Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Inde&
S.'o.
1 2 3 4 5
% & 1' 11 12 13 14 15 16 1
Aim of the project Desired Specifications Apparatus Block Diagram Circuit Diagram !orking of "o#ot Comparator Darlington pair Source (ollo)er *ot using transistors +ono sta#le 555 Difficulties faced and solutions Applications ,imitations and future e-tension !hat !e ,earnt Bi#liograph.
(ontent
)g.'o.
3 3 4 5 6 $% & & 1' 1' 11 12$13 14 14 15 16
10 (or proper functioning of the ro#ot needs a 1oltage suppl. of a#out 5032 and current a#out '0 A0 20 /he ro#ot should #e a#le to distinguish #et)een the )hite and the #lack surface0 30 3f the #lack surface suddenl. ends4 the ro#ot should keep on mo1ing in the direction it last mo1ed until the #lack line is again there0 40 3t should stop and e-tinguish fire and restart onl. after making sure that the fire has #een e-tinguished0 50 /his could not #e run using the dr. cells #ecause of the current re5uirement0
Design Spe-i+i-ations
.ateria/ Re0uired
+aterial "e5uired ,+35% *9555 S,1'' S;1'' 4'% 432 2ector Board DC motors ,D" 3" "ecei1er 32C
Description Dual 8p$Amp /imer *:* transistor :*: transistor A*D 3C 8" 3C
7uantit. 3 1 % 1 1 1 1 3 3 1 2
B/o-k Diagram
(ir-uit Diagram
5
/he second part comprised of using ,D">s and 3"$recei1ers to detect flame 0/he dual 8p$Amp ,+35% )as used for the same0 /he t)o comparator circuits )ere used 0(or ,D"4 the )orking )as same4 #ut for 3" recei1er the 1oltage and not the resistance 1ar. according to the intensit. of light0 /hus the t)o ends of 3"$recei1er )ere connected to ground and positi1e terminal of the comparator 0/he output of these t)o )ere 8"ed and gi1en to a monosta#le 555 timer )ith time period of 4 sec0555 )as used #ecause )hen the ro#ot sees the fire 4the fan starts and the motors stop #ut )hen fan starts the intensit. of light decreases and hence the t)o motors start again and there is a chance that the motor starts #efore the fire is e-tinguished 0/he 555 helps in generating a high pulse of a#out 4 seconds )hich )ill remain high and )ill not depend on the intensit. of light for the same duration 0/hus 4 this )ill make sure that the fire is e-tinguished #efore mo1ing ahead0 8nce the fire is e-tinguished it )ill retain its original motion0
/he indi1idual )orking of each of the su#$circuits is gi1en #elo)6$ $. (omparator (ir-uit:-
2out is high for 2in greater than 2ref and is lo) for 2in less than 2 ref0 . Dar/ington )air:-
A darlington pair #eha1es as a single transistor )ith current gain e5ual to product of current gain of t)o transistors
9
30 Sour-e Fo//ower:-
VCC
5V
R1 22kohm Q1 2N2222A
IO1
R3 18kohm R2 2kohm
/he source follo)er is used to a1oid 1oltage drop due to lo) output impedance0 3t supplies the same amount of 1oltage and current #ut can dri1e lo) resistance de1ices0 #..ono-stab/e '2333:-
10
@ere the popular 555 timing 3C4 is )ired as a mono sta#le0 /he timing period is precise and e5ui1alent to6$ !A101 - "1 - C1
!ith component 1alues sho)n this )orks out at appro-imatel. 101msec0/he output duration is independent of the input trigger pulse4 and the output from the 555 is #uffered and can directl. interface to C+8S or //, 3CBs4 pro1iding that the suppl. 1oltages match that of the logic famil.0 40 'ot using ')' transistor:-
VDD
5V
R1 640ohm
output input
R2 450ohm
Q1 BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL
11
10 (irst )e used 41 for the comparator circuit #ut the output of the comparator )as around 4052 )hen high and 10% 2 )hen lo)0 /he A*D 3C used considered this as a logic high and hence the circuit did not )ork according to the logic0,+$35% )as used to o1ercome the difficult.0 3ts logic high is 30%2 and logic lo) is '20 20 /he output of the comparator gi1es 1er. less output current )hich can not dri1e the motor0 /hus4 the Darlington pair )as used to increase the current0 30 /he current gain of different S,1'' transistors used 1aried from 1'' to 5' 0/hus num#er of transistors used in the Darlington circuit )ere 3 on one side and four on the other0 40 /he output impedance of the motor is fe) ohms0 /hus to run the motor one re5uired a source follo)er circuit0 50 /hough the line follo)er #egan to )ork4 the current flo)ing through S,1'' of the source follo)er circuit e-ceeded the ma-imum limit0 /hus4 S,1'' had to #e replaced #. 32C0
12
60 /he fire e-tinguishing part of the ro#ot also faced the pro#lem0 /he ro#ot used the fan to e-tinguish the fire0 /he intensit. of light and heat go1erned the speed of the fan0 But as the fan tried to e-tinguish the fire4 the intensit. of light decreased and hence the ro#ot started to mo1e )ithout e-tinguishing the fire0 /he mono$sta#le 555 )as used to sol1e this pro#lem 03t made the fan to rotate for a fi-ed duration )ithout depending on intensit. of light for a fi-ed duration after )hich it continued on its path0 0 /he main pro#lem )hich could not #e o1ercome )as that it could not #e dri1en #. #atteries0 /he po)er re5uirement of the circuit could not #e recei1ed using the #atteries0 %0 Selecting the #est chassis )as a time consuming process0
13
*pp/i-ations:10 /he ro#ot can #e used as a guider to guide the 1isitors from the entrance to the main office 0 20 3t can help doctors to carr. the medicines from one )ard to another 0 30 /he main purpose is to rescue the people #. e-tinguishing fire in a #uilding 0
4imitations and +uture 2&tensions:3n the present condition it can e-tinguish fire onl. in the )a. and not in all the rooms0 3t can #e e-tended to a real fire e-tinguisher #. replacing the fan #. a car#on$ di$o-ide carrier and #. making it to e-tinguish fires of all the room using microprogramming0 Also the ro#ot could not #e run through the #atteries #ecause at some conditions the current re5uirement for the circuit rises to a#out 0%A )hich is 1er. high and can not #e o#tained using #atteries0
14
1hat 1e 4earnt
10 /he first )orking ro#ot )as in itself a great pleasure and satisfaction0 20 !e learnt the implementation of the #ig circuit using the #asic small circuits0 30 /he step )ise e-ecution of the circuit helps to reach the goal 5uickl. and more accuratel.0 40 /he team )ork is the most important thing )e learnt0 50 *e1er lose hope0 60 /here is a huge difference #et)een the theoretical and the practical )orld 0 !e learnt to )ork under the super1ision and guidelines of our professors0
15
Bib/iography
/hese are some of the sites )e 1isited6$ http6CC)))0ho##.engineering0comCrmap3nde-0html http6CC)))0ridgesoft0comC#uilding#ots0htm http6CC)))0seattlero#otics0orgCguideCinfrared0html http6CC)))0ro#otroom0comC"B(B0html CCline follo)ing ro#ot http6CC)))0mstrace.0#tinternet0co0ukCinterest0htm http6CC)))0dudi3'0repu#lika0plCgaleriaCinde-0html CC*e) ro#ot e1er. )eek http6CC)))0ro#otics0comCro#omenuCinde-0html
16