qwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopa sdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxc vbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwerty HOI R !

OR" uiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghj Henry Bergson klzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmq wertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopas dfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcv bnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyu iopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn mqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmrtyuiopasd fghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvb nmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyui opasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjkl zxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqw ertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdf ghjklzxcvbnmqwertyuiopasdfghjklzxcvbn
10/31/2012 SECTION- C GROUP MEMBERS Mariyam Abbasi-11869 Priya Chawla-11297 Fatima Jamil-11329 Zoha Manzar-12835

Introduction:
!nri "!r#son $1859%19&1' was on! o( th! most (amo)s an* in(l)!ntial Fr!n+h ,hiloso,h!rs o( th! lat! 19th +!nt)ry-!arly 2-th +!nt)ry. Altho)#h his int!rnational (am! r!a+h!* +)lt-li/! h!i#hts *)rin# his li(!tim!0 his in(l)!n+! *!+r!as!* notably a(t!r th! 1!+on* 2orl* 2ar 2hil! s)+h Fr!n+h thin/!rs as M!rl!a)-Ponty0 1artr!0 an* 345inas !6,li+itly a+/nowl!*#!* his in(l)!n+! on th!ir tho)#ht0 it is #!n!rally a#r!!* that it was 7ill!s 8!l!)z!9s 1966 Bergsonism that mar/!* th! r!awa/!nin# o( int!r!st in "!r#son9s wor/. 8!l!)z! r!aliz!* that "!r#son9s most !n*)rin# +ontrib)tion to ,hiloso,hi+al thin/in# is his +on+!,t o( m)lti,li+ity. "!r#son9s +on+!,t o( m)lti,li+ity att!m,ts to )ni(y in a +onsist!nt way two +ontra*i+tory (!at)r!s: h!t!ro#!n!ity an* +ontin)ity. Many ,hiloso,h!rs to*ay thin/ that this +on+!,t o( m)lti,li+ity0 *!s,it! its *i((i+)lty0 is r!5ol)tionary. ;t is r!5ol)tionary b!+a)s! it o,!ns th! way to a ,r!+on+!,tion o( +omm)nity

Creati e e o!ution "# $ec%anica! e o!ution

Cr!ati5! !5ol)tion $L'Evolution cratrice' is a boo/ writt!n by a Fr!n+h ,hiloso,h!r !nri "!r#son in 19-7.its <n#lish translation !m!r#!* in 1911.th! boo/ ,ro5i*! an alt!rnat! !6,lanation (or 8arwin=s m!+hanism o( !5ol)tion whi+h s)##!sts that !5ol)tion is moti5at!* by 4lan 5ital0 a >5ital im,!t)s? that +an also b! )n*!rstoo* as h)manity=s nat)ral +r!ati5! im,)ls!. ;ts an anti 8arwin th!ory o( biolo#i+al ori#ins that was w!ll r!+!i5!* an* wi*!ly a++!,t!* (or y!ars as +r!ati5! !5ol)tion. @his th!ory att!m,t!* to *!al with som! o( th! maAor ,robl!ms 8arwin=s th!ory0 !s,!+ially th! ori#in o( biolo#i+al in(ormation. @h! l!5!l o( th! th!ory=s a++!,tan+! is in*i+at!* by th! (a+t that th! a)thor was awar*!* th! Bob!l ,riz! (or his wor/0 in+l)*in# this ar!a in 1927.

&ar'in(# t%eor) o* E o!ution:

;n 1837 8arwin b!#an his (irst not!boo/ on !5ol)tion. Bat)ral s!l!+tion is 8arwin=s most (amo)s th!oryC it stat!s that !5ol)tionary +han#! +om!s thro)#h th! ,ro*)+tion o( 5ariation in !a+h #!n!ration an* *i((!r!ntial s)r5i5al o( in*i5i*)als with *i((!r!nt +ombinations o( th!s! 5ariabl! +hara+t!rs. ;n*i5i*)als with +hara+t!risti+s whi+h in+r!as! th!ir ,robability o( s)r5i5al will ha5! mor! o,,ort)niti!s to r!,ro*)+! an* th!ir o((s,rin# will also b!n!(it (rom th! h!ritabl!0 a*5anta#!o)s +hara+t!r. 1o o5!r tim! th!s! 5ariants will s,r!a* thro)#h th! ,o,)lation. @h! two /!y !l!m!nts o( 8arwinism ar!C Cr!ation o( biolo#i+al 5ari!ty: Animals D ,lants ar! som!tim!s born with (!at)r!s *i((!r!nt (rom th!ir ,ar!nts that th!y +an ,ass on to th!ir o(( s,rin#s. 8arwin +all!* th!s! *i((!r!n+!s >5ariations?. (or !6: #ira((! may b! born with th! lon#!r n!+/ than its ,ar!nts. @h! #ira((! +an th!n ,ass on this 5ariation to its own o(( s,rin#s. Eariations li/! th!s!0 8arwin ar#)!* ha,,!n ran*omly. @hat is0 !a+h ha,,!n +om,l!t!ly by +han+!.

@h! s!+on* /!y i*!a that 8arwin a*5an+!* isC Bat)ral s!l!+tion o( mor! (it or#anism% $s)r5i5al o( th! (itt!st'- all s,!+i!s ar! +ontin)o)sly +om,!tin# with oth!rs to stay ali5!. ;n a worl* o( stabl! ,o,)lations wh!r! !a+h in*i5i*)al m)st str)##l! to s)r5i5!0 thos! with th! Fb!stF +hara+t!risti+s will b! mor! li/!ly to s)r5i5!. @h!s! a*5anta#!o)s +hara+t!risti+s ar! inh!rit!* by (ollowin# #!n!rations0 b!+omin# *ominant amon# th! ,o,)lation thro)#h tim!. @his is nat)ral s!l!+tion. <6am,l!: A #ira((! with a lon#!r n!+/ +an r!a+h l!a5!s that oth!r #ira((!s +annot. An* th)s +an (!!* its!l( b!tt!r an* so li5! lon#!r0 mat! mor! o(t!n an* l!a5! mor! o((s,rin# with lon#!r n!+/ than oth!r #ira((!s.

>;n th! str)##l! (or s)r5i5al0 th! (itt!st win o)t at th! !6,!ns! o( th!ir ri5als b!+a)s! th!y s)++!!* in a*a,tin# th!ms!l5!s b!st to th!ir !n5ironm!nt? +C%ar!e# &ar'in, ! (o)n* !5i*!n+! (rom his st)*y o( th! (ossil r!+or*: h! obs!r5!* that (ossils o( similar r!lati5! a#!s ar! mor! +los!ly r!lat!* than thos! o( wi*!ly *i((!r!nt r!lati5! a#!s. Com,arin# homolo#o)s str)+t)r!s0 5!sti#ial or#ans0 an* !mbryolo#i+al *!5!lo,m!nt o( li5in# s,!+i!s #a5! him a**itional !5i*!n+! o( !5ol)tion. ! +ons)lt!* animal an* ,lant br!!*!rs abo)t +han#!s in *om!sti+ s,!+i!s. ! ran his own br!!*in# !6,!rim!nts an* also *i* !6,!rim!nts on s!!* *is,!rsal.

Creati e E o!ution "# Mec%anica! E o!ution:

@h! ,oints w!r! #i5!n in an arti+l! by J!rry "!r#man0 Ph.8 @h! +r!ati5! !5ol)tion th!ory was *!5!lo,!* by "!r#son to *!al with what w!r! th!n r!#ar*!* as th! maAor *i((i+)lti!s o( 8arwinism. 8arwinism o((!r!* no satis(a+tory !6,lanation (or th! so)r+! o( n!w #!n!ti+ in(ormation (rom whi+h nat)ral s!l!+tion +o)l* s!l!+t. "!r#son9s th!ory ,ro,os!* a non-8arwinian m!+hanism to ,ro*)+! n!w #!n!ti+ in(ormation that0 in t)rn0 allow!* w!ll *o+)m!nt!* m!+hanism in+l)*in# nat)ral s!l!+tion0 to ()n+tion. "!r#son9s th!ory ,ost)lat!* that all li(!0 r!s)lts not (rom m!+hani+al $!motionl!ssG)n+ons+io)s' (or+!s as 8arwinism ta)#ht0 b)t (rom a 5ital im,)ls! $*!sir!' that +a)s!* !5ol)tion whi+h is ,ass!* *own (rom on! #!n!ration to anoth!r whi+h +r!at! #rowth an* *!5!lo,m!nt an* ,ro*)+! n!w a*a,tations. @h! Fr!al (a+ts o( !5ol)tion w!r! to b! (o)n*0 not in a m!+hani+al !limination o( th! )n(it0 b)t in th! +r!ati5! s)r#! $(low' o( li(!0 in an lan vitalF.Amon# th! many ,robl!ms with 8arwinism that "!r#son=s th!ory tri!* to *!al with was th! (a+t that a m)lti +!ll)lar or#an is a F()n+tional whol! ma*! ), o(

+oor*inat!* ,artsF an* i( FA)st on! or a (!w o( th! ,arts ha,,!n!* to 5ary . . . th! ()n+tionin# o( th! whol! wo)l* b! im,air!*F $7o)*#! 19670 292' @his +on+!,t is now /nown as irr!*)+ibl! +om,l!6ity. "!r#son also +on+l)*!* that0 *)! to irr!*)+ibl! +om,l!6ity0 at !5!ry sta#! o( an animal9s history an* *!5!lo,m!nt all th! ,arts o( an animal an* o( its +om,l!6 or#ans m)st ha5! 5ari!* +ont!m,oran!o)sly so that !((!+ti5! ()n+tionin# was ,r!s!r5!*. An* it is )tt!rly )nli/!ly to s),,os! as 8arwin *i* that s)+h +o a*a,t!* 5ariations +o)l* ha5! b!!n ran*om. som! a#!n+y oth!r than Bat)ral 1!l!+tion m)st b!!n at wor/ to maintain +ontin)ity o( ()+tionin#. "!r#son also +on+l)*!* that 8arwinism ha* (ail!* to !6,lain why li(! !5ol5!* in th! *ir!+tion o( #r!at!r an* #r!at!r +om,l!6ity. @h! !arli!st li5in# thin#s w!r! sim,l! in +hara+t!r an* w!ll a*a,t!* to th!ir !n5ironm!nts. 2hy *i* th! !5ol)tionary ,ro+!ss not sto, at this sta#!H 2hy *i* li(! +ontin)! to +om,li+at! its!l( Fmor! an* mor! *an#!ro)slyFH $7o)*#! 19670 292' "!r#son ()rth!r ar#)!* that th! m!+hanism o( nat)ral s!l!+tion *i* not answ!r th! +riti+al ,robl!m that som!thin# Fm)st ha5! *ri5!n li(! on to hi#h!r an* hi#h!r l!5!ls o( or#anization0 *!s,it! th! ris/s in5ol5!*F $7o)*#! 19670 292'. @hat som!thin# was th! lan vital. A maAor ,robl!m that "!r#son )ns)++!ss()lly tri!* to *!al with was !6,lainin# th! ori#in o( this 5ital (or+! an* *!monstratin# !6a+tly how it ()n+tions to ,ro*)+! n!w li(! (orms. Amon# th! many oth!r ,robl!ms with th! th!ory was th! (a+t that it *i* not !6,lain w!ll why !5ol)tion too/ th! ro)t! that it *i* inst!a* o( a +haoti+ ,ath $"othaml!y 2--2'. 1)mmin# ),0 almost a +!nt)ry a(t!r "!r#son0 8arwinists still hotly *!bat! th! so)r+! o( n!w #!n!ti+ in(ormation that th!y b!li!5! ,ro,!ls ma+ro!5ol)tion. @his stat! o( a((airs has not b!!n *)! to a la+/ o( hy,oth!s!s. @h!ori!s s)+h as +r!ati5! !5ol)tion an* oth!rs that Fs)bstit)t!* (or th! 8arwinian m!+hanismF ha5! r!+!i5!* wi*! s),,ort b)t0 wh!n +ar!()lly !6amin!*0 w!r! all !5!nt)ally n!#l!+t!* as )ns)stainabl! 1o (ar0 no ,ost-8arwinian th!ory has b!!n abl! to *!al with th! maAor ina*!I)a+y o( 8arwinism0 th! so)r+! o( n!w biolo#i+al in(ormation. As stat!* by a ar5ar* bio+h!mistC F<5ol)tionary th!ory is a t)m)lt)o)s (i!l* wh!r! many *i((!rin# 5i!ws ar! now +om,!tin# (or *ominan+!F +Esensten 2003, 2)

Ti$e and -ree'i!!

A++or*in# to "!r#son0 r!al tim! +annot b! analyz!* math!mati+ally. ;n or*!r to m!as)r! tim! on! has to try to +r!at! a br!a/ in tim!. ;n or*!r to try to )n*!rstan* th! (low o( tim!0 th! )n*!rstan*in# (orms +on+!,ts o( tim! as +onsistin# o( *!(in!* mom!nts or int!r5als. ")t as on! tri!s to int!ll!+t)aliz! th! !6,!ri!n+! o( *)ration0 it is to (alsi(y it. J!al *)ration +an only b! !6,!ri!n+!* by int)ition. "!r#son also ar#)!s that int!ll!+t an* int)ition ar! +a,abl! o( *i((!r!nt /in*s o( /nowl!*#!. 1+i!nti(i+ ,rin+i,l!s ar! int!ll!+t)al0 whil! m!ta,hysi+al ,rin+i,l!s ar! int)iti5!. ow!5!r0 s+i!n+! an* ,hiloso,hy +an b! +ombin!* to ,ro*)+! /nowl!*#! that is both int!ll!+t)al an* int)iti5!. 1)+h /nowl!*#! +an ()s! +ontra*i+tory ,!r+!,tions o( r!ality. ;nt)ition is a (orm o( /nowl!*#! that r!ality is +ontin)o)s an* in*i5isibl!0 an* that r!ality is always +han#in#. ;( this (orm o( /nowl!*#! is mor! wi*!ly )tiliz!*0 th!n ,hiloso,hy +an b! +om,l!m!ntary to s+i!n+! as both a ,ra+ti+al an* t!ntati5! mo*! o( inI)iry. ;( r!ality is always +han#in#0 th!n this 5ariability +ontra*i+ts th! th!ory that !5!ry !5!nt is +a)sally *!t!rmin!*0 an* that !5!ry !5!nt m)st n!+!ssarily ha,,!n th! way it *o!s ha,,!n. ;( r!ality is not a s)++!ssion o( stationary mom!nts0 th!n th!r! is an in*!t!rminat!n!ss an* )n+!rtainty in !5!nts whi+h ,ro*)+!s a (r!!*om o( +r!ati5! ,ossibility. @im! is not a m)lti,li+ity o( mom!nts0 nor is it an +on+!,t)al !t!rnity. "oth o( th!s! +on+!,ts o( tim! (ail to r!+o#niz! its mo5!m!nt an* 5ariability0 whi+h +annot b! ,ro,!rly )n*!rstoo* by r!,r!s!ntin# tim! as a s)++!ssion o( immobil! sta#!s o( s,!+i(i!* *)ration. 8)ration o( tim! is o( ,arti+)lar im,ortan+! in b!#innin# to #ras, th! !ss!n+! o( tim!. !nri "!r#son has ,!r(!+tly w!ll s!!n that tim! is not a >thin#?C an* in (a+t it is only a +ontin)o)s ,assin# o( t!m,orary !6ist!n+! +onstit)tin# a 5!ry ,arti+)lar sort o( I)antity. ;n or*!r to +om,r!h!n* "!r#son=s m!ta,hysi+s o( tim!0 th! +on+!,t o( r!ality m)st b! !6,lain!*. 8)ration0 (or "!r#son0 is r!ality its!l( tim! s)bsists within r!ality0 an* th!r!(or! will +ontin)! to tol!rat! alon# with r!ality0 +ons!I)!ntly im,lyin# th! ,!r+!,tion o( *)ration o( tim! as !I)i5al!nt to r!ality. For "!r#son0 *)ration is sim,l! tim!0 what h! +alls +on+r!t! an* #!n)in! tim!. 8)ration o( tim! is limit!* within th! limits o( s,a+!0 how!5!r it is im,ortant to r!+o#niz! that tim! is not *!,!n*ant ),on s,a+! (or s)r5i5al. Ass)min# that all s,a+! wo)l* sto, to !6ist at this 5!ry mom!nt0 tim! wo)l* +ontin)! to !la,s!0 this shows it is not *!,!n*ant on s,a+!. ;n th! sam! mann!r0 s,a+! ,r!s!ntly

!mbra+!s tim!C how!5!r it *o!s not r!ly on tim! to maintain it. ;( th!r! is a s)**!n la+/ o( tim!=s ,r!s!n+! within s,a+!0 s,a+! wo)l* still b! ,r!s!nt in its ()lln!ss. Knly wh!n tim! an* s,a+! (orm a r!lationshi, an* wor/ to#!th!r to s)stain !a+h oth!r0 *o th!y ha5! an !((!+t ),on th!ms!l5!s. As soon as th!r! is mo5!m!nt or +han#!0 th!r! is b!(or! an* a(t!r0 A)st as wh!n th!r! is s,a+! th!r! is l!n#th0 wi*th0 an* *!,th. @his +han#! o++)rs within s,a+!0 an* th! b!(or! an* a(t!r +onstit)t! what th! h)man min* /nows to b! tim!0 th)s !5i*!n+in# th! r!lationshi, b!tw!!n s,a+! an* tim!. @his r!lationshi, +l!arly shows how tim! an* s,a+! *!,!n* ),on !a+h oth!r to !ns)r! a ,ro,!r (low o( !5!nts0 b)t on! *o!s not n!+!ssarily n!!* th! oth!r to r!tain !6ist!n+!. "!r#son b!li!5!s that i( on! w!r! +on5in+!* o( th! r!ality o( +han#! an* i( on! ma*! an !((ort to #ras, it0 !5!rythin# wo)l* b!+om! sim,li(i!*0 an* ,hiloso,hi+al *i((i+)lti!s0 +onsi*!r!* im,ossibl!0 wo)l* (all away. @h! *il!mma with this li!s sim,ly in a+/nowl!*#in# th! a)th!nti+ity o( +han#!0 an* )n*!rstan*in# how +han#! a((!+ts r!ality its!l(. @h! b!(or! an* a(t!r ,has! o( tim! im,li!s that a +han#! wo)l* ha5! to ha5! o++)rr!* within that ,arti+)lar tim! s,an0 h!n+! r!n*!rin# +han#! to b! o( a ,arti+)lar im,ortan+! in allowin# tim! to ,ro+!!* within r!ality. Chan#!0 similar to tim! an* *)ration0 is not ,hysi+al0 an* th!r!(or!0 whil! it +an b! ,artially i*!nti(i!* with th! s!ns!s0 it +an not b! ,hysi+ally i*!nti(i!* totally0 whil! sol!ly r!lyin# on th! s!ns!s. ;n or*!r that +han#! +an b! i*!nti(i!*0 on! m)st r!aliz! an* !n#a#! in a s),!rnat)ral !l!5ation o( th! int!ll!+t. ")t not all +han#! is !ntir!ly *!,!n*ant ),on th! s),!rnat)ral !l!5ation o( th! int!ll!+t. For !6am,l!0 a +han#! in s,a+! is ,lainly !5i*!nt with th! )s! o( th! s!ns!s wh!n an obA!+t is mo5!* (rom on! ,oint to anoth!r. @his mo5!m!nt ill)strat!s th! )s! o( th! ,ro,ortion in obs!r5in# a 5ariation o( s,a+!0 +ons!I)!ntly ill)stratin# +han#!. "!r#son !a#!rly im,li!s that tim! an* s,a+! s!!, into !a+h oth!r in this mann!r0 an* wh!n s,!+i(i+ally r!+o#nizin# >+han#!? amon#st th! two0 th!y sim,ly +annot !6ist witho)t !a+h oth!r. At any ,arti+)lar mom!nt0 th! +ons+io)sn!ss o( th! min* will ,!r+!i5! a massi5! amo)nt o( (i6ations +ontain!* within r!ality. @h! l!n#th o( tim! s,!nt on !a+h in*i5i*)al (i6ation will s)r!ly 5ary *!,!n*in# on n)m!ro)s (a+tors0 s)+h as !n5ironm!nt0 ,r!,ar!*n!ss0 awar!n!ss0 amon# many oth!rs. @h! ,r!s!nt is (or!5!r )n(or!s!!abl! an* n!w0 tho)#h or#aniz!* with th! ,ast an* so animat!* by a +ommon li(! that th! whol! so)l may !6,r!ss its!l( in on! stat!. @his +ontin)ity o( +han#! is what "!r#son +alls *)ration. L,on m!*itation on this tho)#ht0 th! I)!stion o( >Can tim! b! m!as)r!*H? will )n*o)bt!*ly aris!. For "!r#son0 th!r! is no *!(initi5! answ!r to this I)!stion. Kn on! han*0 *)ration o( tim! +an b! m!as)r!* inso(ar as s,!a/in# o( th! m!as)r!m!nt o( th! amo)nt o( tim! s,!nt !n#a#!* in a ,arti+)lar a+t or obs!r5in# a ,arti+)lar !5!nt ta/in# ,la+!. ow!5!r0 tim! in an* o( its!l( +an not b! m!as)r!*0 as it is not +l!arly obs!r5abl! by th! s!ns!s. For th! h)man min*0 it a,,!ars as tho)#h tim! b!ats r!ality0 altho)#h tim! is +ontain!* within r!ality A)st as s,a+! is both +ontain!*

within tim! an* r!ality. @ho)#h0 it is im,ortant to /!!, in min* that tim! is (init!0 m!anin# it *i* ha5! a b!#innin#0 an* will ha5! an !n*. "!+a)s! o( th! (init! nat)r! o( tim!0 r!ason alon! wo)l* im,ly that a m!as)r!m!nt sho)l* b! attainabl!0 b)t *)! to th! 5!il o( myst!ry s)rro)n*in# its *)ration0 no a++)rat! m!as)r!m!nt +an b! a+hi!5!*. "!r#son #i5!s (i5! maAor in(l)!n+!s whi+h *raw on!9s att!ntion to s)r(a+! a+ti5iti!s an* th!r!by *isint!#rat! th! ,!rsonality. @h! (irst is th! soli*i(yin# in(l)!n+! o( !6t!rnal obA!+ts0 th! s!+on* o( lan#)a#!0 th! thir* o( analysis0 th! (o)rth o( *!s+ri,tion. ;n th! (i(th +as!0 th! n!!*s o( so+ial li(! ar! satis(i!* by br!a/in# thin#s ), into *is+r!t! m)lti,li+iti!s. !n+! th!r! ar! (inally two *i((!r!nt s!l5!s0 on! o( whi+h is0 as it w!r!0 th! !6t!rnal ,roA!+tion o( th! oth!r0 it=s s,atial an*0 so to s,!a/0 so+ial r!,r!s!ntation. 2! r!a+h th! (orm!r by *!!, intros,!+tion0 whi+h l!a*s )s to #ras, o)r inn!r stat!s as li5in# thin#s0 +onstantly b!+omin#0 as stat!s not a#r!!abl! to m!as)r!0 whi+h ,!rm!at! on! anoth!r an* o( whi+h th! s)++!ssion in *)ration has nothin# in +ommon with A)6ta,osition in homo#!n!o)s s,a+!. ")t th! mom!nts at whi+h w! th)s #ras, o)rs!l5!s ar! rar!0 an* that is A)st why w! ar! rar!ly (r!!. @h! #r!at!r ,art o( th! tim! w! li5! o)tsi*! o)rs!l5!s0 har*ly ,!r+!i5in# anythin# o( o)rs!l5!s b)t o)r own #host0 a +olo)rl!ss sha*ow whi+h ,)r! *)ration ,roA!+ts into homo#!n!o)s s,a+!. Jos!,h *! Finan+! obs!r5!s that lib!rty to*ay0 Fa la s)it! *! "!r#son0F is attrib)t!* to th! whol! ,!rson rath!r than sim,ly to th! (a+)lty o( th! will. 3o+/! also ,r!(!rr!* to ,r!*i+at! lib!rty o( th! man rath!r than o( a ,ow!r0 b)t his *istin+tion was bas!* on ,robl!ms in5ol5!* in his +on+!,tion o( ,ow!rs an* also on anoth!r *istin+tion b!tw!!n th! s!l( an* bo*y whi+h h! a++!,t!* (rom 8!s+art!s. "!r#son9s !m,hasis0 on th! oth!r han*0 has a hi#hly moral ton!. @o a+hi!5! (r!!*om r!I)ir!s a #oo* *!al o( !((ort0 sin+! (r!!*om is not som! birthri#ht o( !a+h man9s that h! +an lay +laim to wh!n!5!r h! a+ts. Man +an b! (r!!0 tr)!C b)t !6t!rnal0 mat!rial (or+!s ar! +onstantly wor/in# to limit an* !5!n to +om,l!t!ly sti(l! his (r!!*om. Fr!!*om is not synonymo)s with +han#! o( +hara+t!r. For o)r +hara+t!r +han#!s a littl! !5!ry *ay an* o)r (r!!*om wo)l* s)((!r i( thos! n!w a+I)isitions w!r! atta+h!* on to o)r s!l( an* not bl!n*!* with it. ")t0 as soon as this bl!n*in# ta/!s ,la+!0 it m)st b! a*mitt!* that th! +han#! whi+h has s),!r5!n!* in o)r +hara+t!r b!lon#s to )s0 that w! ha5! a,,ro,riat!* it. ;n a wor*0 i( it is a#r!!* to +all !5!ry a+t (r!! whi+h s,rin#s (rom th! s!l( an* (rom th! s!l( alon!0 th! a+t whi+h b!ars th! mar/ o( o)r ,!rsonality is tr)ly (r!!0 (or o)r s!l( alon! will lay +laim to its ,at!rnity. ;t wo)l* th)s b! r!+o#niz!* that (r!! will is a (a+t0 i( it w!r! a#r!!* to loo/ (or it in a +!rtain +hara+t!risti+ o( th! *!+ision whi+h is ta/!n0 in th! (r!! a+t its!l(. Fr!!*om is innat! to th! a+t its!l(. @his +an b! r!+o#niz!* by anyon! who ta/!s th! !((ort to !6,!ri!n+! itC that is0 by anyon! who ta/!s th! tro)bl! to a+t (r!!ly0

as a r!al ,!rson. @his is th! ,rim! !6,!ri!n+! ),on whi+h m!ta,hysi+s is to b! b)ilt0 an* th)s th!r! is a moral +hara+t!r whi+h *istin#)ish!s th! labor o( th! m!ta,hysi+ian (rom that o( th! s+i!ntist. @his *!,!n*!n+! o( th! moral li(! on m!ta,hysi+s st!ms (rom th! (a+t that to r!+o5!r his (r!!*om man m)st t)rn (rom !6t!rnal a+ti5ity an* ,l)n#! hims!l( into th! +r!ati5! *!,ths o( r!ality. ;t is th! whol! so)l0 in (a+t0 whi+h #i5!s ris! to th! (r!! *!+ision: an* th! a+t will b! so m)+h th! (r!!r th! mor! th! *ynami+ s!ri!s with whi+h it is +onn!+t!* t!n*s to b! th! ()n*am!ntal s!l(. Fr!!*om is th! r!lation o( th! +on+r!t! s!l( to th! a+t whi+h it ,!r(orms. @his r!lation is in*!(inabl!0 A)st b!+a)s! w! ar! (r!!. For w! +an analyz! a thin#0 b)t not a ,ro+!ssC w! +an br!a/ ), !6t!nsity0 b)t not *)ration. "!+a)s! wor*s +annot ,ro,!rly !6,r!ss th! r!ality0 "!r#son tri!s to l!a* )s to !6,!ri!n+! th! r!ality *ir!+tly0 imm!*iat!ly. 1om! +omm!ntators rais! I)it! a ()ss abo)t "!r#son9s r!mar/ that Fth! ,ro+!ss o( o)r (r!! a+ti5ity #o!s on0 as it w!r!0 )n/nown to o)rs!l5!s.F 8i((i+)lt as this stat!m!nt may b!0 it sim,ly is not ,ossibl!0 in li#ht o( "!r#son9s oth!r stat!m!nts abo)t (r!!*om9s b!in# rar!ly a+hi!5!*0 to int!r,r!t it as m!anin# that o)r (r!! a+ts ar! )n+ons+io)s. 2hat h! s!!ms to r!(!r to as )n+ons+io)s is th! ,ro+!ss (rom whi+h o)r (r!! a+ti5ity s,rin# o)t. "!r#son is sayin# that a sin#l! a+t is in *an#!r o( b!in# isolat!* an* th!r!(or! s,atializ!*. 2hat w! ha5! to *o to #!t at (r!!*om is !6amin! *)ration0 whi+h is its li(! so)r+!. !nri "!r#son0 in his F@im! an* Fr!! 2ill0F ar#)!* that tim! in th! min* $h! +all!* it dure or *)ration' was *i((!r!nt (rom ,hysi+al tim!. ;n ,arti+)lar0 b!+a)s! min*s w!r! !5ol5in# li5in# thin#s with m!mori!s o( all th!ir ,ast !6,!ri!n+!0 th!y +o)l* not b! tr!at!* as +oll!+tions o( m!+hani+al atoms with no s)+h m!mori!s0 so min*s w!r! not s)bA!+t to *!t!rministi+ laws.

INTUITION:
!nri "!r#son in his boo/ .T/E CRE0TI"E MIN&12 an intro*)+tion to M!ta,hysi+s0 has !6,lain!* how int)ition +an b! )s!* as a ,hiloso,hi+al m!tho* 3 ;nt)ition +an b! *!(in!* as: Intuition is a method of feeling ones way intellectually into the inner heart of a thing, in order to locate what is unique and inexpressible in it. If there is a way of grasping a reality in absolute rather than taking up positions on it, of seizing hold of it without any translation or symbolism, then that way is metaphysics itself. <BJ; "<J71KB

;nt)ition th!r!(or! is a sort o( !6,!ri!n+!0 an* )n*!niably "!r#son hims!l( +alls his tho)#ht .t%e true e$4irici#$1 $@h! Cr!ati5! Min*0 ,. 175'. 2hat sort o( !6,!ri!n+!H ;n th! o,!nin# ,a#!s o( .Introduction to Meta4%)#ic#21 h! +alls int)ition sym,athy $@h! Cr!ati5! Min*0 ,. 159'. n absolute can only be gi!en in an intuition, while all the rest has to do with analysis. "e call intuition here the sympathy by which one is transported into the interior of an ob#ect in order to coincide with what there is unique and consequently inexpressible in it. nalysis, on the contrary, is the operation which reduces the ob#ect to elements already known31 <BJ; "<J71KB ! )s!s th! !6am,l! o( an artist $2---2' who ma/!s a s!ri!s o( s/!t+h!s o( Botr! 8am! in Paris. $ow at the bottom of all the sketches made in %aris, the stranger will probably write &%aris by way of reminder. nd as he has really seen %aris, he will be able, by descending from the original intuition of the whole, to place his sketches in it and thus arrange them in relation to one another. 'ut there is no way of performing the opposite operation( e!en with an infinity of sketches as exact as you like, e!en with the word &%aris to indicate that they must bear close connection, it is impossible to tra!el back to an intuition one has not had, and gain the impression of %aris if one has ne!er seen %aris )*+,-.

IS MET0P5/SICS POSSIB6E7
is main anta#onist in ,ro5i*in# a th!ory o( int)ition is ;mman)!l Mant who h!l* that absol)t! /nowl!*#!0 an* +ons!I)!ntly m!ta,hysi+s0 is im,ossibl!. A++or*in# to Mant0 th! /in* o( /nowl!*#! m!ta,hysi+s in5ol5!s *!,!n*s on th! +a,ability to ,!r+!i5! th! trans+!n*!nt. ;t r!I)ir!s an ability to #rab th! +or! o( a thin#. As "!r#son not!s0 nd precisely because he disputed the existence of these transcendent faculties, .ant belie!ed metaphysics to be impossible. /ne of the most profound and important ideas in the 0ritique of %ure 1eason are this2 if metaphysics is possible, it is through a !ision and not through a dialectic. 3ialectics leads to contrary philosophies( it demonstrates the thesis as well as the antithesis of antinomies. /nly a superior intuition )which .ant calls an &intellectual intuition-, that is, a perception of metaphysical reality, would enable metaphysics to be constituted )4he 0reati!e 5ind ,67-. @h! >*ial!+ti+? "!r#son r!(!rs to is th! or*inary ,ro+!ss o( h)man /nowin#0 what AI)inas +alls >*is+)rsion?: 4he human, intellects obtain their perfection in the knowledge of truth by a kind of mo!ement and discursi!e intellectual operation( that is to say, as they ad!ance from one known thing to another. 'ut, if from the knowledge of a known principle they were straightway to percei!e as known all its consequent conclusions, then there would be no discursi!e process at all )I.89.:-.

@a/!0 (or !6am,l!0 th! m)# in (ront o( m!0 it hol*s a st!amin# +), o( hot +o((!!. ; +an s!! som! ,arts o( th! m)#0 b)t ; +an=t s!! th! m)# in on! ,)r! 5ision. 1o now ; li(t th! m)#0 s!!s its ,ro,!rti!s in or*!r to #o thro)#h to what th! m)# is. ; s!! its ,ro,!rti!s an* ; ,i!+! to#!th!r th! i*!a o( th! m)# in (ront o( m!. @his is *is+)rsion0 whi+h is +om,ar!* with ,)r! /nowl!*#! in whi+h all thin#s that +an b! /nown abo)t an obA!+t ar! #rabb!* at on+! $th! /nowl!*#! AI)inas +laims th! an#!ls an* 7o* ha5!'. @his is th! /nowl!*#! Mant h!l* to b! im,ossibl!. ;nt)ition a++or*in# to "!r#son is a m!tho*0 a m!tho* o( ta/in# away th! min* o( th! )tilitarian habits it has a+I)ir!*0 that r!*)+! an obA!+t only to its imm!*iat! )s!()ln!ss. "ri!(ly0 "!r#son *i((!r!ntiat!s b!tw!!n s,a+! an* tim!. @im! +ontains no +ombination o( !5!nts0 b)t is rath!r *)ration. ;n tim!0 th!r! is +ontin)ity an* int!r,!n!tration as o,,os!* to s,a+! $in whi+h !6ists I)antitati5! h!t!ro#!n!ity wh!r!by w! +an assi#n a n)mb!r'. N)alitati5! m)lti,li+ity0 that is *)ration0 is in!6,r!ssibl! b)t is not )n/nowabl!0 an* it is th! /nowl!*#! o( *)ration whi+h "!r#son +alls int)ition. ;nt)ition is th! ,!r+!,tion0 th! 5ision0 o( *)ration. @h! r!ason int)ition is also a m!tho* is that it r!I)ir!s th! +astin# o(( o( th! habits o( th! min* whi+h t)rn th! *)ration into s,a+!. "!r#son )s!s th! !6am,l! o( a m!lo*y. 2h!n w! h!ar a m!lo*y0 w! h!ar th! whol!0 not a s!ri!s o( not!s A)6ta,os!* a#ainst on! anoth!r. 2h!n w! analyze th! m!lo*y0 w! may in*!!* br!a/ it into a n)mb!r o( not!s0 b)t w! ar! th!n analyzin# th! not!s0 not th! m!lo*y. @h! m!lo*y0 to b! /nown0 m)st b! #ras,!* as a whol!. ;n oth!r wor*s0 it m)st b! int)it!*. ;t is thro)#h int)ition that w! r!ally experience th! worl*: In this regard, the philosophers sole aim should be to start up a certain effort which the utilitarian habits of mind of e!eryday life tend, in most men, to discourage. $ow the image has at least the ad!antage of keeping us in the concrete. $o image will replace the intuition of duration, but many different images, taken from quite different orders of things, will be able, through the con!ergence of their action, to direct the consciousness to the precise point where there is a certain intuition to seize on. 'y choosing images as dissimilar as possible, any one of them will be pre!ented from usurping the place of the intuition it is instructed to call forth, since it would then be dri!en out immediately by its ri!als. 'y seeing that in spite of their differences in aspect they all demand of our mind the same kind of attention and, as it were, the same degree of tension, one will gradually accustom the consciousness to a particular and definitely determined disposition, precisely the one it will ha!e to adopt in order to appear un!eiled to itself ),;8-.

CONC6USION:
@h)s0 th! m!tho* o( int)ition is at !ss!n+! th! tas/ o( m!ta,hysi+s. M!ta,hysi+s is not a +ombination o( /nowl!*#!0 a sort o( ,i!+in# to#!th!r o( th! not!s to (orm a m!lo*y0 nor is it analysis0 th! br!a/in# *own o( a m!lo*y into its +om,on!nt

not!s. M!ta,hysi+s is th! experience of the melody. @h)s +on+l)*!s "!r#son in his >;ntro*)+tion to M!ta,hysi+s?: 5etaphysics has nothing in common with a generalization of experience, and yet it could e defined as the whole of experience )lexperience integrale-.

CRITICISM:
!nry "!r#son was an int)itionist. is wor/ r!+!i5!* I)it! a (!w +riti+isms *)! to som! o( th! i*!as h! ,r!s!nt!*. "!r#son mainly ,r!s!nt!* th! thr!! i*!as in th! +o)rs! o( his wor/: 1. 8)ration 2. ;nt)itionism 3. Olan Eital

&UR0TION:
8)ration is a th!ory o( tim! an* +ons+io)sn!ss. "!r#son b!li!5!* that tim! !l)*!* math!mati+s an* s+i!n+!. @h! min)t! w! b!#in to m!as)r! a mom!nt0 it is #on!. For !6am,l!: Po) m!as)r! som!thin# that is stationary or immobil!. Po) +annot m!as)r! tim! b!+a)s! it is both mobil! an* in+om,l!t!. For ,!o,l! it +an !ith!r s,!!* ), or slow *own. "!r#son b!li!5!s that *)ration +annot b! +om,l!t!ly shown. ;t +an only b! #ras,!* thro)#h int)ition.

INTUITION:
Henry Bergson believed and he wrote in his book The Creative Mind: A Brief ;ntro*)+tion to M!ta,hysi+s? an* *istin#)ish!* b!tw!!n th! two (orms o( tim!: ,)r! tim! an* m!+hani+al tim!. P)r! tim! is r!al *)ration. Math!mati+al tim! is *i5isibl! in to )nits or int!r5als whi+h *o not r!(l!+t th! (low o( r!al tim!. A++or*in# to "!r#son0 r!al tim! +annot b! analyz!* math!mati+ally. @o m!as)r! tim! is to try to +r!at! a br!a/ or *isr),tions in tim!. ;n or*!r to )n*!rstan* th! (low o( tim!0 th! int!ll!+t (orms +on+!,ts o( tim! as +onsistin# o( *!(in!* mom!nts or int!r5als whil! r!al *)ration +an only b! !6,r!ss!* by int)ition. ! (!!ls that int)ition is an intimat! !6,!ri!n+! that +annot b! !6,r!ss!* or symboliz!*. ")t th! +riti+s ar#)! that what +annot b! !6,r!ss!* is not /nowl!*#!0 th!r! is no tho)#ht that +annot b! !6,r!ss!* or symboliz!*. @wo ima#!s !nri "!r#son #a5! in his !ssay An Introduction to Metaphysics may ai* )s in +om,r!h!n*in# th! i*!as o( int)ition0 analys!s0 th! absol)t! an* th! r!lati5!. @h! (irst ima#! is a +ity r!+onstr)+t!* with A)6ta,os!* ,hoto#ra,hs ta/!n (rom !5!ry 5i!w,oint an* an#l!. @h! r!+onstr)+tion +an n!5!r #i5! )s th! *im!nsional 5al)! o( wal/in# thro)#h th! a+t)al +ity. @his +an only !5!r b! #ras,!* thro)#h a sim,l! int)ition. @h! sam! #o!s (or th! !6,!ri!n+! o( r!a*in# a sin#l! lin! o( om!r. ;( yo) wish to !6,lain this !6,!ri!n+! to som!on! who +annot s,!a/ an+i!nt 7r!!/0 yo) may translat! th! lin! an* lay +omm!ntary ),on +omm!ntary0 b)t this +omm!ntary shall n!5!r #ras, th! *im!nsional 5al)! o( !6,!ri!n+in# th!

,o!m in its ori#inal lan#)a#!. ! b!li!5!* int)ition to b! an !6,!ri!n+! o( sorts. ! says it is !m,iri+alC it=s a s!nsory !6,!ri!n+!. ;nt)ition b!#ins with ,la+in# on!s!l( within th! *)ration.

860N "IT06:
Olan 5ital m!ans li(! (or+!. ;t is an i*!a #i5!n with th! #oal to !6,lain !5ol)tion. ;t is a hy,oth!ti+al !6,lanation (or !5ol)tion an* *!5!lo,m!nt o( or#anisms0 whi+h "!r#son lin/!* +los!ly with +ons+io)sn!ss. ;t was b!li!5!* by oth!rs that this !ss!n+! $ lan vital' +o)l* b! har5!st!* an* !mb!**!* into an inanimat! s)bstan+! an* a+ti5at!* with !l!+tri+ity0 ,!rha,s ta/in# lit!rally anoth!r o( "!r#son9s m!ta,hori+al *!s+ri,tions0 th! F+)rr!nt o( li(!F. @h! "ritish biolo#ist J)lian )6l!y r!mar/!* that "!r#son=s lan vital is no b!tt!r an !6,lanation o( li(! than is !6,lainin# th! o,!ration o( a railway !n#in! by its lan locomotif $Flo+omoti5! *ri5in# (or+!F'. "!r#son ,ortrays Olan 5ital as a /in* o( 5ital im,!t)s whi+h !6,lains !5ol)tion in a l!ss m!+hani+al an* mor! li5!ly mann!r0 as w!ll as a++o)ntin# (or th! +r!ati5! im,)ls! o( man/in*. "!rtran* J)ss!l an* 2itt#!nst!in saw his +on+!,t o( 4lan 5ital as a ,roA!+tion o( s)bA!+ti5ity in th! worl*. Kn! o( th! most o)ts,o/!n +riti+s o( "!r#son0 "!rtran* J)ss!ll a+/nowl!*#!* th! lit!rary s/ills o( !nry "!r#son b)t h! (o)n* his ar#)m!nts w!a/ an* m!r!ly !motional s,!+)lation. J)ss!ll an* 1antyana sai* that "!r#son ,roA!+t!* (als! +laims into th! as,iration o( s+i!nti(i+ m!tho*. J)ss!ll also !6,r!ss!* *o)bt on "!r#son=s )n*!rstan*in# o( n)mb!rs an* tho)#hts his i*!as w!r! +on()s!*. !nry "!r#son is also sai* to b! in+onsist!nt in his th!ori!s an* i*!as. ! +annot ,ro5i*! mor! than A)st r!asonin# an* h! *o!s not hol* s+i!ntists or s+i!n+! in #r!at !st!!m b)t h! b!li!5!s s+i!ntists ha5! a hi#h!r l!5!l o( int)ition. "!r#son has also b!!n +riti+iz!* (or his lan#)a#!0 (or )sin# h!a5y wor*s an* m!ta,hors. ;t is also sai* that "!r#son *o!s not o((!r ,roo( or lo#i+al ,ro+!*)r! to 5!ri(y his +laims an* th!ori!s. ! *!ni!s th! ability o( int!ll!+t alon! to +o,! with a+hi!5in# /nowl!*#!. ! b!li!5!s that int!ll!+t ma/!s )s los! o)r warmth0 (r!!*om an* +r!ati5ity an* t)rns )s into *)ll an* in!rt b!in#s. ! is also +onsi*!r!* by som! to b! mor! o( a ,o!t or a lit!rary man than a ,hiloso,h!r.

M0IN CRITICS O- /ENR5 BERGSON:

Many writ!rs o( th! !arly 2-th +!nt)ry +riti+iz!* "!r#son9s int)itionism0 in*!t!rminism0 ,sy+holo#ism an* int!r,r!tation o( th! s+i!nti(i+ im,)ls!. @hos! who !6,li+itly +riti+iz!* "!r#son0 !ith!r in ,)blish!* arti+l!s or in l!tt!rs0 in+l)*!* "!rtran* J)ss!ll0 7!or#! 1antayana0 7. <. Moor!0 3)*wi# 2itt#!nst!in0 Martin !i*!##!r0 J)li!n "!n*a0 @. 1. <liot0 2yn*ham 3!wis0 Pa)l Eal4ry0 An*r4 7i*!0 J!an Pia#!t0 Mar6ist ,hiloso,h!rs @h!o*or 2. A*orno0 3)+io

Coll!tti0 J!an-Pa)l 1artr!0 an* 7!or#!s Politz!r0 as w!ll as Ma)ri+! "lan+hot0 Am!ri+an ,hiloso,h!rs s)+h as ;r5in# "abbitt0 Arth)r 3o5!Aoy0 Josiah Joy+!0 @h! B!w J!alists $Jal,h ". P!rry0 <. ". olt0 an* 2illiam P!,,!r!ll Monta#)!'0 @h! Criti+al J!alists $8)rant 8ra/!0 Joy 2. 1!llars0 C. A. 1tron#0 an* A. M. Jo#!rs'0 8ani!l- !nry Mahnw!il!r0 Jo#!r Fry $J)lian )6l!y $in Evolution: he Modern !ynthesis' an* Eir#inia 2ool(. @h! Eati+an a++)s!* "!r#son o( ,anth!ism0 whil! (r!!-thin/!rs $who (orm!* a lar#! ,art o( th! t!a+h!rs an* ,ro(!ssors o( th! Fr!n+h @hir* J!,)bli+' a++)s!* him o( s,irit)alism. 1till oth!rs ha5! +hara+t!riz!* his ,hiloso,hy as a mat!rialist !m!r#!ntism. Charl!s 1an*!rs P!ir+! too/ stron# !6+!,tion to thos! who asso+iat!* him with "!r#son. ;n r!s,ons! to a l!tt!r +om,arin# his wor/ with that o( "!r#son h! wrot!0 >a man who s!!/s to ()rth!r s+i!n+! +an har*ly +ommit a #r!at!r sin than to )s! th! t!rms o( his s+i!n+! witho)t an6io)s +ar! to )s! th!m with stri+t a++)ra+yC it is not 5!ry #rati(yin# to my (!!lin#s to b! +lass!* alon# with a "!r#son who s!!ms to b! *oin# his )tmost to m)**l! all *istin+tions.? 2illiam Jam!s=s st)*!nts r!sist!* th! assimilation o( his wor/ to that o( "!r#son. As J!an 2ahl *!s+rib!* th! >)ltimat! *isa#r!!m!nt? b!tw!!n Jam!s an* "!r#son in his !ystem of Metaphysics: >(or Jam!s0 th! +onsi*!ration o( a+tion is n!+!ssary (or th! *!(inition o( tr)th0 a++or*in# to "!r#son0 a+tion...m)st b! /!,t (rom o)r min* i( w! want to s!! th! tr)th?

IN-6UENCE O- /ENR5 BERGSON:

"!r#son was !6tr!m!ly ,o,)lar *)rin# his li(!tim!0 not only with ,hiloso,h!rs b)t also with artists0 th!olo#ians0 so+ial th!orists0 an* !5!n th! #!n!ral ,)bli+. For this r!ason0 "!r#son a+I)ir!* *is+i,l!s o( many ty,!s0 an* in Fran+!0 mo5!m!nts s)+h as B!o-Catholi+ism0 Mo*!rnism0 an* Mar6ism tri!* to absorb an* a,,ro,riat! his +!ntral i*!as in th!ir own ways an* (or th!ir own ,)r,os!s. Mar6ism0 (or !6am,l!0 s)##!st!* that th! r!alism o( Marl Mar6 an* Pi!rr!-Jos!,h Pro)*hon is hostil! to all (orms o( int!ll!+t)alismC th!r!(or!0 s),,ort!rs o( Mar6ist so+ialism sho)l* w!l+om! a ,hiloso,hy s)+h as "!r#son=s. Mor!o5!r0 many r!li#io)s thin/!rs as w!ll0 ,arti+)larly th! mor! lib!ral-min*!* th!olo#ians0 show!* a /!!n int!r!st in his writin#s0 an* many o( th!m so)#ht !n+o)ra#!m!nt an* stim)l)s in his wor/. Finally0 artists too w!r! #r!atly ins,ir!* by his wor/. Many o( th! i*!as o( Mar+!l Pro)st0 (or !6am,l!0 ar! +onsi*!r!* to ha5! b!!n hi#hly in(l)!n+!* by "!r#son. 8!l!)z!=s writin#s ha5! also b!!n sai* to b! ins,ir!* by !nry "!r#son.