Chronon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (May 6, 2014)

A chronon is a proposed quantum of time, that is, a discrete and indivisible "unit" of time as
part of a hypothesis that proposes that time is not continuous.
Contents
1 Early work
2 Work by Caldirola
3 Work by Vaknin
4 Work by Suchard
5 See also
6 Notes
7 e!erences
" E#ternal links
Early work
While time is a continuous quantity in both standard quantum mechanics and general
relativity, many physicists have suggested that a discrete model of time might work,
especially when considering the combination of quantum mechanics with general relativity to
produce a theory of quantum gravity. The term was introduced in this sense by Robert !vi in
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A quantum theory in which time is a quantum variable with a discrete spectrum, and
which is nevertheless consistent with special relativity, was proposed by (hen )ing *ang in
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,enry -argenau in "#./ suggested that the chronon might be the time for light to
travel the classical radius of an electron.
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Work by Caldirola
A prominent model was introduced by 1iero (aldirola in "#2/. 3n (aldirola4s model, one
chronon corresponds to about 5.$%6"/7$+
seconds for an electron.
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This is much longer than the 1lanck time, another proposed unit for
the quanti8ation of time, which is only about ..0#6"/9++
seconds. The 1lanck time is a universal quanti8ation of time itself, whereas the chronon is a
quanti8ation of the evolution in a system along its world line and consequently the value of
the chronon, like other quanti8ed observables in quantum mechanics, is a function of the
system under consideration, particularly its boundary conditions.
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The value for the chronon,

/
, is calculated from:
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;rom this formula, it can be seen that the nature of the moving particle being considered must
be specified since the value of the chronon depends on the particle4s charge and mass.
(aldirola claims the chronon has important implications for quantum mechanics, in particular
that it allows for a clear answer to the question of whether a free9falling charged particle does
or does not emit radiation.
&clarification needed'
This model supposedly avoids the difficulties met by
Abraham<orent84s
&which?'
and =irac4s approaches
&which?'
to the problem, and provides a natural
e>plication of quantum decoherence.
Work by Vaknin
Another model of quantised time was proposed by ?am @aknin in his "#2$ 1h.=.
dissertation, titled "Time Asymmetry Revisited". ,e postulates the e>istence of a particle
AchrononB. 3n the proposed theory, time is the result of the interaction of chronons, very much
as other forces in nature are the result of other particle interactions. @aknin postulates the
e>istence of various time quarks Aup, down, colors, etc.B whose properties cancel each other
and thus the arrow of time is derived Atime asymmetryB. The postulated particle AchrononB is
not only an ideal clock, but also mediates time itself Aanalogous to the relationship between
the ,iggs boson and massB. 3n other words, what we call "time" is the interaction between
chronons in a field. (hronons e>change between them a particle and thereby e>ert a force.
"Cvents" are perturbations in the Time ;ield and they are distinct from chronon interactions.
(hronon interactions Aparticle e>changesB in the Time ;ield generate "time" and "time
asymmetry" as we observe them.
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Work by Suchard
?uchard4s chronon is a purely geometric approach, complementing @aknin4s asymmetry and
spinor9based approach. Cquation A%B in ?uchard4s paper has a divergence component, that
according to a possible interpretation A5.+B, offers a way to achieve electro9gravity. A small
correction is, however, that the coefficient of this term should be $ and not " as it is in
equation A%B. The resulting postulated gravitational field resembles an electric dipole and
offers elevation on the e>pense of the traDectories of far bodies of mass quite the same way
ebb and tide take energy from the moon4s traDectory. According to that assumption, the
divergence term coincides with electric charges and therefore can e>plain the =ark -atter
effect by a negligible e>cess of intra9galactic positive charges. The ordinary conservation law
A2B is then replaced with a more general law A$.B in the same paper EFpper Time imit, 3ts
Gradient (urvature, and -atterH.
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See also
Ele&entary 'article
(ra)astar
*ist o! 'articles
+article 'hysics
,uantu& &echanics
-heoretical 'hysics
Notes
1. */)i 1027
2. 1an2 1047
3. 3ar2enau 1054
4. 5arias 6 eca&i7 '.11.
5. 5arias 6 eca&i7 '.1".
6. 5arias 6 eca&i7 '.11. Caldirola8s ori2inal 'a'er has a di!!erent !or&ula due
to not workin2 in standard units.
7. Cali!ornia 3ira&ar 9ni)ersity7 a)ailable on 3icro!iche in 93: and !ro& the
*ibrary o! Con2ress htt';<<catalo22.loc.2o)<c2i=bin<+webrecon.c2i>
?@Alocal6SearchBCr2A)akninDti&e6SearchBCodeA(EE1
F5EG6CN-A1446histA16ty'eAHuick
". Vaknin S -i&e Csy&&etry e=Visited
0. I9''er -i&e *i&it7 :ts (radient Cur)ature7 and 3atterJ by Eytan K. Suchard
LMournal o! 3odern +hysics and C''lications 24147 2414;5N
htt';<<scik.or2<inde#.'h'<O&'a<article<)iew<1317<644
14. ICbsolute 3a#i&u& +ro'er -i&e to an :nitial E)ent7 the Cur)ature o! :ts
(radient alon2 Con!lict Strin2s and 3atterJ by Eytan K. Suchard LMournal o! 3odern
+hysics Vol.4 No.6 L2413N7 Crticle :?;334"6N
htt';<<www.scir'.or2<Oournal<+a'er:n!or&ation.as'#>+a'er:?A334"6
11. I9''er -i&e *i&it7 :ts (radient Cur)ature7 and 3atterJ by Eytan K. Suchard
References
*/)i7 obert L1027N. P-h/orie de l8action uni)erselle et discontinueP. Journal de
Physique et le Radium 8 L4N; 1"2Q10". doi;14.1451<O'hysrad;4102744"4441"244.
3ar2enau7 Kenry L1054N. The Nature of Physical Reality. 3c(raw=Kill.
1an27 C N L1047N. PRn HuantiSed s'ace=ti&eP. Physical Review 72 L0N; "74.
@ibcode;1047+h)...72.."741. doi;14.1143<+hyse).72."74.
Caldirola7 +. L10"4N. P-he introduction o! the chronon in the electron theory and a
char2ed le'ton &ass !or&ulaP. Lett. Nuovo Cim. 27 L"N; 225Q22".
doi;14.1447<@54275434".
5arias7 uy C. K.T eca&i7 Eras&o L1007=46=27N. P:ntroduction o! a ,uantu& o! -i&e
LPchrononPN7 and its ConseHuences !or ,uantu& 3echanicsP. arUi);Huant=
'h<0746450 $Huant='h%.
Clbanese7 ClaudioT *awi7 Ste'han L2444N. P-i&e ,uantiSation and H=de!or&ationsP.
Journal of Physics A. 37 L"N; 20"3Q20"7. arUi);he'=th<434"104.
@ibcode;2444M+hC...37.20"3C. doi;14.14""<4345=4474<37<"<440. etrie)ed 2446=47=
31.
External links
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Time Asymmetry Re-Visited
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Abstract
Time does not feature in the equations describing the world of elementary particles
and in some border astrophysical conditions. There, there is time symmetry.
The world of the macro, on the other hand, is time asymmetric.
Time is, therefore, an epiphenomenon: it does not characteri8e the parts < though it
emerges as a main property of the whole, as an e>tensive parameter of macro
systems.
3n my doctoral dissertation A1h.=. Thesis available on -icrofiche in F-3 and from
the ibrary of (ongressB, 3 postulate the e>istence of a particle AchrononB. Time is
the result of the interaction of chronons, very much as other forces in nature are
"transferred" in such interactions.
The (hronon is a time "atom" Aactually, an elementary particle, a time "quark"B.
We can postulate the e>istence of various time quarks Aup, down, colors, etc.B
whose properties cancel each other Ain pairs, etc.B and thus derive the time arrow
Atime asymmetryB.
-y postulated particle AchrononB is not only an ideal clock, but also mediates time
itself Asame like the relationship between the ,iggs boson and mass.B 3n other
words: 3 propose that what we call "time" is the interaction between chronons in a
field. The field 3? time itself. (hronons e>change between them a particle and
thereby e>ert a force.
"Cvents" are perturbations in the Time ;ield and they are distinct from chronon
interactions. (hronon interactions AIparticle e>changeB in the Time ;ield generate
"time" Asmall tB and "time asymmetry" as we observe them.
-y work is, therefore, a ;ield Theory of Time.
Future directions of research:
#$%%&'&(&) 1* -i&e as a wa)e !unction with obser)er=&ediated colla'se. Entan2le&ent o!
all the chronons at the e#act P&o&entP o! the @i2 @an2. C relati)istic ,5- with chronons as
5ield ,uanta Le#cited states.N -he inte2ration is achie)ed )ia the Huantu& su'er'ositions.
#$%%&'&(&) 2* 3etric e#'ansion o! ti&e is i&'lied i! ti&e is a !ourth di&ension o! s'ace.
#$%%&'&(&) 3* -i&e as a +KRNRN o! the &etric itsel!.
#$%%&'&(&) 4* +erturbati)e ,5-. -i&e !ro& the @i2 @an2 &ediated by chronons7 which
leads to e#'ansion Lincludin2 in the nu&ber o! chronons.N No bound states.
Read EUpper i!e "i!it# $ts %radient Cur&ature# and 'atterH by Eytan () Suchard
*Journal of -odern 1hysics and Applications $/"+, $/"+:.B
Read +Absolute 'axi!u! ,roper i!e to an $nitial E&ent# the Cur&ature of $ts
%radient alon- Conflict Strin-s and 'atter. by Eytan () Suchard AJournal of -odern
1hysics @ol.+ )o.5 A$/"0B, Article 3=:00/25/
+Upper i!e "i!it# $ts %radient Cur&ature# and 'atter. by Eytan () Suchard
Chronons *Wikipedia/ and (ERE
Chronons *in Science Fiction/
Read ,ther #ssays:
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(egentro%i! Agents and the )n!rease of #ntro%y
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