ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BA501

PARTIAL FRACTION

CHAP 4 Partial Fractions Type of fraction Proper Fractions Numerator < Denominator Proper fractions have the nominator part smaller than the denominator part, for example , or .

Improper Fractions Numerator > Denominator or Numerator = Denominator Improper fractions have the nominator part greater or e ual to the denominator part, for example or .

Definition of partial fraction Partial fractions use to split a ratio of large polynomials into a sum of ratios of
small polynomials. Split two or more fractions from a single fraction.
5 x +1 ( x +1)( x 1)

exmp :

2 3 + x + 1 x 1

Types of partial fraction Proper fraction !it" linear factors

Partial fraction with linear factors is the fraction that has the denominator consists of distinct linear factors ( ax + ! (in other words do not have any s"uare or cu e terms etc!.
?? A = (ax + b) ax + b

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#xample: $ : %ind the partial fractions of : Step:

$. #nsure t"at t"e $egree of t"e numerator is at least % less t"an t"e
5 x +1 ( x +1)( x 1)

$egree of t"e $enominator& '& Determine t"e factor of fraction

&ondition : i. power of x is $ ii. power of rac'ets is $

(& Apart t"e fraction )y num)er of factor *t"e numerator is constant+
5 x +1 ( x +1)( x 1)

A B + x + 1 x 1

4& Cross multiplication )et!een partial fraction

5 x +1 ( x +1)( x 1)

A( x 1) + B ( x + 1) ( x +1) ( x 1)

5 x +1 = A( x 1) + B ( x +1)

(((((((((((((((( e"uation $

,& -se su)stitution met"o$ *.ae$a" penggantian / anggar nilai 0+ select t"e linear factor to )e e ual to 1ero
(

t"e uestion "a2e t!o factors ( x +1) an$ ( x 1)

x = 1

i& if ( x +1) = 0
a! )alue of constant * can e find ecause part of * don+t has ( x +1) ! Su stitute x = 1 in e"uation $
5(1) +1 = A(1 1) + B ( 1 +1) 4 = A(2) + B (0)

(((((( 3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0

4 =A 2

A=2

ii& if ( x 1) = 0
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x =1

a! )alue of constant , can e find ecause part of , don+t has ( x 1) ! Su stitute x =1 in e"uation $
5(1) +1 = A(1 1) + B (1 +1) 6 = A(0) + B (2)

(((((( 3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0

6 =B 2

B =3

4& 5eplace t"e constant 2alue in fraction

5 x +1 ( x +1)( x 1)

2 3 + x +1 x 1

%ind the partial fractions of fraction elow

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i!

x ( x +1)( x + 2)

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- : #xpress ( x 1)(2 x +1)( x + 2) in partial fractions

2x

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. : &onvert the fractions elow into partial fraction. i!

x 1 x + 3x + 2
2

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ii!

2 x 2 5x + 6 x( x 2)( x 3)

#xercise $ : #xpress the fractions elow into partial fractions: i!

8 x 14 ( x 1)( x + 2)( x 3) 2 3x

ans ans

= ( x 1) ( x + 2) + ( x 3) = ( 2 + x) ( 2 x)
2 1

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ii! (2 + x)(2 x)

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BA501

PARTIAL FRACTION

Proper fraction !it" repeate$ linear factors

Partial fraction with repeated linear factors is the fraction that has the denominator consists of repeated distinct linear factors ( ax + one time.
??? A B ... + + ..... n = 2 ( ax + b) (ax + b) (ax + b) (ax + b) n

! more than

#xample: #xpress the fractions x( x 1) 2 into partial fractions

2 x +1

Step:
$. #nsure t"at t"e $egree of t"e numerator is at least % less t"an t"e

$egree of t"e $enominator& '& Determine t"e factor of fraction

&ondition : i. power of x is $ ii. power of rac'ets is more than $

(& Apart t"e fraction )y num)er of factor *t"e numerator is constant+
2 x +1 x( x 1) 2 A B C + + x x 1 ( x 1) 2

4& Cross multiplication )et!een partial fraction

2 x +1 x( x 1) 2

A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx x ( x 1) 2

/he factor

x( x 1) 2 = x( x 1)( x 1)

2 x + 1 = A( x 1) 2 + Bx( x 1) + Cx

(((((((((((((((( e"uation $

,& -se su)stitution met"o$ *.ae$a" penggantian / anggar nilai 0+ select t"e linear factor to )e e ual to 1ero
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t"e uestion "a2e t!o factors x an$ ( x 1) if x = 0

a! )alue of constant * can e find ecause part of * don+t has ! Su stitute x = 0 in e"uation $
2(0) + 1 = A(0 1) 2 + B0(0 1) + C 0 (((3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0

i&

1 = A(1)

1 =A 1

A =1

ii& if ( x 1) = 0
x =1

a! )alue of constant & can e find ecause part of & don+t has ( x 1) ! Su stitute x =1 in e"uation $
2(1) +1 = A(1 1) 2 + B (1)(1 1) + C (1) ((3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0

3 = A(0) + B (1)(0) + C (1)

3 =C 1

C =3

4& For repeate$ linear factor6 use comparing coefficient * sama.an pe.ali+ #0pan$ e uation %
2 x + 1 = A( x 2 2 x + 1) + B ( x 2 x) + Cx

Constant 7 * "as
0 = A+ B 0 =1+ B

x 2 and x !

C"oose x 2 (Ta.e only coefficient t"at "a2e x 2 !

1 = B

8& 5eplace t"e constant 2alue in fraction

2 x +1 x ( x 1) 2

1 1 3 + x x 1 ( x 1) 2

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0uestion: 1 : #xpress the fractions elow into partial fractions i!

x +1 x ( x 1) 3

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ii!

2x 2 3 ( x 1) 3 ( x +1)

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iii!

3 x ( x 2) 2

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iv!

4x 3 x 3 ( x +1)

#xercise - : #xpress the fractions elow into partial fractions: i!

( x + 3) 2 ( x 3) 2 ( x + 5)
2

ans = 16( x 3) + 2( x 3) 2 + 16( x + 5) ans = 2( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 + 2( x + 1)

1 1 1

15

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ii! ( x 1) 2 ( x +1)

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PARTIAL FRACTION

Proper fraction !it" ua$ratic factors

/his method is for when there is a s"uare term ("uadratic factor! in one of the factors of the denominator. the "uadratic factors ax 2 + bx + c which does not factori2e.
??? Ax + B = 2 (ax + bx + c) ax + bx + c
2

99e2ery

ua$ratic factors t"at can factori1e6 s"oul$ )e sol2e in ot"er factors&

3x 2 4 #xample : Solve the fraction . x( x 2 +1)

Step:
$. #nsure t"at t"e $egree of t"e numerator is at least % less t"an t"e

$egree of t"e $enominator& '& Determine t"e factor of fraction

&ondition : i. power of x is (& Apart t"e fraction )y num)er of factor *t"e numerator is constant+
3x 2 4 x( x 2 +1)

A Bx + C + 2 x x +1

4& Cross multiplication )et!een partial fraction

3x 2 4 x( x 2 +1)

A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x x ( x 2 + 1)

3 x 2 4 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx + C ) x

(((((((((((((((( e"uation $

,& -se su)stitution met"o$ *.ae$a" penggantian / anggar nilai 0+

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select t"e linear factor to )e e ual to 1ero

(

t"e uestion "as one factors x if x = 0

a! )alue of constant * can e find ecause part of * don+t has ! Su stitute x = 0 in e"uation $
3(0) 2 4 = A(0 2 + 1) + ( B 0 + C )0 (((3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0

i&

4 = A(1)

4 =A 1

A = 4

4& For ua$ratic factor6 use comparing coefficient * sama.an pe.ali+ #0pan$ e uation %
3x 2 4 = A( x 2 + 1) + ( Bx 2 + Cx)

Constant 7 * "as x 2 ! C"oose x 2 (Ta.e only coefficient t"at "a2e x 2 !

3= A+ B 3 = 4 + B 7=B

Constant C * "as x ! C"oose x (Ta.e only coefficient t"at "a2e x !

0 =C

8& 5eplace t"e constant 2alue in fraction

3x 2 4 x ( x 2 + 1)

4 7x + 2 x x +1

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0uestion: 3: Solve the fraction elow.

x3 2 x 4 1

i!

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ii!

1 x ( x + 4)
2

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iii!

4 x 1 x ( x 2 4)
2

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#xercise . : &onvert the fractions elow into partial fraction

i)
x2 x4 + x2 2

ans =

1 1 2 + 2 6( x 1) 6( x + 1) 3 x + 2

2 x 2 + 3x ii) ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 2)

+ ans = ( x + 1) + ( x + 1) 2 ( x 2 2)

Improper fraction Polynomial power4degree for numerator is same or more than power for denominator.
Numerator Deno min ator

Improper fraction must convert to proper fraction using long division

quotient Deno min ator Numerator (quotient Deno minator ) balance

= quotient +

balance Deno min ator

#xample 5 : Solve the fraction elow :

2x3 + 3 i! 3 x 1

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ii!

4 x 3 3x + 2 (2 x 1)( x + 2)

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PARTIAL FRACTION

iii)

x 4 + 2x3 2x 2 + 4x 1 x 2 + 2x 3

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iv)

x3 +3 ( x 1)( x + 2)

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#xercise 1 : Solve the fraction elow as the partial fraction i!

2x 2 (2 x 1)( x 3)

ans = 1 5( 2 x 1) + 5( x 3) ans = 1 2( x 1) + ( x 1) 2 + 2( x + 1)
3 1 3

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x 3 x 2 3x + 5 ii! ( x 1)( x 2 1)

3ummaries step to $o partial fraction 3tep %& #nsure t"at t"e $egree of t"e numerator is at least % less t"an t"e $egree of t"e $enominator& '& Determine t"e factor of fraction (& Apart t"e fraction )y num)er of factor *t"e numerator is constant+ 4& Cross multiplication )et!een partial fraction ,& For linear factor6 use su)stitution met"o$ *.ae$a" penggantian+ select t"e factor to )e e ual to 1ero 3u)stitute t"e 2alue of 0 4& For repeate$ linear factor an$ ua$ratic factor6 use comparing coefficient * sama.an pe.ali+ 8& 5eplace t"e constant 2alue

Hint: /o chec' if you6ve done the partial fraction expansion correctly, 7ust add all of the partial fractions together to see if their sum e"uals the original 91 ratio of polynomials.

ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS 4 BA501

PARTIAL FRACTION

T-T;5IA< #xpress the fraction elow into partial fraction:

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii. ix. x.
5x +6 ( x + 2)(1 x ) x 2 +1 x( x +1)( x 1) 2 3x ( 2 + x )(2 x)

( x + 3) 2
( x 3) 2 ( x + 5)
x2 ( x 3)3 x 2 29 x + 5 ( x 4) 2 ( x 2 + 3) 3x 2 + 2 x ( x + 2)( x 2 + 3) x2 2x + 3 ( x +1)( x 2 + 5)
x 3 x +1 x( x 1) x2 + 7x + 2 ( x + 2)( x + 3)

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