doanh loi n lch Vn Nin.