‘Thisis Volume 45 in INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICS SERIES A series of monographs and text Eifety RENATA DMOWSICA and AMES R, HOLTON GEOPHYSICAL DATA ANALYSIS: DISCRETE INVERSE THEORY Revised Edition William Menke Department of Gelogal Sciences. Columbia Uiversty (Cte af Ocenoenchs SepSuieUanenty @ ‘ACADEMIC PRESS, INC. arewet BaceJraovch, Pabibrs Sun Diego New Yor Berkley Boson Vondon” Sydney Tokyo TorosCONTENTS PREFACE wi INTRODUCTION 1 DESCRIBNG INVERSE PROBLEMS LL Formulag lasers Proiems 7 12 Theliserlaiene Prien 9 13 Buamplerof Formulating Ives Problems, 10 A Slaton vere Prose I? SOME COMMENTS ON PROBABLTY THEORY 2.1 Nae and Random Vass 21 22 Comeited Data 24 23, Funsionsof Random Vass 27 24 Gausian Dtribatons 29 25 Tesinghe Asumpton of Gain Sttiscs 31 26 Confdeac Inert SOLUTION OF THE UNEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM. \VEWFOINT I: THE LENGTH METHOD 31 TheLenginsofEsimater 35 32° Meresoftenph 36 33 Latur fora Straight Line 39‘coments 44 The Lest Squares Slaton of the Lina nvene Poin al 25 Sometaamples 42 36 The Eons the Lesa Soares Sctuion 45 39 ThePvrely Undetermined Problem 48 38 Migd-DeeminedPresems 50 39) Moga Mewar of Length a2 Type ofA Por Tofomaton 52 210. Otner Types A Por Infrmation 55 SIL he Varun ofthe Model Parmeter Estimates 8 5.12 Vanance and Prion Eno ofthe Lee Squares Souton Sk SOLUTION OF THE LNEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, YEWGONT 2: GENERALZED INVERSES. 1 Salutons vesas Operas 61 22 Thebua Reon Mamie 62 43 The Mode Reotuson Matix 64 44 ThetintCovarance Mawes 65 415) Reto and Covance of Some Generalized Towers 66 46 Menus of Gondnes of Reston and Conance 6? 5 Geoctnd nv with Good Reson and 48S and the Racks Ger Spread Function 71 45 The Backus iter General tne forte Unieeterned Problem 73 4410 Inloing be Covance Sze 75 {LIT TheTrafeof of Reution nd Vorunce 76 SOLUTION OF THE LINEAR, GAUSSIAN INVERSE PROBLEM, VEWPONT 3: MAXUM UKEUNOOD METHODS S41 The Mean ofa Group of Measurements 7 52. Maimom itlneod Slton a te Lear Inverse Prem 53. APron Diubuions 83 EA Maimum Lleond rae act Theory 87 56 The Simple Gauian Cae with Linear Theory 91 $9) The Gene! Liner Cousian Case 92 SH Equivalence ofthe Tee Viewpoints 98 £9 The F Testo Err Improvement Sqnicance | 96 Slo. Deriaton ofthe Formulae Sesion 57 97 NONUMQUENESS AND LOCALIZED AVERAGES 61 Nall Veton and Nowuoavenes! 101 62. ‘Nll Vein ofa Simple Inver Problem 102 £3, Localaed Atenpssof Mol Paametes’ 103 184 Relatonsp tote Resation Man 108 165 Averages ers Esumates 103 166 Nonumique Averaging Veins aA Por Infomation 108 [APPLICATIONS OF VECTOR SPACES 2A Mosel and DataSpaces 108 72 Houholer Transformations 111 73 Designing Houta Transformations 115 4 Tanslormations That Do Na Preserve Legh 117 45 TheSouon ofthe Mixe#-Deermined Potion 118 416 Singl-Vale Desompostion spd the Naural Geveralaed 17 Darton of the Singuar-Value Decomposiion 124 14 Siping Liner Equals nsgality Consens 128 79 nog Consains 126 LUNEAR INVERSE PROBLEMS AND NON. GAUSSIAN DisTEUTONS ALL, Normsand Exponential Disibuions 133, 2 Naumum Ltn Eine ofthe Msn fa Exponent 3 The Gover Linear Problem 137 EA Savi Norm Polens 138 85° TheleNom Tah