Lecture Notes in Readings in Philippines
Lesson 1
A. Meaning and Relevance of History
1. Meaning of History in relation to the
course Readings in Philippine History.
It is the study of chronological records of
the past which covers people, places and
events.
2. History
 Historians are the only source of
history.
 History is limited only to the
story heroes and villains.
 Only primary sources should be
used in writing history.
 Its object of study is the past, the
events that happened in the past,
and the causes of such events
 Derived from the Greek
word historia which means
“knowledge acquired through
inquiry or investigation”.
 Historia became known as the
account of the past of a person or
of a group of people through
written documents and historical
evidences.
 It existed for around 2,400 years
and is old as mathematics and
philosophy study of past events
presented in chronological order
and with explanation
 sanaysay na may saysay
 kwento na may kwenta
3. Reason why historians and students of
history need to thoroughly scrutinize the
primary and secondary sources - to avoid
deception and to come up with the historical
truth
4. Historians - Individuals who write about
history
5. Historiography - the practice of historical
writing; history as history
6. Factors that can affect the point of view of
a history writer.
 writer’s past experience
 state of being
 economic status and culture
7. How History is made?
 Historians attempt to understand the
past
 Historians attempt to understand the
past based on evidence
 Historical evidence that comes
directly from society is called
primary source.
 Historians interpret the primary
source to decide what they actually
tell us about the past
 Interpretation: The process of
deciding on the meaning of a
historical source
 Based on these interpretations,
historians attempt to create a
narrative (a story) about what
happened in the past
 Historical narratives and
interpretations are known as
secondary sources
8. Teodoro Agoncillo - pioneered nationalist
historiography in the country by highlighting
the role of the Filipino reformists and
revolutionaries from 1872; “lost history”
9. Renato Constantino - “people’s history”
10. Zeus Salazar - “Pantayong Pananaw”; a
Filipino historian introduced the new guiding
philosophy for writing and teaching history.
11. Reynaldo Ileto - “history from below”
12. Samuel Tan - mainstreamed the role and
relevance of Filipino Muslims in the
country’s national history
Lesson 2
A. Distinction of Primary and Secondary
Sources
1. Primary – source is considered as
contemporary accounts of events
2. Secondary - historical source which
studies a certain historical subject.
3. How sources being classified. It depends
on the subject of historical research
B. External and Internal Criticism;
Repositories of Primary Sources
1. External Criticism – is the
practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical
characteristics; consistency with historical
characteristics of the time when it was
produced; and the materials used for
evidence; it is the examination of the
truthfulness of the evidence
2. Internal Criticism – is the examination of
the truthfulness of the evidence. It looks at
the content of the source and examines the
circumstance of its production; it is the
practice of verifying the authenticity of
evidence by examining its physical
characteristics
3. Howell and Prevenier (2001) identified
factors in evaluating sources internally –
 Originality of the document.
 Genealogy of the document
 Genesis of the document
4. Importance of criticisms of historical
evidences
 It is important because historical
deceptions and lies will be highly
probable.
 It is important because we
need to countercheck historical
claims used as propaganda
5. Analogy between primary and secondary
sources
 Primary is to direct while secondary
is indirect.
 Primary is to fact while secondary is
interpretation.
 Primary is the first hand witness
while secondary uses the first hand
witness
C. Different Kinds of Primary Sources
 Documents
 Archaeological Records
 Fossils
 artifacts
 Oral and Video Accounts
Ferdinand Magellan
The First Voyage Around The World By
Magellan by Antonio Pigafetta
Communication – is a PURPOSIVE
process of sharingCOMMUNICATION
receiver has the same understanding or
thoughts, ideas, and opinion towards other knowledge.
people. It’s a two way process: give and take
relationship VARIETIES AND REGISTERS OF
SPOKEN AND WRITTEN LANGUAGE
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
What is language?
Sender- The speaker of the communicator
 The principal method of human
MESSAGE- The idea being transmitted communication, consisting of words
used in structured and conventional
CHANNEL- Medium used to transmit way and conveyed by speech,
message writing, gesture.
RECEIVER- The listener of the message  Languages are the primary means of
FEEDBACK- Reaction given by the communication of humans, can be
receiver conveyed through speech, sign, or
writing.
Models of Communication
Language register
 How speech is used appropriately
MAIN MODELS OF according to the situation and with
COMMUNICATION who you speak to.
 Linear models – only looks at one-  The variety of a language used in a
way communication. particular social setting, using certain
words, phrases and contractions that
 Interactive models – looks at two-
are not normally used in other
way communication.
settings – or if they did, they may
 Transactional models – looks at sound strange or out of place.
two-way communication where the
Pidgin- it refers to a new language that
message gets more complex as the
develops into situations where speakers of
communication event (e.g.
different languages need to communicate not
conversation) progresses.
do not share a common language.
Pidgins are a mixture of words from different
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION languages, and feature simpler grammatical
and smaller vocabulary.
ARISTOTLE MODEL OF
COMMUNICATION – sender gives  Examples are Chavacano in the
information or message to the receiver to Philippines and Bislama, a
influence them and make them respond language spoken in Vanuato.
accordingly (Ex. Seminars)
Creole- it is a pidgin that becomes the first
LASSWELL'S MODEL OF language of the children, or the mother
COMMUNICATION – process of message tongue of a certain community.
flow in the society through various channels.
Is a stable natural language that develops
Had an absence of two-way communication
from the simplifying and mixing different
(Ex. Tv News)
languages into a new one within a fairly brief
SHANNON AND WEAVER MODEL - period of time: a pidgin evolved into a full-
transmission of messages through pledged language.
technologies (Ex. Phone call)
 Examples: Gullah and the Patwa, is a
OSGOOD AND SCHRAMM MODEL - creole in Jamaica.
Interpersonal Communication (two or more
Regional Dialect- it is not a language that is
people) giving purposeful message in a
not distinct from a national language, but
circular fashion (Ex. f2f conversation)
rather a variety of a language spoken in a
particular area of a country.

S.M.C.R MODEL OF Examples:

COMMUNICATION - both sender and
  Cebuano, Waray, Ilocano, and
Hiligaynon in the Philippines.
Minority Dialect- this is a variety that used as
a marker of identity, usually alongside a
standard variety, by the members of a
particular minority ethnic group.
 Examples: Sinama of the Badjaos
and London-Jamaican variety in
Britain.
Indigenized Varieties- these are spoken
mainly as a second languages in former
colonies with multilingual populations.
 Examples: Singlish (Singaporean
English)
8 domains in which language varies
 Local everyday written- everyday
written usage found in the
neighborhood posters– poster
looking for transients/bed spacers.
 Local everyday oral may occur in
local communication among
neighbors in everyday, informal and
local varieties of language.
 Local specialized written – those that
can be found in the publications and
websites of local societies such as
Baguio Midland Courier.
 Local specialized oral involves
specialized discourses– computer
shop icon the neighborhood/
computer-game related vocabulary.
 Global everyday written avoids local
colloquialisms to the make the text
accessible to wider communities of
readers– can be found in international
editions of news and magazines.
Language registers can be classified as:
Formal: these registers are used in
professional, academic, or legal settings
where communication is expected to be
respectful, uninterrupted, and restrained to
specific rules. Slang is never used and
contractions are rare.
- Used in official and ceremonial settings,
the language being used is standard,
impersonal and formal
Casual. these registers are used when
communicating with friends, close
acquaintances, colleagues, family members.
These are used in birthday parties or family
gatherings.
Informal relaxed—
- A language used by friends
- Colloquialisms are normal
conversations
- Past experience with the
person
Consultative. it used in conversations when
people are speaking with someone who has
specialized knowledge or is offering service.
- Tone is often respectful, such as the
use of honorifics or courtesy titles.
- Maintains a professional tone.
- Used in a professional discourse–
two way communication used in
conversation.
- No past experiences or acquaintances
with person.
Frozen. Refers to language that is intended
to remain unchanged .
- The variety of language used in this
style is fixed.
- It is often learned and repeated by
rote
- It does not require feedback.
Intimate. Are reserved for special occasions,
usually between only two people and often in
private.
- Language shared between couples,
twins, and very close friends.
- Private and interpersonal.
Other styles:
Aggressive style.
- Shown in forceful, demanding and
hostile manner.
Passive style.
- Avoid expressing their thoughts and
emotions
Submissive style. Used to please others to
avoid conflict or resistance.
- To obey or do willingly what others
want.
Assertive Style. The healthiest style used by
self-assured persons, who communicate with
confidence.
- Socially and emotionally expressive.
Local and Global
Communication in Multicultural
Setting
Local communication is being able to
communicate with the members of your local
area. It can either be in your local language
(mother tongue), or a common language that
you speak within your town.
Global communication is the term used to
describe ways to connect, share, relate and
mobilize across geographic, political,
economic, social and cultural divides. It
redefines soft and hard power as well as
information power and diplomacy in ways
not considered by traditional theories of
international relations.
Culture is often defined as the learned
patterns and attitudes shared by a group of
people (Martin & Nakayama, 2010).
According to Geert Hofstede (1984), a noted
social psychologist, culture is "the
programming of the mind." He said
Every person carries within him or
herself patterns of thinking, feeling,
and potential acting which were learned
throughout [his or her] lifetime.
Much of [these patterns are] acquired in
early childhood, because at that time a
person is most susceptible to
learning and assimilating.
What’s the difference between
multicultural, inter-cultural. Cross-
cultural communication?
Multicultural refers to a society that
contains several cultural or ethnic groups.
People live alongside one another, but each
cultural group does not necessarily have
engaging interactions with each other.
Intercultural describes communities in
which there is a deep understanding and
respect for all cultures.
CROSS-CULTURAL
Cross-cultural deals with the comparison of
different cultures. In cross-cultural
communication, differences are understood
and acknowledged, and can bring about
individual change, but not collective
transformations.
High-Context Cultures and Low-
Context Cultures
This concept refers to the values cultures
place upon direct and indirect communication
(Neese, 2016).
High-context cultures take into account
the background information of the sender
and receiver when comprehending
messages.
Asian, African, Arab, central European
and Latin American cultures are generally
considered to be high-context cultures.
Nonverbal cues are very important and more
often control how the message is understood
more than the verbal cues, which may be
more indirect than direct (Halverson &
Tirmizi, 2008)
Low-context culture
Western cultures with European roots, such
as the United States and Australia, are
generally considered to be low-context
cultures (Neese, 2016)
Low-context cultures prefer direct over
indirect communication
They may not put too much value on the non-
verbal cues present in the communication.
Relationships do not seem to play a
significant role in the communication
process.
Ideas and information are sent and received
explicitly (Halverson & Tirmizi, 2008).
Potential Areas for Misinterpretation
in Intercultural Communication
1. Opening and closing conversations
Who speaks first or who closes the
conversation can also differ from one culture
to another. In some situations, addressing
someone in a manner that is not common
in a particular culture can often be seen as
rude and disrespectful.
2. Taking turns during conversations
There are appropriate ways of interacting
with other people in all cultures. In some,
turn-taking is often welcomed whereas, in
other cultures, listening and reserving
comment after the conversation is preferred.
Other cultures believe that giving an
immediate response can be seen as a
challenge or humiliation.
 3. Interrupting
In some culture, interruption during a
conversation can be acceptable especially
when it is within the context of the
interaction. However, in other cultures
interrupting in the middle of a conversation,
regardless of the point being made, can be
viewed as impolite.
4. Using silence
The use of silence and the amount of
silence in communication can be
interpreted in many ways depending on the
culture in which one is interacting. In some
cases, silence before a response to a
conversation would give the impression of
thoughtfulness and consideration to the first
speaker. On the other hand, silence can
also come off as a sign of hostility or
indifference to others.
5. Using appropriate topics of
conversation
In some cultures, talking about money
can be seen as unethical and embarrassing.
In other cultures, however, one can easily
talk and ask about how much a person
earns. In Asian cultures, talking about family
issues with those who are not part of the
family can be construed as inappropriate.
Many Asian cultures protect family issues
fiercely. Appropriateness of topics to discuss
is not only determined by where one is from
but also by their religion, educational
background, etc.
6. Using humor
In Western culture, humor is often used
as an icebreaker in communication to
help establish rapport with others. In some
ways, humor is used to make an atmosphere
less stifling and more relaxed. In other
cultures and situations, however, using
humor in a conversation may seem
disrespectful.
7. Knowing how much to say
Knowing how much to say and when to
say it can also determine the success of
communication. Many people from Western
cultures prefer communicating in a straight-
to-the-point manner; whereas, those from
Asian cultures are less confrontational,
thereby utilizing a more indirect approach in
discussing certain matters.
8. Sequencing elements during a formal address could come across as too
conversation
When to say things is as important as what
one says and how one says things. A speaker
should always consider the timing in which
he or she should introduce a topic, negotiate,
or ask for directions. Often, people struggle
about when they should change direction in
terms of the conversation or how far into the
conversation would it be appropriate to ask
questions.
Ethical Principles of
Communication
1. COMPLETENESS
The message must be complete and geared
to the receiver‘s perception of the world.
The message must be based on facts and
a complex message needs additional l
information and / or explanation. A good
subdivision of subjects will clarify the
message as a result of which there will be
a complete overview of what is said.
2. CONCRETENSS
Concrete business communication is also
about a clear message. This is often
supported by factual material such as
research data and figures. The words used
as well as the sentence structure can be
interpreted univocally. Nothing is left to
the imagination.
3. COURTESY
In addition to considering the feelings and
points of view of the target group, it is
also important to approach the audience in
a friendly and courteous manner. Use of
terms that show respect for the receiver
contribute towards effective
communication. The same goes for the
manner in which you address someone. Not
everyone will be charmed if you use a
familiar form of address and use of a
distant. By using the word ‗they‘ a larger
audience is immediately addressed.
4. CORRECTNESS Systematically implementing a certain
statement or notation Also contributes to
A correct use of language has the clear business communication. When
preference. In written business statements are varied, they will Confuse the
communication, grammatical errors must be receiver.
avoided and stylistic lapses or a wrong use
of verbs are not sufficient either in verbal
communication. A correct use of language
increases trustworthiness and the receiver
will feel that they are taken seriously.
5. CLARITY
Clear or plain language is characterized by
explicitness, short sentences and concrete
words. Fuzzy language is absolutely
forbidden, as are formal language and
cliché expressions. By avoiding parentheses
and keeping to the point, the receiver will
get a clear picture of the content of the
message. Briefly-worded information
emphasizes the essence of the message.
Coherence means the connection of ideas at
the idea level, and cohesion means the
connection of ideas at the sentence level.
6. CONSIDERATION
Communicating with the target group
(consideration). In order to communicate
well, it is important to relate to the target
group and be involved. By taking the
audience into account, the message can be
geared towards them. Factors that play a
role in this are for example: professional
knowledge, level of education, age and
interests.
7. CONCISENESS
A message is clear when the storyline is
consistent and when this does not contain any
Inconsistencies. When facts are mentioned, it
is important that there is consistent,
Supporting information.
 MATHEMATICS IN THE MODERN WORLD
FIBONACCI SEQUENCE-
1,1,2,3,5,8,13,...
The Fibonacci sequence is the series of
numbers where each number is the sum of the
two preceding numbers.
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

Formula: A = Pert
Exponential growth is a process that
increases quantity over time. It occurs when
the instantaneous rate of change of a quantity
with respect to time is proportional to the
quantity itself.
LIVING IN THE IT ERA
WHAT IS INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY?
 IT or information technology,
pertains to the industry that involves
computers, software, networking, and
other IT infrastructure to help relay
or manage information important in
modern-day living as seen primarily
in large companies or corporations.
WHAT IS INFORMATION AND
COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
 ICT is technology that supports
activities involving information such
as gathering, processing, storing, and
presenting data. Increasingly, these
activities also involve collaboration
and communication.
Information – the knowledge obtained
from reading, investigation, study, or
research. It is regarded as processed data.
Computers normally process data that
are later understood as information.
Information is needed to make decisions and
to foresee the future.
Communication – the act of transmitting
messages. It is a process in which
information is exchanged between
individuals through verbal and non-verbal
means.
Technology – As mentioned above,
technology has made communication much
easier and faster through telephones, fax
machines, mobile devices, and the internet.
COMPUTER
Another type of machine that is considered a
necessity is the Computer. A computer is an
electronic device, operating under the
control of instructions stored in its own
memory that can accept data,
manipulate the data according to specified
rules, produce results, and store the results
for future use.
The first electronic computer was
developed in 1946. Designed by J.
Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly
from the University of Pennsylvania and
financed by the United States Army,
The Electronic Numeric Integrator
and Calculator (ENIAC) is considered
to be the first-generation computer.
ENIAC was a modular computer, composed
of several panels capable of performing
different functions. However, it could store
limited or small amount of information
and only do arithmetic operations such as
addition and subtraction of up to 10 digits.
The computer was roughly 167 square meters
in size, and weighed 27 ton.
In this second generation (1959-1965)
the transistor was used as the interior
sections of the computer. Transistors were
much smaller, faster ,and more dependable
than the vacuum tubes of the first-generation
computer. They generated less heat and
consumed less electricity but were still very
costly
THE THIRD GENERATION OF
COMPUTER
In 1965, Jack Kilby invented the integrated
circuit (IC) that was used instead of
transistors as the interior sections to build
the computer. A single IC has man
transistors, resistors, and capacitors that even
the full circuit board of a transistor can be
replaced entirely with one chip. This chip
made the computers smaller, unfailing, and
effective. In this third generation, remote
processing, time-sharing, and
multiprogramming operating system were
used.
FOURTH-GENERATION COMPUTER
From 1971 to 1980, very large scale
integrated (VLSI) circuits were used to
build computers. These circuits have about
5,000 transistors and other circuit elements
with their connected circuits on a single
chip known as the microprocessor. These
fourth-generation computers such as personal
computers became more powerful, dense,
reliable, and inexpensive. This
microprocessor technology can be used
and applied for pocket calculators, television
sets, automotive devices, and audio and video
appliances.
FIFTH-GENERATION COMPUTER
(1980 onwards)
- In this fifth-generation, the VLSI
technology has evolved into what is called
ultra-large-scale integration (ULSI)
technology, with the manufacture of
microprocessor chips having 10million
electronic components. This generation
involves computer intelligence which is
associated with artificial intelligence (AI),
natural language, and expert systems that
interpret the means and practices of
producing computers that think like human
being
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
The hardware pertains to the computer’s
physical devices.
INPUT DEVICES
- Input devices enter or send data and
instructions from the user or from another
computer system on the internet while output
devices send back the administered data to
the user or to another computer system.
The following are some of the most
common and important input devices
of a computer:
Keyboard – is the most common input
device that accepts letters, numbers, and
commands from the user.
Mouse – lets one select options from on-
screen menus. A mouse is used by moving it
on a flat surface, pressing its two buttons (left
and right), and scrolling the wheel that is
located between the buttons.
Microphone – allows a user to speak into the
computer to input data and instructions.
While there are available stand-alone
microphones for computers, most of the time,
users buy a headset - a combination of
microphone and earphones- for the sake of
practicality.
Scanner – converts printed material
(such as text and pictures) into a form
the computer can use.Types of scanners
available are:
 Flatbed scanner - looks like
miniature printers with a flip-up
cover protecting the glass platen.
They are often built into multi-
function printers (MFPs).
 Hand-held or portable scanner -
small enough to fit inside one’s
pocket. Pen scanners are just a
bit bigger than fountain pens and can
scan the text of a document line by
line.
Digital camera – allows one to take pictures
then transfer the photographed images to the
computer or printer instead of storing the
images on a traditional film.
PC video camera – is a digital video camera
that enables users to create a movie or take
still photographs electronically
OUTPUT DEVICES
An output device is any hardware component
that transmits information to one or
more people.
 Printer – produces text and graphics
on a physical mediumsuch as paper.
 Monitor - displays text, graphics,
and videos on a screen.Many
monitors look similar to a
television.
 Speaker – allows one to hear
music, voice, and othersounds.
The signal used to produce the sound
that comesfrom a computer
speaker is created by the
computer’s sound card
SYSTEM UNIT
The system unit is the enclosure
composed of the main elements of a
computer that are used to administer data.
This can be referred to as a computer case
or tower.
STORAGE DEVICES
A computer can be utilized with only
processing, memory, input, and output
devices. To make it very valuable, however, a
computer also needs a place to hold
program files and all related files when they
are not in use. The goal of using storage
is to keep data permanently.
TYPES OF STORAGE UNITS
 Flash disk drive – a small portable
storage device often referred to as
pen drives, thumb drives, or jump
drives. IT has a memory capacity
of 2GB, 4GB, 8GB, 16GB,
32GB, 64GB, 128GB, 1TB, and now
up to 2TB.
 Hard disk drive – most personal
computers have at least one non-
removable hard disk that is
regarded as a non-volatile
memory which permanently
stores and retrieves data.
 Compact disc – a flat, round, and
portable metal disc. It has CD-ROM
and DVDROM types which has
enough storage capacity to store a
full-length movie and can be
accesseduing most CD and DVD
drives

The Civic Welfare Training Service

(CWTS) and the Literacy Training Service
(LTS) of the National Service Training
Program (NSTP) lessons include both
lectures and practical applications.
The training program aims to develop and
improve oneself as a community leader and
implementer of the Civic Welfare Programs
and Services as mandated by the NSTP
under Republic act No. 9163 and the
Implementing Rules and Regulations
(IRR) of the commission on Higher
Education (CHED), Department of
National Defense (DND) and Technical
Education and Skills Development
Authority (TESDA).
The National Service Training Program
(NSTP) Law or RA 9163 also known as
“An Act Establishing the National Service
Training Program (NSTP) for tertiary
level students, amending for the purpose
Republic Act No. 7077 and Presidential
Decree No. 1706, and for other purposes.”
was enacted last January 2002 to amend
the Expanded ROTC.
Republic Act No. 9163 establishes the
National Service Training Program or
NSTP (for tertiary level students)
amending the purpose as stated on the
Republic Act No. 7077 and PD No. 1706.
Republic Act 7722 is the act creating the
Commission on Higher Education which
covers both the public and private
institutions of higher education as well as
degree-granting programs in all post-
secondary educational institutions, be it
public or private.
Each of the NSTP components shall be
undertaken for an academic period of two
(2) semesters for 54 to 90 training hours
per semester. It shall be credited for three
(3) units per semester.
NSTP-OSP is created under RA 9163 or
the NSTP Act of 2001, especially Section 6
and jointly devised, formulated and
adopted by DND, CHED and TESDA.
The different programs under NSTP-
CWTS:
HEALTH PROGRAM
 Blood Donation and Registry
 Herbal Medicine
 Cancer Care
 Communicable Diseases
 Basic First Aid
 Disaster Management
EDUCATION PROGRAM
 School-based Program
 Community-based Program
LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM
 Skills Training
 Entrepreneurial Program
PASTORAL PROGRAM
 Family Ministry
 Parish Pastoral
 Day Care Value Formation
 Pastoral Advocacy
 Elderly Accompaniment
SELF-GOVERNANCE
 Environmental Program
 Child Abuse Center-based
 Children Advocacy Community-
based
 Street Children
 Political Education
Importance of LTS:
“Literacy Training Service” is a program
designed to train students to become teacher
literacy and numeracy skills to school
children, out of school youth, and other
segments of society in need of their need.
Literacy is crucial to the success of
individuals in both their career aspirations
and their quality of life.
FILIPINO VALUE SYSTEM
WHAT ARE VALUES?
Before delving into the discussion of values
– Filipino values, in particular – it is worth
analyzing the word itself. The word “value”
has its root in the Latin word “valere” which
means to be strong and vigorous.
WHAT ARE FILIPINO VALUES?
Significantly, Filipino values would be the
standards or principles set forth by the
Filipino society as basis for what is right or
wrong, the principles on which every
member of the Filipino society should
persevere to attain in order to reach the
ultimate realization of his life, regarding his
person and in relation to his family and
society in general.
FILIPINO CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristic that makes a Filipino vary
from different society is his uniquely blended
culture and values from different influences.
Filipino values, for reason of several
influences that shaped its identity, are bipolar
like a coin that has two sides. They may “We the Sovereign Filipino people
either be positive or negative in polarity. imploring the aid of Almighty God, in
order to build a just and humane society
There are three (3) main traits that underlie
and establish a Government that shall
the Filipino values and value-orientation
These traits have a strong influence in the embody our deals and aspirations,
behavior and mentality of the Filipinos promote the common good, conserve and
develop our patrimony, and secure to
1. Personalism is a Filipino trait wherein ourselves and our prosperity the
they give importance to interpersonal blessings of independence and
relations or face-to-face encounters. Filipinos
democracy under the rule of law and
usually extends their work or services
through “personal touch” or handles problem regime of truth, justice, freedom, love,
solving through good personal relations. equality and peace, do ordain and
promulgate this Constitution.”
2. Familialism focuses on the welfare and
interest of the family over those of the
community. The family is the basis of group
action and almost all community activity
centers on the family. In decision making, it
is the family that decides rather than the
individual on important matters. It takes into
consideration the welfare of the family and
not the individual. The family’s honor, not
the personal image, that is at stake when a
family member makes a mistake.

3. Particularism relates to the strong family

influence on the individual or group
behavior. This is shown when an individual
strive to promote their own and their
family’s interest over the community’s
interest. Popularity among peers is prevalent
and observable. Thus, Filipinos make special
efforts to entertain friends and relatives.
Pakikisama is very important. Conformity to
proper codes of conduct yields rewards of
cooperation while non-conformity results to
withdrawal of support.

It is also important to know that there are

three (3) main obligations that underlie the
Filipino value orientation namely – relational
(pakikipagkapwa), emotional (damdamin)
and moral (karangalan). One or all of these
may have influence in Filipinos’ lives and
social relationships

Some of the values in the Filipino society

A. UTANG NA LOOB
B. BAHALA NA
C. MAÑANA HABIT
D. NINGAS KUGON
E. AMOR PROPIO
F. BAYANIHAN
Preamble of the 1987 Philippine
Constitution