Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Civil & Environmental Engineering
University of Waterloo
Waterloo, ON, Canada
Take Home Lessons – Learning Objectives
Explain why soil is a Three‐Phase System
Define the Index Properties of soil
Derive the Phase Relationships for three‐phase soil
Calculate the Index Properties using the Basic
Definitions and Phase Relationships
Soil – Particulate Medium
There is space or “void” between particles
Void is most of the time filled with air and/or water
Three‐Phase System – Air, Water and Solid
A Conceptual Framework to Understand and Interpret
the Physical Behavior of Soil
Basics – Density and Unit Weight
Density () = Mass per Unit Volume
= M/V
Unit Weight () = Weight per Unit Volume
= W/V = Mg/V = g
g = Acceleration due to Gravity = 9.81 m/sec2
Total Weight/Mass =
Weight/Mass of Solids +
Water (Air has no
weight/mass)
Index Properties
Unit Weight (also called “Bulk”
Unit Weight or “Total” Unit
Weight)
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on
Solid + Void
“Total” Weight divided by “Total”
Volume
Density (or “Bulk” Density)
“Total” Mass divided by “Total”
Volume
Index Properties
Dry Unit Weight
Soil as Aggregate – Focus on Solid +
Void
Weight of Soil Solids divided by
“Total” Volume
Dry Density
Mass of Soil Solids divided by
“Total” Volume
Index Properties
Unit Weight of Solids
Soil NOT as Aggregate – Focus is on
Soil SOLIDS
Weight of Soil Solids divided by
Volume of Soil Solids
Density of Solids
Mass of Soil Solids divided by
Volume of Soil Solids
Index Properties
Specific Gravity of Solids (or simply
“Specific Gravity”)
Soil NOT as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
SOLIDS
Unit Weight of Soil Solids s divided by
Unit Weight of Water w
Density of Soil Solids divided by Density
of Water w
(Specific Gravity by definition is Density
Divided by Density of Water)
Index Properties
Void Ratio
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
VOID
Volume of Voids divided by Volume
of Soil Solids
Porosity
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
VOID
Volume of Voids divided by Total
Volume
Index Properties
Specific Volume
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
VOID
Total Volume divided by Volume of
Soil Solids
Index Properties
Water Content or Moisture Content
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
Water
Weight/Mass of Soil Water divided by
Weight/Mass of Soil Solids
Degree of Saturation
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
Water
Volume of Soil Water divided by
Volume of Voids
Index Properties
Volumetric Water Content
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil
Water
Volume of Soil Water divided by Total
Volume
Not used in Soil Mechanics – used in
hydrogeology
Index Properties
Air Content
Soil as Aggregate – Focus is on Soil Air
Volume of Air divided by Total
Volume
Sometimes, expressed as Percentage
Air Voids
Three‐Phase System – Intuitive Look
Focus on Weight/Volume – All the Unit Weights and
Densities , d, s, , d, s and Gs
Focus on Void – Void Ratio e (or Specific Volume v)
and Porosity n (both deal with volume)
Focus on Water – Water Content w (deals with weight)
and Degree of Saturation S (deals with volume)
Focus on Air – Air Content A
Three‐Phase System – Intuitive Look
Void Ratio is expressed as Ratio:
Porosity is sometimes expressed as %:
Void Ratio can be greater than 1
Porosity can NEVER be greater than 1
(or 100%)
Large amount of void means greater e
and greater n e n
Three‐Phase System – Intuitive Look
Degree of Saturation is often expressed as %:
Water Content is often expressed as %:
Degree of Saturation can NEVER be greater than 100%
If S = 100%, then all the Void is completely filled with water and the
soil is fully SATURATED
If S = 0%, then the soil is completely dry
Water Content CAN be greater than 100% (although for most
soils it is within 100%)
Total Unit Weight
Phase Relationships
0
Dry Unit Weight
When the Soil is Completely Dry (i.e., S = 0), = d
1
=
Saturated Unit Weight
When the Soil is Completely Saturated (i.e., S = 1), = sat
Phase Relationships
Phase Relationships
Density Unit Weight Porosity‐Void Ratio
Degree of Saturation‐Water Content
Degree of Saturation‐Air Content
Volumetric Water Content‐Degree
of Saturation
Submerged Unit Weight = w
Index Properties
What is the unit weight of a typical rock?
Index Properties
Saturated Unit Weight Dry Unit Weight
Problem 1 – Fundamental Definitions
Mass and volume of a moist soil sample is measured to be equal to
711 kg and 0.5 m3, respectively. The oven dried mass of the
sample is 624 kg. Given the specific gravity of soil solids equal to
2.68, calculate the following soil indices: (a) Moisture content w,
(b) Bulk unit weight (c) Dry unit weight d , (d) Void ratio e,
and (f) Porosity n. Unit weight of water is equal to 9.81 kN/m3.
Problem 2 – Phase Relationships
Given = 1.76 Mg/m3, w = 10% and Gs = 2.7
Calculate d, e, n, S, sat