Nutrition is the provision of materials, usually in form of food, to support life in organisms.

NUTRITION
Autotrophic Heterotrophic

Synthesis complex organic compounds from raw, simple inorganic substances using light or chemical energy

An organism obtains energy through the intake and digestion of organic substances, normally plant and animal tissues.

AUTOTROPHIC
Chemosynthesis Uses energy derived from oxidation of inorganic substances Eg~ Sulphur bacteria which oxidizes sulphur to sulphate and Nitrosomonas sp. Which oxidizes ammonium to nitrate Photosynthesis Uses energy from sunlight Eg~ All green plants carry out photosynthesis

HETEROTROPHIC
Holozoic Nutrition Ingests and digests food to obtain nutrients Eg~ human, animals and insectivorous plants Saprophytism Obtains nutrients from dead organic matter Eg~ bacteria and fungi like mushrooms, yeast, and Mucor sp. (bread mould) Paratism Obtains nutrients from living organisms Eg~ fleas, lice and tapeworms

The necessity for a balanced diet

Balance Diet

A balanced diet refers to a diet which contains the right amount of all the seven classes of food in order to meet the bodys requirement. A food pyramid shows the quantities of food group servings a person should should consume daily.

 A balanced diet can be defined as one, which contains the various groups of food stuffs such as energy yielding foods (carbohydrates, fats), body-building foods (protein, minerals), and protective foods (vitamins) in correct propositions. So that an individual is assured of obtaining the minimum requirements of all the nutrients. The components of a balanced diet will differ according to age, sex, physical activity, economic status, occupation and the physiological state like pregnancy & lactation.

 There are no good or bad foods or good or bad diets. All foods contain different levels of nutrients but no single food can provide all the vitamins and minerals our bodies need in the right amounts.

 To maintain good health and to function efficiently our bodies needs proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. Our body also needs plenty of water. We must drink 1.5 - 2 litres of fluid daily to maintain healthy kidneys and prevent urinary infection.

The body needs extra fluid when energy expenditure is high and also in hot weather. Water is required in large amounts to regulate body processes such as digestion, excretion, and maintenance of the body temperature and the electrolyte balance.

 The simple dietary modifications, which people can adopt using the balanced diet chart or food guide pyramid can help to reduce the risk of heart diseases and other diet related conditions such as diabetes mellitus and some forms of cancer.

 The molecules that act as a source of energy. The chemical building blocks for growth and repair of damaged body tissuse. The elements and compounds that participate in a variety of metabolic reaction.

Group 1. Cereal Grains and Products. Foods such as rice, wheat, jowar, bajra and ragi are in this group. These supply energy or calories, protein, invisible fats. These foods also contribute iron, thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid and fiber.

Group 2. Pulses And Legumes. The foodstuffs in this group are pulses and legumes (eg beans, soya beans, peas, Rajmah, Bengal grams etc). It provides energy, protein, invisible fat, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, folic acid, calcium, iron and fibres.

Group 3. Milk , Nuts and Meat Products. They include milk, curd, skimmed milk, cheese, almonds, groundnuts, chicken, meat, liver, egg, fish and other flesh foods. All these foodstuffs supply mainly protein, fat, calcium and vitamin B2.

Group 4. Fruits And Vegetables. These include green leafy vegetables, yellow or orange fruits and vegetables such as papaya, mango, carrots,tomato, pumpkin, stems, leaves and flowers of plants, ladies finger, bringals, bittergourds and other gourds, cabbage and cauliflower. Fruits such as amla, lemons, orange are rich in minerals and vitamins, especially vitamin C and calcium, iron and folic acid. They also contribute half of vitamin A requirement. Other major nutrients are invisible fat, vitamin B2 and fibre. They provide variety in taste and texture and furnish roughage in the diet.

Group 5. Fats And Sugars All these foodstuffs supply energy or calories vegetable oils, vanaspathi, ghee, cream, sugar and jaggery. This group constitutes about 1/6th of the energy value of the diet and provides essential fatty acids, but does not add appreciably to the protein, mineral or vitamin adequately. Oils should be used sparingly in the diet. They add taste and flavour to the food. In India, commonly available cooking oils include mustard oil, coconut oil, gingelly oil, groundnut oil, palmolein oil, and sunflower oil. People eat large amounts of foods but still they suffer from malnutrition because they are consuming an unbalanced diet. Eating too much or unbalanced diets such as more of complex carbohydrates and fats can lead to obesity and therefore increase the risk of serious conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes mellitus.

 Diets containing foodstuffs drawn from each of the food groups supply all essential nutrients in adequate amounts and keep a majority of individuals consuming them in a good state of health. Even though the recommended balance of foods applies to most people of all ethnic origins and those who are over weight, few individual variations can be there. Infants under two years of age for example should be given milk products, which is not skimmed. They also need more dairy foods than adults. But between the ages of two and five children make a gradual transition on to family foods - the balanced diet chart or food pyramid begin to apply. People with special dietary needs and those under medical supervision should check with their doctor or nutritionist to see if this balance of foods is suited to them. Vitamin and mineral supplements are no substitutes for good eating habits. The majority of people will meet all their nutritional requirements by following the basic guidelines out lined in the balanced diet chart or food pyramid.

Group

Particulars

Kilo Calories

Man

Sedentary work
Moderate work Heavy work

2350
2700 3200 1800 2100

Woman

Sedentary work Moderate work

Heavy work
Pregnancy Lactation 0 - 6 months 6 - 12 months

2450
+ 300 + 550 + 400

Group Infants Children

Particulars 0 - 6 months 6 - 12 months 1 - 3 years 4 - 6 years 7 - 9 years

Kilo Calories 118 / Kg 108 / kg 1125 1600 1925 2150 2400 2600 1950 2050 2050

Boys

10 - 12 years 13 - 15 years 16 - 18 years

Girls

10 - 12 years 13 - 15 years 16 - 18 years

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF INFANTS FROM BIRTH TO 12 MONTHS

Linear relationship and 95 percent confidence and prediction intervals of equation to predict TEE from body weight in healthy infants, one to 24 months old

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS Quadratic polynomial regression of total energy expenditure on body weight, weighting each data point by the number of children in the study
BOYS

GIRLS

Boys: y = 1.298 + 0.265x - 0.0011x2; nweighted = 801, r = 0.982, see = 0.518. Girls: y = 1.102 + 0.273x - 0.0019x2; nweighted = 808, r = 0.955, see = 0.650. Solid circles: DLW, industrialized countries. Solid triangles: HRM, industrialized countries. Clear circles: DLW, developing countries. Clear triangles: HRM, developing countries.

Mean weight gain of boys and girls, one to 17 years of age

Age years Boys kg/year g/day kg/year Girls g/day

1-2
2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18

2.4
2.0 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.9 4.5 5.2 5.8 5.9 5.4 4.2 2.6

6.6
5.5 5.8 5.5 5.5 6.0 6.6 7.7 9.0 10.7 12.3 14.2 15.9 16.2 14.8 11.5 7.1

2.4
2.2 1.9 1.7 1.8 2.3 3.0 3.7 4.0 4.5 4.5 4.6 4.2 3.4 2.2 0.8 0

6.6
6.0 5.2 4.7 4.9 6.3 8.2 10.1 11.0 12.3 12.3 12.6 11.5 9.3 6.0 2.2 0

Increase in energy requirements needed to allow for twice the normal growth rate of children six to 24 months old*

Age months

Average weight gain g/kg/day 1.83

% increase over energy requirement 14.5

18-24

It was assumed that the requirements for normal growth were 1.5 times the theoretical estimates based on weight gain.

12-18 9-12 6-9

1.15
0.67 0.51

8.5
5 3.5

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF ADULTS

Main daily activities Time allocatio n hours Energy costa PAR Time energy cost Mean PALb multiple of 24hour BMR

Sedentary or light activity lifestyle Sleeping Personal care (dressing, showering) Eating Cooking Sitting (office work, selling produce, tending shop) General household work Driving car to/from work Walking at varying paces without a load Light leisure activities (watching TV, chatting) Total 8 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 2 24 1 2.3 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.8 2.0 3.2 1.4 8.0 2.3 1.5 2.1 12.0 2.8 2.0 3.2 2.8 36.7 36.7/24 = 1.53

Main daily activities

Time alloc ation hour s

Energy costa PAR

Time energy cost

Mean PALb multiple of 24-hour BMR

Active or moderately active lifestyle

Sleeping

8.0

Personal care (dressing, showering)

2.3

2.3

Eating

1.5

1.5

Standing, carrying light loads (waiting on tables, arranging merchandise)c Commuting to/from work on the bus

2.2

17.6

1.2

1.2

Walking at varying paces without a load

3.2

3.2

Low intensity aerobic exercise

4.2

4.2

Light leisure activities (watching TV, chatting)

1.4

4.2

Total

24

42.2

42.2/24 = 1.76

Main daily activities

Time alloca tion hours

Energy costa PAR

Time energy cost

Mean PALb multiple of 24hour BMR

Vigorous or vigorously active lifestyle

Sleeping

8.0

Personal care (dressing, bathing)

2.3

2.3

Eating

1.4

1.4

Cooking

2.1

2.1

Non-mechanized agricultural work (planting, weeding, gathering) Collecting water/wood

4.1

24.6

4.4

4.4

Non-mechanized domestic chores (sweeping, washing clothes and dishes by hand) Walking at varying paces without a load

2.3

2.3

3.2

3.2

Miscellaneous light leisure activities

1.4

5.6

Total

24

53.9

53.9/24 = 2.25

ENERGY REQUIREMENTS OF PREGNANCY

Additional energy cost of pregnancy in women with an average gestational weight gain of 12 kg *

A. Rates of tissue deposition 1st trimester g/d Weight gain 17 2nd trimester g/d 60 3rd trimester g/d 54 Total deposition g/280 d 12 000

Protein depositiona
Fat depositiona

0
5.2

1.3
18.9

5.1
16.9

597
3 741

B. Energy cost of pregnancy estimated from the increment in BMR and energy deposition 1st trimester kJ/d Protein depositiona Fat depositiona Efficiency of energy utilizationb Basal metabolic rate Total energy cost of pregnancy (kJ/d) 0 202 20 199 421 2nd trimester kJ/d 30 732 76 397 1 235 3rd trimester kJ/d 121 654 77 993 1 845 Total energy cost MJ 14.1 144.8 15.9 147.8 322.6 kcal 3 370 34 600 3 800 35 130 77 100

C. Energy cost of pregnancy estimated from the increment in TEE and energy deposition 1st trimester kJ/d Protein depositiona Fat depositiona Total energy expenditurec 0 202 85 2nd trimester kJ/d 30 732 350 3rd trimester kJ/d 121 654 1 300 Total energy cost MJ 14.1 144.8 161.4 kcal 3 370 34 600 38 560

Total energy cost of pregnancy (kJ/d)

287

1,112

2 075

320.2

76 530

Characteristics/ Function: Normal growth Healthy eyes and skin

Deficiency disease: Night blindness

Vitamin B comes from Peas, meat, cereals,seafood

aaaaaaa
Characteristics/ Function: As the components of coenzymes Deficiency disease: Beri-beri

Vitamin B2 come from yeast, egg and meat.

Characteristics/ Function: Healthy growth Healthy skin

Deficiency disease: Inflammation of lips Mouth sores

MALNUTRITION

What is malnutrition??
Malnuttrition is a unbalanced diet.

The effects of malnutrition.

Protein deficiency

kwashiorkor

Receive a small amount of protein(distended Stomach and suffer from diarrhoea)..

marasmus

Not enough protein and carbohydrates(become Very thin and wrinkled skin)..

 Deficiency disease
deficiency in v.c
Scurvy(swollen,bleeding gums and tooth Loss..
Calcium and phosphorus anaemia Causes rickets

Deficiency in v.d Ferum shortage

 osteoporosis

Lacking in calcium(elderly people)

Cause the bones to become porous And break easily

 Excessive amount of carbohydrates and lipid..

obesity 20%more weight than a person height Effects

1.High level of cholesterol in blood 2.Cardiovascular disease 3.Diabetes mellitus

 Excessive amount of sodium(salt)

High blood pressure (can cause the damages of kidneys)

 Excessive amount of vitamins

Vitamin A(fat soluable vitamin) effect Hair loss,bone and joint pains, Loss of appetite and liver Damage.

Vitamin D

effect

Overload in calcium in blood which can interferes The functions of muscles and heart tissue..

How to prevent malnutrition??

Reducing the amount of Salt in home cooking Prevent yourself from taking too much sugar and carbohydrates in Your foods

Try to balance your diet

Exercise more and Regularly

EXAMPLE OF MALNNUTRITION

Mineral
Function: for the maintenance of good health.

Mineral calcium

Sources Milk, cheese, green vegetables, legumes. Milk, cheese, meat, grains.

Function Combines with phosphorus for formation of strong teeth & bones. Combines with calcium to form strong bones & teeth. To maintain osmotic pressure Transmission of nerve impulses. Formation of haemoglobin in red blood cells. Formation of the hormones.

phosphorus

Sodium( common salt) potassium Ferum( iron)

Salt

Fruit Liver, kidney, raw egg Sea food

Iodine