History
- the practice of verifying the authenticity
- the common definition of History is the
"Study of the Past"
Historian
- the "Arbiter of Facts" and evidences in
making interpretations and forming
historical narrative.
History
- was derived from the Greek word
"Historia" which means knowledge
acquired through inquiry and
investigation.
Linguist
- can also be helpful in tracing historical
evolutions; past connections among
different groups and flows or cultural
influences by studying language and the
changes
Historical Sources
Primary Source
- sources produced at the same time as
the event, period or subject being
studied.
Secondary Source
- are those sources which were produced
by an author who used primary sources
to produce the material.
Historical Methodology
- it comprises certain techniques and
rules that historians follow in order to
properly utilize sources and historical
evidences in writing history.
Historiography
- is usually the History of History
- is usually the History of History
Historian Job
1.Seek historical evidences and facts
2.Interpret those facts
3.It is the job of the historian to give meaning to
those facts and organize them into a timeline,
establish causes and write history.
Historian should be able to conduct an external
and internal criticism.
External Criticism
of evidence by examining its physical
characteristics, consistencies with the
historical characteristics of times when
it was produced, and the material used
for evidence
Internal criticism
- is the examination of the truthfulness of
evidence. It looks at the content of the
sources and examines the circumstance
of its production.
Task of the historian
- is to organize the past that is being
created so that it can offer lessons for
nations, societies and civilization.
Historian Job
- to seek for the meaning of recovering
the past to let the people see the
continuing relevance of provenance,
memory, remembering and historical
understanding for both the present and
the future events.
Positivism
- 18th and 19th century.
- this school of thought requires
empirical and observable evidence
before one can claim that a particular
knowledge is true.
Discipline in History "No document- No
History".
Post Colonialism
✓emerged in early 20th century when formerly
colonized nations grappled with the of creating
identities and understand their societies against
the shadows of their colonial past
Annales School of History
✓is a school of history born in France that
challenge the canons of history.
✓This School of thought did away with common
historical subjects that were almost always
related to the conduct of states and monarchs.
The Philippine Island
- An archipelago consisting of the
following numbers of Islands.
o Pre-Colonial - 7,100 islands and islets. 1
o Before - 7,107 islands and islets.
o Present-7, 641 islands and islets
- Categorized under the three
geographical division; Luzon, Visayas
and Mindanao.
- Manila City is the capital of the
Philippines
Temperature
- Based on the average of all weather
stations in the Philippines, except
Baguio, is 26.6 Degree Celsius (79.9
Degree Fahrenheit)
- The coolest months fall in January with
temperature of 25.5 Degree Celsius
(77.9 Degree Fahrenheit)
- While the warmest month occurs in the
month of May 28.3 Degree Celsius (82.9
Degree Fahrenheit).
- In Baguio with an elevation of 1,500
meters (4,900 ft) above sea level, the
main average is 18.3 Degree Celsius
(64.9 Degree Fahrenheit) or cooler by
about 4.3 Degree Celsius (8 Degree
Fahrenheit).
- Baguio Temperature: 17 Degree Celsius
Humidity
- Humidity indicates a high amount of
moisture or vapor in the air which
directly affects the temperature.
- The Philippines is considered as highly
humid which can be attributed to the
significant level of evaporation from the
seas flanking the country to the various
prevailing winds during the different
seasons, and lastly, due to the pressure
of abundant rains in a tropical country
such as ours.
Humidity
- Humidity indicates a high amount of
moisture or vapor in the air which
directly affects the temperature.
- The Philippines is considered as highly
humid which can be attributed to the
significant level of evaporation from the
seas flanking the country to the various
prevailing winds during the different
seasons, and lastly, due to the pressure
of abundant rains in a tropical country
such as ours.
Climate and Weather
Weather - what is happening in the atmosphere
on a given day, in a specific place. Local
forecasts include temperature, humidity, winds,
cloudiness, and prospects for storms or other
changes over the next few days.
Climate - is the average of these weather
ingredients over many years.
Climate in the Philippines
Tropical climate
Two seasons: Wet season and Dry season.
Types of Climates:
Type I
Dry Season November – April
Wet Season Rest of the year
Type 2
Dry Season No dry season
Wet Season Maximum rain period from
December to February Minimum rainfall during
the period from March to May
Type 3
Dry Season Short dry season either during the
period from December to February or from
March to May
Wet Season No very pronounced maximum rain
period
Type 4
Dry Season No dry season
Wet Season Rainfall evenly distributed
throughout the year
Seasons
- Using temperature and rainfall as bases,
the climate of the country can be
divided into two major seasons:
1. the rainy season, from June to November;
and
2. the dry season, from December to May.
The dry season may be subdivided further into:
1. the cool dry season, from December to
February; and
2. the hot dry season, from March to May
Typhoons
An average of 20-23 tropical cyclones enters the
Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR)
Category of Typhoons:
O Tropical depression < 61km/h
Tropical Storm 62-88km/h
O Severe Tropical Storm 89-117km/h
Typhoon 118-220km/h
O Super typhoon 220+km/h
General Resources
Classification of soils
Alluvial
- soil which produces agricultural
products such as abaka, coconut, corn,
and tobacco.
Shale and Sandstone
- good for products like sugarcane,
tobacco, corn, rice and coconut,
however, the harvest is of lower
amounts compared to products from
alluvial soils.
Limestone
- which is conducive for agricultural
products such as corn, citrus, cassava,
and banana and is also best for grazing
of animals due to its abundance of
grass.
Volcanic soil
- which is found in areas where past
volcanic eruptions occurred and is used
for citrus and other upland crops in
Cavite, Batangas, and Laguna, while in
Bicol, the soil is suited for Abaka and in
Negros, the soiled is suited for
sugarcane.
Andesite and Basalt
- soil is generally found in Negros
Occidental and is used for sugarcane
plantations
Mountain soil
- kind of soil where trees are found, such
as ipil, dao, molave, yakal and narra,
which are used for industrial,
commercial and residential purposes.
Water Resources
- The Country has many seas, rivers,
lakes, bays and straits, resulting to an
active fishing industry that has been a
source of livelihood for many Filipinos.
Two kinds of Fishing industry in the
country
1. Genetic Industry- covers fish reproduction,
fish culture, and fishpond.
2. Extractive industry-covers direct fishing in
shallow, high seas and in coral areas
Mineral Resources
1. Rich in metallic, non-metallic and fuel
minerals
2. Metallic- gold, iron, manganese, lead,
mercury, nickel, silver and chromite.
3. Non-metallic- clay, cement for construction,
pyrite, rock phosphate, limestone, marble,
silica, asbestos, gypsum, and Sulphur
4. Mineral Fuels- carbon and petroleum
Theories that explain how the Philippine
archipelago was created.
1.Volcanism- the eruption of the volcanoes
caused the formation of some islands in the
country
2.Diastrophism- the process of movement of
the earth's crust that resulted in the formation
of mountains and mountain ranges, such as
Sierra Madre, and Cordillera mountain ranges
3.Gradation- it is the formation of mountains
and volcanoes after which, erosion took place
leading to the creation of rivers, lakes, delta,
and other landforms found all over the country
4.Land Bridge- explains that the Philippines was
once connected to the mainland Asia through
bridges of land formed during the Pleistocene
or Ice Age, 2,500,000 years ago.
Regions of the Philippines
Divided in 17 regions
1. Ilocos Region (Region I)
2. Cagayan Valley (Region II)
3. Central Luzon (Region III)
4. CALABARZON (Region VI-A)
5. MIMAROPA (Region VI-B)
6. Bicol Region (Region V)
7. Western Visayas (Region VI)
8. Central Visayas (Region VII)
9. Eastern Visayas (Region VIII)
10. Zamboanga Peninsula (Region IX)
11. Northern Mindanao (Region X)
12. Davao Region (Region XI)
13. SOCCSKARGEN (Region XII)
14. Caraga (Region XIII)
15. NCR (National Capital Region
16. CAR (Cordillera Administrative Region)
17. Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim
Mindanao
The Dawn of the Philippines and the early
Relations to the World before Spanish
Colonization
- The discovery of Philippine Island was
due to the wind patterns encountered
by the traders while navigating the seas
Chinese in the Philippines
- during the 9th and 10th Century A.D
when the economic ties of Chinese
traders begun in the Philippine territory
- during the Sung dynasty when Chinese
goods started to spread through the use
of Chinese Vessel
- Mirrors, scales, coins and Jades were
evidently exchanged and marketed by
the Chinese and Arab traders
Chinese Influences in the Philippines
- Manufacturing of gunpowder
- Method of gold mining
- Art of metallurgy
- Use of porcelain, gong, silver, tin and
other metals
- Blacksmithing, goldsmithing
- Kite Flying
- Various forms of gambling
- Manner and mode of dressing through
the use of silk
- The use of fan and umbrella
- Culinary diet a.Brewing of tea, cooking
of lumpia, pansit,mami, chopseuy and
ukoyb.
- The use of appetizer
- The use of slippers such as bakya, a
wooden shoe
-
Indian presence in the Philippines
- The expansion of Indian Culture
overseas actually started during the
Srivajaya and Majapahit empires from
9th – 10th Century
- Their culture influenced other parts of
Asia through the “Indianized”
immigrants and traders from Indochina,
Siam, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java
and other islands of Indonesia
Artifacts unearthed from Various
Excavation Sites in the Philippines
- Pottery adorned with decorations in
various forms
- Iron weapons such as knives, dagger,
spear, axes
- Glass beads and bangles, in green and
blue colors Beads made of semi-
precious stones
- Copper image of Ganesha (Indian god of
elephants) was found in Mactan in 1843
- A garuda-designed pendant was
discovered in 1961 in Palawan.
- This symbolized the mythical bird of
Vishu (Indian god of Preservation
Indian Influence to Filipino Culture
- Languages
- Literature
- Religious Beliefs
- Writings
- Customs
- Material Culture
Japanese presence in the Philippines
- Contacts with Philippine Islands begun
when Japanese traders and merchants,
during the 12th Century A.D., decided
to go on an economic-driven journey to
the Philippines, particularly the region
of Luzon which they called Rusun
Influences of Japanese Culture
1.Manufacturing of weapon for warfare
2.Goldsmithing and jewelry making in
Pagsanjan, Laguna
3.Breeding of ducks particularly the Balut
industry in Laguna de Bay towns.
4.Breeding of Fishes like Bangus industry in
Bulacan and other provinces
Arabian presence in the Philippines
- Arab traders brought Islam to South
East Asia, including the
- Philippines
- They intermarried with the daughters of
native chiefs to gain trading advantage,
thereby raising small families of Islam
believers
- Islam first gained its foothold in the
Philippines, particularly in Sulu, around
1310 A.D
Islam in Mindanao
Islamic growth in Mindanao:
- Last quarter of the 13th century - there
was already an existence of Muslim
communities in Sulu
- Second half of the 14th century - stage
of Makhdum where missionaries
arrived in Sulu and accelerated the
convers
- Beginning of the 15th century - Raja
Baguinda from Sumatra arrived in Sulu
and believed to have married a Pasimuli
- Pamisuli - respected title of a chieftain’s
daughter
- Middle of the 15th century - this is the
foundation of political institution such
as the Sultanate in the leadership of
Sharif-ul-Hashim, who took power in
1450ion of the Muslim in the area
- Muslim wrote their leaders’ history and
their respective reign and genealogy in
what they called Tarsilas and Khutabs.
The Spanish Period
-Under Imperial Spain
-Spectacular change during the Renaissance;
-Opening of the world to European Shipping;
-Propelled by Gospel, Gold and Glory;
-Improved Technology- New types of Ships,
sailing charts and maps, navigational
instruments, gunpowder, and superior high-
powered arms
The conquest of the two Iberian
Superpowers
1.Spain
2.Portugal
Spain and Portugal
- Ultimate goals to discover the rest of
the world
- Accumulation of wealth
- Political authority
- Additional empirical knowledge on
science and technology
- Support small economic elite
- Able to finance reconnaissance
enterprises in the vast unknown,
undiscovered seas, untouched,
unchartered continents
Terra Incognita of Asia (15th Century)
-Started Maritime Discovery
-New Sea Lane to the southeast Asia were
chartered, which led to the “Spice Trade Route”
Portugal- sailing via south eastern route which
made a break-through into the Indian Ocean in
the year 1488 and ended with the fall of
Malacca in the year 1511 and the Maluku or the
Moluccas in the year 1512
Spain- sailing via western or southern route that
made serendipitous landfall in the west indies in
the year 1942 and culminated the “rediscovery”
of the Philippines in the year 1521
East meets West
Reasons:
- Making the food (discriminating
medieval tastes triggered the search
spices of all sorts)
 - Pepper, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg and
ginger which were indigenous to the
east
- Spices accented the bland taste of meat
and fish, while preserving them
- Expensive spices - like black pepper- it
could even buy land, pay taxes, liberate
a city, even pay dowries
- 11th century- pepper was counted as
pepper-corns, cinnamon and ginger as
their smallest priceless particles
- Spices, gold, slaves, silver and silk
brought them great wealth
- Merchants- became richer and
powerful in trading cities of Italy
- Gold, silver – not only funded but also
expanded the jewelry trade of rare
pearls and rubies from India
The Lusitanian- Hispanic Rivalry in
Maritime Discoveries
- Portugal- was the 1st country to use
innovation in seamanship and
boatbuilding, established by Henry “the
navigator” of the 1st navigational
school in the globe at Sagres Point in
1419.
- Spain- was the 1st exploration in
modern times, inspired by Florentino
Map- maker Paolo Toscanelli to
discover westward sea route to India.
- Christopher Columbus (Cristoforo
Colombo) made a land-fall in Guanahani
it was identified as San Salvador but in
1986 as Samana Cay Island in October
1492 on the coast of Cuba.
- This voyage, generated
misapprehension and dispute between
Spain and Portugal
Fixed Imaginary Line
-The two superpowers of the 15th century
finally fixed an Imaginary Line drawn from the
North and South Poles
1.Spain- owned lands lying in west and the Cape
Verde Islands
2.Portugal- owned lands lying to the east.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
-Fixed Imaginary line between Spain and
Portugal dividing the rights to colonize all lands
outside of Europe.
-It was signed which partitioned the non-
Christian World into spheres of influence
1.Papal Bull of 1493- granting the new world to
Spain
2.Africa and India- were reserved only for
Portugal
-Later, Brazil- were also reserved to Portugal
The Magellan (Magalhaes) Expedition
(1518-1521)
- Ferdinand Magellan (Fernao de
Magalhaes)- the Portuguese serving the
Spanish royalty.
- Magellan’s original suggestion was of
reaching the Maluku (the spice islands)
by sailing the westward but his
suggestion was rejected by the King of
Spain.
- In the year 1518- Magellan convinced
Charles V that he could find the shorter
way to the Maluku Islands by sailing
westward via the Americans.
- Reconnaissance voyage in 1511-1512
“Magellan visited the Spice Islands”
and Magellan received a Royal order to
bring back a cargo of the priceless
spices
It started the great epics of Human
Discovery
-When Magellan sailed from San Lucar, Spain in
the year 1519, Magellan and his men was on
board five antiquated ships with a crew of 235
men.
-Magellan, skirting unknown and uncharted
lands, he sailed around the southern tip of
South America, across the vast Pacific Ocean
after 98 days of sailing north west ward,
Magellan finally reached the Philippines on
March 17, 1521
Magellan Expedition
- After the Portuguese reached the
Maluku Islands in the year 1511, the
earliest documented European
expedition to the Philippine Archipelago
was led by the Portuguese Navigator
Ferdinand Magellan in the service of
King Charles V of Spain in 1521
- Magellan’s Expedition first arrived at
the Island of Homonhon at the mouth
of the Leyte Gulf on March 16, 1521.
- On easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, in
the Islands of MAZAUA (Limasawa),
Magellan solemnly planted a cross on
the top of a hill overlooking the sea and
claimed for the King of Spain the
possession of the Islands he had
encountered, naming them Archipelago
of Saint Lazaruz as stated in the “First
Voyage Around the World” by one of
his companions, the chronicles of
Antonio Pigafetta
- Magellan sought alliances among the
people in the Islands beginning with
Datu Zula of Sugbo Cebu, and took
special pride in converting them to
Christianity. Magellan got involved in
the political conflicts in the Islands and
took part in a battle against Lapulapu,
chief of Mactan and the enemy of Datu
Zula
The Battle of Mactan
- The battle occurred at dawn on April
27, 1521. Magellan with 60 armed men
and 1,000 Visayan warriors had great
difficulty landing on the rocky shore of
Mactan where Lapu- Lapu had an army
of 1,500 waiting on Land.
- Magellan waded ashore with his
soldiers and attacked Lapu-Lapu forces,
telling Datu Zula and his warriors to
remain on the ships and watch
- Magellan underestimated the army of
Lapu-Lapu, and grossly outnumbered,
Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were
killed. The rest managed to reboarded
the ships.
- The Battle left the expedition with too
few crewmen to man three ships, so
they abandoned the Conception. The
remaining ships – Trinidad and Victoria
– sailed to the Spice Lands in Indonesia
From there, the expedition split in two
groups
1.Trinidad (Ship), commanded by Gonzalo
Gomez de Ezpinoza, tried to sail eastward
across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of
Panama
2.Victoria (Ship) continue sailing westward,
commanded by Juan Sebastian Elcano, and
managed to return to Sanluca de Barremeda,
Spain in1522
In Mactan
-Magellan was defeated and killed in Battle in
April 1521, as a consequence of his intervention
in a dispute between Lapulapu and Zula,
chieftains of Macta.
Lapu- Lapu
- Whose name was first recorded as
Cilapulapu.
- He was a Datu of Mactan in the Visayas.
- The Modern Philippine Society (MPS)
regards him as the First Filipino Hero
because he was the first native to resist
imperial Spanish Colonization.
- He is the best known for the “Battle of
Mactan” that happened at dawn on
April 27, 1521, when he and his
warriors defeated Portuguese explorer
“Ferdinand Magellan” who was killed in
Battle
- Magellan’s death ended his voyage of
circumvention and delayed the Spanish
Occupation of the islands by over forty
years until the expedition of Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi in 1564.
- The Monuments of Lapu-Lapu have
been built in “CEBU” and “MANILA”,
 while the Philippine National Police and
the Bureau of Fire Protection use his
image as part of their official seals
Maluku and the Philippines
-Three Spanish expeditions followed Magellan’s
sailing from Mexico, which had become a
Spanish colony
1.The Saavedra (1527-29)
2.The Villalobos (1541-46)
3.Most successful expedition was the Legazpi
expedition (1564), as a sequel to the Magellan
voyage, a large fleet of seven ships
Ships used in Spanish expeditions
reaching the Philippine Archipelago
In the year 1521
Leader – Ferdinand Magellan
Ships – Trinidad, San Antonio, Conception,
Santiago and Victoria.
Landing – Homonhon, Limasawa Cebu
In the year 1525
Leader – Garcia Jofre de Loaisa
Ships – Santa Maria de la Victoria, Espiritu
Santo, Anunciada, San Gabriel, Jayson Ponce,
Santa Maria del Parral, San Lesmes and
Santiago.
Landing – Surigao, Visayas, Mindanao
In the year 1527
Leader – Alvaro de Saavedra Ceron
Ships – 3 unknown Ship.
Landing – Mindanao
In the year 1542
Leader – Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
Ships – Santiago, Jorge, San Antonio, San
Christobal, San Martin and San Juan.
Landing – Samar, Leyte, Saranngani
In the year 1564
Leader – Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Ships – San Pedro, San Pablo, San Juan and San
Lucas
Landing – first landed on Samar, established
colonies as part of Spanish Empire
Treaty of Zaragoza (1529)
- King Charles V ceded his alleged rights
to Muluku, to John III of Portugal for
350,000 ducats, not knowing that they
rightfully belonged to the Portuguese
area of responsibility as provided for in
the Treaty of Tordesillas.
- Treaty of Tordesillas- a line of
demarcation was drawn from pole to
pole, it consists at 297 ½ leagues east of
the Maluku, as the western limit of
Spain’s colonial ownership.
- Spanish goal in the “West” was limited
only to the Philippines.
- To stop Hispano- Lusitanian rivalry
Villalobos Expedition (1542-1546)
- Under the command of Ruy Lopez
Villalobos, six (6) ships and some 370
men, departed from Juan Gallego
(Natividad), Mexico in November 1542.
- In 1543, they reached the eastern coast
of Mindanao.
- Extreme hunger due to absence of food
supply, his men forced to eat all the
available meat dogs, cats, rats,
unknown plants, lizard and poisonous
crabs
- In Sarangani, had only minimal amount
of food available, such as rice, sago, few
hens, hogs and three (3) deer.
- Villalobos leave Saragani, and
surrendered to the Portuguese at
Amboina in the Maluku, where he
succumbed to a malignant fever.
- Villalobos Expedition was the naming of
Tandaya or Kandaya (Leyte) in 1543 as
Las Phelipinas (Las Islas Filipinas) in
honor of the crown prince Philip II, by
Bernardo de la Torre a commander of
the Ship
Legazpi- Urdaneta Expedition (1564)
- February 1565- Legazpi reached Cebu
and contracted blood compacts with
 Datu Si Katuna and Datu Si Gala of
Bohol.
- Legazpi was instructed to bring back to
Mexico the samples of Philippine-
grown spices
- To discover the return route to Mexico;
and
- To abide by the 1529 Zaragoza treaty-
not to proceed to Maluku
- Fr. Andres de Urdaneta- Legazpi’s chief
pilot, whose expertise was the seasonal
winds, he just acquired while he is with
Loaisa expedition.
- He discovered the “Urdaneta Passage”
on his return Natividad via the Pacific.
- Urdaneta Passage- the lane, was used
by the Manila-Acapulco Galleon until
19thcentury.
The making of the Spanish “Indio”
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi- having a title of
“Adelantado de Filipinas” granted by King Philip
II.
-Accomplish an almost bloodless conquest of
the Philippines.
-It because of permanent colonization by
Legazpi- the Indios lost the freedom earlier
enjoyed.
“Indio”- is a term by the 16th – 19th century
Spaniards to refer to the poor people in the
Philippines who could be slaves and peasants
only, or lowest rank group
Political Institutions During Spanish
Regime
- In the year 1565- 1821 – In the
Philippines the captaincy- general was
administered by the Spanish King
through the viceroyalty of Nueva
España (Mexico).
- All Spanish possessions were governed
by the Real y Supremo Consejo de las
Indias (Royal and Supreme Council of
the Indies) established in 1524 by
Charles V.
National Level
King – (seat power in manila/ Intramuros)
through Consejo de las indias, governed
through his sole spokesperson and
representative in the Philippines
Gobernador- General – a captain general of the
colony
- was a commander in chief of the army and the
navy
-The President of the real audiencia (Supreme
Court), the islands highest judicial body, vice-
real patron, he had a power over ecclesiastical
appointments in the church and the right to
supervise mission work
- Source of civil power for various levels
of administration.
- Salary- 40,000 per annum
Provincial Level
- Alcaldia- (previously known as the
encomienda)
- Alcalde mayor- exercise executive and
judicial powers, special privilege of
engaging on trade through indulto de
comercio (a privilege of alcaldes
enjoyed in the year 1751- 1844)
- Provincia or hukuman (used by
Bonifacio’s Katipunan- and later called
lalawigan), was the alcalde mayor
(provincial governor) for the pacified
provinces and districts
- Corregimientos- or unpacified military
zones (like Mariveles, Mindoro and
Panay) were headed by the
Corregidores
- Only the Spaniard could be an alcalde
mayor or a Corregidor; who exercise as
a judge, inspector of encomiendas,
chief of police, tribute collector, vice-
regal patron and a captain- general of
the province.
- Executive and judicial authority
- Military authority in his area of
responsibility
- Answerable solely to the Governor-
General and the Real Audencia in
Manila
Two Ancient Castilian Institution
1.Residencia; (1501-1799)
2.Visita; (1499- 18th Century)
- To check the abuse of power of royal officials.
Residencia
-It was a judicial review of Residenciado (one
judged) conducted at the end of his term of
office, supervised publicly by a juez de
residencia
-If Residenciado found guilty of a public
misconduct; the following are the penalties
-Imposed heavy fines
-Sequestration of properties
-Imprisonment; or a Combination of all
penalties
Visita
- Conducted by a Visitador- General
(those who are sent from Spain
- Investigation occurs at the time within
the official’s term without notice.
Two kinds of Visita
1.Specific Visita – meant an investigation of a
single official or a province
2.General Visita – meant an investigation of the
whole viceroyalty like Mexico- or Captain-
General like Philippines
Filipino Bureaucrats
Municipal Level
Little Governor or Gobernadorcillo- (replaced
by the Capitan Municipal in 1894)
- Headed by the Pueblo or Municipio
Qualification of a Gobernadorcillo
1.Any Filipino or Chinese Mestizo
2.25 years old
3.Literate in oral or written Spanish
4.Became a Cabeza de Barangay (Barrio
Administrator) for four (4) years
- The Gobernadorcillo was assisted by three
supernumeraries or inspector (tenientes de
justicia) who supervised boundaries of
cultivated fields (sementeras), branding of
livestock (Ganado) and police (policia);
constables (alguaciles: the four tenientes
segundos; liutenants of districts (tenientes del
barrio), and a secretary (directorcillo)
Barrio (Barangay) Government
Cabeza de Barangay
- Main role was a tax and contributions
collector for the Gobernadorcillo
- Cabezas were exempted from taxation
- The title originally given by Philip II – to
show good treatment, to entrust the
name, and the government
Manual del Cabeza de Barangay (1874);
Requirements
- Literacy in Spanish
- Good moral character
- Property ownership- as qualifications
for cabezas
- Served for three (3) years term
Mid-19th Century- Cabeza de Barangay
who served for 25 years were exempted
from forced labor
Amalgamation of Church and State
- It was in the exercise of political
power and economic powers of the
Spanish clergy, the disunity
between the Church and the State
- Church meddling in civil
government and press censorship
pointed by some Filipino
laborantes (reformers) as well
asrevolucionarios in the 19th
centuries
Separation of Church and State
- Became an outstanding innovation of
the Malolos Constitution in 1898
- Ten (10) years later; the first and only
open anti-friar demonstration against
the intolerable church abuses took
place in Manila on March 1, 1888- led
by Doroteo Cortes, aided secretly by
Marcelo H. del Pilar and Jose Ramos
Ishikawa
- Newly Passed Penal Code; Article 218
- Article 218 of the newly passed penal
code vouching for the right of petition
 and assembly, a group of influential
gobernadorcillos, principales, and
residents of Manila, they marched
through the streets of the city to the
Ayuntamiento (City Hall) demanding
the expulsion of friars in the
Philippines, including Archbishop Pedro
Payo himself, demostrators, manifesto
declared “Long Live the Queen! Long
Live the Army! Down with the friars!
Friars – they control all the fundamental forces
of society in the Philippines.
Institutional Impact of Spanish Rule
When the Spanish settled permanently in the
Philippines in the year 1565
- They found the Filipinos living either
lineal or nucleated barangay settlement
scattered along water routes and river
banks (in pattern of ilaya or upstream
ibaba or downstream) and mountain
ridges
Economic Situations
Taxation without representation
Income- generating mechanisms were
introduced by the Spanish Colonial Government
in the Philippines consisting of direct (personal
tribute and income tax)
Indirect Tax
-Such as customs duties and the bandala.
-Monopolies (Rentals estancadas) of special
crops and items as spiritous liquors, nuts,
tobacco, explosives and opiums
Buwis (tribute)
-May be paid in cash or kind, partly or wholly as
palay or tobacco, chickens, textile, or even wax
and special regional produce, depending on the
area of the place
The Encomienda System
Encomiendas
1.Royal and
2.Private.
- Spaniards imposed encomienda to the natives,
meaning to entrust, another term as “revenue-
getting”.
- Encomienda came from the word
encomendar, which means to entrust, and it
was equivalent to “trust territory”
The Encomienda System
Two Kinds of Encomiendas existed in the
Philippines
1.The royal or crown (realenga or encomienda
de la real corona)
- The Land reserved for the crown and included
the principal towns and ports, like Bagumbayan
(now luneta), Lagyo (approximately the site of
the present Plaza military, between Malate and
Ermita), Santa Ana de Sapa, Tondo, Navotas and
Malabon in Manila and Lubao and Betis in
Pampanga
2. The private (encomienda de particulares).
- The private encomiendas were granted to
individuals who were either the King’s protégés
or men who served with merit during the
conquest and pacification campaigns.
- Examples of these were Pandacan, Sampaloc
and Macabebe, privately owned by one Pedro
de Chaves; Bataan by Juan Esguerra, and
Batangas owned personally by Francisco
Rodrigues
Tribute of Collections
- Each encomendero collected according
to his personal whim.
- When gold is abundant and money was
scarce, they demand cash or reales;
when the reales were plentiful and
there was scarcity of gold, they asked
for gold, even when poor Filipinos were
coerced to buy them.
- Encomenderos sometimes seized the
entire quantity of his rice from the
Filipino without leaving him grain to eat
Problem in the Encomienda System
These are the source of pain and suffering to
the Natives/ Filipinos
- Spanish encomenderos they confiscate
the crops and animals without just
compensation or if the Filipino failed to
pay heavy taxes.
 - Excessive tribute of collection from the
Filipino tenants.
- Some of the encomenderos were cruel
and ruled with fear and force.
- The Catholic Church owned vast of
lands in their own encomienda,
categorized as friar land, and with
Filipinos as its farmers that paid taxes
and share to the church and
government
Policies During Spain Colonization
1.Reduccion
2.Repartimiento
3.Instruccion
Reduccion
- The Spanish attempted to tame the
reluctant Filipinos through Christian
indoctrination in a quite novel
settlement pattern using the convent/
casa real/ plaza complex as the focal
point.
- The reduccion, to the Spaniards was no
doubt, a civilizing device to make the
Filipinos law abiding citizens of the
Spanish crown and in a long run, to
make them ultimately little brown
Spaniards in adopting Hispanic culture
and civilization
Repartimiento
The settled Filipinos under Spanish
administration were following two
complementary laws and regulations.
1.Catholicism, they were obliged to follow by
the faith, the teachings of the church and what
it demands, like the expenses in burial,
offerings, marriage fees and donations.
2.As colony of Spain the Filipinos were deemed
to follow its rules such as payment of taxes,
forced labor, monopoly of products and fight
against Spain’s enemies inside and outside the
country
Polo y Servicio
It was a require force labor to all Filipino men
aging 18- 60 years old and must complete 40
days’ work. They were assigned in various
locations of work like shipyard for Galleon
Ships, Constructions of churches, roads, and
bridges or to the forest to cut trees for logs.
They called the worker POLITAS.
Tributo (Tribute); Another form of taxes
Instruccion
Religious care for the natives inside the
encomienda and make sure that all were
indoctrinated and baptized in the Catholic
church.
Congregation in the Philippines
Augustinians (1565)
Franciscans (1577)
Jesuits (1581)
Dominicans (1587)
Recollects (1606)
Benedictines (1895)
The Political System
The Spanish king ruled the Islands through the
viceroy of Mexico which was then another
Spanish colony
- Council of Indies (1565-1837)
- Overseas Council (1837-1863)
- Ministry of the Colonies (1863-1898) – a
special government body that
supervises matters pertaining to the
colonies assisted by the king of Spain
National Government
Governor-General
-Acted as the Spanish King’s representative to
the Philippines
-He serves as the chief executive of the county.
-His duties were as follows
1. Enforce the king’s royal decrees, implement
laws coming from Spain
2. Direct supervision of all government offices
including tax collection; an
3. Lastly, to create and divide parishes and
appoint priest. In addition, he could also
disregard and suspend the implementation of
Royal decrees and laws coming from Spain
based on his valid reasons.
Royal Audencia
-Effective in May of 1583; by a Royal Decree
-Established as the Highest Court of Justice in
the Philippines.
Composition of Royal Audiencia
1.The Governor-General as the president
2.Oidores (Justices) and fiscal
Residencia
A Special Judicial Court that scrutinizes the
performance of a governor general who will be
replaced.
The residencia, of which the incoming governor
general was usually a member, submitted a
report of its finding to the King.
Visitador General
Sent by the Council of the Indies in Mexico to
observe conditions in the colony.
The Visitador reported his findings directly to
the King. But sometimes abuses, oppressions
and malpractices to the natives were seldom
reported to the king.
Local Government
Provincial Government
Alcaldias
- headed by the Spanish Alcalde Mayor
assigned in provinces which were
already pacified, and people were
peacefully settled in designated places.
Corregimientos
- under the control of Corregidores or
army officers led by a politico-general,
these are the places where provincial
territories that were in the process of
pacifications
City Government
Spanish colonizer introduced in the Philippines
the European pattern of civilization.
Ayuntamiento
-cities which consist of Alcalde (Mayor),
Rigidores (Councilors), and Alguaciles (Chief of
police or sheriff)
Municipal Government
(Pueblo de Indios) – municipality headed by a
Gobernadorcillo.
Gobernadorcillo’s duty
-Tax collection
-Enfore law in municipal and countryside
-Hear cases involving small amount of money
Four Liutenants aided the Gobernadorcillo
-Teniente Mayor (Chief Lieutenant)
-Teniente de Policia (Police Lieutenant)
-Teniente de Sementeras (lieutenant of the
fields)
-Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the
livestocks
Barangay Government
- In 1573, the Augustinian bishops
recommended to the King of Spain to
retain the barangay privileged class
(Datu and Maharlika) in power and in
1594
- The title Cabeza de Barangay originally
came from King Philip II
- Under the provincial government policy,
the barangay would be headed by a
Cabeza de Barangay. This would be the
highest position given to the natives in
the Philippines
Cabeza de Barangay’s duties
1.Collect Tribute Tax among members of their
barangay
2.Implement in the Barangay the laws and royal
decrees
Privileges of a Cabeza de Barangay
1.The headsman and the eldest son would be
exempted from paying the annual tribute.
2.Free from rendering their service to the
government.
3.Enjoyed the privilege of using the Spanish
term “Don”
4.The eldest son can avail a scholarship given by
the government where they will be taught of
the Christian doctrines, reading, writing and
arithmetic
Cadiz Constitution
In the year 1812
- Was declared on March 19, 1812 at
Cadiz, Spain.
- Don Ventura de los Reyes, a native
merchant of Vigan, Ilocos Sur was one
of the delegates who signed the
constitution.
- After a year this was made known in
Manila on April 18, 1813, one of the
most important articles in the
constitution was exemption of the
natives from paying tributes and
rendering public services.
- Also, the termination of the galleon
trade on Sept 14, 1813.
- However, the restoration of the throne
of Fernando VII led to the abolition of
the constitution through the Valencia
Decree on May 4, 1814
The Social System
1.Peninsulares
-Spaniard who was born in the Iberian
Peninsula, they were called full blooded
Spaniards.
2. Criollos
-Spaniard born in America
3. Insulares
-full-blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines.
4. Mestizos
-result of the intermarriage of a native with a
European or Chinese
5. Indios
-native people in the country.
Principalia
social and educated class in the towns.
Ilustrados
native-born intellectual in the late 19th century
Calendar of activities were introduced by
Spanish authorities and Friars which were
expected to celebrate these activities as part of
being a Catholic Family
1. Celebration of Christmas and misa de gallo
2. New year celebrations
3. Semana Santa
4. Santacruzan
5. Todos Los Santos- All Saint’s Day
6. Holidays (founding of the Spanish Empire and
giving respect to the Spanish queen and King
Education under Spain
Royal Order of King Charles in 1550
- Stating that all teachers and religious
assigned in villages under the dominion
of the Spanish crown should use the
Spanish language as medium of
instruction and propagation of the
Catholic faith, at the same time
introduced the European system of
education.
- First school that was established was
the parochial schools, with the friars as
their teachers. The children were
taught of Christian doctrines, reading,
writing, arithmetic, music and arts
Education decree of 1963
- requiring the government to offer
school institutions for boys and girls in
every town.
- College was equivalent to a university
during Spanish regime and student
graduated with a degree of Bachelor of
Arts
From 1570-1868
- there was minimal government control
in the first school established in the
Philippines.
- The first college founded in the country
was organized by a Jesuit Congregation
which were mostly school for boys, such
as the College of Manila later change to
College of Saint Ignacio, College of San
Ildefonso in Cebu, and College of San
Jose in Manila
 In 1859
- the government established Escuela
Pia, then later on it was renamed
Ateneo de Municipal in Intramuros.
- This was a public school for boys which
was run by the Jesuit Congregation
Dominican friars
- Established school and colleges in 1616
it was College of Sto. Tomas and in 1630
they founded another school, the San
Juan de Letran in Manila.
- Augustinians founded Conciliar
Seminary in Vigan. The subjects taught
were humanities, pharmacy,
philosophy, theology, medicine, natural
science, geography, science and
mathematics
Education for Girls
1.Colegio a regular school for girls
2.Beaterio a combination of school and nunnery
(Potenciana in Manila, College of Sta. Isabella;
College of Sta. Rosa, Some of the Beaterio were
as follows: Beaterio de la Campanoa de Jesus,
Beaterio de Santa Catalina and Ignancia del
Espiritu Santo in Binondo.
Painting
- Filipinos exemplified their talent in
painting, particularly of those in the
middle class
- Damian Domingo- father of Philippine
Painting and opened the first school of
painting in the Philippines named
Academia de Dibujo de Pintura
- Juan Luna is the one note Spolarium
- Felix Resurrecion Hidalgo and Juan Luna
both painters studied painting from
Spain and became known for their
stroke of brush in the Philippines and in
Europe
- Isidro Arceo and Miguel Zaragoza were
both notable painters
Sculpture
- Natives from the Cordillera were famous
of their carving and sculpture skills
- When the Spaniards came, natives
started to carve religious personalities in
wood and ivory
- Isabelo Tampingo, Jose Arrevalo, Manuel
Asuncion and Jose Rizal
Literature
- Pasyon is a written piece of literature
depicting suffering of Jesus Christ, was a
popular reading among Filipinos in
observance of the holy week.
- Written by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in
1704 which was followed by the later
versions in 1750 by Luis Gian, Father
Mariano Pilapil in 1814 and Father
Aniceto de la Merced in 1856
Theatre
- Zarzuela is a musical acting, singing with
comedy that revolved in a story of a
certain time
- Cinaculo is inspired by religious story,
portraying of the life and suffering of
Jesus Christ
- Moro-moro is a play presenting the
Muslim and Christian battles in
Mindanao, ending in the triumph of
Christianity
Music and Dance
- Awit and Kurido with musical show,
dances and songs depicting the
conversion of early Filipinos to
Christianity.
 - Kundiman most romantic
entertainment was a combination of
romantic worlds and mellow tunes
interpreted through songs.
Economic System
Galleon Trade
- It was the trade monopolized by the
Spanish government from 1565 to
1815.
- Using a Galleon Ship with a route of
Acapulco, Mexico to Manila,
Philippines.
- All traders especially Chinese who
would like to engage business to any
Spanish colony needed to use the
Galleon Ship for transportation of their
goods.
- They would not allow any traders to go
in if they would not use their Galleons.
- The Spanish took taxes from the goods
at the same time the transport fee for
the galleon ship. These trading lasted
for almost 250 years
Abuses behind the Successful Galleon
Trade
1.Vandala is more oppressive than the polo.
Vandala was a compulsory sale of products to
the government.
Every province was given quotas, and since the
treasury was in no position to pay, only token
payment and promissory notes were given to
the natives.
2. Polo y Servicio
3. Falla- purchase exemption for Polo
4. Chinese immigration is substantially altered
the ethnic composition of the Philippines
Galleon Trade
1565 – 1815
1.Prevented rich trade with other Asian
countries such as Japan, China, India and
Vietnam.
2.Though the trade was a rich source of income,
it only benefited few individuals and institutions
like the Catholic Church, businessmen,
government agents and middlemen.
3.It exploited the Filipinos through the Polo, by
building ships to owned by the government for
Galleon trade use
Silk Industry in the Philippines
- Governor General Jose Basco
encouraged the natives to produce
more goods and exports. He
encourages the large-scale production
of cotton and silk, with this in
Camarines a large land was planted to
mulberry trees to feed silk worms.
- Scientific methods of farming were
introduced to the natives for the
increase of production
Tobacco
- In March 1782, Gov. Gen. Jose Basco
implemented the Royal Decree of King
Charles III. The governor placed some
areas in the country exclusively for
Tobacco farming.
- The selected provinces were ILOCOS,
CAGAYAN VALLEY AND MARINDUQUE.
- Farmers in these provinces were
required to sell their tobacco products
to the government through its agents
Excessive Taxation
Tributes
surpassed the official tariff which was one peso
in 1589. the list of tax payers was not up to
date, and often the sons often pay the tax of
their dead father.
Sanctuarium
Taxes paid by the Filipinos to the Catholic
Church, which was used for personal friar
expenses, church construction and repair.
Donativo de Zamboanga
Taxes paid by Filipinos to pay the Spanish-
Filipino expeditions against Muslims in Jolo and
Maguindanao.
Cedula
at first, the aim of implementing the cedula was
to regulate the coming of the foreigners in the
Philippine Island. Another, it was to avoid the
astonishing increase of racial diversity in the
colony

Western Infrastructure
- Spanish architecture found its way in
the Philippines through the building of
stone houses and churches built
through the efforts of Filipino labor.
- Some of these structures still stand
today like the Manila Cathedral, Quiapo
Church, Basilica de Sto. Niño in Cebu
and Paoay Church in Ilocos Norte