ECS 518

Further Mechanics of Solid

Review
SalamMechanics of solids (materials): The studies of the effect of external loads to a
deformable body. It involves computing the deformations of the body, and it provides a
study of the bodys stability when the body is subjected to external forces.
Linear-elastic material: the deformation of the material is proportional to the applied
load, and the material returns to the original position when the applied load is released.
!ee "oo#e $aw below). %aterials that obey "oo#es law are linear elastic.
omo!eneous material: material properties are the same in all locations
"sotro#ic material: material properties are the same in all directions
Stress - Strain Curve (Mild Steel$
Stress:
P
A

Strain:
L
L

%oun!&s modulus: E

&or !teel mild or high strength), ' ( )** +,a

'ote: In the above definition
- is the original area.
$ is the original length
.
,
$ $
ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review
oo(e&s Law (Ro)ert oo(e* 1+,+$
/The extension of a member is proportional to the applied load.0
In terms of forces, "oo#es law says:
- . /(L$
1here
& is the force
2 is the stiffness
$ is the displacement.
"oo#es $aw may be expressed as )
-oisson Ratio (S 0 -oisson$
L
L
lon!


0
0
lat


lon!
lat

3egative sign used because elongation due to tension will cause lateral contraction in the
tension member.
)
,
$
2
,
$ $
45)
4

y
Linear
elastic 1one
2nloadin! #ath
after 3ieldin!

u
6ltimate stress
7ield stress
ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review
Shear Stress 4 Shear Strain
. 5
1here
is the shear stress
+ is the shear modulus
is the shear strain
The shear modulus +) is related to the 7oungs %odulus ') and ,oisson ratio ) by the
well8#nown e9uation:
E
G=
2(1+)
!ee derivation in section .*.:)
;

ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review
67ial Stress (or 'ormal Stress$
The normal stress
a

due to an axial force , acting perpendicular to a section of area - is

given by
a
P
A

8orsion Shear Stress
The torsional shear stress

due to a tor9ue T acting perpendicular to a circular section

either solid or hollow) is given by
Tr
J

1here
r is the radius to the point at which the stress is to be calculated
< is the polar moment of inertia. &or a tube of inner diameter 4
i
and outer diameter of
4
o
, < is given by
4 4
o i
J (D D )
32

&or thin wall tubes, 4
o
8 4
i
) is small, and < can be approximated as
3
D
J 2 t
2
_


,
3ote that < is twice the moment of inertia of a circular section.
Fle7ural Stress ('ormal stress due to )endin!$
The flexural stress
b

due to a bending moment % on a cross8section is given by

b
My
I

1here
y is the distant from the neutral axis to the height which the stress is to be determined
I is the moment of inertia of the section
Fle7ural Shear Stress
The flexural shear stress due to a shear force = resulting from the change in bending
moment is given by
VQ
It

1here
> is the statical area first moment of area) of the plane which the shear stress is to be
determined
t is the thic#ness of the plane
?
ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review
89: 0"ME'S":'6L (;0$ S8RESS-S8R6"'S REL68":'S"-S
;-0 67ial and Shear Stress at a -oint
Si!n convention:
,ositive normal stress acts outward from all the faces and positive shear stress acts
upward on the right8hand face of the element.
&or any plane that is oriented at an angle , the angle is positive is it follows the curl of
the right8hand rule.
-t different orientation of the stress at the same point, the magnitude of the normal and
shear stresses changes. These changes can be modeled using the %ohr circle.
@enter of %ohr @ircle:
x y
C
2
+

A@ is also called the average stressB
Cadius of %ohr @ircle: ( )
2
2
x xy
R C +
,rincipal stresses:
1
2
C R
C R
+

Drientation of principal planes at angle given by:
tan( )
( ) /
xy xy
x x y
2
C 2



3o shear stresses on the plane where the principal stresses act
%aximum shear stress

max
( C
Driented ?E
o
from the element that defines the principal stresses
3ote that
E
+
+
x
+
y
x
x
y
y
F
ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review

7
<
3
.
1
<
;
This is called the stress invariant.
-rinci#al Stresses 2sin! Ei!envalue-Ei!envector 6##roach
Review of linear al!e)ra=
&or a given a matrix A%B, find a vector GxH such that
> 7 ? > 7 @? M A
The vector GxH is called the eigenvector and the scalar is called the eigenvalue.
+eometrically, the matrix A%B operates on and results in a stretching of vector GxH.
Cewriting,
> B ? > 7 >@? " ? M A
where GIH is the identity matrix . on the diagonal, and Iero everywhere else). &or the
e9uality to hold, the determinant must be Iero. "ence, we can set
det AM-?7>@ . ?B>
and solve for the eigenvalues . "aving found the eigenvalues, the eigenvector GxH can
be determined.
Stress Matri7
The stresses on the element can be written in matrix form as
1
]
1

3 73
73 7
3ote that the matrix is symmetric.
The principle stresses is then given by the eigenvalue of the matrix, and the outwards
normal to the principle planes are defined by the eigenvectors of the matrix.
oo(e&s Law in ;-0 Stress-Strain Relationshi#
:
ECS 518
Further Mechanics of Solid
Review
y
x
x
y
x
y
E E
E E

+
Dr in matrix form
x x
y y
1
1
1 E
1

' ; ' ;
1

]
The above e9uations can be solved to determine the stresses.
( )
3 7
;
7
1
+


E
( )
3 7
;
3
1
+


E
J