Flow In Circular Pipes

Objective
➤ To measure the pressure drop in the straight section of
smooth, rough, and packed pipes as a function of flow
rate.
➤ To correlate this in terms of the friction factor and
Reynolds number.
➤ To compare results with available theories and
correlations.
➤ To determine the influence of pipe fittings on pressure
drop
➤ To show the relation between flow area, pressure drop
and loss as a function of flow rate for Venturi meter and
Orifice meter.
 APPARATUS
Pipe Network
Rotameters
Manometers
 Theoretical Discussion
Fluid flow in pipes is of considerable importance in process.
•Animals and Plants circulation systems.
•In our homes.
•City water.
•Irrigation system.
•Sewer water system
 Fluid could be a single phase: liquid or gases
Mixtures of gases, liquids and solids
 NonNewtonian fluids such as polymer melts, mayonnaise
 Newtonian fluids like in your experiment (water)
 Theoretical Discussion
Laminar flow
To describe any of these flows, conservation of mass and
conservation of momentum equations are the most general forms
could be used to describe the dynamic system. Where the key
issue is the relation between flow rate and pressure drop.
If the flow fluid is:
a. Newtonian
b. Isothermal
c. Incompressible (dose not depend on the pressure)
d. Steady flow (independent on time).
e. Laminar flow (the velocity has only one single component)
 Laminar flow
Navier-Stokes equations is govern the flow field (a set of equations
containing only velocity components and pressure) and can be solved
exactly to obtain the Hagen-Poiseuille relation
Pz
.
Flow If the principle of
conservation of momentum is
Vz(r)
applied to a fixed volume
element through which fluid is Pz+dz

τ
flowing and on which forces  In
 τ  τ

are acting, then the forces Body force due to gravity
r+dr 
r
must be balanced (Newton
second law)
Pz+dz
 Laminar flow
Forces balance Continue

1…Shear forces

2….Pressure

3…..Body force
 Laminar flow
Continue
Momentum is
Mass*velocity (m*v)
Momentum per unit volume is
ρ *vz
Rate of flow of momentum is
ρ *vz*dQ
dQ=vz2πrdr
but
vz = constant at a fixed value of r

Laminar flow
Laminar flow
Continue

Hagen-Poiseuille
 Turbulent flow

When fluid flow at higher flowrates,

the streamlines are not steady and uz
straight and the flow is not laminar. Uz
Generally, the flow field will vary in úz
average

both space and time with fluctuations

that comprise "turbulence
ur
For this case almost all terms in the Ur
average
Navier-Stokes equations are important úr

and there is no simple solution p

∆ P = ∆ P (D, µ , ρ , L, U,) p
average
P’
Time
 Turbulent flow

All previous parameters involved three fundamental dimensions,

Mass, length, and time
From these parameters, three dimensionless groups can be build
 Friction Factor for Laminar
Turbulent flows
From forces balance and the definition of Friction Factor

Ac: cross section area of the pip

S: Perimeter on which T acts (wetted
perimeter)
Rh hydraulic radius

For Laminar flow

(Hagen - Poiseuill eq)

For Turbulent Flow

 Surface Roughness
Additional dimensionless group ε /D
need to be characterize
Thus more than one curve on friction factor-
Reynolds number plot

Fanning diagram or Moody diagram

Depending on the laminar region.
If, at the lowest Reynolds numbers, the laminar portion
corresponds to f =16/Re Fanning Chart
or f = 64/Re Moody chart
 Friction Factor for Smooth, Transition,
and Rough Turbulent flow
DP D
f =
L 2r U 2
1
= 4.0 * log[Re* f ] - 0.4
Smooth pipe, Re>3000 f
f = 0.079Re- 0.25

1 D
= 4.0 * log + 2.28
Rough pipe, [ (D/ε )/(Re√ƒ) <0.01] f e

Transition function
1 D é D /e ù
for both smooth and = 4.0 * log + 2.28 - 4.0 * logê4.67 +1ú
rough pipe f e ë Re f û
 Moody Diagram
0.100

0.05

0.04

0.03

ε/∆
0.02

0.015

0.01
0.008

0.006

0.004

0.002

laminar flow

Fraction factor 0.001

0.0008

0.0004

0.0002

0.0001

0.00005

0.010
0
1.00E+03 1.00E+04 1.00E+05 1.00E+06 1.00E+07 1.00E+08

Re
 Fanning Diagram

1 D
1 D é
= 4.0 * log + 2.28 - 4.0 * logê4.67
D/e ù
+1ú = 4.0 * log + 2.28
f e ë Re f û f e

f =16/Re
 Flow in a Packed pipe
The equations for empty pipe flow do not work with out considerable
modification
A
Ergun Equation

Dp

Dp is the particle diameter,

ε is the volume fraction that is not occupied by particles Flow

Reynolds number for a packed bed flow as

This equation contains the interesting behavior that the
pressure drop varies as the first power of Uo for small Re
and as Uo2 for higher Re.
 Energy Loss in Valves

 Function of valve type and valve position

 The complex flow path through valves can
result in high head loss (of course, one of
the purposes of a valve is to create head
loss when it is not fully open)
 Ev are the loss in terms of velocity heads
 Friction Loss Factors for valves
Valve K Leq /D
Gate valve, wide open 0.15 7

Gate valve, 3/4 open 0.85 40

Gate valve, 1/2 open 4.4 200

Gate valve, 1/4 open 20 900

Globe valve, wide open 7.5 350

 Energy Loss due to Gradual
Expansion

A1
A2 0.8
0.7
θ 0.6
0.5
KE 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 20 40 60 80
angle (θ )
 Sudden Contraction
(Orifice Flowmeter)
Orifice flowmeters are used to determine a P1 P2

liquid or gas flowrate by measuring the

differential pressure P1-P2 across the D d

orifice plate Flow

1
0.95
0.9
0.85
Cd 0.8
0.75
0.7
0.65
0.6
102 103 104 105 106 107
Re
Reynolds number based on orifice diameter Red
 Venturi Flowmeter
The classical Venturi tube (also known as the Herschel Venturi
tube) is used to determine flowrate through a pipe. Differential
pressure is the pressure difference between the pressure
measured at D and at d
D d Flow
 Boundary layer buildup in a pipe
Because of the share force near the pipe wall, a boundary layer
forms on the inside surface and occupies a large portion of the
flow area as the distance downstream from the pipe entrance
increase. At some value of this distance the boundary layer fills
the flow area. The velocity profile becomes independent of the
axis in the direction of flow, and the flow is said to be fully
developed.

Pipe
Entrance

v v v
 Pipe Flow Head Loss
(constant density fluid flows)
 Pipe flow head loss is
 proportional to the length of the pipe
 proportional to the square of the velocity
(high Reynolds number)
 Proportional inversely with the diameter
of the pipe
 increasing with surface roughness
 independent of pressure
 Total losses in the pipe system is
obtained by summing individual head
losses of roughness, fittings, valves ..itc
 Pipe Flow Summary

 The statement of conservation of mass, momentum and energy becomes

the Bernoulli equation for steady state constant density of flows.
 Dimensional analysis gives the relation between flow rate and pressure
drop.
 Laminar flow losses and velocity distributions can be derived based on
momentum and mass conservation to obtain exact solution named of
Hagen - Poisuille
 Turbulent flow losses and velocity distributions require experimental
results.
 Experiments give the relationship between the fraction factor and the
Reynolds number.
 Head loss becomes minor when fluid flows at high flow rate (fraction
factor is constant at high Reynolds numbers).
 Images - Laminar/Turbulent Flows

Laser - induced florescence image of an

incompressible turbulent boundary layer

Laminar flow (Blood Flow)

Simulation of turbulent flow coming out of a

tailpipe Turbulent flow Laminar flow

http://www.engineering.uiowa.edu/~cfd/gallery/lim-turb.html