A2010 Criminal Procedure Digests

Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1 Prof.
Rowena Daroy Morales

ABBARIAO B!"#RA$
468 SCRA 421
PANGANIBAN; August 31, 2005
$A#%R!
Administrativ mattr in t! Su"rm C#urt
&AC#'
$ %!is stmmd &r#m an administrativ 'as &i(d )*
A))aria# against +udg B(tran, B(tran -as '!argd
-it! gr#ss ign#ran' #& t! (a- and .n#-ing(*
rndring un/ust /udgmnt,
$ A)arria# -as t! &#rmr )ran'! managr #&
C#untr* Ban.r0s Assuran' C#r"#rati#n, In 1't#)r
1222, +#s"! A)ra!am "r#'urd 2 insuran' "#(i'is
&r#m !im and issud a "#st$datd '!'. t# srv as
"as*mnt, But t! '!3u -as su)s3unt(*
dis!#n#rd,
$ In&#rmati#ns -r &i(d )&#r )&#r +udg B(tran
&#r sta&a and vi#(ati#n #& BP 22,
Petitioners Claim
$ Ptiti#nr '(aims t!at B(tran0s ru(ing t!at t!r -as
n# va(id insuran' '#ntra't -it! A)ra!am -as
rr#n#us and t!at ! !ad n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
'as in t! &irst "(a',
Respondents Comments
$ B(tran '(aims t!at t!r -as n# va(id insuran'
'#ntra't )t-n A))aria# and A)ra!am )'aus
t! insuran' "#(i'* &#rm #& A)ra!am -as
disa""r#vd,
$ 4 a(s# '(aims ! !as /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as
)'aus t! a''usd -as arraignd in !is '#urt and
t! "r#s'ut#r &ai(d t# -it!dra- t! 'as,
I''%!
1, 51N t! /udg is gui(t* #& rndring un/ust
/udgmnt
2, 51N B(tran0s ru(ing s!#-d gr#ss ign#ran' #&
t! (a- in trms #& assuming /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
'as
(!"D
1, N1, t! /udg must ) a)s#(vd &r#m t!is '!arg,
Ratio %! a'ts #& /udgs "rtaining t# t!ir /udi'ia(
&un'ti#ns ar n#t su)/'t t# dis'i"(inar* "#-r,
un(ss su'! a'ts ar '#mmitd -it! &raud,
dis!#nst*, '#rru"ti#n #r )ad &ait!, In t! a)sn' #&
"r##& t# t! '#ntrar*, an rr#n#us d'isi#n #r #rdr
is "rsumd t# !av )n issud in g##d &ait!,
2, 67S, B(tran !ad n# aut!#rit* t# ru( #vr t!
'as,
Ratio A '#urt 'an #n(* ta. '#gni8an' #& a 'as
t!at &a((s -it!in its /urisdi'ti#n,
Reasoning
$ A"ri( 15, 1224 is t! dat #& &&'tivit* #& RA 9621,
RA 9621 :"andd t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! &irst$(v(
'#urts )* "r#viding t!at &irst$(v( '#urts s!a(( !av
/urisdi'ti#n #vr 'rimina( 'ass in -!i'! t! #&&ns
is "unis!a)( -it! im"ris#nmnt n#t :'ding 6
*ars, rgard(ss #& t! am#unt #& t! &in,
$ +anuar* 30, 1225 -as t! dat t! in&#rmati#n -as
&i(d, %! 'as !ad t# d# -it! t! vi#(ati#n #& BP 22
-!i'! is "na(i8d )* an im"ris#nmnt #& n#t (ss
t!an 30 da*s )ut n#t m#r t!an #n *ar, %!us
-!n t! in&#rmati#n -as &i(d, RA 9621 -as a(rad*
in &&'t,
$ ;uring t! tnur #& t! &#rmr "rsiding /udg, t!
issu #& /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as -as a(rad*
"nding rs#(uti#n, 4 a(s# dis"(a*d ind'isivnss
)* r(*ing #n t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r0s assuran' t!at
!is '#urt !ad a'3uird /urisdi'ti#n,
$ Asid &r#m t!is instan', t!r -r t-# #t!r
#''asi#ns -!n B(tran -as '!argd and &#und
gui(t* #& gr#ss ign#ran' #& t! (a- <in De Austria v.
Beltran and Andres v. Beltran=,
DISPOSITION +udg B(tran -as &#und gui(t* #&
gr#ss ign#ran' #& t! (a- &#r -!i'! ! is &ind
P20,000 as r'#mmndd )* t! 1CA and is -arnd
t!at a r"titi#n #& t! sam a't -#u(d mrit a
gravr "na(t*,
RIBA)A *%D+! BI$AMIRA,PARCIA
A> N#, >%+$04$1549
C1RN7+1; A"ri( 15, 2005
$A#%R!
Administrativ 'as against +udg Aur#ra Binamira$
Par'ia #& t! >uni'i"a( %ria( C#urt in Citis <>%CC=,
?iga# Cit*, A()a* r(ativ t# Crimina( Cas N#, 8619
<P#"( v, S"s, Ri)a*a=
&AC#'
$ Asst Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r Pdr# @ga, in !is
"rs#na( 'a"a'it*, &i(d )&#r t! >%CC, ?iga# Cit* a
'rimina( '#m"(aint &#r sta&a against t! S"s Ri)a*a
#n N#vm)r 22, 2001, %! s"#uss, a&tr r'iving
P12,000 &r#m @ga, a((gd(* misa""r#"riatd t!
am#unt t# t! (attr0s "r/udi', %! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n -as t!n '#ndu'td )* rs"#ndnt
/udg,
$ C#m"(ainant, t! daug!tr #& t! a''usd s"#uss,
#)srvd svra( irrgu(aritis in t! '#ndu't #& t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and t! issuan' #& t!
-arrant #& arrst, %! s"#uss t!n &i(d a m#ti#n t#
3uas! and s#ug!t t! nu((i&i'ati#n #& Asu)s3unt
#rdrsB, They alleged that the MTCC had no
jurisdiction and authority to conduct a
preliminary investigation o a complaint iled
!y an oended party directly "ith the court#
The authority to conduct a preliminary
investigation "as vested solely on the Oice o
the City Prosecutor#
$ 5!i( -aiting &#r t! rs#(uti#n #& t!ir m#ti#n t#
3uas!, t! s"#uss did n#t "#st )ai(, 1n A"ri( 10,
2002 C#ra8#n Ri)a*a -as a""r!ndd )* arrsting
#&&i'rs in t! "u)(i' mar.t )* virtu #& a -arrant #&
arrst issud )* rs"#ndnt /udg,
$ %! '#m"(ainant &i(d t!is administrativ 'as
against +udg Par'ia, %! m#ti#ns )asi'a((*
3usti#nd rs"#ndnt0s aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n,
$ In !r ans-r, rs"#ndnt /udg '(aimd t!at
'#m"(ainant -as n#t a "art* in Crimina( Cas N#,
8619, Respondent e$plained that she
conducted the preliminary investigation o the
criminal complaint against the spouses
!ecause the Oicer%in%Charge &OIC' o the
Oice o the City Prosecutor "as too !usy to
do so#
$ %# su""#rt !r '(aim, rs"#ndnt atta'!d t!
a&&idavit #& 1IC Cit* Pr#s'ut#r @as3u8 #& t! t!n
n-(*$'ratd ?iga# Cit*, @as3u8 statd t!at t!
Cit* Pr#s'ut#r0s 1&&i' -as sti(( undrg#ing
r#rgani8ati#n -!n t! su)/'t 'rimina( '#m"(aint
-as &i(d, It !ad nit!r n#ug! man"#-r n#r #&&i'
s"a' in t! 4a(( #& +usti', P#siti#ns !ad n#t *t
)n &i((d, 4is -#r.(#ad as Asst Pr#vin'ia(
Pr#s'ut#r and 1IC Cit* Pr#s'ut#r -as s# !av*
t!at tim '#nstraints did n#t "rmit !im t# '#ndu't
"r(iminar* invstigati#ns, %!us, it -as t!
rs"#ndnt /udg -!# '#ndu'td t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
$ t! 1&&i' #& t! C#urt Administrat#r <1CA= &#und
t!at rs"#ndnt rrd -!n s! '#ndu'td t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t! su)/'t 'rimina(
'#m"(aint vn a&tr t! >uni'i"a(it* #& ?iga#, A()a*
!ad )n '#nvrtd int# a 'it*, %! 1CA
r'#mmndd t!atC <1= t! '#m"(aint ) r$d#'.td
as a rgu(ar administrativ mattr; and <2= t!
rs"#ndnt ) r"rimandd, dir'td t# '#n'ntrat
!r tim and &&#rt #n "r&#rming !r /udi'ia( tas.s
and -arnd t!at a r"titi#n #& t! sam #r simi(ar
#&&ns -#u(d ) da(t -it! m#r svr(*,
$ A m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n -as &i(d )*
rs"#ndnt #n 1't#)r 1, 2003, This time(
respondent claimed that "hat she conducted
on Novem!er )*( )++, "as a preliminary
e$amination to determine pro!a!le cause or
the issuance o a "arrant o arrest against the
spouses# Respondent also claimed that the
criminal complaint "as governed !y Sec# *(
Rule ,,) o the Revised Rules o Criminal
Procedure( the rule governing cases that did
not re-uire preliminary investigation# Sin' t!
am#unt inv#(vd in t! sta&a 'as -as P12,000, n#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n -as r3uird,
I''%!'
1, 51N rs"#ndnt /udg !ad t! aut!#rit* t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#n
2, 51N rs"#ndnt /udg is gui(t* #& mis'#ndu't in
#&&i'
3, 51N "r(iminar* invstigati#n -as n#t r3uird
&#r t! sta&a 'as
4, 51N -arrant #& arrst -as va(id
(!"D
1, N1
$ A(t!#ug! /udgs #& in&ri#r '#urts ar aut!#ri8d t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& a(( 'rims -it!in
t!ir /urisdi'ti#n, t! tas. is ssntia((* an :'utiv
&un'ti#n, As &ar )a'. as C#(('t#r #& Cust#ms v,
@i((a(u8, - a(rad* !(d t!atC
D-E!i( - sustain t! "#-r #& t! : : : '#urts t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* :aminati#n, "ursuant t# 1ur
C#nstituti#na( "#-r #& administrativ su"rvisi#n
#vr a(( '#urts( as a matter o policy( "e enjoin
$ $ $ judge.s/ $ $ $ to concentrate on hearing
and deciding !eore their courts# $ $ $
.0udges/ should not encum!er themselves
"ith the preliminary e$amination and
investigation o criminal complaints( "hich
they should reer to the municipal judge or
provincial or city iscal( "ho in turn can
utili1e the assistance o the state prosecutor
to conduct such preliminary e$amination and
investigation#
$ Cit* /udgs t!n -r '(ar(* aut!#ri8d t# '#ndu't
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and :aminati#n, 2ut
even then( "e also held that the provisions o
Rule ,,) granting city judges the authority to
conduct preliminary investigation did not apply
to judges o cities the charters o "hich
authori1ed the city iscal only to conduct
preliminary investigation o criminal
complaints#
$ %!is ru(ing -as, in &a't, intgratd int# t! Revised
Rules o Criminal Procedure# 3nder Sec# ,( Rule
,,+( criminal actions in chartered cities are
instituted !y iling the complaint only "ith the
City Prosecutor, %! ru( im"(is t!at t! tas. #&
'#ndu'ting "r(iminar* invstigati#n in t!s 'itis is
n#- (#dgd -it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r,
Conse-uently( inerior court judges o cities
"hose charters authori1e only the iscal to
conduct preliminary investigation are no
longer allo"ed to perorm this unction#
$ %! >uni'i"a(it* #& ?iga# -as '#nvrtd int# a
'it* )* RA 2008 -!i'! t##. &&'t #n F) 21, 2001,
%!is (a-, a(s# .n#-n as t! '!artr #& t! Cit* #&
?iga#, "r#vids in S', 50 t!atC
<a= %!r s!a(( ) sta)(is!d in t! 'it* a
"r#s'uti#n srvi' t# ) !add )* a 'it*
"r#s'ut#r and su'! num)r #& assistant "r#s'ut#rs
as ma* ) n'ssar*, -!# s!a(( ) #rgani8ati#na((*
"art #& t! ;1+G
<)= %! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r s!a(( !and( t! 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n in t! >%C in t! 'it* as -(( as in t!
R%C &#r 'rimina( 'ass #riginating in t! trrit#r* #&
t! 'it*, and s!a(( rndr t# #r &#r t! 'it* su'!
srvi's as ar r3uird )* (a-, #rdinan' #r
rgu(ati#n #& t! ;1+G
$ C(ar(*, rs"#ndnt /udg !ad n# m#r aut!#rit* t#
'#ndu't a "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t! su)/'t
'rimina( '#m"(aint, %! #&&i'r aut!#ri8d t# '#ndu't
"r(iminar* invstigati#ns in t! t!n n-(*$'ratd
Cit* #& ?iga# -as its Cit* Pr#s'ut#r, At t!at tim,
t! dut* dv#(vd u"#n 1IC Cit* Pr#s'ut#r @as3u8,
ds"it t! administrativ di&&i'u(tis ! -as
n'#untring,
2, 67S
$ 5 n#ti'd t! '#ntradi'ti#n )t-n !r ans-r
and !r m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n as t# -!at s!
a'tua((* '#ndu'td #n N#vm)r 22, 2001, In !r
ans-r, s! /usti&id !r aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n, In !r m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! 1CA0s rs#(uti#n, !#-vr,
s! d'(ard t!at s! '#ndu'td a "r(iminar*
:aminati#n t# /usti&* t! issuan' #& a -arrant #&
arrst
$%!r a""ar /ust t## man* intriguing un'rtaintis
surr#unding t! &i(ing #& t! sta&a 'as, 5
t!r&#r dir't #ur attnti#n t# rs"#ndnt /udg0s
&ai(ur t# ras #ur d#u)ts #vr !#- s! administrs
/usti' in !r /urisdi'ti#n,
$ Rs"#ndnt /udg must ) rmindd t!at s!
s!#u(d d# !#n#r t# !r "#siti#n n#t #n(* )* rndring
/ust, '#rr't and im"artia( d'isi#ns )ut d#ing s# in a
mannr &r &r#m an* sus"i'i#n as t# t!ir &airnss
and im"artia(it*, and as t# !r intgrit*, A s"#t(ss
dis"nsati#n #& /usti' r3uirs n#t #n(* t!at t!
d'isi#n rndrd ) intrinsi'a((* &air )ut t!at t!
/udg rndring it must at a(( tims maintain t!
a""aran' #& &airnss and im"artia(it*,
$ C#nsidring a(( t!is, rs"#ndnt /udg '#mmittd
sim"( mis'#ndu't in #&&i', >is'#ndu't in #&&i' !as
a -(($d&ind maning, It r&rs t# mis'#ndu't t!at
a&&'ts t! /udg0s "r&#rman' #& !r dutis and n#t
/ust !r '!ara'tr as a "rivat individua(, %#
'#nstitut an administrativ #&&ns, mis'#ndu't
s!#u(d r(at t# #r ) '#nn'td -it! t!
"r&#rman' #& t! #&&i'ia( &un'ti#ns and dutis #& a
"u)(i' #&&i'r,
3, 67S
$ Rs"#ndnt '#rr't(* #)srvd t!at it -as n#t
ndd in t! sta&a 'as, %! ma:imum "na(t* &#r
t! 'rim a((gd(* '#mmittd t!r <6 m#nt!s and 1
da* t# 4 *ars and 2 m#nt!s= did n#t mt t!
minimum "na(t* <at (ast 4 *ars, 2 m#nt!s and 1
da*= r3uird t# ma. a "r(iminar* invstigati#n
"art #& t! s"#uss0 rig!t t# du "r#'ss,
4, 67S
$ As (#ng as t! '#nstituti#na( mandat -as '#m"(id
-it!, t!at is, t! -arrant #& arrst -as issud u"#n a
&inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus "rs#na((* )* t! /udg
a&tr an :aminati#n undr #at! #r a&&irmati#n #& t!
'#m"(ainant and t! -itnsss ! ma* "r#du', t!
-arrant #& arrst -as va(id,
$ Rs"#ndnt /udg :amind t! '#m"(ainant Pdr#
@ga #n t! da* t! '#m"(aint -as &i(d and s! -as
satis&id t!at "r#)a)( 'aus :istd, %! -arrant #&
arrst s! issud against t! s"#uss Ri)a*a -as,
t!r&#r, /usti&id and n# vi#(ati#n #& t!ir
'#nstituti#na( rig!ts #''urrd, DISPOSITION
Rs"#ndnt +udg Aur#ra Binamira$Par'ia is !r)*
&#und gui(t* #& sim"( mis'#ndu't and a &in #&
P11,000 is im"#sd #n !r, S! is !r)* dir'td t#
dv#t !r tim and &&#rt :'(usiv(* t# dis'!arging
!r /udi'ia( &un'ti#ns, S! is &urt!rm#r -arnd
t!at a r"titi#n #& t! sam #r simi(ar a't -i(( mrit
a m#r svr "na(t*,
#%MA$+ BA%#I'#A
136 SCRA 682
ABA;$SAN%1S; >a* 31 1285
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- and annu( #rdrs #& R%C ?aguna
&AC#'
$ 7mi(i# +avir &i(d a sakdal against 7nri3u %umang
and !is daug!tr G#rgia %umang,
$ %! sakdal -as -rittn in %aga(#g and -as
una''#m"anid )* an 7ng(is! trans(ati#n,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page - Prof.
$ %! %umangs "ra*d t!at +avir ) #rdrd t# &i( a
'#"* #& t! '#m"(aint as trans(atd in 7ng(is!, and a
'#"* #& t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint and ;'isi#n #&
a'3uitta( in t! un/ust v:ati#n 'as mnti#nd in
+avir0s '#m"(aint,
$ %C ru(d #n 1't, 21 1282 t!at t! '#m"(aint -rittn
in Pi(i"in#, -!i'! is an #&&i'ia( (anguag, is "r#"r and
is admittd, %C a(s# ru(d t!at it is n#t a)s#(ut(*
n'ssar* t!at '#"is #& t! '#m"(aint and 'rimina(
'as ) atta'!d as ann:s, +avir s!#u(d !av,
!#-vr, at (ast statd t! d#'.t num)r as -((
as nam #& t! '#urt and )ran'! num)r,
$ %! %umangs &ai(d t# ans-r t! sakdal and -r
d'(ard in d&au(t, %!* s#ug!t t# r'#nsidr, n#t
#n(* t! #rdr #& d&au(t )ut a(s# t! #rdr admitting
t! '#m"(aint in Pi(i"in#,
$ %C st asid its #rdr #& d&au(t t!at r&usd t#
r'#nsidr its #rdr #& 1't#)r 21, 1282,
$ %! %umangs &i(d a m#ti#n t# dismiss, a((ging
t!at t! '#m"(aint did n#t stat a 'aus #& a'ti#n and
t!at t! vnu -as im"r#"r(* (aid, %C dnid t!
m#ti#n #n )#t! gr#unds,
I''%!
51N t! sakdal s!#u(d !av )n in 7ng(is! and n#t
%aga(#g
(!"D
67S
$ In t! "#nnt0s ('tur, A5riting ;'isi#nsB, !
said in "artC
A5!at (anguag s!#u(d t! /udg usH %!
'#nstituti#n sa*s t!at unti( #t!r-is "r#vidd
)* (a-, 7ng(is! and Pi(i"in# s!a(( ) t! #&&i'ia(
(anguagsI <Art, J@, S', 3, Par 3,= I& - ar t#
) guidd )* t!is "r#visi#n t!n it!r 7ng(is! #&
Pi(i"in# 'an ) usd, But in &a't 7ng(is! is a(m#st
:'(usiv(* usd and -it! g##d ras#n, F#r
Pi(i"in# is sti(( a gstating (anguag, %!
'#nstituti#n sa*s s#, It dir'ts t!at At!
Batasang Pam)ansa s!a(( ta. st"s t#-ards t!
dv(#"mnt and &#rma( ad#"ti#n #& a '#mm#n
nati#na( (anguag t# ) .n#-n as Pi(i"in#,B
$ 4#-vr, "titi#nr 'ann#t n#- rais t!is 3usti#n
)&#r t! Su"rm C#urt, As t!* !av ta'it(*
su)mittd t# t! %C0s ru(ing t!at t! sakdal did n#t
!av t# ) trans(atd in 7ng(is!; t!* ana(*8d t!
sakdal in arguing t!at it statd n# 'aus #& a'ti#n,
Su'! ana(*sis dm#nstratd t!at t!* undrst##d its
'#ntnts,
DISPOSITION ;nid &#r (a'. #& mrit,
PO#O# P!OP"!
383 SCRA 442
SAN;1@A?$GK%I7RR7L; +un 26, 2002
$A#%R!
Rvi- #n 'rti#rari #n a d'isi#n #& R%C #&
Catarman, N#rt!rn Samar
&AC#'
$ ;',12,1222C P#t#t -as '!argd -it! !#mi'id
)&#r t! R%C &#r assau(ting and sta))ing a 'rtain
R#d#(&# ;a"u(ag -it! a .ni&, t!r)* 'ausing !is
dat!,
$ F),1, 2000C K"#n arraignmnt, P#t#t "(add
gui(t* and inv#.d t! mitigating 'ir'umstan's #&
"(a #& gui(t* and v#(untar* surrndr, 4 -as (atr
'#nvi'td #& !#mi'id -M t! a)#v statd mitigating
'ir'umstan's,
$ F),3, 2000C P#t#t &i(d a mani&stati#n -it! m#ti#n
in&#rming t! %C t!at ! is n#t a""a(ing &r#m t!
;'isi#n and "ra*ing t!at a '#mmitmnt #rdr )
issud s# ! '#u(d immdiat(* srv !is sntn',
$ F),11, 2000C Privat '#m"(ainant R#sa(i ;a"u(ag
<-i& #& t! vi'tim=, -it! t! '#n&#rmit* #& t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r, &i(d a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#nMrtria(
"ra*ing t!at t! d'isi#n ) st asid and t!at t!
'as ) !ard again )'aus #& 'rtain irrgu(aritis
'#mmittd )&#r and during t! tria(, S! a((gd
t!at t!r -r 2 #t!r mn inv#(vd in t!
'#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim and t!at t! *-itnss
d(i)rat(* -it!!(d t! in&#rmati#n u"#n
s#(i'itati#n )* a 'rtain >a*#r ;a"u(ag and u"#n t!
*-itnsss0 #-n )(i& t!at su'! in'(usi#n -#u(d
'#m"(i'at t! 'as and ma. it m#r di&&i'u(t,
$ Ptiti#nr #""#sd t!is m#ti#n, assrting t!at t!
d'isi#n 'an n# (#ngr ) m#di&id #r st asid
)'aus it )'am &ina( -!n ! &#rma((* -aivd !is
rig!t t# a""a(,
$ >a* 3, 2000C %! tria( '#urt grantd R#sa(i
;a"u(ag0s m#ti#n, st asid its "rvi#us ;'isi#n as
-(( as #rdrd t!at t! r'#rds #& t! 'as )
rmandd t# t! 1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r
&#r r$va(uati#n #& t! vidn' and &i(ing #& t!
'#rrs"#nding '!arg,
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a >FR, '#ntnding t!at t! tria(
'#urt !as n# /urisdi'ti#n t# issu t! F),1 #rdr as
t! ;'isi#n !ad )'#m &ina(, and t!at t! said
#rdr -#u(d "(a' !im in d#u)( /#"ard*,
$ >a* 26, 2000C %! tria( '#urt dnid t! >FR &#r
t! ras#n t!at t! Stat is n#t )#und )* t! rr#r #r
ng(ign' #& its "r#s'uting #&&i'rs, !n',
/#"ard* d#s n#t atta'!,
$ Ptiti#nr n#- assai(s t! >a* 3
rd
and >a* 26
#rdrs -it! t! S#(,Gn, agring t!at t! '!a((ngd
#rdrs s!#u(d ) st asid and t!at t! F), 1
;'isi#n s!#u(d ) rinstatd,

I''%!'
1, 51N t! tria( '#urt, u"#n m#ti#n )* a "rivat
'#m"(ainant, 'an st asid a "rvi#us /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n and rmand t! r'#rds #& a 'as t# t!
1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r &#r r$va(uati#n #&
t! vidn' and t! &i(ing #& t! '#rrs"#nding
'!arg
2, 51N t! mani&stati#n )* t! a''usd t!at ! is
n#t a""a(ing &r#m t! tria( '#urt0s ;'isi#n rndr
t! /udgmnt &ina(
3, 51N t! tria( '#urt rr in granting "rivat
'#m"(ainant0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#nMrtria(
4, 51N t! assai(d #rdrs vi#(at "titi#nr0s
'#nstituti#na( rig!t against d#u)( /#"ard*
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio 1n(* t! a''usd ma* as. &#r a m#di&i'ati#n #r
stting asid #& a /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n -!i'! !
must d# )&#r t! said /udgmnt )'#ms &ina( #r
)&#r ! "r&'ts !is a""a(,
Reasoning
% S', 9 Ru( 120 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #n Crimina(
Pr#'dur, as amndd, "r#vidsC
S', 9, >#di&i'ati#n #& /udgmnt $ A /udgmnt #&
conviction ma*, upon motion of the accused , )
modified or set aside before it becomes final #r
)&#r a""a( is "r&'td, 7:'"t -!r t!
dat! "na(t* is im"#sd, a judgment becomes
final a&tr t! (a"s #& t! "ri#d &#r "r&'ting
an a""a(, #r -!n t! sntn' !as )n
"artia((* #r t#ta((* satis&id #r srvd, #r when
the accused has waived in writing his right to
appeal, #r !as a""(id &#r "r#)ati#n,
$ It is t!us '(ar t!at #n(* t! a''usd ma* as. &#r a
m#di&i'ati#n #r stting asid #& a /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n, And t!is ! must d# )&#r t! said
/udgmnt )'#ms &ina( #r )&#r ! "r&'ts !is
a""a(, Su'! /udgmnt )'#ms &ina( in an* #& t!
&#((#-ing -a*sC <a= -!n n# a""a( is sas#na)(*
&i(d )* t! a''usd, :'"t in 'as #& aut#mati'
rvi- #& t! d'isi#n im"#sing t! 'a"ita( "na(t*;
<)= -!n ! !as "artia((* #r t#ta((* srvd !is
sntn'; <'= -!n ! :"rss(* -aivs !is rig!t t#
a""a( t! /udgmnt, :'"t -!n t! dat! "na(t*
is im"#sd; #r <d= -!n ! a""(is &#r "r#)ati#n,
5!n a /udgmnt )'#ms &ina(, t! tria( '#urt -!i'!
rndrd t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n (#ss
/urisdi'ti#n t# a(tr, m#di&*, #r rv#. it,
2, 67S
Criminal Procedure a2010 page . Prof.
Ratio %! -aivr )* t! a''usd #& !is rig!t t#
a""a( &r#m a /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n !as t! &&'t
#& 'ausing t! /udgmnt t# )'#m &ina( and
una(tra)(,
Reasoning
$ It is an undis"utd &a't t!at a&tr t! "r#mu(gati#n
#& t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n, "titi#nr &i(d a
mani&stati#n :"rss(* -aiving !is rig!t t# a""a(
t!r&r#m, 4is intnti#n n#t t# a""a( is &urt!r
indi'atd )* !is "ra*r in t! sam mani&stati#n &#r
t! immdiat issuan' #& a '#mmitmnt #rdr s# !
'#u(d srv !is sntn', Su'! -aivr !as t! &&'t
#& 'ausing t! /udgmnt t# )'#m &ina( and
una(tra)(, %!us, it -as )*#nd t! aut!#rit* #& t!
tria( '#urt t# issu t! #rdr #& >a* 3, 2000 stting
asid its F),3, 2000 ;'isi#n -!i'! !ad attaind
&ina(it*,
3, 67S
Ratio 5!n t! >FR #& t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n is
n#t initiatd )* t! a''usd #r at t! instan' #& t!
tria( '#urt -it! t! '#nsnt #& t! a''usd, t! sam
s!#u(d ) dnid #utrig!t,
Reasoning
$ S', 1 Ru( 121 #& t! sam Ru(s "r#vidsC
S',1, N- tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n N At an* tim
before a /udgmnt #& conviction )'#ms final,
t! '#urt ma*, on motion of the accused or at its
own instance but with the consent of the
accused, grant a n- tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n,
$ Sin' t! >FR #& t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n -as
n#t initiatd )* t! a''usd #r at t! instan' #& t!
tria( '#urt -it! !is '#nsnt, t! sam s!#u(d !av
)n dnid #utrig!t as )ing vi#(ativ #& t! a)#v
"r#visi#n, At an* rat, t! r'#rds d# n#t s!#- an*
irrgu(arit* in t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t!
'as )&#r t! Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r0s 1&&i',
4, 67S
Ratio %! rig!t against d#u)( /#"ard* "r#!i)its
an* su)s3unt "r#s'uti#n #& an* "rs#n &#r a
'rim #& -!i'! ! !as "rvi#us(* )n a'3uittd #r
'#nvi'td,
Reasoning
% %# inv#. t! d&ns #& d#u)( /#"ard*, t!
&#((#-ing r3uisits must ) "rsntC <1= a va(id
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n; <2= t! '#urt !as
/urisdi'ti#n t# tr* t! 'as; <3= t! a''usd !as
"(add t# t! '!arg; and <4= ! !as )n '#nvi'td
#r a'3uittd, #r t! 'as against !im dismissd #r
#t!r-is trminatd -it!#ut !is :"rss '#nsnt,
$ %!s r3uisits !av )n sta)(is!d, R'#rds
s!#- t!at "titi#nr -as '!argd -it! !#mi'id
undr a va(id in&#rmati#n )&#r t! tria( '#urt -!i'!
!as /urisdi'ti#n #vr it, 4 -as arraignd and
"(add gui(t* t# t! '!arg, 1n t! )asis #& !is "(a,
"titi#nr -as '#nvi'td and mtd t!
'#rrs"#nding "na(t*, As "titi#nr !as )n "(a'd
in /#"ard* &#r t! 'rim #& !#mi'id, ! 'ann#t )
"r#s'utd an- &#r t! sam #&&ns, #r an*
#&&ns -!i'! n'ssari(* in'(uds #r is n'ssari(*
in'(udd in t! &irst #&&ns '!argd,
DISPOSITION %! "titi#n is grantd, %! assai(d
#rdrs datd >a* 3, 2000 and >a* 26, 2000 issud
)* t! tria( '#urt ar st asid, Its d'isi#n datd
F), 1, 2000 is rinstatd,
RODRI+%!/ PO$&!RRADA
465 SCRA 338
PANGANIBAN; +u(* 22, 2005
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Crti#rari s.ing t# rvrs t! +u(* 29,
2002 1rdr

#& t! R%C #& Ou8#n Cit*C
A0(!R!&OR!, t! a""aran' #& a "rivat
"r#s'ut#r s!a(( ) a((#-d u"#n "a*mnt #& t!
(ga( &s &#r t!s sta&a 'ass "nding )&#r t!is
C#urt,B
&AC#'
$ 4#n#ra)( Assistant Cit* Pr#s'ut#r R#ssana S,
>#ra(s$>#nt#/# #& Ou8#n Cit* Pr#s'ut#r0s 1&&i'
issud !r Rs#(uti#nC At!r )ing PR1BAB?7
CAKS7 t# '!arg rs"#ndnt &#r 7S%AFA undr
Arti'( 315 "aragra"! 2<d= as amndd )* P; 818
and &#r @i#(ati#n #& Batas Pam)ansa B(g, 22, it is
rs"'t&u((* r'#mmndd t!at t! atta'!d
In&#rmati#n ) a""r#vd and &i(d in C#urt,0
$ As a '#ns3un' t!r#&, s"arat in&#rmati#ns
-r s"arat(* &i(d against !rin D"Etiti#nr
)&#r "r#"r D'E#urts, &#r 7sta&a and DvEi#(ati#n #&
Batas Pam)ansa B(g, 22
$ "titi#nr t!r#ug! '#uns( &i(d in #"n '#urt )&#r
t! D"Eu)(i' DrEs"#ndnt an P1""#siti#n t# t!
F#rma( 7ntr* #& A""aran' #& t! Privat
Pr#s'ut#r0
$ A%! D"Eu)(i' DrEs"#ndnt '#urt during t! said
!aring n#td t! F#rma( 7ntr* #& A""aran' #&
Att*, F(i: R, S#(#m#n as D"Erivat D"Er#s'ut#r as
-(( as t! 1""#siti#n &i(d t!rt# )* !rin
D"Etiti#nr,
$ Ruling of the Trial Court
N#ting "titi#nr0s #""#siti#n t# t! "rivat
"r#s'ut#r0s ntr* #& a""aran', t! R%C !(d t!at
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising
&r#m t! #&&ns '!argd is dmd institutd,
un(ss t! #&&ndd "art* <1= -aivs t! 'ivi( a'ti#n,
<2= rsrvs t! rig!t t# institut it s"arat(*, #r <3=
instituts t! 'ivi( a'ti#n "ri#r t# t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
C#nsidring t!at t! #&&ndd "art* !ad "aid t!
'#rrs"#nding &i(ing & &#r t! sta&a 'ass "ri#r t#
t! &i(ing #& t! BP 22 'ass -it! t! >tr#"#(itan
%ria( C#urt <>%C=, t! R%C a((#-d t! "rivat
"r#s'ut#r t# a""ar and intrvn in t!
"r#'dings,
I''%!
51N a "rivat "r#s'ut#r 'an ) a((#-d t#
intrvn and "arti'i"at in t! "r#'dings #& t!
a)#v$ntit(d sta&a 'ass &#r t! "ur"#s #&
"r#s'uting t! atta'!d 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m
t! issuan' #& t! '!'.s inv#(vd -!i'! is a(s#
su)/'t matr #& t! "nding B,P, 22 'ass
(!"D
67S, Stt(d is t! ru( t!at t! sing( a't #& issuing a
)#un'ing '!'. ma* giv ris t# t-# distin't 'rimina(
#&&nssC sta&a and vi#(ati#n #& Batas Pam)ansa
Bi(ang 22 <BP 22=, %! Ru(s #& C#urt a((#- t!
#&&ndd "art* t# intrvn via a "rivat "r#s'ut#r
in a'! #& t!s t-# "na( "r#'dings, 4#-vr,
t! r'#vr* #& t! sing( 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m
t! sing( a't #& issuing a )#un'ing '!'. in it!r
'rimina( 'as )ars t! r'#vr* #& t! sam 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* in t! #t!r 'rimina( a'ti#n, 5!i( t! (a-
a((#-s t-# simu(tan#us 'ivi( rmdis &#r t!
#&&ndd "art*, it aut!#ri8s r'#vr* in #n(* #n, In
s!#rt, -!i( t-# 'rims aris &r#m a sing( st #&
&a'ts, #n(* #n 'ivi( (ia)i(it* atta'!s t# it,
Reasoning
$ Ptiti#nr t!#ri8s t!at t! 'ivi( a'ti#n n'ssari(*
arising &r#m t! 'rimina( 'as "nding )&#r t!
>%C &#r vi#(ati#n #& BP 22 "r'(uds t! instituti#n #&
t! '#rrs"#nding 'ivi( a'ti#n in t! 'rimina( 'as &#r
sta&a n#- "nding )&#r t! R%C, S! !ings !r
t!#r* #n t! &#((#-ing "r#visi#ns #& Ru(s 110 and
111 #& Ru(s #& C#urt,
$ Basd #n t! &#rg#ing ru(s, an #&&ndd "art*
ma* intrvn in t! "r#s'uti#n #& a 'rim, :'"t
in t! &#((#-ing instan'sC <1= -!n, &r#m t! natur
#& t! 'rim and t! (a- d&ining and "unis!ing it, n#
'ivi( (ia)i(it* ariss in &av#r #& a "rivat #&&ndd
"art*; and <2= -!n, &r#m t! natur #& t! #&&ns,
t! #&&ndd "artis ar ntit(d t# 'ivi( indmnit*,
)ut <a= t!* -aiv t! rig!t t# institut a 'ivi( a'ti#n,
<)= :"rss(* rsrv t! rig!t t# d# s# #r <'= t! suit
!as a(rad* )n institutd, In an* #& t!s
instan's, t! "rivat '#m"(ainant0s intrst in t!
'as disa""ars and 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n )'#ms
t! s#( &un'ti#n #& t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, N#n #&
t!s :'"ti#ns a""(* t# t! instant 'as, 4n',
t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r 'ann#t ) )arrd &r#m
intrvning in t! sta&a suit,
%ru, a'! #& t! #vrt a'ts in t!s instan's ma*
giv ris t# t-# 'rimina( (ia)i(itis $$ #n &#r sta&a
and an#t!r &#r vi#(ati#n #& BP 22, But vr* su'!
a't #& issuing a )#un'ing '!'. inv#(vs #n(* #n
'ivi( (ia)i(it* &#r t! #&&ndd "art*, -!# !as
sustaind #n(* a sing( in/ur*,
$ 'rimina( (ia)i(it* -i(( giv ris t# 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #n(* i&
t! sam &(#ni#us a't #r #missi#n rsu(ts in damag
#r in/ur* t# an#t!r and is t! dir't and "r#:imat
'aus t!r#&, ;amag #r in/ur* t# an#t!r is
vidnt(* t! &#undati#n #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n,
$ %!us, t! "#ssi)( sing( 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m
t! a't issuing a )#un'ing '!'. 'an ) t! su)/'t
#& )#t! 'ivi( a'ti#ns dmd institutd -it! t!
sta&a 'as and t! BP 22 vi#(ati#n "r#s'uti#n,
On 4lection o Remedies
$ AIn its )r#ad sns, ('ti#n #& rmdis r&rs t#
t! '!#i' )* a "art* t# an a'ti#n #& #n #& t-# #r
m#r '#:isting rmdia( rig!ts, -!r svra( su'!
rig!ts aris #ut #& t! sam &a'ts, )ut t! trm !as
)n gnra((* (imitd t# a '!#i' )* a "art*
)t-n in'#nsistnt rmdia( rig!ts, t! assrti#n
#& #n )ing n'ssari(* r"ugnant t#, #r a
r"udiati#n #&, t! #t!r,B

In its m#r rstri'td and
t'!ni'a( sns, t! ('ti#n #& rmdis is t!
ad#"ti#n #& #n #& t-# #r m#r '#:isting #ns, -it!
t! &&'t #& "r'(uding a rs#rt t# t! #t!rs,
$ n# )inding ('ti#n #''urs )&#r a d'isi#n #n t!
mrits is !ad #r a dtrimnt t# t! #t!r "art*
su"rvns
$ it -as n#t t! intnt #& t! s"'ia( ru( t# "r'(ud
t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n t!at '#rrs"#nds t#
t! sta&a 'as, s!#u(d t! (attr a(s# ) &i(d, %!
'rims #& sta&a and vi#(ati#n #& BP 22 ar di&&rnt
and distin't &r#m a'! #t!r, %!r is n# idntit* #&
#&&nss inv#(vd, &#r -!i'! (ga( /#"ard* in #n
'as ma* ) inv#.d in t! #t!r, %! #&&nss
'!argd in t! in&#rmati#ns ar "r&'t(* distin't
&r#m a'! #t!r in "#int #& (a-, !#-vr nar(* t!*
ma* ) '#nn'td in "#int #& &a't
$ In "r#mu(gating t! Ru(s, t!is C#urt did n#t intnd
t# (av t! #&&ndd "artis -it!#ut an* rmd* t#
"r#t't t!ir intrsts in sta&a 'ass, Its "#-r t#
"r#mu(gat t! Ru(s #& C#urt is (imitd in t! sns
t!at ru(s As!a(( n#t diminis!, in'ras #r m#di&*
su)stantiv rig!ts,B Privat '#m"(ainant0s
intrvnti#n in t! "r#s'uti#n #& sta&a is /usti&id
n#t #n(* &#r t! "r#s'uti#n #& !r intrsts, )ut a(s#
&#r t! s"d* and in:"nsiv administrati#n #&
/usti' as mandatd )* t! C#nstituti#n,
DISPOSITION Ptiti#n is DISMISS4D and t!
assai(d #rdr 566IRM4D
CR!'PO MO+%"
151 SCRA 462
GANCA6C1; +un 30, 1289
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- t! d'isi#n #& t! Cir'uit Crimina(
C#urt #& ?u'na Cit* <"titi#nr "ra*s t!at
rs"#ndnt /udg ) "r"tua((* n/#ind &r#m
n&#r'ing !is t!rat t# "r#'d -it! t! arraignmnt
and trai( #& "titi#nr, #rdring rs"#ndnt +udg t#
dismiss t! said 'as, and d'(aring t! #)(igati#n #&
"titi#nr as "ur(* 'ivi(,=
&AC#'
$ Assistant Fis'a( Pr#'s# d Ga(a &i(d an in&#rmati#n
&#r sta&a against >ari# Crs"# in Cir'uit Crimina(
C#urt #& ?u'na Cit*, 5!n t! 'as -as st &#r
arraignmnt, t! a''usd &i(d a m#ti#n t# d&r
arraignmnt #n t! gr#und t!at t!r -as a "nding
"titi#n &#r rvi- &i(d -it! t! S'rtar* #& +usti'
#& t! rs#(uti#n #& t! 1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a(
&#r t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n, %! "rsiding /udg
<(#dgari# >#gu(= dnid t! m#ti#n t!r#ug! !is
#rdr,
$ %! a''usd &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and
"r#!i)iti#n -it! "ra*r &#r a "r(iminar* -rit #&
in/un'ti#n, In an #rdr <Aug 19 1299=, t! CA
rstraind +udg >#gu( &r#m "r#'ding -it! t!
arraignmnt #& t! a''usd unti( &urt!r #rdrs &r#m
t! C#urt
$ 1n >a* 15 1298, a d'isi#n -as mad )* t! CA
granting t! -rit and "r"tua((* rstraining t!
/udg &r#m n&#r'ing !is t!rat t# '#m"( t!
arraignmnt #& t! a''usd in t! 'as unti( t! ;"t
#& +usti' s!a(( !av &ina((* rs#(vd t! "titi#n &#r
rvi-,
$ 1n >ar'! 22, 1298, %! Kndrs'rtar* #& +usti'
4#n Cata(in# >a'araig +r, rs#(ving t! "titi#n &#r
rvi-, rvrsd t! rs#(uti#n #& t! 1&&i' #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( and dir'td t! &is'a( t# m#v &#r
immdiat dismissa( #& t! in&#rmati#n &i(d against
t! a''usd, %! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( &i(d a m#ti#n t#
dismiss &#r insu&&i'in'* #& vidn' #n A"ri( 10,
1298, 1n N#vm)r 24 1298, %! +udg dnid t!
m#ti#n and st t! arraignmnt
$ %! a''usd &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari,
"r#!i)iti#n, and mandamus -it! "titi#n &#r t!
issuan' #& "r(iminar* -rit #& "r#!i)iti#n andM#r
tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr in t! CA, 1n +anuar* 23
1292, a rstraining #rdr -as issud )* t! CA
against t! t!ratnd a't #& arraignmnt #& t!
a''usd, 4#-vr, in a d'isi#n #& 1't#)r 25 1292,
t! CA dismissd t! "titi#n and (i&td t!
rstraining #rdr #& +an 23,1292, %! m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! a''usd -as dnid in a
rs#(uti#n,
I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt a'ting #n a m#ti#n t# dismiss a
'rimina( 'as &i(d )* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( u"#n
instru'ti#ns #& t! S'rtar* #& +usti' t# -!#m t!
'as -as (vatd &#r rvi-, ma* r&us t# grant
t! m#ti#n and insist #n t! arraignmnt and tria( #n
t! mrits
(!"D
67S
Ratio 1n' an in&#rmati#n is &i(d in '#urt, t!
'#urt0s "ri#r "rmissi#n must ) s'urd i& &is'a(
-ants t# rinvstigat t! 'as, 5!i( it is tru t!at
t! &is'a( !as t! 3uasi /udi'ia( dis'rti#n t#
dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t a 'rimina( 'as s!#u(d )
&i(d in '#urt #r n#t, #n' t! 'as !ad a(rad* )n
)r#ug!t t# C#urt, -!atvr dis"#siti#n t! &is'a( ma*
&( s!#u(d ) "r#"r in t! 'as t!ra&tr s!#u(d
) addrssd &#r t! '#nsidrati#n #& t! C#urt,
DISPOSITION Ptiti#n dismissd
'#A. RO'A MI$I$+ /ABA"A
153 SCRA 369
BI;IN; August 31, 1289
$A#%R!
>andamus t# '#m"( rs"#ndnt Fis'a( t# "r#s'ut
Crimina( Cas N#, 821 #& t! t!n C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Camarins N#rt unti( t! sam is
trminatd,
&AC#'
$ 1n >ar'! 21, 1294, "titi#nr &i(d a '#m"(aint &#r
attm"td t!&t #& matria(s <s'ra" ir#n= &#rming "art
#& t! insta((ati#ns #n its mining "r#"rt* at +#s
Pangani)an, Camarins N#rt against "rivat
rs"#ndnts R#m# Garrid# and Gi( A(a"an -it! t!
1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #& Camarins N#rt,
t!n !add )* Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( +#a3uin I(ustr,
$ %! 'as -as assignd t# t!ird Assistant Fis'a(
7st)an P, Pan#ts &#r "r(iminar* invstigati#n -!#,
a&tr '#ndu'ting said invstigati#n, issud a
rs#(uti#n datd August 26, 1294 r'#mmnding
t!at an in&#rmati#n &#r Attm"td %!&t ) &i(d
against "rivat rs"#ndnts #n a &inding #& "rima
&a'i 'as -!i'! rs#(uti#n -as a""r#vd )*
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( +#a3uin I(ustr, Privat rs"#ndnts
s#ug!t r'#nsidrati#n #& t! rs#(uti#n )ut t!
sam -as dnid )* Fis'a( I(ustr in a rs#(uti#n
datd 1't#)r 14, 1294,
$ 1n 1't#)r 22, 1294, Fis'a( I(ustr &i(d -it! t!
C#urt #& First Instan' #& Camarins N#rt an
In&#rmati#n datd 1't#)r 19, 1289 d#'.td as
Crimina( Cas N#, 821, '!arging "rivat rs"#ndnts
-it! t! 'rim #& Attm"td %!&t,
$ In a (ttr datd 1't#)r 22, 1294, t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts r3ustd t! S'rtar* #& +usti' &#r a
rvi- #& t! Rs#(uti#ns #& t! 1&&i' #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( datd August 26, 1294 and 1't#)r
14, 1294,
$ 1n N#vm)r 6, 1294, t! C!i& Stat Pr#s'ut#r
#rdrd t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( t# (vat ntir r'#rds
PF1 Cas 599 against Garrid# t a(,%! (ttr$r3ust
&#r rvi- -as #""#sd )* "titi#nr in a (ttr t#
t! S'rtar* #& +usti' datd N#vm)r 23, 1294
a((ging, am#ng #t!r t!ings, t!at an in&#rmati#n &#r
Attm"td %!&t !ad a(rad* )n &i(d against
"rivat rs"#ndnts &#r -!i'! ras#n t! r3ust &#r
rvi- !as )'#m a m##t 3usti#n as t! Pr#vin'ia(
Fis'a( !as (#st /urisdi'ti#n t# dismiss t! '!arg &#r
attm"td t!&t,
$ 1n >ar'! 6, 1295, t! S'rtar* #& +usti', a&tr
rvi-ing t! r'#rds, rvrsd t! &indings #& "rima
&a'i 'as #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( and dir'td said
"r#s'uting #&&i'r t# immdiat(* m#v &#r t!
dismissa( #& t! 'rimina( 'as, Ptiti#nr s#ug!t
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! dir'tiv #& t! S'rtar* #&
+usti' )ut t! (attr dnid t! sam in a (ttr
datd +un 11, 1295,
$ A m#ti#n t# dismiss datd S"tm)r 16, 1295 -as
t!n &i(d )* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( )ut t! '#urt
dnid t! m#ti#n #n t! gr#und t!at t!r -as a
"rima &a'i vidn' against "rivat rs"#ndnts
and st t! 'as &#r tria( #n F)ruar* 25, 1296,
$ Privat rs"#ndnts s#ug!t r'#nsidrati#n #& t!
'#urtQs ru(ing )ut in an 1rdr datd F)ruar* 13,
1296, t! m#ti#n &i(d &#r said "ur"#s -as (i.-is
dnid, %ria( #& t! 'as -as rst t# A"ri( 23, 1296,
$ %!ra&tr, Fis'a( I(ustr -as a""#intd a /udg in
t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& A()a* and rs"#ndnt
Fis'a( La)a(a )'am #&&i'r$in$'!arg #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a(Qs 1&&i' #& Camarins N#rt,
$ 1n A"ri( 12, 1296, rs"#ndnt Fis'a( &i(d a S'#nd
>#ti#n t# ;ismiss t! 'as, %!is s'#nd m#ti#n t#
dismiss -as dnid )* t! tria( '#urt in an #rdr
datd A"ri( 23, 1296, 5!ru"#n, rs"#ndnt &is'a(
mani&std t!at ! -#u(d n#t "r#s'ut t! 'as and
disaut!#ri8d an* "rivat "r#s'ut#r t# a""ar
t!rin, 4n', t!is "titi#n &#r mandamus,
$ In t!is a'ti#n, "titi#nr "ra*s &#r t! issuan' #&
t! -rit #& mandamus R'#mmanding rs"#ndnt
&is'a( #r an* #t!r "rs#n -!# ma* ) assignd #r
a""#intd t# a't in !is "(a' #r stad t# "r#s'ut
Crimina( Cas N#, 821 #& t! C#urt #& First Instan'
#& Camarins N#rtR %!r is n# 3usti#n t!at t!
instituti#n #& a 'rimina( a'ti#n is addrssd t# t!
s#und dis'rti#n #& t! invstigating &is'a(, 4 ma*
#r ! ma* n#t &i( t! in&#rmati#n a''#rding t#
-!t!r t! vidn' is in !is #"ini#n su&&i'int t#
sta)(is! t! gui(t #& t! a''usd )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t, <G#n8a(s vs, C#urt #& First Instan', 63 P!i(,
846= and -!n ! d'ids n#t t# &i( t! in&#rmati#n,
in t! :r'is #& !is dis'rti#n, ! ma* n#t )
'#m"((d t# d# s# <P#"( vs, Pinda, 20 SCRA 948=,
4#-vr, a&tr t! 'as !ad a(rad* )n &i(d in
'#urt, R&is'a(s ar n#t '(#t!d -it! "#-r, -it!#ut t!
'#nsnt #& t! '#urt, t# dismiss #r n#(( "r#s3ui
'rimina( a'ti#ns a'tua((* institutd and "nding
&urt!r "r#'dings, %! "#-r t# dismiss 'rimina(
a'ti#ns is vstd s#((* in t! '#urtR <K,S, vs,
Barrd#, 32 P!i(, 444, 450; G#n8a(s vs, C#urt #& First
Instan', su"ra=,
I''%!
51N t! &is'a( 'an ) '#m"((d t# "r#s'ut t!
'as a&tr !is m#ti#n t# dismiss !as )n dnid
(!"D
67S
$ %!is '#urt is #& t! vi- t!at t! -rit "ra*d &#r
s!#u(d issu, N#t-it!standing !is "rs#na(
'#nvi'ti#ns #r #"ini#ns, t! &is'a( must "r#'d -it!
!is dut* #& "rsnting vidn' t# t! '#urt t#
na)( t! '#urt t# arriv at its #-n ind"ndnt
/udgmnt as t# t! 'u("a)i(it* #& t! a''usd, %!
&is'a( s!#u(d n#t s!ir. &r#m !is rs"#nsi)i(it* mu'!
(ss (av t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! 'as at t! !ands #&
a "rivat "r#s'ut#r, At a(( tims, t! 'rimina( a'ti#n
s!a(( ) "r#s'utd undr !is dir'ti#n and '#ntr#(
<S', 4, Ru( 110, Ru(s #& C#urt=, 1t!r-is, t!
ntir "r#'dings -i(( ) nu(( and v#id <P#"( vs,
Bria(s, 90 SCRA 361=,
$ RIn t! tria( #& 'rimina( 'ass, it is t! dut* #& t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r t# a""ar &#r t! g#vrnmnt sin'
an #&&ns is an #utrag t# t! s#vrignt* #& t!
Stat,R <>#ran, C#mmnts #n t! Ru(s #& C#urt, @#(,
I@, 1280 7d,, ", 10=, %!is is s# )'aus Rt!
"r#s'uting #&&i'r is t! r"rsntativ n#t #& an
#rdinar* "art* t# a '#ntr#vrs* )ut #& a s#vrignt*
-!r #)(igati#n t# g#vrn im"artia((* is as
'#m"((ing as its #)(igati#n t# g#vrn at a((; and
-!#s intrst, t!r&#r, in 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n is
n#t t!at it s!a(( -in a 'as, )ut t!at /usti' s!a(( )
d#n, As su'!, ! is in a "'u(iar and vr* d&init
sns t! srvant #& t! (a-, t! t-#$&#(d aim #&
-!i'! is t!at gui(t s!a(( n#t s'a" #r inn#'n'
su&&rR <Suar8 vs, P(at#n, 62 P!i(, 556=,
$ A''#rding(*, i& t! &is'a( is n#t at a(( '#nvin'd t!at
a "rima &a'i 'as :ists, ! sim"(* 'ann#t m#v &#r
t! dismissa( #& t! 'as and, -!n dnid, r&us t#
"r#s'ut t! sam, 4 is #)(igd )* (a- t# "r#'d
and "r#s'ut t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, 4 'ann#t im"#s
!is #"ini#n #n t! tria( '#urt, At (ast -!at ! 'an d#
is t# '#ntinu a""aring &#r t! "r#s'uti#n and t!n
turn #vr t! "rsntati#n #& vidn' t# an#t!r
&is'a( #r a "rivat "r#s'ut#r su)/'t t# !is dir'ti#n
and '#ntr#( <K,S, vs, ;s"a)i(adras, 32 P!i(, 442;
K,S, vs, Ga((g#s, 39 P!i(, 282=, 5!r t!r is n#
#t!r "r#s'ut#r avai(a)(, ! s!#u(d "r#'d t#
dis'!arg !is dut* and "rsnt t! vidn' t# t!
)st #& !is a)i(it* and (t t! '#urt d'id t! mrits
#& t! 'as #n t! )asis #& t! vidn' addu'd )*
)#t! "artis,
$ %! mr &a't t!at t! S'rtar* #& +usti' !ad,
a&tr rvi-ing t! r'#rds #& t! 'as, dir'td t!
"r#s'uting &is'a( t# m#v &#r t! dismissa( #& t!
'as and t! m#ti#n t# dismiss &i(d "ursuant t# said
dir'tiv is dnid )* t! tria( '#urt, is n#
/usti&i'ati#n &#r t! r&usa( #& t! &is'a( t# "r#s'ut
t! 'as, It is t! '#urt -!r t! 'as is &i(d and
n#t t! &is'a( t!at !as &u(( '#ntr#( #& it,
$ In #rdr t!r&#r t# av#id su'! a situati#n -!r)*
t! #"ini#n #& t! S'rtar* #& +usti' -!# rvi-d
t! a'ti#n #& t! &is'a( ma* ) disrgardd )* t!
tria( '#urt, t! S'rtar* #& +usti' s!#u(d, as &ar as
"ra'ti'a)(, r&rain &r#m ntrtaining a "titi#n &#r
rvi- #r a""a( &r#m t! a'ti#n #& t! &is'a(, -!n
t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n !as a(rad* )n &i(d
in C#urt, %! mattr s!#u(d ) (&t ntir(* &#r t!
dtrminati#n #& t! C#urt,R
DISPOSITION "titi#n is !r)* Grantd Pu)(i'
rs"#ndnt #r an* #t!r "rs#n -!# ma* )
assignd #r a""#intd t# a't in !is "(a' #r stad, is
!r)* #rdrd t# '#ntinu "r#s'uting Crimina(
Cas N#, 821 unti( t! sam is trminatd,
P!R!/ (A+O$O)
329 SCRA 588
;7 ?71N; >ar'! 2, 2000
$A#%R!C
Rvi- #n Crti#rari
&AC#'
$ Privat rs"#ndnt 4ag#n#* Rura( Ban., In', #-ns
t! 4ag#n#* >#n* S!#" -!i'! m"(#*d "titi#nr
Cristina 1, Pr8 as 1&&i'r$In$C!arg, Cas!ir and
%((r, A()rt# S, Fa)ian as B##.."r, and Cristina
>dina and >i(agr#s >artin as S#(i'it#rsMFi(d
>anagrs,
$ F#r t! "ri#d starting August 3, 1222 u" t#
;'m)r 5, 1223, t! ?a*a, >ana)at, Sa(gad# and
C#m"an*, an ind"ndnt managmnt, '#nsu(tan'*
and a''#unting &irm, '#ndu'td an audit #& t!
&inan'ia( a&&airs #& t! 4ag#n#* >#n* S!#" and
&#und an#ma(is in m#r #r (ss t-nt*$ig!t <28=
savings a''#unts '#nsisting #& -it!dra-a(s -!i'!
-r r'#rdd in t! su)sidiar* (dgrs #& t! m#n*
s!#" )ut n#t in t! "ass)##.s -!i'! -r in t!
"#ssssi#n #& t! d"#sit#rs, %! audit a(s# rva(d
t!at t# '#vr$u" t! an#ma(#us -it!dra-a(s, &a.
d"#sits -r r'#rdd in t! m#n* s!#"Qs
su)sidiar* (dgrs -!nvr t! rmaining )a(an'
in a "arti'u(ar savings a''#unt -nt )(#- t!
am#unt #& (gitimat -it!dra-a(s mad )* a
d"#sit#r,%!is "r#m"td t! "rivat rs"#ndnt t#
&i( an a&&idavit$'#m"(aint &#r sta&a against t!
a&#rmnti#nd m"(#*s #& t! m#n* s!#" and
t-# #utsidrs, Susan +#rdan and Brigida >anga!as,
A'ting Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r, +sus 6, >anarang
<!rina&tr R"r#s'ut#rR=, issud a rs#(uti#n &inding
"rima &a'i vidn' t!at t! "titi#nr and !r '#$
m"(#*s !ad '#mmittd t! 'rim #& sta&a t!ru
&a(si&i'ati#n #& '#mmr'ia( d#'umnts, and
r'#mmnding t! &i(ing #& t! '#rrs"#nding
in&#rmati#n against t!m -it! t! Rgi#na( %ria(
C#urt <R%C= #& >a(#(#s, Bu(a'an, %! '!args against
Susan +#rdan and Brigida >anga!as -r, !#-vr,
dismissd,
$ Pr8 &i(d a "titi#n &#r rvi- -it! t! S'rtar*
#& +usti' "ra*ing &#r t! dismissa( #& t! '!args
against !r, 1n t! #t!r !and, "rivat rs"#ndnt
m#vd &#r a r'#nsidrati#n #& t! "#rti#n #& t!
sam rs#(uti#n dismissing t! '#m"(aint against
Susan +#rdan,
$ %! "r#s'ut#r grantd "rivat rs"#ndntQs m#ti#n
&#r r'#nsidrati#n,8 4n', #n A"ri( 29, 1224, an
in&#rmati#n &#r sta&a t!ru &a(si&i'ati#n #& '#mmr'ia(
d#'umnts -as &i(d against !rin "titi#nr,
A()rt# Fa)ian, >i(agr#s >artin, Cristina >dina and
Susan +#rdan,
$ 1n S"tm)r 23, 1224, t!n S'rtar* #& +usti',
Fran.(in >, ;ri(#n, issud Rs#(uti#n N#, 626, sris
#& 1224 #rdring t! "r#s'ut#r t# 'aus t!
dismissa( #& t! in&#rmati#n against !rin "titi#nr
#n t! gr#und #& insu&&i'int vidn', %! "rivat
rs"#ndnt &i(d a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #& t!
#rdr #& t! S'rtar* #& +usti', -!i'! m#ti#n,
!#-vr, -as dnid -it! &ina(it* )* t!
(attr,Pursuant t# t! said rs#(uti#n, t! "r#s'ut#r
&i(d a m#ti#n in t! R%C "ra*ing &#r t! dismissa( #&
t! 'as against !rin "titi#nr and t! admissi#n
#& an amndd in&#rmati#n :'(uding "titi#nr as
#n #& t! a''usd -!i'! m#ti#n -as grantd )* t!
R%C, Privat rs"#ndnt assai(d t! dismissa( #& t!
'as against t! "titi#nr in a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n &i(d in t! R%C -!i'! m#ti#n -as
dnid )* t! R%C a&tr &inding t!at t! "rivat
rs"#ndnt, as "rivat '#m"(ainant, !ad n# (ga(
"rs#na(it* t# 3usti#n t! dismissa( #& t! 'rimina(
'!args against t! "titi#nr,
I''%!'
1, 51N +udg >asada#, "rsiding /udg #& R%C
Bran'! 2, >a(#(#s, Bu(a'an, '#mmittd grav a)us
#& dis'rti#n in granting t! "r#s'ut#rQs m#ti#n t#
dismiss t! 'rimina( 'as against "titi#nr -it!#ut
an ind"ndnt assssmnt #& t! su&&i'in'* #r
insu&&i'in'* #& t! vidn' against t! (attr
2, 51N t! "rivat rs"#ndnt, as "rivat
'#m"(ainant, in a 'rimina( 'as !as t! (ga(
"rs#na(it* t# 3usti#n t! dismissa( )* t! tria(
/udg #& t! 'rimina( '!args against !rin
"titi#nr u"#n t! m#ti#n &i(d )* t! "r#s'ut#r
(!"D
1, 67S, +udg >asada# a'td -it! grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in granting t! "r#s'ut#rQs m#ti#n t#
dismiss t! 'rimina( '!args against t! "titi#nr
#n t! )asis s#((* #& t! r'#mmndati#n #& t!
S'rtar* #& +usti',
Reasoning
% As a"t(* #)srvd )* t! 1&&i' #& t! S#(i'it#r
Gnra(, in &ai(ing t# ma. an ind"ndnt &inding #&
t! mrits #& t! 'as and mr(* an'!#ring t!
dismissa( #n t! rvisd "#siti#n #& t! "r#s'uti#n,
t! tria( /udg r(in3uis!d t! dis'rti#n ! -as
dut* )#und t# :r'is, In &&'t, it -as t!
"r#s'uti#n, t!r#ug! t! ;"artmnt #& +usti' -!i'!
d'idd -!at t# d# and n#t t! '#urt -!i'! -as
rdu'd t# a mr ru))r stam" in vi#(ati#n #& t!
ru(ing in Crs"# v, >#gu(,,
2, 67S
Ratio 5!i( it is #n(* t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( t!at ma*
)ring #r d&nd a'ti#ns #n )!a(& #& t! R"u)(i' #&
t! P!i(i""ins, #r r"rsnt t! P#"( #r Stat in
'rimina( "r#'dings "nding in t! Su"rm C#urt
and t! C#urt #& A""a(s, t! "rivat #&&ndd "art*
rtains t! rig!t t# )ring a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
'rti#rari in !is #-n nam in 'rimina( "r#'dings
)&#r t! '#urts #& (a-,
Reasoning
% In t! 'as #& ;(a R#sa v, C#urt #& A""a(s,- !(d
t!atC
RIn a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari &i(d undr
S'ti#n 1, Ru( 65 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt -!rin it is
a((gd t!at t! tria( '#urt '#mmittd grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n am#unting t# (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n #r #n
#t!r /urisdi'ti#na( gr#unds, t! ru(s stat t!at t!
"titi#n ma* ) &i(d )* t! "rs#n aggrivd, In
su'! 'as, t! aggrivd "artis ar t! Stat and
t! "rivat #&&ndd "art* #r '#m"(ainant, %!
'#m"(ainant !as an intrst in t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t!
'as s# ! ma* &i( su'! s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n
3usti#ning t! d'isi#n #r a'ti#n #& t! rs"#ndnt
'#urt #n /urisdi'ti#na( gr#unds, In s# d#ing, t!
'#m"(ainant s!#u(d n#t )ring t! a'ti#n in t! nam
#& t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins, %! a'ti#n ma* )
"r#s'utd in <t!= nam #& t! said '#m"(ainant,R
$ Furt!rm#r, #ur ru(ing in t! 'as #& ; v, C#urt
#& A""a(s a((#-ing t! "rivat #&&ndd "art* t# &i(
a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# assai( t! #rdr
#& t! tria( /udg granting t! m#ti#n t# dismiss u"#n
t! dir'tiv #& t! S'rtar* #& +usti' is a"r#"#s, It
&#((#-s, t!r&#r, t!at i& t! "rivat rs"#ndnt in
t!is 'as ma* &i( a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari,
t!n -it! m#r ras#n d#s it !av (ga( "rs#na(it*
t# m#v &#r a r'#nsidrati#n #& t! #rdr #& t! tria(
'#urt dismissing t! 'rimina( '!args against t!
"titi#nr, In &a't, as a gnra( ru(, a s"'ia( 'ivi(
a'ti#n -i(( n#t (i un(ss a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
is &irst &i(d )&#r t! rs"#ndnt tri)una(, t# a((#- it
an #""#rtunit* t# '#rr't its assignd rr#rs,
P!OP"! B%BA$
GR N#, 166825
@7?ASC1, +R; +anuar* 24, 2009
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- d'isi#n #& CA
&AC#'
$ R#m# Bu)an is a''usd #& ra"ing !is t!n 12 *ar
#(d daug!tr 5 tims, #n s"arat #''asi#ns, %!
mdi'a( :aminati#n #& t! gir( rva(s t!at s! -as
indd ra"d,
$ A(t!#ug! t! gir(0s s-#rn statmnt mnti#nd &iv
#''asi#ns #& ra", t! C#m"(aint mnti#nd #n(* t!
5
t!
in'idnt, %! '!args #& ra" '#mmittd #n #t!r
#''asi#ns -r n#t su""#rtd -it! t! r3uird
'#m"(aints in a''#rdan' -it! S'ti#n 5, Ru( 110 #&
t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur,
$ R%C &#und t! a''usd gui(t* <sntn'C dat!
"na(t* "(us m#ra( damags, 'ivi( indmnit*,
:m"(ar* damags= )ut #n(* -it! rgard t! 5
t!
in'idnt #n(*, %! #t!r 4 '!args -r dismissd &#r
(a'. #& (ga( )asis t# '#nvi't, %! dis"#sitiv "#rti#n
#& t! R%C0s d'isi#n -as n#t s"'i&i' as t# -!i'!
'!arg it &#und t! a''usd gui(t*, )ut t! )#d* #&
t! d'isi#n im"(is t! dismissa( #& t! #t!r 4
'!args, t!us it 'an ) ddu'd t!at t! '#nvi'ti#n
"rtains t# t! 5
t!
in'idnt #n(*, CA a&&irmd,
I''%!'
1, 51N CA rrd in &inding t! a''usd gui(t*
ds"it t! a((gd insu&&i'in'* #& vidn'
2, 51N t! a''usd ma* ) '#nvi'td &#r t! #t!r
'#unts #& ra", -!r t! '#m"(aint mnti#ns #n(*
#n instan' #& ra"
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio t!r is n# rr#r in t! a""r'iati#n #&
vidn' )* t! '#urt,
Reasoning
$ t! argumnt #& t! a''usd t!at t! tstim#n* #&
t! gir( is n#t r(ia)( &#r in'#nsistn'is is
untna)(,
People v. Antonio ;is'r"an'is and in'#nsistn'is
in t! tstim#n* #& a -itnss r&rring t# min#r
dtai(s, and n#t in a'tua(it* t#u'!ing u"#n t! 'ntra(
&a't #& t! 'rim, d# n#t im"air !r 'rdi)i(it*, I& at
a((, t!* srv as "r##& t!at t! -itnss is n#t
'#a'!d #r r!arsd,
2, As 'an ) g(amd &r#m t! 'as, t! '#m"(aint
s!#u(d '#ntain a(( instan's #& t! 'rim '!argd,
%! #t!r 4 '#unts #& ra" -r dismissd )'aus
t! '#m"(aint did n#t s"'i&* t! sam, and #n(*
mnti#nd t! (ast instan' #& ra", ds"it t!
in'(usi#n #& t! #t!r 4 in t! s-#rn statmnt #& t!
gir(, %! "r#s'uti#n did n#t 3usti#n an*m#r t!
dismissa( #& t! #t!r 4 '#unts, s# t! '#urt did n#t
dis'uss it &urt!r,
DISPOSITION /udgmnt a&&irmd -it! m#di&i'ati#n,
Sntn' '!angd t# reclusion perpatua <"ursuant t#
RA 2346, a)#(is!ing t! dat! "na(t*= and !ig!r
damags,
#A$5 *R +A""ARDO
93 SCRA 308
AN%1NI1; 1't#)r 5, 1296
$A#%R!
1rigina( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$ S#(i'it#r Gnra( 7sti(it# P, >nd#8a, Assistant
S#(i'it#r Gnra( A(i'ia Sim"i#$;i* and S#(i'it#r
7duard# ?, Si(a*.# &#r rs"#ndnts,
7stanis(## A, Frnand8 and ;a.i(a F, Castr# T
Ass#'iat as "rivat "r#s'ut#rs,
$ "titi#nrs s. t! annu(mnt #& rs"#ndnt
+udgQs 1rdrs in t! Crimina( Cas P#"( #& t!
P!i(i""ins v +#rg %an, +r, Csar %an, %#&anis
B#nd#', 1smund# %#(ntin#, >arian# Bartid# and
?i)rad# S#d &#r &rustratd murdr and ;#u)(
>urdr #& t! s#n and un'( #& >a*#r Inig#
?ara88a)a(,
$ +udg Pdr# Ga((ard# mad t! t-# (i& sntn's
t# dat! "na(t* a((gd(* a&tr mting -it! >a*#r
?ara88a)a( and r'i"t #& #t!r "ara"!rna(ia su'!
as -!is.* and -in a''#rding t# t! '#urt
stn#gra"!r,
$ +an 14, 1296 $ S#(Gn, #n )!a(& #& t! P#"( #&
t! P!i(i""ins, su)mittd !is C#mmnt t# t!
"titi#n, %!* ar R"rsuadd t!at t!r ar )ass
&#r stating t!at t! rnditi#n #& rs"#ndnt +udgQs
d'isi#n and !is rs#(uti#n #n t! m#ti#n &#r n-
tria( -r n#t &r &r#m sus"i'i#n #& )ias and
"r/udi'G t!r&#r, t!* intr"#s n# #)/'ti#n t#
t! rmand #& t! a&#rmnti#nd 'rimina( 'ass
R&#r t! rnditi#n #& a n- d'isi#n )* an#t!r tria(
/udg,R
$ +an 30, 1296 $ "rivat "r#s'ut#rs su)mittd t!ir
C#mmnt in /usti&i'ati#n #& t! '!a((ngd 1rdrs #&
t! rs"#ndnt +udg and #)/'td t# t! rmand #&
t!is 'as,
$ F) 12, 1296, t! "titi#nrs m#vd t# stri. #ut
t! R>#ti#n t# Admit Atta'.d C#mmntR and t!
RC#mmntR #& t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r #n t! gr#und
t!at t! (attr !as Ra)s#(ut(* n# standing in t!
instant "r#'dings )&#r t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt and,
!n', -it!#ut an* "rs#na(it* t# !av an* "a"r #&
!is ntrtaind )* t!is %ri)una(B
$ "rivat "r#s'ut#rs n#- '#ntnd t!at t!* ar
ntit(d t# a""ar )&#r t!is C#urt, t# ta. "art in
t! "r#'dings, and t# ada"t a "#siti#n in
'#ntravnti#n t# t!at #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(,
I''%!'
1, 51N "rivat "r#s'ut#rs !av t! rig!t t#
intrvn ind"ndnt(* #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( and
t# ad#"t a stand in'#nsistnt -it! t!at #& t! (attr
2, 51N rs"#ndnt +udg s!#u(d ) dis3ua(i&id
&r#m &urt!r "r#'ding -it! t! 'rimina( 'ass
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio Privat "r#s'ut#rs 'ann#t intrvn
ind"ndnt(* #& and ta. a "#siti#n in'#nsistnt
-it! t!at #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(,
Reasoning
$ Parti'i"ati#n #& t! "rivat "r#s'uti#n in t!
instant 'as -as d(imitd )* t!is C#urt in its
Rs#(uti#n #& 1't#)r 1, 1295, t!usC Rt# '#((a)#rat
-it! t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( in t! "r"arati#n #& t!
Ans-r and "(adings t!at ma* ) r3uird )* t!is
C#urt,R %# '#((a)#rat mans t# '##"rat -it! and
t# assist t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, It -as nvr intndd
t!at t! "rivat "r#s'ut#rs '#u(d ad#"t a stand
ind"ndnt #& #r in '#ntravnti#n #& t! "#siti#n
ta.n )* t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(,
$ Sin' a 'rimina( #&&ns is an #utrag t# t!
s#vrignt* #& t! Stat, it is )ut natura( t!at t!
r"rsntativs #& t! Stat s!#u(d dir't and '#ntr#(
t! "r#s'uti#n,
U !uare" v Platon t! "r#s'uting #&&i'r RQis t!
r"rsntativ n#t #&, an #rdinar* "art* t# a
'#ntr#vrs*, )ut #& a s#vrignt* -!#s #)(igati#n
t# g#vrn im"artia((* is as '#m"((ing as its
#)(igati#n t# g#vrn at a((; and -!#s intrst,
t!r&#r, in a 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n is n#t t!at it
s!a(( -in a 'as, )ut t!at /usti' s!a(( ! d#n, As
su'!, ! is in a "'u(iar and vr* d&init sns t!
srvant #& t! (a-, t! t-#&#(d aim #& -!i'! is t!at
gui(t s!a(( n#t s'a" #r inn#'n' su&&r, 4 ma*
"r#s'ut -it! arnstnss and vig#r$indd, !
s!#u(d d# s#, But, -!i( ! ma* stri. !ard )(#-s,
! is n#t at (i)rt* t# stri. &#u( #ns, It is as mu'!
!is dut* t# r&rain &r#m im"r#"r mt!#ds
'a('u(atd t# "r#du' a -r#ng&u( '#nvi'ti#n as it is
t# us vr* (gitimat mans t# )ring a)#ut a /ust
#n,R
U People v #s$uivel t!at t!r is an a)s#(ut
n'ssit* &#r "r#s'uting att#rn*s t# (a* R)&#r
t! '#urt t! "rtinnt &a'ts at t!ir dis"#sa( -it!
mt!#di'a( and mti'u(#us attnti#n, '(ari&*ing
'#ntradi'ti#ns and &i((ing u" ga"s and (##"!#(s in
t!ir vidn', t# t! nd t!at t! '#urtQs mind
ma* n#t ) t#rturd )* d#u)ts, t!at t! inn#'nt
ma* n#t su&&r and t! gui(t* n#t s'a"
un"unis!d, 1)vi#us t# a((, t!is is t!
"r#s'uti#nQs "rim dut* t# t! '#urt, t# t!
a''usd, and t# t! stat,R
$ It is &#r t! "ur"#s #& ra(i8ing t! a&#rmnti#nd
#)/'tivs t!at t! "r#s'uti#n #& #&&nss is "(a'd
undr t! dir'ti#n, '#ntr#(, and rs"#nsi)i(it* #& t!
"r#s'uting #&&i'r,
$ Role of 78e pria7e prosecu7ors is t# r"rsnt
t! #&&ndd "art* -it! rs"'t t# t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
t! r'#vr* #& t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m t!
#&&ns, %!is 'ivi( a'ti#n is dmd institutd -it!
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, un(ss t! #&&ndd "art* it!r
:"rss(* -aivs t! 'ivi( a'ti#n #r rsrvs t#
institut it s"arat(*, %!us, Ran #&&ndd "art* ma*
intrvn in t! "r#'dings, "rs#na((* #r )*
att#rn*, s"'ia((* in 'as #& #&&nss -!i'! 'an n#t
) "r#s'utd :'"t at t! instan' #& t! #&&ndd
"art* %! #n(* :'"ti#n t# t!is is -!n t! #&&ndd
"art* -aivs !is rig!t t# 'ivi( a'ti#n #r :"rss(*
rsrvs !is rig!t t# institut it a&tr t! trminati#n
#& t! 'as, in -!i'! 'as ! (#st !is rig!t t#
intrvn u"#n t! t!#r* t!at ! is dmd t# !av
(#st !is intrst in its "r#s'uti#n, in an* vnt,
-!t!r an #&&ndd "art* intrvns in t!
"r#s'uti#n #& a 'rimina( a'ti#n, !is intrvnti#n
must a(-a*s ) su)/'t t# t! dir'ti#n and '#ntr#(
#& t! "r#s'uting #&&i'ia(,R
U %errero v Dia" Rintrvnti#n #& t! #&&ndd
"art* #r !is att#rn* is aut!#ri8d )* s'ti#n 15 #&
Ru( 106 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, su)/'t t# t!
"r#visi#ns #& s'ti#n 4 #& t! sam Ru( t!at a((
'rimina( a'ti#ns it!r '#mmn'd )* '#m"(aint #r
)* in&#rmati#n s!a(( ) "r#s'utd undr t!
dir'ti#n and '#ntr#( #& t! Fis'a(,R
$ t! "#siti#n #''u"id )* t! #&&ndd "art* is
su)#rdinat t# t!at #& t! promo7or fiscal )'aus,
as t! "r#m#t#r &is'a( a(#n is aut!#ri8d t#
r"rsnt t! "u)(i' "r#s'uti#n, #r t! P#"( #& t!
P!i(i""in Is(ands, in t! "r#s'uti#n #& #&&ndrs,
and t# '#ntr#( t! "r#'ding, and as it is
dis'rti#nar* -it! !im t# institut and "r#s'ut a
'rimina( "r#'ding, )ing at (i)rt* t# '#mmn' it
#r n#t #r t# r&rain &r#m "r#s'uting it #r n#t,
d"nding u"#n -!t!r #r n#t t!r is, in !is
#"ini#n, su&&i'int vidn' t# sta)(is! t! gui(t #&
t! a''usd )*#nd a ras#na)( d#u)t, :'"t
-!n t! 'as is "nding in t! C#urt #& First
Instan', t! '#ntinuati#n #& t! #&&ndd "art*Qs
intrvnti#n d"nds u"#n t! '#ntinuati#n #& t!
"r#'ding, C#ns3unt(*, i& t! "r#m#t#r &is'a(
dsists &r#m "rssing t! '!arg #r as.s t!
'#m"tnt C#urt #& First Instan' in -!i'! t! 'as is
"nding &#r t! dismissa( t!r#&, and said '#urt
grants t! "titi#n, t! intrvnti#n #& t! "rs#n
in/urd )* t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns 'ass )*
virtu #& t! "rin'i"( t!at t! a''ss#r* &#((#-s t!
"rin'i"a(, C#ns3unt(*, as t! #&&ndd "art* is n#t
ntit(d t# r"rsnt t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""in
Is(ands in t! "r#s'uti#n #& a "u)(i' #&&ns, #r t#
'#ntr#( t! "r#'ding #n' it is '#mmn'd, and as
!is rig!t t# intrvn t!rin is su)/'t t# t!
"r#m#t#r &is'a(Qs rig!t #& '#ntr#(, it 'ann#t ) statd
t!at an #rdr #& dismissa( d'rd u"#n "titi#n #&
t! "r#m#tr &is'a( !ims(& d"rivs t! #&&ndd
"art* #& !is rig!t t# a""a( &r#m an #rdr #vrrru(ing
a '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, -!i'! rig!t )(#ngs
:'(usiv(* t# t! "r#m#t#r &is'a( )* virtu #& t!
"r#visi#ns #& sec7ion .. of +eneral Orders5 $o.
14, %# "rmit a "rs#n in/urd )* t! '#mmissi#n #&
an #&&ns t# a""a( &r#m an #rdr dismissing a
'rimina( 'as issud )* a C#urt #& First Instan' u"#n
"titi#n #& t! "r#m#tr &is'a(, -#u(d ) tantam#unt
t# giving said #&&ndd "art* #& t! dir'ti#n and
'#ntr#( #& a 'rimina( "r#'ding in vi#(ati#n #& t!
"r#visi#ns #& t! a)#v$'itd s'ti#n 109 #& Gnra(
1rdrs, N#, 58,
$ &r#m t! natur #& t! #&&ns, #r -!r t! (a-
d&ining and "unis!ing t! #&&ns '!argd d#s n#t
"r#vid &#r an indmnit*, t! #&&ndd "art* ma* n#t
intrvn in t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! #&&ns,
$ S#(i'it#r Gnra( r"rsnts t! P#"( #& t!
P!i(i""ins #r t! Stat in 'rimina( "r#'dings
"nding it!r in t! C#urt #& A""a(s #r in t!is
C#urt, 'ec7ion 1 of Presiden7ial Decree $o. .34,
R;&ining t! P#-rs and Fun'ti#ns #& t! 1&&i' #&
t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(R, "r#vidsC
S7C%I1N 1, Fun'ti#n and 1rgani8ati#n, <1= %!
1&&i' #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( s!a(( r"rsnt t!
G#vrnmnt #& t! P!i(i""ins, its agn'is and
instrumnta(itis and its #&&i'ia(s and agnts in an*
(itigati#n, "r#'ding, invstigati#n #r mattr
r3uiring t! srvi's #& a (a-*r, V V V %! #&&i'
#& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( s!a(( '#nstitut t! (a-
#&&i' #& t! G#vrnmnt, and as su'!, s!a((
dis'!arg dutis r3uiring t! srvi's #& a (a-*r,
It s!a(( !av t! &#((#-ing s"'i&i' "#-rs and
&un'ti#nsC
<a= R"rsnt t! G#vrnmnt in t! Su"rm
C#urt and t! C#urt #& A""a(s in a(( 'rimina(
"r#'dings; r"rsnt t! G#vrnmnt and its
#&&i'rs in t! Su"rm C#urt, t! C#urt #&
A""a(s, and a(( #t!r '#urts #r tri)una(s in a(( 'ivi(
a'ti#ns and s"'ia( "r#'dings in -!i'! t!
G#vrnmnt #r an* #&&i'r t!r#& in !is #&&i'ia(
'a"a'it* is t! "art*,
<.= A't and r"rsnt t! R"u)(i' andM#r t!
"#"( )&#r an* '#urt, tri)una(, )#d* #r
'#mmissi#n in an* mattr, a'ti#n #r "r#'ding
-!i'!, in !is #"ini#n, a&&'ts t! -(&ar #& t!
"#"( as t! nds #& /usti' ma* r3uir,
It is vidnt, t!r&#r, t!at sin' t! S#(i'it#r
Gnra( a(#n is aut!#ri8d t# r"rsnt t! Stat
#r t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins t! intrst #& t!
"rivat "r#s'ut#rs is su)#rdinat t# t!at #& t!
Stat and t!* 'ann#t ) a((#-d t# ta. a stand
in'#nsistnt -it! t!at #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, &#r
t!at -#u(d ) tantam#unt t# giving t! (attr t!
dir'ti#n and '#ntr#( #& t! 'rimina( "r#'dings,
'#ntrar* t# t! "r#visi#ns #& (a- and t! stt(d
ru(s #n t! mattr,
2, It is a(rad* m##t )'aus t! /udg is n# (#ngr
in t! /udi'ia( srvi'
DISPOSITION SC grants t! "titi#n and !r)*
rmands t! 'as t# t! tria( '#urt in #rdr t!at
an#t!r +udg ma* !ar an- "titi#nrsQ m#ti#n &#r
n- tria( and t# rs#(v t! issu a''#rding(* #n t!
)asis #& t! vidn'
P!OP"! D!"A C!R$A
320 SCRA 538
C1R1NA ; 1't#)r 2, 2002
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi- #& d'isi#n #& C)u Cit* R%C
&AC#'
$ 7rnst# d(a Custa -as '!argd #n >a* 16, 1229
-it! ra"ing !is min#r daug!tr, Irn, svn tims
#vr a "ri#d #& ig!t *ars )ginning 1282 -!n
t! vi'tim -as svn *ars #(d,
$ %! vi'tim tsti&id in #"n '#urt a)#ut t!
in'idnts #& ra", 4#-vr, "ri#r t# t! rndring #&
/udgmnt, t! vi'tim, #n +u(* 3, 1228, &i(d an
a&&idavit #& dsistan' stating am#ng #t!rs t!at s!
-as n# (#ngr intrstd in "ursuing t! 'as and
t!at s! !ad a(rad* &#rgivn !r &at!r,
$ %! SC n#td t!at t! ra" in'idnts in t!is 'as
#''urrd "ri#r t# t! &&'tivit* #& RA 8353, %!
Anti$Ra" ?a- #& 1229, -!i'! t##. &&'t #n 1't#)r
22, 1229, Kndr t!is statut, t! 'rim #& ra" -as
'(assi&id as a 'rim against "rs#n, It s!#u(d )
&urt!r n#td t!at t! (a- at t! tim t! 'rims
-r '#mmittd tratd ra" as a "rivat 'rim
'#vrd )* Arti'( 344 #& t! RPC, As "r#vidd &#r in
t! said arti'(, #&&nss #& sdu'ti#n, a)du'ti#n,
ra", #r a'ts #& (as'ivi#usnss s!a(( n#t )
"r#s'utd :'"t u"#n a '#m"(aint &i(d )* t!
#&&ndd "art* #r !r "arnts, grand"arnts, #r
guardian, n#r in an* 'as, t! #&&ndr !as )n
:"rss(* "ard#nd )* t! a)#v namd "rs#ns,
$ %! tria( '#urt &#und t! d&ndant gui(t* and
sntn'd !im t# t! su"rm "na(t* #& dat!,
$ In !is a""a(, t! #&&ndr '(aimd t!at ! s!#u(d
n# !av )n &#und gui(t* '#nsidring t!at t!
a&&idavit #& dsistan' 'ratd a ras#na)( d#u)t as
t# !is gui(t,

I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in '#nvi'ting t! d&ndant
(!"D
N1
$ %! a&&idavit did n#t in &a't '#ntain an* rtra'ti#n
#n t! '(aim #& ra", 4n' t! gui(t* vrdi't -as
"r#"r '#nsidring t!at t! tstim#n* #& t! vi'tim
-as '#nsidrd )* t! tria( '#urt as 'rdi)( and
)(iva)(, %!r -as as su'! n# ras#na)( d#u)t
t# s"a. #&,
$ 7vn using t! #(d statut -!i'! '#nsidrd ra" as
a "rivat 'rim and t! &#rgivnss #& t! vi'tim #r
t! "arnts, grand"arnts, #r guardian as
:tinguis!ing t! 'rim, t! Su"rm '#urt !(d t!at
t! "ard#n #r &#rgivnss must ) "ri#r t# t!
instituti#n #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, A&tr t! 'as !as
)n &i(d t! '#ntr#( #& t! "r#s'uti#n is rm#vd
&r#m t! #&&ndd "art*0s !and and an* '!ang #&
!art )* t! vi'tim -i(( n#t a&&'t t! stat0s rig!t t#
vindi'at t! atr#'itis '#mmittd against its(&,
$ %! C#urt a(s# ru(d t!at t! dat! "na(t* is n#t
a""(i'a)( in t!is 'as as t! "r#s'uti#n -as n#t
a)( t# sta)(is! )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t t!
a((gd min#rit* #& t! vi'tim, It 'itd its "rvi#us
ru(ings t# t!is &&'t,
P!OP"! D!"A CR%/
384 SCRA 395
;A@I;7; +u(* 11, 2002
&AC#'
$ K"#n a '#m"(aint

signd )* +1NA?6N -it! t!
assistan' #& !r aunt Carm(ita B#r/a, t-#
in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d )* t! 1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia(
Pr#s'ut#r )&#r t! R%C #& >a(#(#s '!arging
Binvnid# ;(a Cru8 -it! ra", BI7N@7NI;1
ntrd a "(a #& n#t gui(t*,
$ 5!n +1NA?6N -as "rsntd as its &irst -itnss,
t! "r#s'uti#n s#ug!t t# #)tain &r#m t! tria( '#urt
an #rdr &#r t! '#ndu't #& a "s*'!iatri' :aminati#n
t# dtrmin !r mnta( and "s*'!#(#gi'a( 'a"a)i(it*
t# tsti&* in '#urt, %ria( '#urt a((#-d t! "r#s'ut#r
t# '#ndu't dir't :aminati#n #n +1NA?6N s# t!at i&
in its "r'"ti#n s! -#u(d a""ar t# ) su&&ring
&r#m mnta( d&i'in'*, t! "r#s'ut#r '#u(d )
"rmittd t# as. (ading 3usti#ns, N#ti'ing t!at
+1NA?6N !ad di&&i'u(t* in :"rssing !rs(&, t! tria(
'#urt d'idd t# sus"nd t! "r#'dings t# giv t!
"r#s'uti#n su&&i'int tim t# '#n&r -it! !r,
$ %ria( '#urt a((#-d t! "r#s'uti#n t# "ut #n t!
-itnss stand a >di'a( 1&&i'r #& t! Nati#na(
Cntr &#r >nta( 4a(t!, ;r, %ua8#n tsti&id t!at
s! &#und t!at +1NA?6N -as su&&ring &r#m a
m#drat (v( #& mnta( rtardati#n and t!at
a(t!#ug! '!r#n#(#gi'a((* t! (attr -as a(rad* 20
*ars #& ag, s! !ad t! mnta( ag #& an 8W$*ar$
#(d '!i(d undr t! 5'!s(r Adu(t Int((ign' S'a(,
$ %! tria( '#urt issud an #rdr a((#-ing (ading
3usti#ns t# ) "r#"#undd t# +1NA?6N, %!us,
+1NA?6N t##. t! -itnss stand, S! d'(ard in
#"n '#urt t!at BI7N@7NI;1 ra"d !r t-i', S!
statd t!at BI7N@7NI;1 "(a'd !ims(& #n t#" #& !r
and insrtd !is "rivat "art int# !r -#man!##d,
$ %! d&ns &i(d a dmurrr t# vidn', -!i'!
-as grantd, It admittd t!at it '#u(d !av m#vd t#
3uas! t! in&#rmati#n )ut it did n#t )'aus t!
'#m"(aint #n -!i'! t! in&#rmati#n -as )asd -as
#n its &a' va(id, it !aving )n signd )* +1NA?6N
as t! #&&ndd "art*, 4#-vr, t! undnia)(
trut! is t!at +1NA?6N !ad n# 'a"a'it* t# sign t!
sam '#nsidring !r mnta( d&i'in'* #r
a)n#rma(it*, %! d&ns a(s# insistd #n assai(ing
t! '#m"tn'* #& +1NA?6N as a -itnss, It '(aimd
t!at +1NA?6N0s tstim#n*, '#nsidring !r mnta(
stat, -as '#a'!d and r!arsd,
$ %! tria( '#urt dnid t! ;murrr t# 7vidn' and
st t! dats &#r t! "rsntati#n #& t! vidn' &#r
t! d&ns, %ria( '#urt '#nvi'td BI7N@7NI;1 #&
t! 'rim #& ra" in Crimina( Cas N#, 1295$>$26,
)ut a'3uittd !im in Crimina( Cas N#, 1294$>$26 &#r
insu&&i'in'* #& vidn',
I''%!'
1, 51N t! '#m"(aint &#r ra" &i(d -as va(id
2, 51N +#na(*n -as '#m"tnt t# tsti&*
3, 51N +#na(*n -as 'rdi)( as a -itnss
4, 51N (ading 3usti#ns s!#u(d !av )n a((#-d
t# ) as.d t# +#na(*n
(!"D
1, 67S
$ %! "rtinnt (a-s :isting at t! tim t! 'rims
-r '#mmittd -r Arti'( 344 #& t! Rvisd
Pna( C#d <"ri#r t# its amndmnt )* R,A, N#, 8353
-!i'! t##. &&'t #n 22 1't#)r 1229= and S'ti#n 5
#& Ru( 110 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur,
$ %! #&&nss #& sdu'ti#n, a)du'ti#n, ra" #r a'ts
#& (as'ivi#usnss, s!a(( n#t ) "r#s'utd :'"t
u"#n a '#m"(aint &i(d )* t! #&&ndd "art* #r !r
"arnts, grand"arnts, #r guardian, n#r, in an* 'as,
i& t! #&&ndr !as )n :"rss(* "ard#nd )* t!
a)#v$namd "rs#ns, as t! 'as ma* ),
$ S'ti#n 5 #& Ru( 110 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #& Crimina(
Pr#'dur statsC %! #&&nss #& sdu'ti#n,
a)du'ti#n, ra" #r a'ts #& (as'ivi#usnss s!a(( n#t )
"r#s'utd :'"t u"#n a '#m"(aint &i(d )* t!
#&&ndd "art* #r !r "arnts, grand"arnts, #r
guardian, n#r, in an* 'as, i& t! #&&ndr !as )n
:"rss(* "ard#nd )* t! a)#v$namd "rs#ns, as
t! 'as ma* ), In 'as t! #&&ndd "art* dis #r
)'#ms in'a"a'itatd )&#r s! '#u(d &i( t!
'#m"(aint and !as n# .n#-n "arnts, grand"arnts,
#r guardian, t! Stat s!a(( initiat t! 'rimina(
a'ti#n in !r )!a(&, %! #&&ndd "art*, vn i& s!
-r a min#r, !as t! rig!t t# initiat t! "r#s'uti#n
&#r t! a)#v #&&nss, ind"ndnt(* #& !r "arnts,
grand"arnts #r guardian, un(ss s! is in'#m"tnt
#r in'a"a)( #& d#ing s# u"#n gr#unds #t!r t!an !r
min#rit*, 5!r t! #&&ndd "art* -!# is a min#r
&ai(s t# &i( t! '#m"(aint, !r "arnts, grand"arnts
#r guardian ma* &i( t! sam,
$ A '#m"(aint #& t! #&&ndd "art* #r !r r(ativs is
r3uird in 'rims against '!astit* #ut #&
'#nsidrati#n &#r t! #&&ndd -#man and !r
&ami(*, -!# mig!t "r&r t# su&&r t! #utrag in
si(n' rat!r t!an g# t!r#ug! -it! t! s'anda( #& a
"u)(i' tria(, %! (a- dms it t! -isr "#(i'* t# (t
t! aggrivd -#man and !r &ami(* d'id -!t!r
t# :"#s t# "u)(i' vi- #r t# !atd '#ntr#vrsis in
'#urt t! vi's, &au(t, and disgra'&u( a'ts #''urring
in t! &ami(*,
$ %! '#m"(aint in t! instant 'as !as '#m"(id -it!
t! r3uirmnt undr t! Rvisd Pna( C#d and
t! Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur, -!i'! vst u"#n
+1NA?6N, as t! #&&ndd "art*, t! rig!t t# institut
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, As signd )* +1NA?6N, t!
'#m"(aint startd t! "r#s'ut#r* "r#'ding, %!
assistan' #& +1NA?6N0s aunt, #r vn #& !r m#t!r,
-as a su"r&(uit*, +1NA?6N0s signatur a(#n
su&&i's t# va(idat t! '#m"(aint,
$ I& a min#r undr t! Ru(s #& C#urt 'an &i( a
'#m"(aint &#r ra" ind"ndnt(* #& !r "arnts,
+1NA?6N, t!n 20 *ars #& ag -!# -as &#und t#
!av t! mnta(it* #& an 8$*ar$#(d gir(, '#u(d
(i.-is &i( t! '#m"(aint ind"ndnt(* #& !r
r(ativs, 4r '#m"(aint 'an ) rig!t&u((* '#nsidrd
&i(d )* a min#r,
2, 67S
$ %! dtrminati#n #& t! '#m"tn' #& -itnsss
t# tsti&* rsts "rimari(* -it! t! tria( /udg -!# ss
t!m in t! -itnss stand and #)srvs t!ir
)!avi#r #r t!ir "#ssssi#n #r (a'. #& int((ign',
as -(( as t!ir undrstanding #& t! #)(igati#n #& an
#at!,
$ %! "r#s'uti#n !as "r#vd +1NA?6N0s '#m"tn'*
)* t! tstim#n* #& ;r, %ua8#n, %! &inding #& t!
tria( '#urt, as su""#rtd )* t! tstim#n* #& ;r,
%ua8#n t!at +1NA?6N !ad t! undrstanding #& an 8$
*ar$#(d '!i(d, d#s n#t #)viat t! &a't #& !r
'#m"tn'*, Its #n(* &&'t -as t# '#nsidr !r
tstim#n* &r#m t! "#int #& vi- #& an 8$*ar$#(d
min#r,
3, 67S
$ %! &#rg#ing narrativ !as sta)(is!d n#t #n(*
+1NA?6N0s '#m"tn'* )ut a(s# !r 'rdi)i(it*,
C#nsidring !r &)( mind, s! '#u(d n#t !av
&a)ri'atd #r '#n'#'td !r '!arg against
BI7N@7NI;1, A(s#, n# im"r#"r m#tiv -as s!#-n
)* t! d&ns as t# -!* +1NA?6N -#u(d &i( a 'as
#r &a(s(* tsti&* against BI7N@7NI;1,
$ C#m"(ainant !as mad !rs(& '(ar a)#ut t!
s:ua( m#(stati#n s! su&&rd in t! !ands #& t!
a''usd, P(ain and sim"( !r tstim#n* ma* !av
)n, unm)((is!d, as it is, -it! dtai(s, *t, it is in
its sim"(i'it* t!at its 'rdn' is n!an'd,
4, 67S
$ It is usua( and "r#"r &#r t! '#urt t# "rmit (ading
3usti#ns in '#ndu'ting t! :aminati#n #& a -itnss
-!# is immatur; agd and in&irm; in )ad "!*si'a(
'#nditi#n; undu'atd; ign#rant #&, #r una''ust#md
t#, '#urt "r#'dings; in:"rin'd; &)($mindd;
'#n&usd and agitatd; trri&id; timid #r
m)arrassd -!i( #n t! stand; (a'.ing in
'#m"r!nsi#n #& 3usti#ns as.d; da& and dum);
#r una)( t# s"a. #r undrstand t! 7ng(is! #r
im"r&'t(* &ami(iar t!r-it!,
$ %! (ading 3usti#ns -r nit!r '#n'(usi#ns #&
&a'ts mr(* "ut int# t! m#ut! #& +1NA?6N n#r
"r"ard statmnts -!i'! s! mr(* '#n&irmd as
tru,
DISPOSITION R%C d'isi#n &inding a''usd$
a""((ant BI7N@7NI;1 ;7?A CRKL gui(t* #& t! 'rim
#& ra" and sntn'ing !im t# su&&r t! "na(t* #&
reclusion perpetua is AFFIR>7;, -it! t!
m#di&i'ati#n t!at a''usd$a""((ant is #rdrd t# "a*
t! vi'tim +1NA?6N 6K>ANG 'ivi( indmnit* in t!
rdu'd am#unt #& P50,000 and m#ra( damags in
t! am#unt #& P50,000,
P!OP"! 9%I#"O$+
222 SCRA 360
@I%KG ; +u(* 10, 1228
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! R%C
&AC#'
$ Ca("it# -as a studnt &r#m Bagui# 'it*, 1n tim,
! -antd s#m &is!)a((s s# ! and G#si( )#ug!t
s#m &is!)a((s -#rt! P15, 5!n Ca("it# '#untd !is
'!ang, ! &#und #ut t!at ! #n(* r'ivd P35 &#r
!is P100, C#n&r#ntd )* Ca("it# and G#si(, t!
&is!)a(( vnd#r -#u(d n#t admit t!at ! !ad s!#rt$
'!angd Ca("it#, %! 3 mn ."t arguing, >#mnts
(atr, S#rian# sa- ig!t mn rus!ing t#-ards G#si(
and Ca("it#, Ca("it# g#t sta))d and &(( t# t!
gr#und,
$ %! R%C &#und R#nni Ouit(#ng, Sa(vad#r Ouit(#ng
and 7mi(i# Sn#t# gui(t* #& murdr &#r t! .i((ing #&
+#nat!an Ca("it#, A''usd$a""((ants, s!#rt(* a&tr
t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n, su)mittd a m#ti#n &#r
rinvstigati#n a((ging t!at Ait -as a 'rtain *esus
Mendo:a -!# sta))d t! vi'tim, %! tria( '#urt
a'td &av#ra)(* #n t! m#ti#n, %! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r
&i(d a m#ti#n t# admit an amndd in&#rmati#n #n
t! )asis #& a&&idavits, %! in&#rmati#n, as amndd,
in'(udd +sus >nd#8a am#ng t! namd a''usd,
But un(i. a''usd$a""((ants -!# -r immdiat(*
arrstd a&tr t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim, +sus
>nd#8a rmaind at (arg, At t!ir arraignmnt,
t! dtaind a''usd "(add n#t gui(t* t# t! 'rim
'!argd,
$ 1n 21 A"ri( 1225, t! tria( '#urt, &#((#-ing !is
va(uati#n #& t! rs"'tiv su)missi#ns #& t!
"r#s'uti#n and t! d&ns, in'(uding t!ir r)utta(
and sur$r)utta( vidn', rndrd its n#- assai(d
d'isi#n,
I''%!'
1. 51N t! R%C a)usd its dis'rti#n andM#r
a'td in :'ss #& #r -it!#ut /urisdi'ti#n in
&inding t!at t!r -as '#ns"ira'* )t-n
and am#ng t! a''usd$a""((ants
2. 51N t! R%C grav(* a)usd its dis'rti#n
andM#r a'td in :'ss #& #r -it!#ut
/urisdi'ti#n in &inding t! a''usd$a""((ants
gui(t* #& t! 'rim #& >urdr instad #&
4#mi'id
(!"D
1. 67S, Ouit(#ng is gui(t* #& murdr -!i( t! #t!r 2
ar #n(* a''#m"(i's,
2, N1, t! 'rim -as 3ua(i&id %! 'rim '#mmittd
-as 3ua(i&id )* a)us #& su"ri#rit*, 5!i(
su"ri#rit* in num)r -#u(d n#t "r s man
su"ri#rit* in strngt!, n#ug! "r##& -as addu'd,
!#-vr, t# s!#- t!at t! atta'.rs !ad '##"ratd
in su'! a -a* as t# s'ur advantag #& t!ir
su"ri#rit* in strngt! 'rtain(* #ut #& "r#"#rti#n t#
t! mans #& d&ns avai(a)( t# t! "rs#n
atta'.d,
$ Arti'( III, S'ti#n 14, #& t! 1289 C#nstituti#n, in
"arti'u(ar, mandats t!at n# "rs#n s!a(( ) !(d
ans-ra)( &#r a 'rimina( #&&ns -it!#ut du
"r#'ss #& (a- and t!at in a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns
t! a''usd s!a(( &irst ) in&#rmd #& t! natur and
'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im, %! rig!t t# )
in&#rmd #& an* su'! indi'tmnt is (i.-is :"(i'it in
"r#'dura( ru(s,
$ #)/'t #& in&#rming an a''usd in -riting #& t!
'!args against !imC First, %# &urnis! t! a''usd
-it! su'! a ds'ri"ti#n #& t! '!arg against !im as
-i(( na)( !im t# ma. !is d&ns; and s'#nd, t#
avai( !ims(& #& !is '#nvi'ti#n #r a'3uitta( &#r
"r#t'ti#n against a &urt!r "r#s'uti#n &#r t! sam
'aus; and t!ird, t# in&#rm t! '#urt #& t! &a'ts
a((gd, s# t!at it ma* d'id -!t!r t!* ar
su&&i'int in (a- t# su""#rt a '#nvi'ti#n, i& #n s!#u(d
) !ad, <Knitd Stats vs, Crui.s!an., 22 K,S,, 542=,
In #rdr t!at t!is r3uirmnt ma* ) satis&id, &a'ts
must ) statd, n#t '#n'(usi#ns #& (a-, 7vr* 'rim
is mad u" #& 'rtain a'ts and intnt; t!s must )
st &#rt! in t! '#m"(aint -it! ras#na)(
"arti'u(arit* #& tim, "(a', nams <"(ainti&& and
d&ndant=, and 'ir'umstan's, In s!#rt, t!
'#m"(aint must '#ntain a s"'i&i' a((gati#n #& vr*
&a't and 'ir'umstan' n'ssar* t# '#nstitut t!
'rim '!argd
DISPOSITION a""((ant R#nni Ouit(#ng is &#und
gui(t* #& t! 'rim #& murdr &#r t! .i((ing #&
+#nat!an Ca("it#, A""((ants Sa(vad#r Ouit(#ng and
7mi(i# Sn#t#, +r,, ar &#und gui(t* as a''#m"(i's in
t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim,
ROCO CO$#R!RA'
461 SCRA 505
GARCIA; +un 28, 2005
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari undr Ru( 45 #& t!
Ru(s #& C#urt t! d'isi#n dismissing a""a( and
rs#(uti#n dn*ing m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #& t!
C#urt #& A""a(s
&AC#'
, ;#ming# R#'#, ngagd in )u*ing and s((ing #&
drssd '!i'.n, "ur'!asd !is su""(* &r#m "rivat
rs"#ndnt Ca(0s P#u(tr* Su""(* C#r"#rati#n <Ca(0s=
, As "a*mnt &#r !is "ur'!as, "titi#nr dr- 5
'!'.s "a*a)( t# Ca(0s against !is a''#unt -it!
PCIB, PCIB dis!#n#rd t! '!'.s &#r !aving )n
dra-n &r#m a '(#sd a''#unt, Ca(0s t!n &i(d a
'rimina( '#m"(aint &#r vi#(ati#n #& BP22
$ B&#r tria( '#u(d '#mmn', R#'# &i(d -it! t!
BIR a dnun'iati#n (ttr against Ca(0s in t!at it &ai(d
t# issu '#mmr'ia( inv#i's, BIR &#und n# "rima
&a'i vidn' #& ta: vasi#n,
$ %ria( &#r R#'#0s vi#(ati#n #& BP 22 '#mmn'd, A&tr
t! "r#s'uti#n rstd, t! >%CC d'(ard t! 'ass
su)mittd &#r d'isi#n #n a''#unt #& "titi#nr0s
&ai(ur t# addu' vidn' in !is )!a(&, ?atr,
M#CC rendered a ;udgmen7 of conic7ion
agains7 pe7i7ioner.
$ Ptiti#nr -nt t# a""a( t# t! R%C '#ntnding
t!at ! -as d"rivd #& du "r#'ss, R%C agrd and
va'atd t! >%CC d'isi#n,
, Pnding t! rmandd 'ass, "titi#nr &i(d -it!
t! >%CC a AR3ust &#r Issuan' #& Su)"#na Ad
%sti&i'andum and Su)"#na ;u's %'umB,
r3uiring @ivian ;#'am"# #r ;ani(# 6a", )#t! #&
Ca(0s C#r"#rati#n #r t!ir du(* aut!#ri8d
r"rsntativs, t# a""ar and tsti&* in '#urt and
t# )ring -it! t!m 'rtain d#'umnts, r'#rds and
)##.s #& a''#unts &#r t! *ars 1223$1222
1
,
Pr#s'uti#n did n#t #)/'t,
$ A'ting +udg G#mr C, ;(&in, issud an #rdr
granting "titi#nr0s r3ust and a''#rding(*
dir'td t! issuan' #& t! dsird su)"#nas,
$Ca(0s '#uns( mani&std t!at it -as im"r#"r &#r
t! tria( '#urt t# !av dir'td t! issuan' #& t!
r3ustd su)"#nas, t# -!i'! t! R#'# '#untrd
)* sa*ing t!at +udg ;(&in0s !ad )'#m &ina( and
!n', immuta)(, N#nt!(ss, t! tria( '#urt
issud an #rdr a((#-ing t! "r#s'uti#n t# &i( its
'#mmnt #r #""#siti#n t# "titi#nr0s r3ust &#r t!
issuan' #& su)"#nas, %!* argud t!at ;#'am"#
!ad ar(ir attstd t!at t! d#'umnts, r'#rds and
1
Sa(s +#urna( &#r t! *ar 1223;
A''#unts R'iva)( +#urna( &#r t! *ar 1223;
Sa(s ?dgr &#r t! *ar 1223;
A''#unts R'iva)( ?dgr &#r t! *ar 1223 <in its a)sn',
A''#unts R'iva)( ?dgr &#r t! *ars 1224, 1225, 1226, 1229,
1228 #r 1222=;
Auditd In'#m Statmnt &#r t! *ars 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226,
1229, 1228 and In'#m Statmnts as #& F)ruar* 1222;
Auditd Ba(an' S!t &#r t! *ars 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226, 1229,
1228 and "Ba(an' S!t as #& F)ruar* 1222; and
In'#m %a: Rturns &#r t! *ars 1223, 1224, 1225, 1226 and 1229,
)##.s #& a''#unts -r a(rad* )urnd, t!* did n#t
maintain t! r3ustd sa(s (dgr and t!at #t!r
d#'umnts '#u(d n#t ) "r#du'd )'aus #& t!
r'nt '#m"utri8ati#n #& r'#rds -as sti(( in t!
"r#'ss #& '#m"(ti#n, %!* a(s# maintaind t!at t!
d#'umnts r3ustd ar immatria( and irr(vant
t# t! 'rims &#r -!i'! t! "titi#nr -as )ing
"r#s'utd,
$ In a rs#(uti#n, t! >%CC, t!ru its +udg 7d-ard B,
C#ntrras, dnid "titi#nr0s r3ust #n t!
&#((#-ing gr#undsC <a= t! r3ustd d#'umnts,
)##. (dgrs and #t!r r'#rds -r immatria( in
rs#(ving t! issus "#sd )&#r t! '#urt; and <)=
t! issuan' #& t! su)"#nas -i(( #n(* undu(* d(a*
t! !aring #& t! 'rimina( 'ass,
$ +udg C#ntrras simi(ar(* dnid t! >FR, R%C
dnid du '#urs t# "titi#n &#r &ai(ur t# "r#v
grav a)us #& dis'rti#n, Simi(ar(*, it dnid >FR,
Ptiti#nr -nt t# CA via 'rti#rari, %! "titi#n -as
sti(( dismissd, >FR -as sti(( dismissd,
Petitioners claim
%! dnia( #& t! r3ust &#r t! issuan' #&
su)"#na ad tsti&i'andum and su)"#na du's
t'um is vi#(ativ #& !is '#nstituti#na( rig!ts
I''%!
51N t! (#-r '#urts rrd in dn*ing t! su)"#na
r3ustd )* R#'#
748D
Ratio N1, B&#r a su)"#na du's t'um ma*
issu, t! '#urt must &irst ) satis&id t!at t!
&#((#-ing r3uisits ar "rsntC <1= t!
)##.s, d#'umnts #r #t!r t!ings r3ustd
must a""ar "rima &a'i r(vant t# t! issu
su)/'t #& t! '#ntr#vrs* <tst #&
r(van'*=; and <2= su'! )##.s must )
ras#na)(* ds'ri)d )* t! "artis t# )
radi(* idnti&id <tst #& d&initnss=,
Reasoning
$ A su)"#na is a "r#'ss dir'td t# a "rs#n
r3uiring !im t# attnd and t# tsti&* at t! !aring
#r tria( #& an a'ti#n #r at an* invstigati#n '#ndu'td
undr t! (a-s #& t! P!i(i""ins, #r &#r t! ta.ing #&
!is d"#siti#n, %! &irst, su)"#na ad tsti&i'andum,
is usd t# '#m"( a "rs#n t# tsti&*, -!i( t!
s'#nd, su)"#na du's t'um, is usd t# '#m"(
t! "r#du'ti#n #& )##.s, r'#rds, t!ings #r
d#'umnts t!rin s"'i&id,
$ %! )##.s and d#'umnts t!at "titi#nr r3ustd
t# ) su)"#nad ar dsignatd and ds'ri)d in
!is r3ust -it! d&initnss and radi(* idnti&ia)(,
%! tst #& d&initnss, t!r&#r, is satis&id in t!is
'as, 4#-vr, in t! mattr #& r(van'* #& t!#s
)##.s and d#'umnts t# t! "nding 'rimina( 'ass
t!at "titi#nr misra)(* &ai(d t# dis'!arg !is
)urdn,
$ Basd #n t! r'#rds )(#- and as '#rr't(*
"#intd #ut )* t! CA, "titi#nr !ad )n issud )*
Ca(0s -it! tm"#rar* r'i"ts in t! &#rm #& *((#-
"ad s(i"s #& "a"r vidn'ing !is "a*mnts, -!i'!
"ad s(i"s !ad )n va(idatd )* t! '#r"#rati#n
its(&, It is '(ar t!at t! "r#du'ti#n #& t! )##.s and
d#'umnts r3ustd )* "titi#nr ar n#t
indis"nsa)( t# "r#v !is d&ns #& "a*mnt,
DISPOSITION t! instant "titi#n is ;7NI7; and
t! '!a((ngd d'isi#n and rs#(uti#n #& t! C#urt #&
A""a(s AFFIR>7;,
A'#OR+A P!OP"!
439 SCRA 152
6NAR7S$SAN%IAG1,; Aug 20, 2004
&AC#'
$ %!r <3= "rivat #&&ndd "artis -!# ar
mm)rs #& t! Rgi#na( S"'ia( 1"rati#ns Gr#u"
<RS1G= #& t! ;7NR %a'(#)an Cit*, t#gt!r -it! t-#
<2= mm)rs #& P!i(i""in Nati#na( P#(i' Rgi#na(
Int((ign' Gr#u", -r snt t# t! Is(and #& ;aram,
5strn Samar t# '#ndu't int((ign' #"rati#ns #n
"#ssi)( i((ga( (#gging a'tivitis, At ar#und 4C30$
5C00 ",m,, t! tam &#und t-# )#ats masuring 18
mtrs in (ngt! and 5 mtrs in )radt! )ing
'#nstru'td at Baranga* ?#'#)$?#'#), %!r t!*
mt "titi#nr Bnit# Ast#rga, t! >a*#r #& ;aram,
-!# turnd #ut t# ) t! #-nr #& t! )#ats, A
!atd a(tr'ati#n nsud )t-n "titi#nr and
t! ;7NR tam, Ptiti#nr 'a((d &#r rin&#r'mnts
and, m#mnts (atr, a )#at )aring tn armd mn,
s#m -aring &atigus, arrivd at t! s'n, %!
;7NR tam -as t!n )r#ug!t t# "titi#nr0s !#us in
;aram, -!r t!* !ad dinnr and drin.s, %! tam
(&t at 2C00 a,m,
$ 1n t! )asis #& t! &#rg#ing &a'ts, "titi#nr -as
'!argd -it! and '#nvi'td #& Ar)itrar* ;tnti#n )*
t! Sandigan)a*an,
$ SC a&&irmd t! '#n'#nvi'ti#n #& ;aram,
;&ndant &i(d >FR N dnid -it! &ina(it*
Fi(d an Krgnt >#ti#n &#r ?av t# Fi( 2
nd
>FR N
grantd
I''%!'
Procedural
51N &i(ing #& 2
nd
>FR is "r#"r
Su!stantive
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1- Prof.
51N t! gui(t #& t! a''usd -as "r#vn )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t
(!"D
Procedural
67S
Ratio 5!i( a s'#nd m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n is,
as a gnra( ru(, a "r#!i)itd "(ading, it is -it!in
t! s#und dis'rti#n #& t! C#urt t# admit t! sam,
"r#vidd it is &i(d -it! "ri#r (av -!nvr
su)stantiv /usti' ma* ) )ttr srvd t!r)*,
Reasoning
% %! ru(s #& "r#'dur ar mr(* t##(s dsignd t#
&a'i(itat t! attainmnt #& /usti', %!* -r
'#n'ivd and "r#mu(gatd t# &&'tiv(* aid t!
'#urt in t! dis"nsati#n #& /usti', C#urts ar n#t
s(avs t# #r r#)#ts #& t'!ni'a( ru(s, s!#rn #& /udi'ia(
dis'rti#n, In rndring /usti', '#urts !av a(-a*s
)n, as t!* #ug!t t# ), '#ns'inti#us(* guidd )*
t! n#rm t!at #n t! )a(an', t'!ni'a(itis ta. a
)a'.sat against su)stantiv rig!ts, and n#t t!
#t!r -a* ar#und, %!us, i& t! a""(i'ati#n #& t!
Ru(s -#u(d tnd t# &rustrat rat!r t!an "r#m#t
/usti', it is a(-a*s -it!in #ur "#-r t# sus"nd t!
ru(s, #r :'"t a "arti'u(ar 'as &r#m its #"rati#n,
Su!stantive
N1
Ratio 5!n t! gui(t #& t! a''usd !as n#t )n
"r#vn -it! m#ra( 'rtaint*, t! "rsum"ti#n #&
inn#'n' #& t! a''usd must ) sustaind and !is
:#nrati#n ) grantd as a mattr #& rig!t, F#r t!
"r#s'uti#n0s vidn' must stand #r &a(( #n its #-n
mrit and 'ann#t ) a((#-d t# dra- strngt! &r#m
t! -a.nss #& t! vidn' &#r t! d&ns,
Furt!rm#r, -!r t! vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n
is '#n'dd(* -a., vn i& t! vidn' &#r d&ns
is a(s# -a., t! a''usd must ) du(* a''#rdd t!
)n&it #& t! d#u)t in vi- #& t! cons7i7u7ional
presump7ion of innocence t!at an a''usd n/#*s,
5!n t! 'ir'umstan's ar 'a"a)( #& t-# #r m#r
in&rn's, as in t!is 'as, #n #& -!i'! is '#nsistnt
-it! t! "rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' -!i( t! #t!r is
'#m"ati)( -it! gui(t, t! "rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n'
must "rvai( and t! '#urt must a'3uit, It is )ttr
t# a'3uit a gui(t* man t!an t# '#nvi't an inn#'nt
man,
Reasoning
% N# su&&i'int vidn' t# s!#- t!at "titi#nr
insti((d &ar in t! minds #& t! "rivat #&&ndd
"artis, It a""ars t!at ;arma mr(* :tndd !is
!#s"ita(it* and ntrtaind t! ;7NR tam in !is
!#us,
DISPOSITION R7@7RS7;, Ptiti#nr Bnit# Ast#rga
is ACOKI%%7; #& t! 'rim #& Ar)itrar* ;tnti#n #n
t! gr#und #& ras#na)( d#u)t,
P!OP"! #%"I$
RICAR/! CA <P!OP"!5 CA"#!=>
G,R, N#, 160451
CA??7+1, SR; F)ruar* 2, 2009
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari #& t! ;'isi#n #& t!
C#urt #& A""a(s
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nr 7duard# G, Ri'ar8 -as m"(#*d as a
'#(('t#r$mssngr )* Cit* Srvi' C#r"#rati#n, a
d#msti' '#r"#rati#n ngagd in mssngria(
srvi's, 4 -as assignd t# t! main #&&i' #&
Ca(t: P!i(i""ins, In', <Ca(t:= in >a.ati Cit*, 4is
"rimar* tas. -as t# '#(('t '!'.s "a*a)( t# Ca(t:
and d(ivr t!m t# t! 'as!ir, 4 a(s# d(ivrd
inv#i's t# Ca(t:0s 'ust#mrs,
$ 1n N#vm)r 6, 1229, Ca(t: &i(d a 'rimina(
'#m"(aint against "titi#nr )&#r t! 1&&i' #& t!
Cit* Pr#s'ut#r #& >a.ati Cit* &#r sta&a t!r#ug!
&a(si&i'ati#n #& '#mmr'ia( d#'umnts, R#man#
a((gd t!at, #n 1't#)r 16, 1229, -!i( !is
d"artmnt -as '#ndu'ting a dai(* ('tr#ni' r"#rt
&r#m P!i(i""in C#mmr'ia( T Industria( Ban. <PCIB=
;(a R#sa, >a.ati Bran'!, #n #& its d"#sitar*
)an.s, it -as dis'#vrd t!at un.n#-n t# t!
d"artmnt, a '#m"an* '!'., C!'. N#, 94001
datd 1't#)r 13, 1229 in t! am#unt #&
P5,920,590,25 "a*a)( t# ;ant R, Gutirr8, !ad
)n '(ard t!r#ug! PCIB #n 1't#)r 15, 1229,
n#t-it!standing t-# missing '!'.s and t-# #t!r
'!'. &#rgris, #n #& -!i'! am#untd t#
P1,920,959,25, A(( #& t!s -r nvr issud )*
Ca(t:,
$ Furt!r invstigati#n rva(d t!at said savings
a''#unt !ad a'tua((* )n #"nd )* "titi#nr; t!
&#rgd '!'.s -r d"#sitd and nd#rsd )* !im
undr Gutirr80s nam,
$ In t! mantim, t! PCIB 'rditd t! am#unt #&
P581,222,00 t# Ca(t: #n >ar'! 22, 1228, %owever&
the Cit' Prosecutor of (akati Cit' was not informed
of this development, A&tr t! r3uisit "r(iminar*
invstigati#n, t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r &i(d t-# <2=
In&#rmati#ns &#r sta&a t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n #&
'#mmr'ia( d#'umnts #n +un 22, 1228 against
"titi#nr )&#r t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <R%C= #&
>a.ati Cit*, Bran'! 63,
$ Ptiti#nr -as arraignd #n August 18, 1228, and
"(add n#t gui(t* t# )#t! '!args, Pr$tria( nsud
and t! 'ass -r /#int(* trid, %! "r#s'uti#n
"rsntd its -itnsss, a&tr -!i'! t! Sigui#n
R*na, >#nt'i((i# and 1ngsia.# ?a- 1&&i's <SR>1=
as "rivat "r#s'ut#r &i(d a F#rma( 1&&r #&
7vidn',
9
Ptiti#nr #""#sd t! "(ading,
'#ntnding t!at t! "rivat '#m"(ainant -as
r"rsntd )* t! ACCRA ?a- 1&&i's and t!
Ba(g#s and Pr8 ?a- 1&&i' during tria(, and it -as
#n(* a&tr t! "r#s'uti#n !ad rstd its 'as t!at
SR>1 ntrd its a""aran' as "rivat "r#s'ut#r
r"rsnting t! PCIB, Sin' t! ACCRA and Ba(g#s
and Pr8 ?a- 1&&i's !ad n#t -it!dra-n t!ir
a""aran', SR>1 !ad n# "rs#na(it* t# a""ar as
"rivat "r#s'ut#r, Kndr t! In&#rmati#ns, t!
"rivat '#m"(ainant is Ca(t: and n#t PCIB; !n',
t! F#rma( 1&&r #& 7vidn' &i(d )* SR>1 s!#u(d )
stri'.n &r#m t! r'#rds,
$ Ptiti#nr &urt!r avrrd t!at un(ss t!
In&#rmati#ns -r amndd t# '!ang t! "rivat
'#m"(ainant t# PCIB, !is rig!t as a''usd -#u(d )
"r/udi'd, 4 "#intd #ut, !#-vr, t!at t!
In&#rmati#ns 'an n# (#ngr ) amndd )'aus !
!ad a(rad* )n arraignd undr t! #rigina(
In&#rmati#ns,
8
4 insistd t!at t! amndmnts #&
t! In&#rmati#ns t# su)stitut PCIB as t! #&&ndd
"art* &#r Ca(t: -#u(d "(a' !im in d#u)( /#"ard*,
$ PCIB, t!r#ug! SR>1, #""#sd t! m#ti#n, It
'#ntndd t!at t! PCIB !ad r$'rditd t! am#unt
t# Ca(t: t# t! :tnt #& t! indmnit*; !n', t!
PCIB !ad )n su)r#gatd t# t! rig!ts and intrsts
#& Ca(t: as "rivat '#m"(ainant, C#ns3unt(*, t!
PCIB is ntit(d t# r'iv an* 'ivi( indmnit* -!i'!
t! tria( '#urt -#u(d ad/udg against t! a''usd,
>#r#vr, t! r$'rditd am#unt -as )r#ug!t #ut
#n 'r#ss$:aminati#n )* Ram#n R#man# -!#
tsti&id &#r t! Pr#s'uti#n, PCIB "#intd #ut t!at
"titi#nr !ad mar.d in vidn' t! (ttr #& t!
ACCRA ?a- 1&&i' t# PCIBan. datd 1't#)r 10,
1229 and t! 'rdit mm# snt )* PCIB t# Ca(t:
$ 1n +u(* 18, 2001, t! R%C issud an 1rdr granting
t! m#ti#n #& t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r &#r t!
su)stituti#n #& PCIB as "rivat '#m"(ainant &#r
Ca(t:, It !#-vr dnid "titi#nr0s m#ti#n t# !av
t! &#rma( #&&r #& vidn' #& SR>1 :"ungd &r#m
t! r'#rd, Ptiti#nr &i(d a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n -!i'! t! R%C dnid #n N#vm)r
14, 2001,
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a Ptiti#n &#r Crti#rari undr Ru(
65 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt -it! Krgnt A""(i'ati#n &#r
%m"#rar* Rstraining 1rdr -it! t! C#urt #&
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1. Prof.
A""a(s <CA,= "ra*ing &#r t! annu(mnt #& t! R%C0s
1rdrs #& +u(* 18, 2001 and N#vm)r 14, 2001,
$ A''#rding t# "titi#nr, damag #r in/ur* t# t!
#&&ndd "art* is an ssntia( (mnt #& sta&a, %!
amndmnt #& t! In&#rmati#ns su)stituting t!
PCIBan. &#r Ca(t: as t! #&&ndd "art* -#u(d
"r/udi' !is rig!ts sin' ! is d"rivd #& a d&ns
avai(a)( )&#r t! amndmnt, and -!i'! -#u(d
) unavai(a)( i& t! In&#rmati#ns ar amndd,
Ptiti#nr &urt!r insistd t!at t! ru(ing in t!
Sa*s#n 'as did n#t a""(* t# t!is 'as,
) The appellate court declared that when PC*B
restored the amount of the checks to Calte+& it was
subrogated to the latter,s right against petitioner. *t
further declared that in offenses against propert'&
the designation of the name of the offended part' is
not absolutel' indispensable for as long as the
criminal act charged in the complaint or information
can be properl' identified. The appellate court cited
the rulings of this Court in People v. %o and People v.
Re'es.
I''%!
1, 51N "titi#nr0s rig!ts ar "r/udi'd -it!
t! su)stituti#n #& t! '#m"(ainant
2, 51N t!r -as a va(id su)r#gati#n #& rig!ts
)* Ca(t: t# PCIB
3, 51N '!args against !im s!#u(d )
dismissd )'aus t! a((gati#ns in )#t!
In&#rmati#ns &ai(d t# nam PCIB as tru
#&&ndd "art*
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! tst as t# -!t!r a d&ndant is "r/udi'd )*
t! amndmnt is -!t!r a d&ns undr t!
in&#rmati#n as it #rigina((* st##d -#u(d ) avai(a)(
a&tr t! amndmnt is mad, and -!t!r an*
vidn' d&ndant mig!t !av -#u(d ) 3ua((*
a""(i'a)( t# t! in&#rmati#n in t! #n &#rm as in
t! #t!r, An amndmnt t# an in&#rmati#n -!i'!
d#s n#t '!ang t! natur #& t! 'rim a((gd
t!rin d#s n#t a&&'t t! ssn' #& t! #&&ns #r
'aus sur"ris #r d"riv t! a''usd #& an
#""#rtunit* t# mt t! n- avrmnt !ad a'!
)n !(d t# ) #n #& &#rm and n#t #& su)stan',
$ In t! 'as at )ar, t! su)stituti#n #& Ca(t: )* PCIB
as "rivat '#m"(aint is n#t a su)stantia( amndmnt,
%! su)stituti#n did n#t a(tr t! )asis #& t! '!arg
in )#t! In&#rmati#ns, n#r did it rsu(t in an* "r/udi'
t# "titi#nr, %! d#'umntar* vidn' in t! &#rm
#& t! &#rgd '!'.s rmaind t! sam, and a((
su'! vidn' -as avai(a)( t# "titi#nr -(( )&#r
t! tria(, %!us, ! 'ann#t '(aim an* sur"ris )* virtu
#& t! su)stituti#n,
2, 67S
$ %! C#urt agrs -it! rs"#ndnt PCIB0s '#mmnt
t!at "titi#nr &ai(d t# ma. a distin'ti#n )t-n
(ga( and '#nvnti#na( su)r#gati#n, Su)r#gati#n is
t! trans&r #& a(( t! rig!ts #& t! 'rdit#r t# a t!ird
"rs#n, -!# su)stituts !im in a(( !is rig!ts, It ma*
it!r ) (ga( #r '#nvnti#na(, ?ga( su)r#gati#n is
t!at -!i'! ta.s "(a' -it!#ut agrmnt )ut )*
#"rati#n #& (a- )'aus #& 'rtain a'ts, Instan's #&
(ga( su)r#gati#n ar t!#s "r#vidd in Arti'(
1302#& t! Civi( C#d, C#nvnti#na( su)r#gati#n, #n
t! #t!r !and, is t!at -!i'! ta.s "(a' )*
agrmnt #& t! "artis, %!us, "titi#nr0s
a'3uis'n' is n#t n'ssar* &#r su)r#gati#n t#
ta. "(a' )'aus t! instant 'as is #n #& (ga(
su)r#gati#n t!at #''urs )* #"rati#n #& (a-, and
-it!#ut nd #& t! d)t#r0s .n#-(dg,
3, N1
$ %! ru(s #n 'rimina( "r#'dur r3uir t!
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n t# stat t! nam and
surnam #& t! "rs#n against -!#m #r against
-!#s "r#"rt* t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd #r an*
a""((ati#n #r ni'.nam )* -!i'! su'! "rs#n !as
)n #r is .n#-n and i& t!r is n# )ttr -a* #&
Idnti&*ing !im, ! must ) ds'ri)d undr a
&i'titi#us nam <Ru( 110, S'ti#n 11, Rvisd Ru(s
#& C#urt; n#- Ru( 110, S'ti#n 12 #& t! 1285 Ru(s
#n Crimina( Pr#'dur,E In 'as #& #&&nss against
"r#"rt*, t! dsignati#n #& t! nam #& t!
#&&ndd "art* is n#t a)s#(ut(* indis"nsa)( &#r as
(#ng as t! 'rimina( a't '!argd in t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n 'an ) "r#"r(* idnti&id,
) ?ga( Basis? S'ti#n, 12, Nam #& t! #&&ndd
"art*, N%! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n must stat t!
nam and surnam #& t! "rs#n against -!#m #r
against -!#s "r#"rt* t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd,
#r an* a""((ati#n #r ni'.nam )* -!i'! su'! "rs#n
!as )n #r is .n#-n, I& t!r is n# )ttr -a* #&
idnti&*ing !im, ! must ) ds'ri)d undr a
&i'titi#us nam,
<a= In #&&nss against "r#"rt*, i& t! nam #& t!
#&&ndd "art* is un.n#-n, t! "r#"rt* must )
ds'ri)d -it! su'! "arti'u(arit* as t# "r#"r(*
idnti&* t! #&&ns '!argd,
<)= I& t! tru nam #& t! "rs#n against -!#m #r
against -!#s "r#"rt* t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd is
t!ra&tr dis'(#sd #r as'rtaind, t! '#urt must
'aus su'! tru nam t# ) insrtd in t! '#m"(aint
#r in&#rmati#n and t! r'#rd
<'= I& t! #&&ndd "art* is a /uridi'a( "rs#n, it is
su&&i'int t# stat its nam, #r an* nam #r
dsignati#n )* -!i'! it is .n#-n #r )* -!i'! it ma*
) idnti&id, -it!#ut nd #& avrring t!at it is a
/uridi'a( "rs#n #r t!at it is #rgani8d in a''#rdan'
-it! (a-,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! "titi#n is ;7NI7;,
%! assai(d d'isi#n and rs#(uti#n #& t! C#urt #&
A""a(s ar AFFIR>7;, %!is 'as is R7>AN;7; t#
t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& >a.ati Cit*, Bran'! 63, &#r
&urt!r "r#'dings,
P!OP"! +%!@ARRA
192 SCRA 940
PA;I??AC ;'m)r 4, 1282
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' Rvi-
&AC#'
$1n #r a)#ut A"ri( 8, 1280, in Ga"an, Nuva 7'i/a,
svra( armd mn nam(* +aim Guvarra * Ar'ga,
P#n'ing A)rgas, ;an %#(ntin#, Ba(d# d +sus,
R#ming ?#ng!air, B#* %a, B#* P#gi, C!#ts ;#
a(ias Brna) Su(a*)ar * 4rnand8, and @rg(
Bustamant a(ias R;an Sa.sa.R, ntrd t! !#us #&
t! s"s Cru8 and r#))d t!m #& P3000 and /-(r*,
%!ra&tr, ?uisit# Cru8 -as t!ratnd )* t! mn
and &#r'd t# giv t! .*s t# !is 'ar )* @rg(
Bustamant, %! mm)rs #& t! !#us!#(d -r
t!n mad t# ntr a r##m and -r tid, A&tr t!
r#))r*, Pris'i((a Cru8 -as &#r'i)(* )#ardd in !r
#-n 'ar )* 5 #& !r .idna""rs -!r s! -as !(d
at .ni& and gun"#int, S! -as t!n t#(d s! -as
)ing !(d &#r rans#m #& P50. )ut t!* !ad t# st#" in
San Ra&a( Bu(u'an t# !ir a tru'. )'aus t! 'ar
)r#. d#-n, 4#-vr, s! -as (&t at @a(n8u(a
Bu(a'an as t! mn said t! .idna""ing Adid n#t
matria(i8B, %! &iv mn t!n )#ardd a ta:i and
t! tru'. drivr (atr t##. !r !#m, 1n t! sam
nig!t, ?uisit# r"#rtd t! in'idnt -!i'! (d t# t!
dtnti#n #& @rg( Bustamant -!# -as "#sitiv(*
idnti&id )* Pris'i((a,
$Bustamant dnid t! a((gati#ns and intr"#sd
t! d&ns #& a(i)i, '(aiming t# ) in Ca(##'an at t!
tim #& t! 'rim, 4is d&ns -as r/'td
'#nsidring t! "r#:imit* #& Ga"an and Ca(##'an
and sin' -itnsss !ad "#sitiv(* idnti&id !im,
$A&tr a s"arat tria( &#r P#n'ing A)rgas and @rg(
Bustamant a(ias R;an Sa.sa.,R inasmu'! as ;an
%#(ntin#, -!# !ad "rvi#us(* ntrd #& "(a #& Rn#t
gui(t*R '#u(d n#t ) srvd -it! su)"#nas, and t!
#t!r a''usd -r r"#rtd t# !av did, /udgmnt
-as rndrd &inding t! a''usd @rg( Bustamant
a(ias R;an Sa.sa.R gui(t* #& t! 'rim #& Sidna""ing
and Sri#us I((ga( ;tnti#n and sntn'd t# su&&r
t! dat! "na(t*, and t# indmni&* t! #&&ndd
"art*, >rs, Pris'i((a Cru8, in t! am#unt #& P5,000,00,
%! a''usd P#n'ing A)rgas, u"#n t! #t!r !and,
-as a'3uittd #& t! '!arg, 4n', t!is a""a(,
I''%!'
1, 51N %C rrd in #rdring t! amndmnt #& t!
in&#rmati#n t# in'(ud @rg( Bustamant a(ias A;an
Sa.sa.B ds"it (a'. #& "r##& t!at t! 2 ar 1 and t!
sam "rs#n,
2, 51N t!r -as n# rinvstigati#n '#ndu'td t#
/usti&* t! &i(ing #& t! amndd in&#rmati#n
3, 51N t! %C rrd in '#nvi'ting Bustamant u"#n
t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss0 '#ntradi't#r* and
im"r#)a)( tstim#nis and t! a""((ant0s :tra$
/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n
4, 51N t! a''usd 'an ) '#nvi'td #& .idna""ing
&#r rans#m
(!"D
1, N1,
$ %! && 'ir'umstan's (d t! R%C /udg #& Nuva
7'i/a t# )(iv t!at @rg( Bustamant and A;an
Sa.sa.B ar #n and t! sam "rs#n as t! a''usd
is mnti#nd in a'! as @rg( Bustamant a(ias
A;an Sa.sa.BC A su)"#na issud )* t! >%C #&
Ga"an; a Rturn #& Srvi' #& #n su)"#na; an
#rdr issud )* t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& Ga"an &inding
a "rima &a'i 'as against t! a''usd; and t!
(ttr #& transmitta( #& t! r'#rds #& t! 'ass t# t!
R%C #& Nuva 7'i/a stating Bustamant a.a ;an
Sa.sa. -as dtaind in t! >ani(a Cit* +ai(,
$In, an* 'as, t! issu 'ann#t ) raisd &#r t! &irst
tim #n a""a( as it is #n a&&'ting /urisdi'ti#n #vr
t! "rs#n and s!#u(d !av )n raisd )&#r t!
tria( '#urt in a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n, As
t! a''usd &ai(d t# d# s#, ! is dmd t# !av
-aivd !is #)/'ti#n t# t! in&#rmati#n and is
assumd t# ) satis&id -it! its (ga(it*,
2, N1
$ %! rinvstigati#n is vidn'd )* t! 'rti&i'ati#n
#& t! Fis'a( stating t!at t!r -as ras#na)(
gr#und t# )(iv a 'rim !ad )n '#mmittd and
t!at t! a''usd -r in&#rmd #& t! '#m"(aint and
givn an #""#rtunit* t# su)mit '#ntr#vrting
vidn',
3, N1
$ %! said dis'r"an'is in t! tstim#nis -r
min#r dtai(s -!i'! '#u(d n#t dstr#* t! su)stan'
#& said tstim#nis, As t! !ig!st dgr #& rs"'t
is a''#rdd t# t! &a'tua( &indings #& t! %C, t!
issu #& t! 'rdi)i(it* #& t! -itnsss 'ann#t )
raisd, A(s#, t! vidn' "rsntd )* t!
"r#s'uti#n -as su&&i'int t# su""#rt a &inding #&
gui(t vn -it!#ut t! said :tra$/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n,
4, N1
$N# (mnt #& rans#m :ists as n# rans#m n#t -as
"rsntd in '#urt, Nit!r -as t!r a dmand &#r
m#n* in :'!ang &#r Pris'i((a0s sa& rturn,
Bsids, t! Amndd In&#rmati#n &ai(d t# a((g
t!at t! .idna""ing -as &#r t! "ur"#s #& :t#rting
a rans#m, %! ru( is t!at an a''usd 'ann#t )
'#nvi'td #& a !ig!r #&&ns t!an t!at '!argd in
t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n,
$4n', Bustamant 'an #n(* ) '#nvi'td #&
.idna""ing #& a &ma( undr Arti'( 269 -it! t!
aggravating 'ir'umstan's #& <a= t! us #& a m#t#r
v!i'( and <)= t! aid #& armd mn )ringing t!
"na(t* u" t# t! ma:imum, 4#-vr, du t# Arti'(
3 S', 12 #& t! C#nstituti#n, t! dat! "na(t* is
rdu'd t# r'(usi#n "r"tua,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! /udgmnt a""a(d
&r#m is !r)* AFFIR>7;
%' "A(O)"A(O) and MADA$"O+
38 P!i(, 330
S%R77%- +u(* 15, 1218
$A#%R!
Rvi- #& a d'isi#n #& t! CFI #& Pr#vin' #& I(#i(#,
sntn'ing t! d&ndants Pdr# ?a!#*(a!#* and
>ar'#s >adan(#g t# dat! u"#n a '#m"(aint
'!arging t! 'rim #& r#))r* -it! mu(ti"(
!#mi'id,
&AC#'
$ %! in&#rmati#n in a "r#s'uti#n &#r r#))r* -it!
3uadru"( !#mi'id '!argd t!at t! a''usd
'rimina((* and )* &#r' a""r#"riatd 'rtain arti'(s
#& va(u, t! "r#"rt* #& #n R#man 7stri)a, and #n
#''asi#n t!r#& .i((d t! said R#man 7stri)a and
t!r #t!rs, 4#-vr, t! "r##& s!#-d t!at t!
m#n* -!i'! -as t! su)/'t #& t! r#))r* -as
ta.n &r#m #n +uana Sran -!# -as r#))d and
.i((d s"arat(* &r#m t! #t!r t!r vi'tims,
I''%!
51N t! '#nvi'ti#n &#r r#))r* -it! 3uadru"(
!#mi'id 'an ) sustaind
(!"D
N1
$ Su)s'ti#n 5 #& s'ti#n 6 #& Gnra( 1rdrs N#, 58
d'(ars t!at a '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n s!a(( s!#-,
am#ng #t!rs t!ings, t! nams #& t! "rs#ns
against -!#m, #r against -!#s "r#"rt*, t!
#&&ns -as '#mmittd, i& .n#-n, %! '#m"(aint in
t!is 'as t!r&#r "r#"r(* '#ntaind an avrmnt
as t# t! #-nrs!i" #& t! "r#"rt*; and u"#n
"rin'i"(, in '!arging t! 'rim #& r#))r* '#mmittd
u"#n t! "rs#n, t! a((gati#n #& t! #-nrQs nam
is ssntia(, But #& '#urs i& !is nam 'ann#t )
as'rtaind, it ma* ) a((gd t!at it is un.n#-n,
$ Fr#m t! &a't t!at t! nam #& t! in/urd "rs#n
ma*, in 'as #& n'ssit*, ) a((gd as un.n#-n it
s!#u(d NOT ) in&rrd t!at t! naming #& su'!
"rs#n, -!n .n#-n, is #& n# im"#rtan', 5!r t!
nam #& t! in/urd "art* is n'ssar* as mattr #&
ssntia( ds'ri"ti#n #& t! 'rim '!argd, t!
'#m"(aint must invst su'! "rs#n -it! individua(it*
)* it!r naming !im #r a((ging t!at !is nam is
un.n#-n, *t is elementar' that in crimes against
propert'& ownership must be alleged as matter
essential to the proper description of the offense. %#
'#nstitut r#))r*, t! "r#"rt* #)taind must )
t!at #& an#t!r, and indi'tmnts &#r su'! #&&nss
must nam t! #-nr; and a varian' in t!is rs"'t
)t-n t! indi'tmnt and t! "r##& -i(( ) &ata(, It
is a(s# n'ssar* in #rdr t# idnti&* t! #&&ns,
$ A '#m"(aint '!arging t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
'#m"(: #&&ns #& r#))r* -it! !#mi'id must
n'ssari(* '!arg a'! #& t! '#m"#nnt #&&nss
-it! t! sam "r'isi#n t!at -#u(d ) n'ssar* i&
t!* -r mad t! su)/'t #& s"arat '#m"(aints,
It is -(( r'#gni8d in t!is /urisdi'ti#n t!at -!r a
'#m"(: 'rim is '!argd and t! vidn' &ai(s t#
su""#rt t! '!arg as t# #n #& t! '#m"#nnt
#&&nss t! d&ndant 'an ) '#nvi'td #& t!
#t!r, %! mr 'ir'umstan' t!at t! t-# 'rims
ar s# r(atd as t# '#nstitut #n transa'ti#n in n#
-a* a&&'ts t! "rin'i"(s #& "(ading inv#(vd in t!
'as, %# "rmit a d&ndant t# ) '#nvi'td u"#n a
'!arg #& r#))ing #n "rs#n -!n t! "r##& s!#-s
t!at ! r#))d an ntir(* di&&rnt "rs#n, -!n t!
&irst -as n#t "rsnt, is vi#(ativ #& t! rudimntar*
"rin'i"(s #& "(ading; and in additi#n, is su)/'t t#
t! 'riti'ism t!at t! d&ndant is t!r)* "(a'd in
a "#siti#n -!r ! '#u(d n#t ) "r#t'td &r#m a
&utur "r#s'uti#n )* a "(a #& &#rmr '#nvi'ti#n #r
a'3uitta(, I& - s!#u(d '#nvi't #r a'3uit t!s
d&ndants t#da* #& t! r#))r* -!i'! is a((gd t#
!av )n '#mmittd u"#n t! "r#"rt* #& R#man
7stri)a, it is "r&'t(* '(ar t!at t!* '#u(d )
"r#s'utd t#m#rr#- &#r r#))r* '#mmittd u"#n
t! "r#"rt* #& +uana; and t! "(a #& &#rmr
/#"ard* -#u(d ) #& n# avai(,
$ In t! (ig!t #& -!at !as )n said it is vidnt t!at,
)* ras#n #& t! (a'. #& '#n&#rmit* )t-n t!
a((gati#n and t! "r##& rs"'ting t! #-nrs!i" #&
t! "r#"rt*, it is im"#ssi)( t# '#nvi't t! t-#
a''usd #& t! #&&ns #& r#))r* '#mmittd )*
t!m in t!is 'as; and t!r&#r t!* 'ann#t )
'#nvi'td #& t! '#m"(: #&&ns #& r#))r* -it!
!#mi'id, 4157@7R, t! a''usd -r sntn'd )*
t! Su"rm C#urt &#r &#ur s"arat !#mi'ids,
P!OP"! P%RI'IMA
86 SCRA 542
>KN1L$PA?>A; N#vm)r 20, 1298
$A#%R!
Ptiti#ns &#r rvi- <26 "titi#ns '#ns#(idatd= #& t!
d'isi#ns #& t! C#urts #& First #& >ani(a and Samar,
&AC#'
$%! "rivat rs"#ndnts -r a(( '!argd -it!
i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& dad(* -a"#ns <#n <1= 'arving
.ni& -it! a )(ad 1M2 in'!s and a -##dn !and( #&
5$1M4 in'!s, #r an #vra(( (ngt! #& 11$3M4 in'!s in
t! In&#rmati#n &i(d -it! +,Purisima; i' "i'. -it! an
#vra(( (ngt! #& a)#ut 8 1M2 in'!s in t!
In&#rmati#n &i(d -it! +, >a'rn; s#'*atan in t!
In&#rmati#n &i(d -it! +, P#(#= in vi#(ati#n #& P; 2, Par,
3, In&#rmati#ns -r &i(d -it! rs"#ndnt /udgs in
t!ir rs"'tiv '#urts <2 Bran'!s #& CFI, t!n CFI
Samar= )ut u"#n m#ti#n t# 3uas! &i(d )* t! svra(
a''usd, t! said /udgs dismissd t! In&#rmati#ns
#n t! '#mm#n gr#und t!at t! said In&#rmati#ns did
n#t a((g &a'ts -!i'! '#nstitut t! #&&ns
"na(i8d )* P; 20 N &ai(d t# stat 1 #& t! 2
ssntia( (mnts #& t! 'rim "unis!d <the
carr'ing outside of the accused.s residence of a
bladed& pointed or blunt weapon is in furtherance or
on the occasion of& connected with or related to
subversion& insurrection& or rebellion& organi"ed
lawlessness or public disorder #'
) In t! 2 'ass &i(d )&#r t! di&&rnt )ran'!s #&
CFI >ani(a, 78e orders of dismissal were gien
Aefore arraignmen7 of 78e accused. In t!
'rimina( 'as )&#r t! CFI Samar t! a''usd -as
arraignd )ut at t! sam tim m#vd t# 3uas! t!
In&#rmati#n, In a(( t! 'ass -!r t! a''usd -r
undr arrst, t! t!r +udgs #rdrd t!ir
immdiat r(as un(ss !(d #n #t!r '!args,
$1N P; 2
C
%4IS CAS7 IN@1?@7S %47 IN%7RPR7%A%I1N
AN; %47 7JP?ANA%I1N 1F %47 IN%7N% 1F %4IS P,;,
%! "rtinnt "aragra"!s #& t! said P; is its
B 5!rasB '(aus <R547R7AS, su)vrsi#n, r)((i#n,
insurr'ti#n, (a-(ss vi#(n', 'rimina(it*, '!a#s and
"u)(i' dis#rdr mnti#nd in t! a&#rsaid
Pr#'(amati#n N#, 1081 ar '#mmittd and a)ttd
)* t! us #& &irarms, :"(#sivs and #t!r dad(*
-a"#nsB= and "ar3 <It is un(a-&u( t# 'arr* #utsid #&
rsidn' an* )(add, "#intd #r )(unt -a"#n su'!
as Q&an .ni&,Q Qs"ar,Q Qdaggr,Q Q)#(#,Q Q)a(is#ng,Q
Q)ar#ng,Q Q.ris,Q #r '(u), :'"t -!r su'! arti'(s
ar )ing usd as n'ssar* t##(s #r im"(mnts t#
arn a (iv(i!##d and -!i( )ing usd in '#nn'ti#n
t!r-it!; and an* "rs#n &#und gui(t* t!r#& s!a((
su&&r t! "na(t* #& im"ris#nmnt ranging &r#m &iv
t# tn *ars as a >i(itar* C#urtM%ri)una(MC#mmissi#n
ma* dir't,=
$Ptiti#nr0s C#ntnti#nC <1= Par 3, P; 2 s!#-s t!at
t! "r#!i)itd a'ts nd n#t ) r(atd t# t!
su)vrsiv a'tivitis; t!at t! a't "r#s'ri)d is
ssntia((* ma(um "r#!i)itum "na(i8d &#r ras#ns
#& "u)(i' "#(i'*; <3= t!at sin' it is ma(um "r#!i)itum,
t! intnti#n #& t! a''usd -!# '#mmits it is
immatria(; <4= t!at P; -as na'td t# radi'at
(a-(ss vi#(n' -!i'! '!ara'tri8d "r$martia( (a-
da*s; and <5= t!at the real nature of the criminal
charge is determined not from the caption or
preamble of the information nor from the
specification of the provision of law alleged to have
been violated but b' the actual recital of facts in the
complaint or information.
I''%!
51N t! In&#rmati#ns &i(d )* t! P#"( su&&i'int in
&#rm and su)stan' t# '#nstitut t! #&&ns #&
AI((ga( P#ssssi#n #& ;ad(* 5a"#nB "na(i8d
undr P; 2
(!"D
N1,
%! t-# (mnts #& t! #&&ns '#vrd )* P,;, 2<3=
must be alleged in the information in order that the
latter ma' constitute a sufficientl' valid charged.
Ratio# %! su&&i'in'* #& an In&#rmati#n is
dtrmind s#((* )* t! &a'ts a((gd t!rin,
5!r t! &a'ts ar in'#m"(t and d# n#t '#nv*
t! (mnts #& t! 'rim, t! 3uas!ing #& t!
a''usati#n is in #rdr,
$ It is a '#nstituti#na( rig!t #& an' person who stands
charged in a criminal prosecution to be informed of
the nature and cause of the accusation against him ,
Reasoning# %! #&&ns 'arris t-# (mntsC &irst,
t! 'arr*ing #utsid #nQs rsidn' #& an* )(add,
)(unt, #r "#intd -a"#n, t', n#t usd as a
n'ssar* t##( #r im"(mnt &#r a (iv(i!##d; and
s'#nd t!at t! a't #& 'arr*ing t! -a"#n -as
it!r in &urt!ran' #&, #r t# a)t, #r in '#nn'ti#n
-it! su)vrsi#n, r)((i#n, insurr'ti#n, (a-(ss
vi#(n', 'rimina(it*, '!a#s, #r "u)(i' dis#rdr, %!r
ar #t!r statuts <S7C%I1N 26 1F AC% N1, 1980,
1R;INANC7 N1, 3820 1F %47 CI%6 1F >ANI?A > -!i'! ma* )
'!argd against t! a''usd &#r t!ir a'ts t#
'#nstitut a 'rim, It is t! s'#nd (mnt -!i'!
remoes 78e ac7 of carrying a deadly weapon, i&
'#n'a(d, #utsid #& t! s'#" #& t! statut #r t!
'it* #rdinan' mnti#nd a)#v, In #t!r -#rds( a
simple act of carr'ing an' of the weapons described
in the presidential decree is not a criminal offense in
itself. /hat makes the act criminal or punishable
under the decree is the motivation behind it. /ithout
that motivation& the act fans within the purview of
the cit' ordinance or some statute when the
circumstances so warrant.
,1N SKFFICI7NC6 1F %47 INF1R>A%I1NC &#r a '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n t# ) su&&i'int it must, intr a(ia, stat
t! dsignati#n #& t! #&&ns )* t! statut, and t!
a'ts #r #missi#ns '#m"(aind #& as '#nstituting t!
#&&ns, %!is is ssntia( t# av#id sur"ris #n t!
a''usd and t# a&&#rd !im t! #""#rtunit* t# "r"ar
!is d&ns a''#rding(*, *t is necessar' that the
particular la" violated !e speciied as there
e$ists a su!stantial dierence !et"een the
statute and city ordinance on the one hand
and P#D# * &9' on the other regarding the
circumstances o the commission o the crime
and the penalty imposed or the oense#0P; 2
"unis!s t! #&&ndr -it! 5$10 *rs im"ris#nmnt;
S'26, A't 1980 -it! a &in #& P500 #r )*
im"ris#nmnt n#t :'ding 6 m#nt!s #r )#t!;
1rdinan' 3820 -it! a &in #& n#t m#r t!an P200 #r
im"ris#nmnt &#r n#t m#r t!an 1 m#nt! #r )#t!=,
But sin' it -as s"'i&id in t! In&#rmati#ns t!at t!
a''usd -r '!argd -it! vi#(ati#n #& Par3, P; 2, it
-as n'ssar* &#r t! C#urt t# (u'idat t!
(mnts #& t! said P; t# di&&rntiat it &r#m #t!r
statuts <s a)#v= N t! rst #& t! dis'ussi#n -as
#n t! intnt #& t! P;C t# /usti&* t!ir d'isi#n t!at
Par3 s!#u(d ) intr"rtd -it! t! 5!ras '(aus,
$ there e+ists a valid presumption that undesirable
conse$uences were never intended b' a legislative
measure& and that a construction of which the
statute is fairl' susceptable is favored& which will
avoid all objectionable& mischievous& indefensible&
wrongful& evil& and injurious conse$uences. It is t# )
"rsumd t!at -!n P,;, 2 -as "r#mu(gatd )* t!
Prsidnt #& t! R"u)(i' t!r -as n# intnt t# -#r.
a !ards!i" #r an #""rssiv rsu(t, a "#ssi)( a)us
#& aut!#rit* #r a't #& #""rssi#n, arming #n "rs#n
-it! a -a"#n t# im"#s !ards!i" #n an#t!r, and s#
#n, Penal s7a7u7es are 7o Ae cons7rued s7ric7ly
agains7 78e s7a7e and liAerally in faor of an
accused.
,1N 1%47R R7>7;I7S 1F %47 P71P?7 C Kndr Ru( 119, S' 9
and Ru( 110, S' 13, In&#rmati#n ma* ) amndd
#r #rdrd )* t! '#urt t# ) amndd, 1r, t!
P#"( '#u(d !av &i(d a '#m"(aint it!r undr S'
26 #& A't 1980 #r undr >ani(a Cit* 1rdinan' 3820
sin' m#st #& t! 'ass -r dismissd "ri#r t#
arraignmnt #& t! a''usd and #n a m#ti#n t#
3uas!,
Dispositive, 547R7F1R7, 5 ;7N6 t!s 26
Ptiti#ns &#r Rvi- and 5 AFFIR> t! 1rdrs #&
rs"#ndnt +udgs dismissing #r 3uas!ing t!
In&#rmati#n '#n'rnd, su)/'t !#-vr t# 1ur
#)srvati#ns mad in t! "r'ding "ags 23 t# 25
#& t!is ;'isi#n rgarding t! rig!t #& t! Stat #r
Ptiti#nr !rin t# &i( it!r an amndd
In&#rmati#n undr Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 2,
"aragra"! 3, #r a n- #n undr #t!r :isting
statut #r 'it* #rdinan' as t! &a'ts ma* -arrant,
5it!#ut '#sts, S1 1R;7R7;,
P!OP"! &!R$A$D!/
183 SCRA 511
PA;I??A; >ar'! 22, 1220
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m CFI Pangasinan d'isi#n
&AC#'
$ Crimina( '#m"(aint &i(d )&#r t! CFI a((gd t!at
t! a''usd, '#ns"iring and mutua((* !("ing #n
an#t!r, !ad s:ua( intr'#urs -it! t! 15$*r #(d
R)''a S1RIAN1, )* mans #& &#r' and
intimidati#n, Assistd )* '#uns(, t! a''usd
F7RNAN;7L and C1NRA;1 "(add n#t gui(t* #n
arraignmnt and undr-nt tria(,
$ R7B7CCA is %#&i(# >a(#ng0s !#us!("r, Atr s!
!ad /ust ta.n a )at! and sti(( na.d, t! t-#
a''usd, )#t! in s!#rt "ants, surr"titi#us(* ntrd
t! )at!r##m and s:ua((* a)usd !r, Frnand8
t!n g#t a !and&u( #& mud nar t! )at!r##m and
"(a'd it #n !r vagina, S! ran t# t! u""r &(##r #&
t! !#us t# r"#rt t! tragi' in'idnt t# Am(ita,
%#&i(#0s daug!tr,
$ %71FI?1 statd t!at u"#n )ing in&#rmd t!at !is
!#usmaid R)''a -as ra"d )* t! a''usd, t!*
a(( "r#'dd t# t! #&&i' #& t! INP P#(i' Stati#n #&
>a(asi3ui t# r"#rt t! 'rim and !ad R)''a
"!*si'a((* :amind in t!at sam a&trn##n,
$ In d&ns, t! 2 dnid an* inv#(vmnt in t!
#&&ns, )#t! '(aiming t!* -r n#-!r at t!
s'n #& t! 'rim -!n it -as '#mmittd,
$ C1* decision 7a'! #& t! a''usd >7?OKIA;7S
F7RNAN;7L and F7;7RIC1 C1NRA;1 is guilt'
)*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t-# 'rims #& ra",
aggravatd )* 'ru(t* #r ign#min*, C#urt sntn's
each #& t!m t# su&&r 2 "na(tis #& dat!,
$ Appeal before !C C %! a''usd &i(d t!is a""a( t#
rdu' "na(t* &r#m dat! t# r'(usi#n "r"tua,
4#-vr, in (ig!t #& t! 1289 C#nsti s"'i&i'a((* S'
12<1=, Art III, undr -!i'! a dat! "na(t* a(rad*
im"#sd is rdu'd t# reclusion perpetua, Frnand8
-it!dr- !is a""a(, %! (#n a""((ant t!r&#r is
C#nrad# -!# insists #n !is a""a(, n#t-it!standing
t! advi' #& !is '#uns( de officio t# dis'#ntinu,
I''%!'
1, 51N CFI rrd in '#nvi'ting t!m &#r 2 'rims #&
ra"
2, 51N CFI rrd in !#(ding t!at t! ra" -as
attndd )* t! aggravating 'ir'umstan' #& 'ru(t*
#r ign#min*
3, 51N CFI rrd in sntn'ing a'! t# su&&r 2
"na(tis #& dat!
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio %! im"#siti#n #n a'! #& t! a''usd #& t!
"na(t* '#rrs"#nding t# 2 'rims #& ra" is "r#"r,
)'aus #& t! :istn' #& '#ns"ira'*, In mu(ti"(
ra", a'! d&ndant is rs"#nsi)( not onl' for the
rape personall' committed b' him& but also for the
rape committed b' the others, )'aus a'! #& t!m
'##"ratd in t! '#mmissi#n #& t! ra"
"r"tratd )* t! #t!rs, )* a'ts -it!#ut -!i'! it
-#u(d n#t !av )n a''#m"(is!d,
Reasoning CFI is a''usd #& vi#(ating t! ru(
against du"(i'it* #& #&&nss in t!at, t! a''usd
-r '#nvi'td &#r 2 'rims #& ra" vn -!n undr
t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint against t!m, t!r is #n(* 1
'rim #& ra" a((gd, %! ru( inv#.d is S' 13,
Ru( 110 #& t! R1C -!i'! stats t!at t!r s!#u(d
) #n(* 1 #&&ns '!argd in a 'rimina( '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n, t! "ur"#s #& -!i'! is t# a&&#rd t!
d&ndant a n'ssar* .n#-(dg #& t! '!arg s#
t!at ! ma* n#t ) '#n&usd in !is d&ns,
<a= BK% it is (i.-is t! ru( t!at i& vr du"(i'it* #&
#&&nss is '#mmittd, t! sam '#nstituts a
gr#und &#r a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! '#m"(aint; &ai(ur
#& t! a''usd t# intr"#s t! #)/'ti#n '#nstituts
-aivr, Nit!r 'an ! '(aim t!at ! -as dnid
in&#rmati#n t!at ! -as t# ) trid &#r t-# 'rims,
%! a'ts '#m"(aind #& -r statd in #rdinar* and
'#n'is (anguag t!at an* "rs#n #& '#mm#n
int((ign' -#u(d ) a)( t# undrstand and t!r)*
.n#- -!at a'ts ! -as t# d&nd !ims(& against,
<)= As '(ar(* &#und )* t! tria( '#urtC AB#t! a''usd
!av, #)vi#us(*, conspired and '#n&dratd t#
'#mmit t! 'rim, '#nsidring t!at t!* ntrd t!
)at!r##m -!r R)''a -as, t#gt!r and at t!
same time, A''usd Frnand8 t!n tid !r -it! a
"i' #& '(#t! tightl' around her neck, -!i( a''usd
C#nrad# held her hands "(a'ing t!m )!ind !r
)#d*, %!n a&tr Frnand8 !ad ra"d R)''a,
C#nrad# ra"d !r, B#t! &(d &r#m t! s'n #& t!
'rim t#gt!r and at t! sam tim,B
2, N1
) A""r'iating t! aggravating 'ir'umstan' #&
ign#min* is '#rr't )'aus #& t! gratr "rvrsit*
dis"(a*d )* t! #&&ndrs, %! a't #& R"(astringR
mud #n t! vi'timQs vagina rig!t a&tr s! -as ra"d
is ad3uat(* ds'ri)d as Rign#min*R <rat!r t!an
Acruelt' or ignomin'B=
3, N1
$ %! #rigina( dat! sntn' -as '#rr't(* im"#sdC
Art 335 RPC stats t!at -!n t! 'rim #& ra" is
'#mmittd )* 2 #r m#r "rs#ns, t! "na(t* s!a((
) reclusion perpetua t# dat!; Art 63 RPC stats
t!at -!n t! "na(t* "rs'ri)d is '#m"#sd #& 2
indivisi)( "na(tis and t! #&&ns is attndd )*
an aggravating 'ir'umstan', t! gratr "na(t*
s!a(( ) a""(id,
$ 4#-vr, sin' t! #rigina( dat! "na(tis
im"#sd )* t! tria( '#urt ar n# (#ngr im"#sa)(
undr t! "rsnt C#nstituti#n and ar rdu'd t#
reclusion perpetua, t! sntn' #n a""((ant
C#nrad# !as t# ) rdu'd t# 2 "na(tis #& reclusion
perpetua, But t! indmnit* ! !as t# "a* t# t!
vi'tim must ) in'rasd t# P20% in (in -it!
"rvai(ing /uris"rudn',
Dispositive A""a( !as n# mrit, ;'isi#n a&&irmd,
P!OP"! "%MI"A$
323 SCRA 190
;7 ?71N; +un 25, 2000
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m a d'isi#n #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #&
I(agan, Isa)(a
&AC#'
$ Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <R%C= #& I(agan, Isa)(a, &#und
a''usd$a""((ants ?#n ?umi(an and Ant#ni# Gar'ia
gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t!r <3= '#unts #&
murdr, t-# <2= '#unts #& &rustratd murdr, and
t!r <3= '#unts #& attm"td murdr, undr an
In&#rmati#n '!arging t!m and a''usd Frd 1r)is#
-it! t! 'rim #& Oua(i&id I((ga( P#ssssi#n #&
Firarms Ksd in >urdr, in vi#(ati#n #& Prsidntia(
;'r <P,;,= N#, 1866,
$ %! vidn' #& t! "r#s'uti#n rva(s t!at in t!
ar(* vning #& 1't#)r 12, 1289, >(it#n Asun'i#n,
>#dst# R#3u, 7(i#ng d(a Cru8, +rr* Pa(#m#,
Sim#n Pa'an#, Bnit# A(#n8#, N#(as'# 7strada,
>ari# Pa(#m# and R#m# Pa'!# -r drin.ing (i3u#r
insid t! !#us #& P#(i'ar"i# Pa(#m# -!n it -as
s"ra*d -it! )u((ts, %! su''ssiv guns!#ts
manatd &r#m t! &n' a)#ut si: <6= mtrs a-a*
&r#m -!r t!* -r drin.ing, .i((ing >(it#n
Asun'i#n, >#dst# R#gu, and 7(i#ng d(a Cru8 and
sri#us(* -#unding +rr* Pa(#m#, Sim#n Pa'an#,
N#(as'# 7strada, >ari# Pa(#m# and R#m# Pa'!#,
$ K"#n )ing arraignd, )#t! ?umi(an and Gar'ia
ntrd t! "(a #& n#t gui(t*, and during tria(, t!*
intr"#sd t! d&ns #& a(i)i,
$ A&tr an assssmnt #& t! vidn', t! tria( '#urt
d'(ard t!at n# "r##& )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t -as
addu'd )* t! "r#s'uti#n t# /usti&* t! '#nvi'ti#n
#& a""((ants &#r Oua(i&id I((ga( P#ssssi#n #&
Firarms Ksd in >urdr, 4#-vr, t! tria( '#urt
'#nvi'td t! a""((ants &#r >urdr, Frustratd
>urdr and Attm"td >urdr,
$ A""((ants &i(d a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n -!i'!
-as, !#-vr, dnid $ 4n', t! instant a""a(,
I''%!
51N t! a""((ants ma* ) "r#"r(* '#nvi'td #&
murdr, &rustratd murdr and attm"td murdr
undr an In&#rmati#n t!at '!args t!m -it!
3ua(i&id i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms usd in
murdr in vi#(ati#n #& S'ti#n 1 #& "rsidntia(
;'r <P,;,= N#, 1866, as amndd,
(!"D
67S
$ At t! tim t! tria( '#urt "r#mu(gatd its /udgmnt
#& '#nvi'ti#n in S"tm)r 1220, it !ad a(rad* )n
si: <6= m#nt!s sin' t! C#urt !(d in People v. Tac)
an t!at t! un(a-&u( "#ssssi#n #& an un(i'nsd
&irarm #r ammuniti#n, -!t!r #r n#t !#mi'id #r
murdr rsu(td &r#m its us, #n #n !and, and
murdr #r !#mi'id, #n t! #t!r, ar #&&nss
di&&rnt and s"arat &r#m and ind"ndnt #&,
a'! #t!r, 5!i( t! &#rmr is "unis!d undr a
s"'ia( (a-, t! (attr is "na(i8d undr t! Rvisd
Pna( C#d, C#ns3unt(*, t! "r#s'uti#n &#r #n
-i(( n#t )ar "r#s'uti#n &#r t! #t!r, and d#u)(
/#"ard* -i(( n#t (i,
$ S', 4, Ru( 120 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt
"r#vids t!at an a''usd ma* n#t ) '#nvi'td #& an
#&&ns #t!r t!an t!at -it! -!i'! ! is '!argd in
t! In&#rmati#n, un(ss su'! #t!r #&&ns -as )#t!
sta)(is!d )* vidn' and is in'(udd in t!
#&&ns '!argd in t! In&#rmati#n, Sin' murdr #r
!#mi'id nit!r in'(uds #r is n'ssari(* in'(udd
in 3ua(i&id i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms usd in
murdr #r !#mi'id, t! tria( '#urt ma* n#t va(id(*
'#nvi't an a''usd &#r t! &#rmr 'rim undr an
In&#rmati#n '!arging t! (attr #&&ns, C#nvrs(*,
an a''usd '!argd in t! In&#rmati#n -it! !#mi'id
#r murdr ma* n#t ) '#nvi'td #& 3ua(i&id i((ga(
"#ssssi#n #& &irarms usd in murdr #r !#mi'id,
&#r t! (attr is n#t in'(udd in t! &#rmr,
$Furt!r, a signi&i'ant '!ang -as intr#du'd t# S',
1 #& P,;, N#, 1866 )* R"u)(i' A't <R,A,= N#, 8224,
su'! t!at n#-, -!r an a''usd uss an un(i'nsd
&irarm in '#mmitting !#mi'id #r murdr, ! ma*
n# (#ngr ) '!argd -it! -!at usd t# ) t! t-#
s"arat #&&nss #& !#mi'id #r murdr undr t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d and 3ua(i&id i((ga( "#ssssi#n
#& &irarms usd in !#mi'id #r murdr undr P,;,
N#, 1866,
$As amndd )* R,A, N#, 8224, P,;, N#, 1866 n#-
mandats t!at t! a''usd -i(( ) "r#s'utd #n(*
&#r t! 'rim #& !#mi'id #r murdr -it! t! &a't #&
i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms )ing r(gatd t# a
mr s"'ia( aggravating 'ir'umstan',
$ %! In&#rmati#n '!arging a""((ants -it! Oua(i&id
I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms Ksd in >urdr,
vi#(ats S', 1 #& P,;, N#, 1866, as amndd )* R,A,
N#, 8224, -!i'! #)(itratd t! n#- #)s#(t
'#n'"t #& 3ua(i&id i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms #r
i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms in its aggravatd &#rm,
i,e,, -!r t! "na(t* &#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n is
in'rasd t# reclusion perpetua #r dat! )* t!
attndan' #& !#mi'id #r murdr, In &a't, 3ua(i&id
i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms, -!i'! usd t# ) a
distin't #&&ns, n# (#ngr :ists in #ur statut )##.s,
$ 5!t!r '#nsidrd in t! (ig!t #& #ur ru(ing in %a'$
an and its "r#gn* #& 'ass #r in t! '#nt:t #& t!
amndmnts intr#du'd )* R,A, N#, 8224 t# P,;, N#,
1866, t! In&#rmati#n '!arging a""((ants -it!
Oua(i&id I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms Ksd in
>urdr, is d&'tiv, and t!ir '#nvi'ti#n &#r >urdr,
Frustratd >urdr and Attm"td >urdr, is
irrgu(ar,
, 4#-vr, su'! d&'t in t! In&#rmati#n and t!
irrgu(ar '#nvi'ti#n #& a""((ants, d#s n#t inva(idat
t! 'rimina( "r#'dings !ad in t! tria( '#urt
)'aus t! a""((ants -aivd t!ir rig!t t# 3uas!
t! In&#rmati#n, and t!* &&'tiv(* d&ndd
t!ms(vs against t! '!args &#r murdr,
&rustratd murdr and attm"td murdr,
$ 5!i( t! In&#rmati#n s"'i&i'a((* stats t!at
a""((ants ar )ing a''usd #& t! 'rim #&
Oua(i&id I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms Ksd in
>urdr in vi#(ati#n #& P,;, N#, 1866, its t:t is s#
-#rdd t!at it ds'ri)s at (ast t!r <3= 'rimsC
i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms, murdr, and
attm"tdM&rustratd murdr,
, #8e Informa7ion is undeniaAly duplici7ous.
'ec. 1-5 Rule 110 of 78e Reised Rules of Cour7
proides 78a7 a complain7 or informa7ion mus7
c8arge Au7 one offense5 eCcep7 only in cases
w8ere 78e law prescriAes a single punis8men7
for arious offenses. Duplici7y or mul7iplici7y of
c8arges is a ground for a mo7ion 7o Duas8
under 'ec. 2 <e>5 Rule 113 of 78e Reised Rules
of Cour7. #8e accused5 8oweer5 may c8oose
no7 7o file a mo7ion 7o Duas8 and Ae conic7ed
of as many dis7inc7 c8arges as are alleged in
78e informa7ion and proed during 78e 7rial. In
78e same ein5 failure 7o in7erpose any
oA;ec7ion 7o 78e defec7 in 78e informa7ion
cons7i7u7es waier.
$ In t! instant 'as, a""((ant did n#t &i( an* m#ti#n
t# 3uas! t! In&#rmati#n, >#r signi&i'ant(*, t! )u(.
#& t! vidn' t!at t!* "rsntd during t! tria(
-as intndd t# dis"r#v t!ir '#m"(i'it* in t!
murdr, &rustratd murdr and attm"td murdr #&
t! vi'tims,
$As su'!, a""((ants 'ann#t "rtnd t!at t!
In&#rmati#n did n#t &u((* a""ris t!m #& t! '!args
against t!m as t# 'aus t!m sur"ris in t! vnt
#& '#nvi'ti#n, %! a""((ati#n #& t! 'rim '!argd
as dtrmind )* t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( ma* n#t
:a't(* '#rrs"#nd t# t! a'tua( 'rims '#nstitutd
)* t! 'rimina( a'ts ds'ri)d in t! In&#rmati#n t#
!av )n '#mmittd )* t! a''usd, )ut -!at
'#ntr#(s in t! ds'ri"ti#n #& t! said 'rimina( a'ts
and n#t t! t'!ni'a( nam #& t! 'rim su""(id )*
t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a(, Sin' a""((ants d&ndd
t!ms(vs n#t #n(* against t! #&&ns #& Oua(i&id
I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms Ksd in >urdr as
s"'i&id in t! In&#rmati#n, )ut a(s#, and m#r
sri#us(* against t! 'rims #& >urdr, Frustratd
>urdr and Attm"td >urdr as ds'ri)d in t!
)#d* #& t! In&#rmati#n, it 'ann#t ) said t!at t!ir
'#nvi'ti#n &#r t! (attr 'rims is in&irm and inva(id
222Appellants in this case were nonetheless
ac$uitted on the ground of reasonable doubt. The
constitutional presumption of innocence in favor of
the appellants was not over)turned b' the evidence
adduced b' the prosecution. The Court entertained
doubts as to the prosecution,s witnesses, testimon'
that the' were able to identif' the appellants as the
authors of the crime considering that it was dark
outside& and the onl' source of light were two
kerosene lamps inside the house. The' also took
note of the fact that Pacano& one of the witnesses&
onl' e+ecuted his sworn statement more than five
months atfer the incident.
Disposition %! d'isi#n #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt
#& I(agan, Isa)(a is R7@7RS7; and S7% ASI;7, %!
a''usd$a""((ants, ?#n ?umi(an and Ant#ni#
Gar'ia, ar !r)* ACOKI%%7; #n t! gr#und t!at
t!ir a((gd gui(t -as n#t "r#vn )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t,
MA#I"D! *AB'O$
68 SCRA 456
AN%1NI1; ;'m)r 22, 1295,
$A#%R!
Crti#rari t# nu((i&* t! /udgmnt #& rs"#ndnt C#urt
#& First Instan' #& Ri8a(, Bran'! JJ@I, in Crimina(
Cass N#s, 2552, 2553 and 2554, im"#sing u"#n t!
a''usd Crisant# >ati(d, +r, * Cru8, &#r t! 'rim #&
sim"( t!&t, t! "na(t* "rs'ri)d in Prsidntia(
;'r N#, 133 <-!i'! im"#ss a !avir "na(t*=
instad #& t!at im"#sd )* Arti'( 302, "aragra"! 3,
#& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
&AC#'
$ An Assistant Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #& Ri8a( &i(d t!r
in&#rmati#ns in Crimina( Cass N#s, 2552, 2553 and
2554 against Crisant# >ati(d, +r, * Cru8, Patri'i#
Guiru(a * ?una, Ri'ard# A)nr * San Pas'ua(,
7dgard# Ca" * Atin8a, Srvand# Ca("# * Ca)a((r#,
and Irn# B(vr * Ba(,
In t!r 'rimina( 'ass, rs"#ndnt '#urt im"#sd
u"#n "titi#nr, &#r t! 'rim #& sim"( t!&t, t!
"na(t* "rs'ri)d in Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 133,
instad #& t!at im"#sd )* Arti'( 302, "aragra"! 3,
#& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d, %! in&#rmati#n '!argd
t!at "titi#nr and !is '#$a''usd, )ing t!n
(a)#rrs, '#ns"ird and '#n&dratd -it!, and
mutua((* aidd #n an#t!r, -it! intnt #& gain and
-it!#ut .n#-(dg and '#nsnt #& t!ir m"(#*r, in
sta(ing t! arti'(s mnti#nd t!rin )(#nging t#
t!ir m"(#*r, A(t!#ug! t! "ram)( #& said
in&#rmati#ns statd t!at "titi#nr -as '!argd -it!
t! 'rim #& sim"( t!&t Rin r(ati#n t# Prsidntia(
;'r N#, 133,R n#-!r -as it a((gd in t! )#d*
#& said in&#rmati#n t!at t! arti'(s st#(n -r
matria(s #r "r#du'ts -!i'! "titi#nr -as R-#r.ing
#n, #r using #r "r#du'ingR as m"(#* #r (a)#rr #&
t! '#m"(ainant, as "r#vidd &#r in Prsidntia(
;'r N#, 133, 7:'"t &#r t! dats #& '#mmissi#n
and t! am#unts inv#(vd, t! a&#rsaid t!r <3=
in&#rmati#ns uni&#rm(* statd t!at said a''usd -r
'!argd -it! t! 'rim #& 3ua(i&id t!&t, in r(ati#n
t# Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 133, '#mmittd as &#((#-sC
R%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 14t! da* #& N#vm)r, 1293
in t! >uni'i"a(it* #& Pasig, Pr#vin' #& Ri8a(,
P!i(i""ins, and -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is
4#n#ra)( C#urt, t! a)#v$namd a''usd, )ing
t!n (a)#rrs -#r.ing at t! >ar.s Agr#$C!mi'a(
7ntr"riss, '#ns"iring and '#n&drating t#gt!r
-it! #n Rnat# >atut# * Ann, -!# is sti(( at (arg,
a(( #& t!m mutua((* !("ing and aiding #n
an#t!r, -it! intnt #& gain, grav a)us #&
'#n&idn', and -it!#ut t! .n#-(dg and
'#nsnt #& t! said &irm, its Prsidnt and Gnra(
>anagr, >ar'ian# S, 7s"iritu, did t!n and t!r
-i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* ta., sta( and
'arr* a-a* t! &#((#-ing, t# -itC , , ,R
$ 5!n t! in&#rmati#ns -r amndd &r#m
Oua(i&id %!&t t# Sim"( t!&t and d(ting &r#m t!
)#d* #& In&#rmati#n t! "!ras AGrav a)us #&
'#n&idn'B, >ati(d "(add GKI?%6 )ut t! C#urt
im"#sd t! "na(t* undr P; 133 and n#t t!#s )*
Arti'( 302 <3= #& t! RPC, Fr#m t!is d'isi#n, >ati(d
s#ug!t &r#m t! C#urt a 3u# a r'#nsidrati#n
'#ntnding t!at in t! a)sn' #& an* a((gati#n in
t! )#d* #& in&#rmati#n a((ging s"'i&i'a((* a(( t!
(mnts #& t! #&&ns d&ind and "na(i8d undr
P;, 133, ! 'ann#t ) '#nvi'td and "na(i8d
undr t! a&#rsaid d'r,
I''%!
51N t! in&#rmati#n t!at t! a''usd is '!argd
-it! t! 'rim #& sim"( t!&t Ain r(ati#n t# P; 133B
su&&i's
(!"D
N1
$ %! Su"rm C#urt grantd t! -rit #& 'rti#rari
and st asid t! /udgmnt, and dir'td t!at
an#t!r #n ) rndrd, It !(d t!at sin' t!
#)/'tiv #& Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 133 is t# "(a' a
str#ng dtrrnt #n -#r.rs &r#m sa)#taging t!
"r#du'tiv &&#rts #& t! industr* -!r t!* ar
m"(#*d, it is ssntia(, t# 3ua(i&* t! #&&ns and t#
/usti&* t! im"#siti#n #& t! !avir "na(t*
"rs'ri)d )* said ;'r, t!at t! in&#rmati#n
s!#u(d avr t!at t! arti'(s st#(n -r matria(s #r
"r#du'ts -!i'! t! a''usd -as R-#r.ing #n #r using
#r "r#du'ing,R and t!at a statmnt in t! "ram)(
#& t! in&#rmati#n t!at t! a''usd is '!argd -it!
t! 'rim #& sim"( t!&t Rin r(ati#n t# Prsidntia(
;'r N#, 133,R d#s n#t su&&i' &#r t! "ur"#s
nvisi#nd )* t! '#nstituti#na( guarant t!at t!
a''usd s!#u(d ) in&#rmd #& t! natur and 'aus
#& t! a''usati#n against !im, %! Su"rm C#urt
said t!at t! a""r#"riat "na(t* is t!at undr Arti'(
302 <3= #& t! RPC$"risi#n '#rr''i#na( in its
minimum and mdium "ri#ds i& va(u #& "r#"rt*
st#(n is m#r t!an 200 "s#s )ut d#s n#t :'d
6,000 "s#s, But -it! t! mitigating "(a #& gui(t*,
"na(t* is in its minimum "ri#d,
BA"I#AA$ C&I <D! "O' R!)!'>
115 SCRA 922,
GK7RR7R1; +u(* 30, 1282
&AC#'
$ ?u8 Ba(itaan #-ns a )a)* drsss mnding s!#",
Rita d (#s R*s is t! managr #& !r )usinss,
$ ?u8, t!ru S"'ia( C#uns( Agui(a, &i(d -it! t! >%C
#& Bauan, Batangas an In&#rmati#n '!arging Rita #&
t! 'rim #& sta&a, %! in&#rmati#n '#ntains t!at
Rita misa""r#"riatd P129,58, t!r#ug! grav a)us
#& '#n&idn', ds"it #& r"atd dmands #& ?u8,
<S #rigina( &#r :a't -#rding #& In&#rmati#n,=
$ ;uring tria( at t! >%C, ?u8 tsti&id t!at Rita
d(ivrd t! )a)* drsss t# Kni-ar, and &#r t!is
s! <Rita= #)taind 3 '!'.s t#ta(ing P1,632,29, A
'as! v#u'!r vidn'ing t! r'i"t #& said am#unt
-as ntrd int# vidn', %! (a-*r &#r t!
d&ns m#vdC
<1= t# stri. t! tstim#nis -it! rgard t# t!
v#u'!r vidn' #n t! gr#und t!at said
tstim#nis ar at varian' -it! t! a((gati#ns in
t! in&#rmati#n, t!at t!r is n# a((gati#n in t!
in&#rmati#n -!ats#vr rgarding t!s '!'.s and
t!is 'as! v#u'!r; and
<2= in t! natur #& an #)/'ti#n t# an* #t!r
3usti#n #r 3usti#ns rgarding t!s '!'.s t!at
-r a((gd(* r'ivd )* t! !rin a''usd &r#m
t! Kni-ar In'#r"#ratd )'aus t!r is n#
a((gati#n in t! in&#rmati#n,
%! '#urt #vrru(d su'! #)/'ti#ns as t! (a-*r
#& t! '#m"(ainant t#(d t! /udg t!at t! vidn'
-as "rsntd t# "r#v t!at t! P129,58 -as
misa""r#"riatd &r#m t! P1,632,29, %! tstim#n*
t!us '#ntinud, DIt turns #ut t!at Rita t#(d ?u8 t!at
P129,58 -as du a Csar ;a(angin &#r s#m #& t!
drsss ! mad, ?u8 t!n instru'td Rita t# n'as!
t! '!'.s and "a* Csar, Rita gav ?u8 t!
n'as!d am#unt minus t! P129,58, %!r -.s
(atr, -!n s! n#ti'd t!at man* )a)* drsss -r
(#st, s! vri&id t! r'i"ts #& t! "a*mnts, Csar
said ! did n#t ma. t! )a)* drsss Rita said !
did, and ! didn0t r'iv t! am#unt <! didn0t vn
.n#- Rita=, ?u8 t!n dmandd &r#m Rita t! said
am#unt; )ut Rita ."t t! m#n*,E
$ %! d&ns t!n &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari in
t! CFI #& Batangas against t! >%C /udg &#r
dn*ing t! m#ti#ns t# stri. #ut t! tstim#nis
r(ating t# t! vidn', CFI grantd t! "titi#n and
#rdrd t! tstim#nis stri'.n #ut #& t! r'#rd,
I''%!
51N t! tstim#nis ar at varian' -it! t!
a((gati#ns in t! in&#rmati#n,
(!"D
N1
$ It is &undamnta( t!at vr* (mnt #& -!i'! t!
#&&ns is '#m"#sd must ) a((gd in t!
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, 5!at &a'ts and
'ir'umstan's ar n'ssar* t# ) statd must )
dtrmind )* r&rn' t# t! d&initi#ns and t!
ssntia(s #& t! s"'i&i' 'rims, %! main "ur"#s #&
r3uiring t! vari#us (mnts #& a 'rim t# ) st
#ut in an in&#rmati#n is t# na)( t! a''usd t#
suita)(* "r"ar !is d&ns, 4 is "rsumd t# !av
n# ind"ndnt .n#-(dg #& t! &a'ts t!at
'#nstitut t! #&&ns,
$ Inasmu'! as t! 'rim #& sta&a t!r#ug!
misa""r#"riati#n #r -it! grav a)us #& '#n&idn'
is '!argd, t! in&#rmati#n must '#ntain t!s
(mntsC
<a= t!at "rs#na( "r#"rt* is r'ivd in trust, #n
'#mmissi#n, &#r administrati#n #r undr an* #t!r
'ir'umstan' inv#(ving t! dut* t# ma. d(ivr* #&
#r t# rturn t! sam, vn t!#ug! t! #)(igati#n is
guarantd )* a )#nd;
<)= t!at t!r is '#nvrsi#n #r divrsi#n #& su'!
"r#"rt* )* t! "rs#n -!# !as s# r'ivd it;
<'= t!at su'! '#nvrsi#n, divrsi#n #r dnia( is t# t!
in/ur* #& an#t!r and
<d= t!at t!r ) dmand &#r t! rturn #& t!
"r#"rt*,
$ %! "#siti#n #& t! d&ns is t!at t! tstim#nis
tnd t# "r#v an#t!r .ind #& sta&a $$$ using &a(s
"rtnss #r &raudu(nt a'ts <Art 315 "ar 2a RPC=$$$
and n#t t!ru a)us #& '#n&idn' <Art 315 "ar 1)
RPC=, %! (mnts #& t!s t-# ar di&&rnt, Kndr
"ar 2a, dmand is n#t n'ssar* and d'it #r &a(s
r"rsntati#n must ) s!#-n, But t!is d#sn0t
man t!at "r##& #& d'it is n#t a((#-d &#r "ar 1),
A)us #& '#n&idn' and d'it ma* '#$:ist, 7vn i&
d'it ma* ) "rsnt, t! a)us #& '#n&idn' -i((
'!ara'tri8 t! sta&a as t! d'it -i(( ) mr(*
in'idnta( #r, is a)s#r)d )* a)us #& '#n&idn',
$ As (#ng as t!r is a r(ati#n #& trust and '#n&idn'
)t-n t! '#m"(ainant and t! a''usd and vn
t!#ug! su'! r(ati#ns!i" !as )n indu'd )* t!
a''usd t!ru &a(s r"rsntati#ns and "rtns and
-!i'! is '#ntinud )* a'tiv d'it -it!#ut trut!&u((*
dis'(#sing t! &a'ts t# t! '#m"(ainant, t! sta&a
'#mmittd is )* a)us #& '#n&idn' a(t!#ug! d'it
'#$:ists in its '#mmissi#n,
$ %! "rsn' #& d'it -#u(d n#t '!ang t! -!#(
t!#r* #& t! "r#s'uti#n t!at sta&a -it! a)us #&
'#n&idn' -as '#mmittd,
Dispositive CFI d'isi#n t# stri. #ut tstim#nis is
rvrsd and st asid,
P!OP"! CA"A)CA
301 SCRA 122
>AR%IN7L; +anuar* 20, 1222
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi-
&AC#'
$ A daug!tr -as again a((gd(* ra"d )* !r #-n
&at!r, !rin a""((ant Artmi# Ca(a*'a, -!# is n#-
&a'ing a dat! sntn' a&tr !aving )n &#und
gui(t* #& said 'rim in a ;'isi#n 1 datd +un 13,
1225, rndrd )* t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <Bran'!
24= #& Caga*an d 1r# Cit* in Crimina( Cas N#, 25$
122, 4n', t!is aut#mati' rvi-,
$ A ra" '!arg -as initiatd )* Ndd* Ca(a*'a
t!r#ug! a s-#rn '#m"(aint -it! su""#rting a&&idavits
and d#'umnts 3 &i(d -it! t! >uni'i"a( Cir'uit %ria(
C#urt #& Ba(ingasag, >isamis 1rinta( #n +anuar* 2,
1225, >C%C +udg A(&rd# Cain &#und su&&i'int
gr#und t# "r#s'ut t! a""((ant &#r t! 'rim #&
ra", %!is -as t! sam &inding #& t! 1&&i' #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r #& >isamis 1rinta( u"#n
:aminati#n #& t! r'#rds #& t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n &#r-ardd t# it, C#ns3unt(*, #n >ar'!
21, 1225, t! '#rrs"#nding In&#rmati#n -as &i(d
-it! t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt rading as &#((#-sC
RINF1R>A%I1N
R%! undrsignd Assistant Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r II,
u"#n s-#rn '#m"(aint #& t! #&&ndd "art*,
Ndd* Ca(a*'a, a''uss AR%7>I1 CA?A6CA #& t!
'rim #& RAP7, '#mmittd as &#((#-sC
%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 22t! da* #& +anuar*,
1224 at a)#ut 1C00 #Q'(#'. in t! m#rning,
m#r #r (ss, at Baranga* S#(#, >uni'i"a(it* #&
Ba(ingasag, Pr#vin' #& >isamis 1rinta(,
P!i(i""ins and -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is
4#n#ra)( C#urt, t! a)#v$namd a''usd
did t!n and t!r -i((&u((*, un(a-&u((* and
&(#ni#us(* and )* mans #& &#r' and
intimidati#n, su''dd in !aving 'arna(
.n#-(dg <s:ua( intr'#urs= -it! !r <si'=
#-n daug!tr, Ndd* Ca(a*'a, against !r -i((
and '#nsnt,
RC1N%RAR6 %1 and in @I1?A%I1N 1F Arti'(
335 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d, as amndd
)* R"u)(i' A't N#, 9652,
RCaga*an d 1r# Cit*, P!i(i""ins, >ar'! 6,
1225,
<SG;,= R1B7R%1 S, CASIX1
RAsst, Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r IIR
$ 5!n arraignd undr t! a)#v$3u#td
In&#rmati#n, t! a""((ant ntrd a "(a #& RN#t
gui(t*R t# t! 'rim '!argd, %ria( #n t! mrits
nsud t!ra&tr,
$ %! vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n -as an'!#rd
main(* #n t! tstim#n* #& 16$*ar #(d Ndd*
Ca(a*'a -!#, #n >a* 2, 1225, narratd t!at at a)#ut
1C00 #Q'(#'. in t! m#rning #& +anuar* 22, 1224, s!
-as s#und as(" insid t!ir !#us at Baranga*
S#(#, Ba(ingasag, >isamis 1rinta( -!n s! -as
a-a.nd )* t! -ig!t #& !r &at!r, !rin
a""((ant Artmi# Ca(a*'a, -!# -as a(rad* #n t#"
#& !r, na.d and armd -it! a )#(#, 4 &#r'i)(*
undrssd !r, insrtd !is "nis int# !r vagina and
mad a "us! and "u(( m#ti#n, F(ing t! "ain in !r
vagina, s! rsistd !is #ns(aug!t )* .i'.ing and
!itting !im, t((ing !im -it! )ittr tars, RI -is! *#u
-#u(d di, 6#u ar a &at!r -it!#ut g##d m#ra(s,R But
s! -as !("(ss t# rsist !is (ust&u( dsir as !
t!ratnd !r -it! a .ni& sa*ing, RI -i(( .i(( *#u i&
*#u -i(( n#t agr,R A&tr t! s:ua( assau(t, s!
"i'.d u" !r '(#t!s, drssd u" and -as (&t
-"ing, S! -as t!n 15 *ars #(d -!n t!is
in'idnt !a""nd, 9
$ Ndd* Ca(a*'a &irst t!#ug!t #& immdiat(* &i(ing a
'as against a""((ant )ut -as "rvntd )* !is
t!rat t# .i(( !r, S!, !#-vr, r"#rtd !r a-&u(
:"rin' -it! t! a""((ant t# !r r(ativs in
>am)a*aan, S! in&#rmd t!m t!at vn )&#r
t! +anuar* 22, 1224 in'idnt, a""((ant !ad s:ua((*
a)usd !r man* tims, 4r r(ativs, -!# -r a(s#
a&raid #& a""((ant, mr(* advisd !r t# su !im,
S! immdiat(* -nt !#m in S#(# )'aus s!
&ard !r &at!r, 5!n s! ra'!d !#m, !r
(dst sistr Btt* ?ani Ca(a*'a a(s# arrivd &r#m
>ani(a, In&#rmd #& t! ra" in'idnt, ?ani and
Ndd* d'idd t# (av t! a""((ant, %! t-# t!n
trav(d t# ;#n Car(#s, Bu.idn#n and -#r.d as
srvants #& t! ma*#r, t!in.ing t!ir &at!r '#u(d n#
(#ngr &ind t!m t!r, 4#-vr, a""((ant -as a)(
t# (#'at t!m, 5!i( in t! !#us #& t! ma*#r,
a""((ant !arassd t!m, s# Btt* ?ani !ad !im
arrstd )* t! "#(i', 5!i( a""((ant -as in /ai(,
Ndd* r"#rtd t# t! "#(i' aut!#ritis t!at !
ra"d !r, %! "#(i' t!n t##. !r s-#rn statmnt
#n t! ra" in'idnt, %!ra&tr, Ndd* &i(d !r
'#m"(aint &#r ra" against t! a""((ant,
$ A""((ant Artmi# Ca(a*'adid n#t dn* t!
im"utati#n #& !r daug!tr Ndd* Ca(a*'a t!at !
ra"d !r in t! ar(* m#rning #& +anuar* 22, 1224,
A(( t!at ! tsti&id t# -as t!at ! -as a -id#-r in
1228 and !as si: '!i(drn )* !is (at -i&, t-# #&
-!#m ! idnti&id as Ndd*, t! "rivat
'#m"(ainant, and Btt* ?ani, 4 '(aimd t!at Ndd*
-as #n(* nin *ars #(d -!n !is -i& did, %!
"rivat '#m"(ainant sta*d -it! !im t#gt!r -it!
!is &iv #t!r '!i(drn, -!i( Btt* ?ani sta*d -it!
!is <a""((antQs= )r#t!r at San +uan, >isamis
1rinta(, Btt* ?ani and Ndd* (&t !is !#us #n
August 12, 1223, %!* t##. !is savings &r#m t!
"r#'ds #& t! sa( #& !is "ig in t! am#unt #&
P5,000,00, 4 t!n (##.d &#r !is t-# daug!trs and
&#und t!m at B#')#', ;#n Car(#s, Bu.idn#n, 5!n
! as.d t!m -!* t!* t##. !is m#n*, !is t-#
daug!trs did n#t sa* a -#rd, &#r'ing !im t# s(a"
t!m,
$ %! d&ns did n#t "rsnt an* #t!r -itnss n#r
an* d#'umntar* vidn', A /udgmnt '#nvi'ting
t! a""((ant #& t! 'rim '!argd and im"#sing
u"#n !im t! "na(t* #& dat! -as rndrd )* t!
tria( '#urt,
I''%!
51N t! '#rr't "na(t* -as im"#sd
(!"D
N1
$ 5!i( t! C#urt agrs t!at t! "na(t* #& dat!
s!#u(d ) im"#sd #n !im, rgrtta)(* t!is is n#t in
a''#rd -it! t! (a- and /uris"rudn',
A(t!#ug! t! mattr #& t! "r#"r im"#siti#n #& t!
"na(t* is n#t assignd as an rr#r )* t! a""((ant,
nvrt!(ss, it is a -(($sta)(is!d ru( in 'rimina(
"r#'dur t!at an a""a( in a 'rimina( "r#'ding
t!r#-s t! -!#( 'as #"n &#r rvi- and it
)'#ms t! dut* #& t! a""((at '#urt t# '#rr't an
rr#r as ma* ) &#und in t! a""a(d /udgmnt,
-!t!r it is mad t! su)/'t #& assignmnt #&
rr#rs #r n#t,
$ %! tria( '#urt im"#sd t! dat! "na(t* #n
a""((ant )'aus #& t! "rsn' #& t!
'ir'umstan' #& min#rit* #& t! vi'tim <s! -as #n(*
15 *ars #(d at t! tim s! -as ra"d #n +anuar*
22, 1224= as -(( as t! r(ati#ns!i" #& t! #&&ndr
<&at!r= and t! vi'tim <daug!tr=, "ursuant t#
S'ti#n 11 #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 9652 30 -!i'!
amndd Arti'( 335 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
S'ti#n 11 "r#vids, intr a(ia, t!at -!r t! vi'tim
#& t! 'rim #& ra" is undr 18 *ars #& ag and t!
#&&ndr is a "arnt #& t! vi'tim, t! dat! "na(t*
s!a(( ) im"#sd, %!is is am#ng t! svn <9=
'ir'umstan's numratd in S'ti#n 11 -!i'!, as
- !av !(d in t! r'nt 'as #& P#"( v, Gar'ia,
32 ar '#nsidrd s"'ia( 3ua(i&*ing 'ir'umstan's
s"'i&i'a((* a""(i'a)( t# t! 'rim #& ra",
$ %!r )ing n# a((gati#n #& t! min#rit* #& t!
vi'tim in t! In&#rmati#n undr -!i'! t! a""((ant
-as arraignd, ! 'ann#t ) '#nvi'td #& 3ua(i&id
ra" as ! -as n#t "r#"r(* in&#rmd t!at ! is )ing
a''usd #& 3ua(i&id ra", A""((antQs '#nvi'ti#n #&
3ua(i&id ra" vi#(ats !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# )
"r#"r(* in&#rmd #& t! natur and 'aus #&
a''usati#n against !im, In a 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n, it
is t! &undamnta( ru( t!at vr* (mnt #& t!
'rim '!argd must ) a((gd in t! In&#rmati#n,
%! main "ur"#s #& t!is '#nstituti#na( r3uirmnt
is t# na)( t! a''usd t# "r#"r(* "r"ar !is
d&ns, 4 is "rsumd t# !av n# ind"ndnt
.n#-(dg #& t! &a'ts t!at '#nstitut t! #&&ns,
$ %! &ai(ur t# a((g t! &a't #& min#rit* #& t!
vi'tim in t! In&#rmati#n &#r ra" is &ata( and
'#ns3unt(* )ars t! im"#siti#n #& t! dat!
"na(t*, 4aving )n in&#rmd #n(* #& t! (mnts
#& sim"( ra", t! a""((ant 'an ) '#nvi'td #n(*
#& su'! 'rim and ) "unis!d a''#rding(* -it!
r'(usi#n "r"tua,
Dispositive +udgmnt m#di&id
%' *A@I!R DIC(AO
29 P!i( 421
>1R7?AN;; >ar'! 30, 1214
$A#%R!
A""a( Fr#m CFI ;ava#0s ;'isi#n
&AC#'
, Said CFI sustaind a ;murrr t# an INF1R>A%I1N
and dismissd t! 'as #& ra" against Ant#ni# +avir
;i'!a#,
$ %! In&#rmati#n statd t!at ;i'!a# '#mmittd t!
'rim #& ra" A#n #r a)#ut and during t! intrva(
)t-n 1't#)r 1210, t# August 1212A 0vague di
ba34 in ;ava# and t!at ;i'!a# -as, at t!at "ri#d,
t! (ga( guardian, )ing t! st"&at!r, #& Isa)( d
(a Cru8 -!# -as undr 12 *ars #(d -!n ! ra"d
!r; t!at as a rsu(t #& said 'arna( .n#-(dg Isa)(
gav )irt! t# a '!i(d #n August 5, 1212,
$ %! ;murrr a((gd t!at t! &a'ts st &#rt! in t!
In&#rmati#n did n#t '#nstitut a "u)(i' #&&ns and
t!at t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint did n#t '#n&#rm
su)stantia((* t# "rs'ri)d &#rm and t!at '#m"(aint
-as vagu and am)igu#us,
I''%!
51N CFI '#mmittd an rr#r in dismissing t! 'as
)asd u"#n t! ;murrr
(!"D
N1, CFI0s d'isi#n must ) a&&irmd,
Ratio %! a((gati#ns #& an in&#rmati#n s!#u(d, i&
"#ssi)(, ) su&&i'int(* :"(i'it and 'rtain as t#
%I>7 t# in&#rm t! d&ndant #& t! dat #n -!i'!
t! 'rimina( a't is a((gd t# !av )n '#mmittd,
Kn(ss t! a''usd is in&#rmd #& t! da*, #r a)#ut
t! da*, ! ma* ), t# an :tnt d"rivd #& t!
#""#rtunit* t# d&nd !ims(&,
Reasoning
) 5!i( S' 9 #& t! C#d #& CrimPr# "r#vids t!at
A:'"t -!n tim is a matria( ingrdint #& an
#&&ns, t! "r'is tim #& '#mmissi#n nd n#t )
statd in a '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, )ut t! a't ma*
) a((gd t# !av )n '#mmittd at an* tim
)&#r t! &i(ing t!r#&,B $ t!is ;17S N1% >7AN
t!at t! "r#s'uting #&&i'r ma* ) 'ar(ss in &i:ing
t! dat #& t! a((gd 'rim, #r t!at ! ma* #mit
t! dat a(t#gt!r, #r t!at ! ma* ma. t!
a((gati#n ind&init as t# am#unt t# t! sam t!ing,
$ 5!r t! :a't dat 'ann#t ) &i:d, #r -!r t!
"r#s'uting #&&i'r is N1% t!#r#ug!(* satis&id t!at
! 'an "r#v a "r'is dat, ! s!#u(d a((g in t!
in&#rmati#n t!at t! 'rim -as '#mmittd 1N #r
AB1K% a ;A%7 NA>7;,
$ Kndr su'! an a((gati#n ! is n#t r3uird t# "r#v
an* "r'is dat )ut ma* "r#v an* dat -!i'! is
N1% S1 R7>1%7 as t# sur"ris and "r/udi' t!
d&ndant,
$ In 'as #& SKRPRIS7, t! C#urt ma* a((#- an
amndmnt #& t! in&#rmati#n as t# tim and an
ad/#urnmnt t# t! a''usd, i& n'ssar* t# mt t!
amndmnt,
$ SC t!n 'itd 'assC
KS v ; Castr#Y A5!i( it is n#t n'ssar*,
un(ss tim is a matria( ingrdint #& t! #&&ns,
t!at t! "r'is tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns s!#u(d ) statd, sti(( t! a't s!#u(d )
a((gd t# !av )n '#mmittd at s#m tim )&#r
t! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint,B
KS v, 7nri3u8$ 3usti#n #& tim as a((gd
in t! in&#rmati#n -as dis'ussd in an in'idnta( -a*
&#r t! "ur"#s #& dtrmining -!t!r it #& its(& #r
in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! #t!r a((gati#ns su&&i'int(*
idnti&id t! transa'ti#n -!i'! '#nstitutd sta&a s#
as t# n#ti&* t! d&ndant #& t! transa'ti#n r&rrd
t#; %im is n#t a mat0( ingrdint in t! 'rim #&
sta&a,
KS v, Card#na$ 3usti#n #& tim -as raisd
in t! dmurrr <#n a""a(= as t# t! varian' )t
t! dat #& t! 'rim in t! in&# and t!at "r#vd #n
t! tria(; C#urt !r said t!at tim )ing n#t an
ingrdint #& t! t!&t #& a 'ara)a#, it did n#t !av t#
) "r#vd as (aid,
$ %! 3usti#n whether the allegations of the info are
sufficientl' definite as to time and t! 3usti#n -!i'!
ariss on a variance between the allegations and the
proof ar di&&rnt in natur and (ga( &&'t, and ar
d'idd #n di&&rnt "rin'i"(s,
$ In t!is 'as, t! statmnt #& t! tim -!n t!
'rim -as '#mmittd is t## ind&init t# giv t!
a''usd an #""#rtunit* t# "r"ar !is d&ns, and
t!at ind&initnss is n#t 'urd )* stting #ut t!
dat -!n a '!i(d -as )#rn as a rsu(t #& su'! 'rim,
$ S' 9 Ru(s #& CrimPr#0s "ur"#s is t# "rmit t!
a((gati#n #& a dat #& t! '#mmissi#n #& a 'rim as
N7AR t# t! AC%KA? dat as t! in&#rmati#n #& t!
"r#s'uting #&&i'r -i(( "rmit and -!n t!at !as
)n d#n, an* dat "r#vd -!i'! d#s n#t sur"ris
and su)stantia((* "r/udi' t! d&ns,
$ It d#s n#t aut!#ri8 t! t#ta( #missi#n #& a dat #r
su'! an ind&init a((gati#n -it! r&rn' t!rt#
as am#unts t# t! sam t!ing,
$ SCC t! varian' )t t! dat #& t! '#mmissi#n #&
t! 'rim as a((gd in t! in&# and t!at as "r#vd #n
tria( ;17S N1 -arrant n'ssari(* t! a'3uitta( #&
t! a''usd, IF su'! varian' #''urs and it is s!#-n
t!at t! d&ndant is sur"risd t!r)*, and t!at, )*
ras#n #& t!at sur"ris, ! is una)( t# d&nd
!ims(& "r#"r(*, t! '#urt ma* in t! :r'is #&
s#und dis'rti#n )asd #n A?? 'ir'umstan's, #rdr
t! in&#rmati#n amndd s# as t# st &#rt! t!
'#rr't dat and ma* grant an ad/#urnmnt &#r su'!
a (ngt! #& tim as -i(( na)( t! d&ndant t#
"r"ar !ims(& t# mt t! varian' in dat -!i'!
-as t! 'aus #& !is sur"ris,
Dispositive ;'isi#n a&&irmd,
P!OP"! MO"!RO
144 SCRA 329
GK%I7RR7L +R,; S"tm)r 24, 1286
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m d'isi#n #& CFI
&AC#'
$ >#(r# -as '!argd -it! ra" )* daug!tr in
'#m"(aint &i(d in CFI Ngr#s 1rinta(,
>#(r# t#(d daug!tr t# g# -it! !im t# t! rivr t#
'at'! s!rim"s and &is!, S! -as )ar(* 19, S!
-as !uggd &r )!ind )* >#(r# and s! &(( t# t!
gr#und, 4 uns!at!d !is )#(#, 4 su''dd in
!aving s:ua( intr'#urs and -arnd !r n#t t#
t(( an*#n,
$ %! m#t!r (arnd #& t! in'idnt and t#(d
daug!tr t# ." 3uit &#r t! m#mnt; t!* -r
s'rtiv #& t!ir "(an t# r"#rt )'aus >#(r# is a
&ir' man,
$ >#t!r and daug!tr -nt t# Stati#n C#mmandr,
%!* -r advisd t# r"#rt t# t! PC 4ad3uartrs,
At t! PC 4ad3uartrs, '#m"(aint -as invstigatd,
)ut a''usd didn0t -ant invstigati#n t# '#ntinu
)'aus a''dg t# !im, t!is -as t!ir #-n "r#)(m,
$ Intrna( and :trna( :am #& vi'tim s!#-d s!
!ad "rvi#us s:ua( intr'#urs,
$ >#(r# dnid t! '!arg, sa*ing ! '#u(dn0t !av
d#n it )'aus ! -as a(rad* '#mmittd in t!
"r#vin'ia( /ai( t!at tim, 4 a(s# dnid t! s-#rn
statmnt ! mad, sa*ing !0s i((itrat, 4 said !
-as n#t in&#rmd #& !is rig!ts t# rmain si(nt and t#
'#uns(; t!at ! -as n#t assistd )* '#uns( during
invstigati#n,
$ >#(r#0s a(i)i -as radi(* r&utd,
$ %ria( '#urt &#und >#(r# gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t #& ra",
$ A d#u)( /#"ard* issu ar#s )'aus t!r -r
t-# '#m"(aints &i(dC
$ &i(d >ar'! 22, 1299C ra" -as '#mmittd F)
13, 1296
$ &i(d >ar'! 30, 1298C ra" -as '#mmittd F)
5, 1296
$ >#(r# -as arraignd undr t! &irst '#m"(aint, !
"(add n#t gui(t*, $ ;uring tria(, t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a(
&i(d m#ti#n &#r (av t# amnd t! '#m"(aint, %!is
-as grantd, %!us, t! n- '#m"(aint,
$ >#(r# &i(d m#ti#n t# 3uas! 2
nd
'rimina( '#m"(aint
#n gr#und #& d#u)( /#"ard*, %!is -as dnid,
I''%!'
1, 51N >#(r# -as undr d#u)( /#"ard*
2, 51N >#(r# '#mmittd t! ra"
(!"D
1, N1
$ S'ti#n 2, Ru( 119 #& 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina(
Pr#'durC Conviction or ac$uittal of the defendant
or the dismissal of the case shall be a bar to another
prosecution for the offense charged5
$ 4r, t! 'as -as n#t trminatd )'aus t!
dis"#sitiv "#rti#n #& t! #rdr :"rss(* dir'td t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( andM#r "r#s'uting &is'a( t# &i( a
n- '#m"(aint andM#r in&#rmati#n,
$ %! 'as -as dismissd &#r n# #t!r ras#n :'"t
t# '#rr't t! dat #& t! 'rim,
$ %!is dismissa( did n#t am#unt t# an a'3uitta(,
$ %!r -as n# nd &#r tria( '#urt t# !av usd su'!
"r#'dur, It s!#u(d /ust !av dnid m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! #rdr granting t!
"r#s'uti#n0s m#ti#n &#r (av t# amnd t!
'#m"(aint,
A&tr arraignmnt and -!r a""((ant "(add n#t
gui(t*, is it sti(( "r#"r t# amnd dat #& '#mmissi#n
#& 'rimH A""(*ing S'ti#ns 10 and 13 #& Ru( 110 #&
Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt, amndmnt s#ug!t )*
"r#s'uti#n s!#u(d !av )n grantd, %! "r'is
tim is n#t an ssntia( (mnt #& ra", %!
amndmnt -as #n(* a mattr #& &#rm and did n#t
"r/udi' t! rig!ts #& t! a""((ant,
2, 67S
$ >#(r# argus t!at i& a 'rim -as '#mmittd )* !im
at a((, it -as 3ua(i&id sdu'ti#n,
$ SC didn0t agr, A""((ant -as s!#-n t# !av
m"(#*d &#r' and intimidati#n against daug!tr,
A(s#, ! !ad m#ra( as'ndan'* and in&(un' #vr
t! vi'tim, %! vi'tim is i((itrat and uns'!##(d,
and >#(r# t!ratnd !r -it! a )#(# and rndrd
!r "ra'ti'a((* !("(ss,
P!OP"! "%A"(A#I
191 SCRA 299, 283
GRIN1$AOKIN1; >ar'! 16, 1282
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #& t! ;'isi#n #& t! %ria( '#urt
&AC#'
$ C#m"(ainant +#s"!in ;imauna!an -as )#rn #n
+anuar* 9, 1269
$ In 1290, !r m#t!r s"aratd &r#m !r &at!r and
startd t# (iv -it! a""((ant @i'nt ?ua(!ati -it!#ut
t! )n&it #& marriag, S! (i.-is (ivd -it!
a""((ant -!# su""#rtd !r, t##. 'ar #& !r studis
and tratd !r (i. !is #-n daug!tr,
$ S#mtim in +un, 1298, -!i( '#m"(ainantQs
m#t!r -as at -#r., a""((ant and '#m"(ainant -r
a(#n in t! !#us, A""((ant !ad s:ua( intr'#urs
-it! '#m"(ainant, It a""ard t!at vn "ri#r t# +un,
1298, a""((ant !ad a(rad* svra( s:ua( r(ati#ns
-it! '#m"(ainant
$ K"#n arraignmnt #n, t! a''usd "(add n#t
gui(t*
$ %! d&ns &i(d a m#ti#n t# dismiss #n t! gr#und
t!at t! '#m"(aint '!argd m#r t!an #n #&&ns,
nam(*C
A%!at #n #r a)#ut t! m#nt! #& +un, 1298, and for
sometime prior and subse$uent thereto& ,,, t!
a''usd @i'nt ?ua(!ati -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and
&(#ni#us(* !av 'arna( .n#-(dg #& t!
'#m"(ainant +#s"!in >, ;imauna!an ,,,B
$ Fis'a( a((gd t!at t! a''usd -as )ing trid #n
t! In&#rmati#n -!i'! '!argd #n(* #n #&&ns
'#mmittd Rin #r a)#ut t! m#nt! #& +un 1298,R
$ %ria( /udg dnid m#ti#n t# dismiss,
$ %! a''usd &i(d an#t!r >#ti#n t# ;ismiss,
a((ging t!at ! !ad )n "ard#nd )* t! #&&ndd
"art*, !r m#t!r and grandm#t!r, Atta'!d, t# t!
>#ti#n t# ;ismiss -as t! /#int a&&idavit #&
dsistan' signd )* t! #&&ndd "art*, !r m#t!r
and grandm#t!r
$ $%! #&&ndd "art* :'utd and &i(d an a&&idavit
a((ging t!at !r &at!r a)and#nd !r at t! ag #&
t-# *ars and t!r m#nt!s, -it!#ut "r#viding &#r
!r su""#rt and studis, and t!at t! sam -r
"r#vidd )* !r m#t!r and grandm#t!r -!#, #n
t! sam dat, :'utd a /#int a&&idavit t# t! sam
&&'t
$ %! Pr#s'uting Fis'a( &i(d an Addndum t# t!
1""#siti#n t# t! >#ti#n t# ;ismiss, 4 a((gd t!at
t! :"rss "ard#n givn t! a''usd -as inva(id &#r
t! #&&ndd "art* did n#t !av Ra -i(( #& !r #-n,R
)ing mr(* (vn *ars #(d -!n t! 'rim -as
'#mmittd; t!at t! &at!r #& t! #&&ndd "art*,
:'utd an a&&idavit #)/'ting t# t! "ard#n givn
t# t! a''usd; and t!at, as t! &at!r, ! sti((
"#ssssd t! R"atria "#tstasR #vr t! #&&ndd
"art* in s"it #& !is !aving a)and#nd !r,
$ %ria( '#urt dnid t! m#ti#n t# dismiss #n a''#unt
#& t! insistn' #& t! vi'timQs &at!r t# "r#s'ut
t! a''usd, a)snt /udi'ia( "r#n#un'mnt
d"riving !im #& "arnta( aut!#rit* #vr t! #&&ndd
"art*, a '!i(d )(#- t-(v *ars #(d,
$ A''usd &i(d >#ti#n t# Ouas!, -!i'! -as dnid )*
t! tria( '#urt
$ %ria( '#urt '#nvi'td t! a''usd #& ra", and
im"#sd u"#n !im t! "na(t* #& reclusion perpetua,
I''%!'
1, 51N t!r -as a va(id '#m"(aint against t!
a""((ant
2, 51N t! "ard#n givn t# !im )* t! #&&ndd
"art*, !r m#t!r, and grandm#t!r :tinguis!d !is
'rimina( (ia)i(it*, in s"it #& t! #)/'ti#n #& t!
vi'timQs &at!r,
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio ;is'r"an'is )t-n t! a''usati#n and t!
'#m"(aint as t# tim #& #''urrn' #& t! 'arna(
'#"u(ati#ns in ra" d# n#t a&&'t an* ssntia( rig!t
#& t! a''usd, -!r t! a'ts #''urrd -it!in t!
"ri#d #& tim a((gd in )#t! -ritings and t!
di&&rn' n#td in #t!r rs"'ts -as #& a &#rma(,
rat!r t!an a su)stantia(, '!ara'tr,
Reasoning
$ A""((ant '#ntnds t!at t! '#m"(aint is v#id
)'aus it '!args at (ast t!r 'rims #& ra",
nam(*C <1= t!at -!i'! -as '#mmittd R#n #r a)#ut
t! m#nt! #& +un, 1298;R <2= t!at -!i'! -as
'#mmittd Rs#mtim "ri#r t# said "ri#d;R and <3=
t!at -!i'! -as '#mmittd Rsu)s3unt t!rt#,R
$ Argumnt !as n# mrit, Atta'!d t# +#s"!inQs
'#m"(aint -as !r s-#rn statmnt -!rin, s!
'atg#ri'a((* a&&irmd t!at @i'nt a)usd !r )&#r
t! start #& '(asss in +un 1298, %!at a&&idavit, -!i'!
ma* ) '#nsidrd "art #& t! '#m"(aint r3uird )*
(a-, 'urs an* am)iguit* in t! '#m"(aint rgarding
t! num)r #& #&&nss '#mmittd )* t! a''usd,
$ Furt!rm#r, S'ti#n 10, Ru( 110 #& t! 1264
Ru(s #& C#urt "r#viddC
S', 10, Time of the commission of the offense.$It
is n#t n'ssar* t# stat in t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n t! "r'is tim at -!i'! t! #&&ns
-as '#mmittd :'"t -!n tim is a matria(
ingrdint #& t! #&&ns, )ut t! a't ma* )
a((gd t# !av )n '#mmittd at an* tim as
nar t# t! a'tua( dat at -!i'! t! #&&nsQ -as
'#mmittd as t! in&#rmati#n #r '#m"(aint -i((
"rmit,
2, N1
Ratio Art, 344<3= #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d "r#!i)its
a "r#s'uti#n &#r sdu'ti#n, a)du'ti#n, rape& #r a'ts
#& (as'ivi#usnss, :'"t u"#n a '#m"(aint mad )*
t! #&&ndd "art* #r !r "arnts, grand"arnts, #r
guardian, n#r, in an* 'as, i& t! #&&ndr !as )n
:"rss(* "ard#nd )* t! a)#v$namd "rs#ns, as
t! 'as ma* ), *t does not prohibit the
continuance of a prosecution if the offended part'
pardons the offender after the cause has been
instituted& nor does it order the dismissal of said
cause. %! #n(* a't t!at riding t# Arti'( 344
:tinguis!s t! "na( a'ti#n and t! "na(t* t!at
ma* !av )n im"#sd, is t! marriag )t-n
t! #&&ndr and t! #&&ndd "art*,
Reasoning
$ %! rati#na( #& t! (a- #n t! "r#s'uti#n #&
"rivat 'rims is sim"(C %! (a- dms it t! -isr
"#(i'* t# (t t! aggrivd -#man and !r &ami(*
d'id -!t!r t# :"#s t# "u)(i' vi- #r t# !atd
'#ntr#vrsis in '#urt t! vi's, &au(ts and
disgra'&u( a'ts #''urring in t! &ami(*, 4#-vr,
-!n, as in t! 'as at )ar, t! "ard#n is givn after
t! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint in '#urt, it '#ms t## (at
t# !id t! s!am&u( #''urrn' &r#m "u)(i' n#ti',
Dispositive ;'isi#n #& tria( '#urt a&&irmd
P!OP"! RA/O$AB"!
330 SCRA 562
PKN1; A"ri( 12, 2000
$A#%R!
$ A""a( &r#m a d'isi#n )* t! R%C #& Camarins
N#rt, datd >a* 3, 1226, &inding a""((ant Bn/amin
Ra8#na)( gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& ra"ing
!is daug!tr, >aria F Ra8#na)(, and sntn'ing
!im t# su&&r t! "na(tis #& 3 r'(usi#n "r"tua
and t# "a* t! am#unt #& P200,000 as m#ra(
damags,
&AC#'
$ Ra8#na)( -as '!argd in 3 s"arat In&#rmati#ns
-it! t! 'rim #& ra", -!i'! ar idnti'a((* -#rdd,
as &#((#-sC
R%!at s#mtim in t! *ar 1289, at Pur#. I, Brg*, I@,
>antag)a', >uni'i"a(it* #& ;at, Pr#vin' #&
Camarins N#rt, and -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is
4#n#ra)( C#urt, t! a)#v$namd a''usd did t!n
and t!r -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* !av
'arna( .n#-(dg #& !is #-n daug!tr >ARIA F7 4,
RAL1NAB?7, against t! (attrQs -i(( and )* mans #&
&#r' and intimidati#n, t# !r damag and "r/udi',
R%! 'rim -as '#mmittd -it! t! aggravating
'ir'umstan's #& r(ati#ns!i", t! a''usd is t!
&at!r #& t! #&&ndd "art* and t!at said #&&ns
-as '#mmittd in t!ir #-n d-((ing and t!
#&&ndd "art* n#t !aving givn "r#v#'ati#n &#r it,R
Ra8#na)( "(add n#t gui(t* and !is 'as -as trid
#n t! mrits,
$ A(t!#ug! >aria F -as ra"d #n 3 '#ns'utiv da*s
in t! midd( #& +un 1289, s! -as a)( t# dis'(#s
t! dastard(* a'ts #& !r &at!r t# !r (dr sistr
#n(* in F)ruar* #& 1223 )'aus !r '#ns'in'
-#u(d n#t a((#- !r an* "a' #& mind, S! a(s#
&ard r'urrn' #& t! )stia( a'ts, 4r &at!r #&tn
dran. -it! &rinds insid t!ir !#us and s! -as
-ar* t!at a""((ant mig!t giv !r t# !is &rinds,
%!us, a''#m"anid )* !r sistr Ana >ari,
'#m"(ainant -nt t# t! "#(i' stati#n and &i(d a
'#m"(aint, %!n t!* "r#'dd t# t! Camarins
N#rt Pr#vin'ia( 4#s"ita( -!r s! -as :amind,
Basd #n t! mdi'a( 'rti&i'at, s! !ad, at t! tim
#& :aminati#n, in'#m"(t(* !a(d !*mna(
(a'rati#ns at 5, 6, 9, and 2 #Q'(#'. "#siti#ns,
I''%!
1, 51N t! R%C rrd in n#t '#nsidring t!
in&#rmati#n insu&&i'int t# su""#rt a /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n &#r its &ai(ur t# stat t! "r'is dat #&
t! a((gd '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns, it )ing an
ssntia( (mnt #& t! 'rim '!argd
2, 51N t! (#-r '#urt rrd in &inding t!at t! gui(t
#& Ra8#na)( #& t! t!r '#unts #& ra" !as )n
"r#vn )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio %! rati#na( #& t! ru( <S'ti#n 11, Ru( 110
#& t! R1C= is t# in&#rm t! a''usd #& t! natur
and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im, %# '(aim
t!is su)stantiv rig!t "r#t'td )* n# (ss t!an t!
Bi(( #& Rig!ts, t! a''usd is dut* )#und t# &#((#- #ur
"r#'dura( ru(s -!i'! -r (aid d#-n t# assur an
#rdr(* administrati#n #& /usti',
Reasoning
% First(*, it )!##vd t! a''usd t# rais t! issu
#& a d&'tiv in&#rmati#n, #n t! gr#und t!at it d#s
n#t '#n&#rm su)stantia((* t# t! "rs'ri)d &#rm, in a
m#ti#n t# 3uas! said in&#rmati#n #r a m#ti#n &#r )i((
#& "arti'u(ars, An a''usd -!# &ai(s t# ta. t!is
sas#na)( st" -i(( ) dmd t# !av -aivd t!
d&'t in said in&#rmati#n, %! #n(* d&'ts in an
in&#rmati#n t!at ar n#t dmd -aivd ar -!r
n# #&&ns is '!argd, (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n #& t!
#&&ns '!argd, :tin'ti#n #& t! #&&ns #r "na(t*
and d#u)( /#"ard*, C#r#((ari(*, - !av ru(d t!at
#)/'ti#ns as t# mattrs #& &#rm #r su)stan' in t!
in&#rmati#n 'ann#t ) mad &#r t! &irst tim #n
a""a(, Ra8#na)( did n#t rais it!r in a m#ti#n t#
3uas! #r a m#ti#n &#r )i(( #& "arti'u(ars t! d&'t in
t! In&#rmati#n rgarding t! ind&initnss #& t!
a((gati#n #n t! dat #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns,
$ S'#nd(*, during t! tria(, t! d&ns nvr
#)/'td t# t! "rsntati#n #& vidn' )* t!
"r#s'uti#n t# "r#v t!at t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd
in t! midd( #& +un 1289, It !as n#t )n s!#-n
t!at Ra8#na)( -as ta.n )* sur"ris -it! t!
tstim#n* #& >aria F t!at s! -as ra"d in t!
midd( #& +un 1289, and !n' '#u(d n#t "r#"r(*
d&nd !ims(&, 1n t! '#ntrar*, ! -as a)( t# giv
an a(i)i as t# !is -!ra)#uts at t!at "arti'u(ar tim,
In &in, ! 'ann#t "rtnd t!at ! -as una)( t#
d&nd !ims(& in vi- #& t! vagunss #& t!
a((gati#n in t! in&#rmati#n as t# -!n t! 'rims
-r '#mmittd,
2, N1
Reasoning A""((ant '(aims t!at !is gui(t !as n#t
)n "r#vn )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #n t!
&#((#-ing gr#undsC <1= t! idntit* #& t! "r"trat#r
!as n#t )n sta)(is!d -it! 'rtitud sin' t!
r##m -as dar. and it !as n#t )n s!#-n t!at it -as
"r#"r(* i((uminatd; <2= it -as unnatura( &#r >aria F
t# rmain in t!ir !#us i& it -as tru t!at s! -as
t!ratnd and intimidatd; and <3= t!r -as an
unras#na)( d(a* in t! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint
-!i'! rndrd t! ra" '!args d#u)t&u(,
$ It is !ig!(* in'#n'iva)( t!at >aria F -#u(d n#t
r'#gni8 !r #-n &at!r -it! -!#m s! !as )n
(iving a(#n &#r a (#ng tim, It is t! m#st natura(
ra'ti#n &#r vi'tims #& 'rimina( vi#(n' t# striv t#
s t! a""aran' #& t!ir assai(ant and #)srv
t! mannr in -!i'! t! 'rim -as '#mmittd, >#st
#&tn, t! &a' and )#d* m#vmnts #& t! assai(ant
'rat a (asting im"rssi#n -!i'! 'ann#t ) asi(*
rasd &r#m t!ir mm#r*, %! im"rssi#n )'#ms
m#r "r#&#und -!r t! ma(&a't#r is t! vi'timQs
#-n &at!r,
$ %! &a't t!at >aria F '#ntinud t# (iv -it!
Ra8#na)( -i(( n#t (i.-is 'rum"( !r 'rdi)i(it*, At
t! tim #& t! in'idnt, s! -as a sim"(, naZv and
!a"(ss '!i(d #& t-(v *ars, S! -as (iving )* !r
(#ns#m s(& -it! !r &at!r, ntir(* d"ndnt #n
!im &#r a(( !r nds, 4r m#t!r -as in Isa)(a and
!r narst si)(ing (ivd in an#t!r t#-n, It '#u(d
!ard(* ) :"'td t!at su'! a '!i(d #& tndr ag
-#u(d .n#- -!at t# d# and -!r t# g# undr t!
'ir'umstan's, It is n#t "r#"r t# /udg t! a'ti#ns #&
'!i(drn -!# !av undrg#n traumati' :"rin's
)* t! n#rms #& )!avi#r :"'td undr t!
'ir'umstan's &r#m matur "rs#ns,
$ %! d(a* in t! &i(ing #& t! 'ass d#s n#t
n'ssari(* im"air t! 'rdi)i(it* #& t! vi'tim,
7:"rin' ta'!s us t!at man* vi'tims #& ra"
nvr '#m"(ain #r &i( 'rimina( '!args against t!
ra"ist, &#r t!* "r&r t# si(nt(* )ar t! ign#min*
and "ain, rat!r t!an rva( t!ir s!am t# t! -#r(d
#r ris. t! #&&ndrQs ma.ing g##d #n !is t!rats,
Dispositive C#nsidring t!at t! a'ts -r
'#mmittd "ri#r t# t! &&'tivit* #& RA 9652, t!
tria( '#urt '#rr't(* im"#sd t! "na(t* #& r'(usi#n
"r"tua in a'! #& t! t!r 'ass, 4#-vr,
'#nsistnt -it! r'nt ru(ings, t! am#unt #& P50,000
&#r a'! '#unt #& ra" s!#u(d ) a-ardd )* -a* #&
m#ra( damags, and !n' t! a-ard givn )* t!
tria( '#urt s!#u(d ) rdu'd t# P150,000, ?i.-is,
'urrnt 'as (a- di'tats t!at t! vi'tim s!a(( )
ntit(d t# 'ivi( indmnit* in t! am#unt #& P50,000
&#r a'! '#unt #& ra",
$ ;'isi#n #& t! R%C AFFIR>7; -it! >1;IFICA%I1N,
A"M!DA @I""A"%/
P!OP"! CA'!) and &!"I=
103 SCRA 21
GK7RR7R1; F)ruar* 24, 1281

$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi- #& t! /udgmnt #& t! Cir'uit
Crimina( C#urt im"#sing u"#n Cas* and F(i: t!
'a"ita( '["unis!mnt &#r t! dat! #& A(&rd# @a(d8,

&AC#'
$ 1n >a* 22, 1268, Assistant Fis'a( 4rmini# I,
Bnit# &i(d an In&#rmati#n &#r >urdr against
a''usd$a""((ant +#s"! Cas* a(ias RBur(R,
a((gingC
%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 31st da* #& >ar'!, 1268, in
t! muni'i"a(it* #& San +uan, "r#vin' #& Ri8a(, a
"(a' -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is 4#n#ra)(
C#urt, t! a)#v$ namd a''usd, )ing t!n
armd -it! a .ni&, t#gt!r -it! #n Ri'ard#
F(i: a(ias RCarding %u-adR -!# is t!n armd
-it! a &irarm and -!# -as <si'= sti(( at (arg,
and t! t-# #& t!m '#ns"iring and
'#n&drating t#gt!r and mutua((* !("ing and
aiding #n an#t!r, -it! intnt t# .i((, vidnt
"rmditati#n and tra'!r* and ta.ing
advantag #& su"ri#r strngt!, did, t!n and
t!r -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* atta'.,
assau(t and s!##t and sta) -it! t! said &irarm
and .ni& #n A(&rd# @a(d8, t!r)* in&(i'ting
u"#n t! (attr &ata( -#unds -!i'! dir't(*
'ausd !is dat!,
$ In +un, 1268, u"#n arraignmnt, Cas* "(add
n#t gui(t* t# t! 'rim '!argd in t! said '#m"(aint,
$ S"tm)r, 1268, a''usd Q a""((ant Ri'ard# F(i:
a(ias RCarding %u-adR -as arrstd, A''#rding(*, an
Amndd In&#rmati#n -as &i(d )* t! sam &is'a( t#
in'(ud Ri'ard# F(i: as an a''usd, statingC
%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 31st da* #& >ar'!, 1268, in
t! muni'i"a(it* #& San +uan, "r#vin' #& Ri8a(, a
"(a' -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is 4#n#ra)(
C#urt, t! a)#v namd a''usd +#s"! Cas*
a(ias RBur(R )ing t!n armd -it! a .ni&,
together with the accused Ricardo 1eli+ alias
6Carding Tuwad6 who was then armed with a
firearm, and t! t-# #& t!m '#ns"iring and
'#n&drating t#gt!r and mutua((* !("ing and
aiding #n an#t!r, -it! intnt t# .i((, vidnt
"rmditati#n and tra'!r* and ta.ing
advantag #& su"ri#r strngt!, did, t!n and
t!r -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* atta'.,
assau(t and s!##t and sta) -it! t! said &irarm
and .ni& #n A(&rd# @a(d8, t!r)* in&(i'ting
u"#n t! (attr &ata( -#unds -!i'! dir't(*
$ %! '#urt a $uo rndrd t! a&#rmnti#nd
/udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n, It &#und t!at t-# aggravating
'ir'umstan's attndd t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
'rim, nam(*C m"(#*ing #r ta.ing advantag #&
su"ri#r strngt! and vidnt "rmditati#n, #n #&
-!i'! 3ua(i&id t! .i((ing t# murdr,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! C#urt a 3u# rrd in i((ga((* tr*ing
a""((ant Cas* #n t! amndd in&#rmati#n -it!#ut
arraignmnt
2, 51N t! C#urt a 3u# rrd in !#(ding t!at
a""((ants a'td -it! vidnt "rmditati#n and
a)us # #& su"ri#r strngt!, and in 3ua(i&*ing t!
'rim '#mmittd as aggravatd murdr
3, 51N -!t!r #r n#t t!r is '#ns"ira'* )t-n
t! t-# a''usd in t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim
4, 51N t! C#urt rrd in dis'#unting Cas*0s
d&ns t!at ! a'td in (gitimat s(&$d&ns
(!"D
1, N1
Reasoning
% %! (a'. #& arraignmnt undr t! amndd
in&#rmati#n is #)/'td t# )* a''usd$a""((ant
+#s"! Cas* a((gd(* #n t! gr#und t!at t!r is a
vi#(ati#n #& !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# ) in&#rmd #&
t! '!arg against !im, %!r 'an ) a vi#(ati#n #&
su'! rig!t, !#-vr, #n(* -!n t! amndmnt
"rtains t# mattrs #& su)stan', In t! 'as at )ar,
t! a(trati#ns intr#du'd in t! in&#rmati#n r&r t#
t! in'(usi#n #& a''usd a""((ant Ri'ard# F(i: t#
t! sam '!arg #& murdr, %!* d# n#t '!ang t!
natur #& t! 'rim against a''usd$a""((ant Cas*,
C#ns"ira'*, vidnt "rmditati#n, tra'!r* and
ta.ing advantag #& su"ri#r strngt! ar simi(ar(*
a((gd in )#t! in&#rmati#ns, N# :tnuating
'ir'umstan' is (i.-is a((gd in )#t!, %!us t!
amendment of the information as far as accused)
appellant Case' is concerned is one of form and not
of substance as it is not prejudicial to his rights.
$ %! tst as t# -!t!r a d&ndant is "r/udi'd )*
t! amndmnt #& an in&#rmati#n !as )n said t#
) -!t!r a d&ns undr t! in&#rmati#n as it
#rigina((* st##d -#u(d ) avai(a)( a&tr t!
amndmnt is mad, and -!t!r an* vidn'
d&ndant mig!t !av -#u(d ) 3ua((* a""(i'a)( t#
t! in&#rmati#n in t! #n &#rm as in t! #t!r, A
(##. int# 1ur /uris"rudn' #n t! mattr s!#-s t!at
an amndmnt t# an in&#rmati#n intr#du'd a&tr
t! a''usd !as "(add n#t gui(t* t!rt#, -!i'!
d#s n#t '!ang t! natur #& t! 'rim a((gd
t!rin, d#s n#t :"#s t! a''usd t# a '!arg
-!i'! '#u(d 'a(( &#r a !ig!r "na(t*, d#s n#t a&&'t
t! ssn' #& t! #&&ns #r 'aus sur"ris #r
d"riv t! a''usd #& an #""#rtunit* t# mt t!
n- avrmnt !ad a'! )n !(d t# ) #n #& &#rm
and n#t #& su)stan' \ n#t "r/udi'ia( t# t!
a''usd and, t!r&#r, n#t "r#!i)itd )* S'ti#n 13,
Ru( 110 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt,
2, 67S
Reasoning
% Indd, a''usd$a""((ant +#s"! Cas* gav an
:tra/udi'ia( s-#rn statmnt t!at ! mt a''usd$
a""((ant Ri'ard# F(i: and an#t!r "rs#n namd
Rud* in Cu)a#, Ou8#n Cit* #n t!at &at&u( da*,
4#-vr, t!r is n# s!#-ing t!at t!is mting -as
"ur"#s(* arrangd t# "(an t! .i((ing #& t! vi'tim,
In &a't, t! &#((#-ing 3usti#ns and ans-rs in t!
said s-#rn statmnt s!#- t!at t!r -as n#
"r'#n'ivd dsign t# .i(( t! vi'tim,
$ %!r is vidnt "rmditati#n -!n t! .i((ing !ad
)n 'ar&u((* "(annd )* t! #&&ndr #r -!n !
!ad "rvi#us(* "r"ard t! mans -!i'! ! !ad
'#nsidrd ad3uat t# 'arr* it #ut, -!n ! !ad
"r"ard )&#r!and t! mans suita)( &#r 'arr*ing
it int# :'uti#n, -!n ! !as !ad su&&i'int tim t#
'#nsidr and a''"t t! &ina( '#ns3un's, and
-!n t!r !ad )n a '#n'rtd "(an,
12
It !as a(s#
)n !(d t!at t# a""r'iat t! 'ir'umstan's #&
vidnt "rmditati#n, it is n'ssar* t# sta)(is!
t! &#((#-ing; <1= t! tim -!n t! #&&ndr
dtrmind t# '#mmit t! 'rim; <2= t! a't
mani&st(* indi'ating t!at t! 'u("rit !as '(ung t# !is
dtrminati#n; and <3= a su&&i'int (a"s #& tim
)t-n t! dtrminati#n and :'uti#n t# sn#-
!im t# r&('t u"#n t! '#ns3un's #& !is a't and
t# a((#- !is '#ns'in' t# #vr'#m t! rs#(uti#n #&
!is -i(( !ad ! dsird t# !ar.n t# its -arning,
$ Fr#m t! ans-rs #& a''usd$a""((ant Cas* in
said s-#rn statmnt, it 'an ) g(and t!at t!
.i((ing -as n#t a "r'#n'ivd "(an, It -as n#t
"r'dd )* an* r&('ti#n #r d" t!#ug!t, It -as
/ust a s"#ntan#us d'isi#n ra'!d -!n t! vi'tim
startd t# run a-a* u"#n )ing a""r#a'!d )*
a''usd$a""((ant Ri'ard# F(i:,
$ %!r ar indd t-# a''usd$a""((ants in t!is
'as '!argd -it! t! murdr #& n#t #n vi'tim )ut
su"ri#rit* in num)r d#s n#t n'ssari(* man
su"ri#rit* in strngt!, It is n'ssar* t# s!#- t!at
t! aggrss#rs R'##"ratd in su'! a -a* as t#
s'ur advantag &r#m t!ir su"ri#rit* in strngt!,R
3, 67S
Reasoning
$ A(t!#ug! t!r is n# dir't s!#-ing t!at t!
a''usd !ad '#ns"ird t#gt!r, )ut t!ir a'ts and
t! attndant 'ir'umstan's dis'(#s t!at '#mm#n
m#tiv t!at -#u(d ma. a''usd Ri'ard# F(i: as a
'#$"rin'i"a( -it! t! a'tua( s(a*r, +#s"! Cas*,
5it!#ut d#u)t, ! "r&#rmd #vrt a'ts in
&urt!ran' #& t! '#ns"ira'*,
$ Ri'ard# F(i:Qs #vrt a'ts '#nsist in instigating t!
"ursuit #& t! d'asd, in &iring a s!#t at !im and in
giving +#s"! Cas* n'#uragmnt )* !is armd
"rsn' -!i( t! (attr in&(i'td t! &ata( -#unds
#n t! d'asd, Fr#m t! :tra/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n #&
t! a''usd$a""((ant +#s"! Cas*, it 'an a(s# )
in&rrd t!at Ri'ard# F(i: -as t! m#ving &a't#r #&
t! vi( a't "r"tratd )* t! &#rmr against t!
vi'tim, 5!i( it -as +#s"! Cas* -!# in&(i'td t!
m#rta( -#unds t!at 'ausd t! dat! #& t! vi'tim,
! did s# #ut #& !is "rvrtd sns #& &rinds!i" #r
'#m"ani#ns!i" -it! Ri'ard# F(i:,
4, 67S
Reasoning
$ '(aim is un'#rr#)#ratd and '#ntrar* t# t!
tstim#n* #& t! *-itnss, >r'ds Pa(#m#,
$ %! &a't t!at t! vi'tim sustaind &#ur sta) -#unds
-!i( t! a''usd '#m"(aind mr(* #& a)rasi#ns #n
!is )a'. indi'ats t! &a(sit* #& t! '(aim,
Dispositive t! /udgmnt #& t! tria( '#urt undr
aut#mati' rvi- is >1;IFI7; in t!at t! a''usd$
a""((ants +#s"! Cas* and Ri'ard# F(i: ar &#und
gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t! 'rim #&
!#mi'id -it!#ut an* attnding 'ir'umstan's and
s!#u(d ) sntn'd t# reclusion temporal in its
mdium "ri#d, But a""(*ing t! Indtrminat
Sntn' ?a-, a'! #& t! a''usd is sntn'd t#
an indtrminat "na(t* #& tn *ars #& prision
ma'or& as minimum, t# svntn *ars and &#ur
m#nt!s #& reclusion temporal& as ma:imum, %!
a''usd ar (i.-is sntn'd t# indmni&* t!
!irs #& t! d'asd A(&rd# @a(d8 in t! am#unt
#& %57?@7 %41KSAN; P7S1S /#int(* and svra((*,
and t# "a* t! '#sts,
P!OP"! R!)!'
108 SCRA 203
C1NC7PCI1N, +R; 1't#)r 23, 1281
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari -it! "ra*r &#r "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n #n t! #rdr datd +u(* 10, 1290, #& t!
rs"#ndnt +udg, <4#n, A(&rd# C, R*s #& t!
Cir'uit Crimina( C#urt, 4t! +udi'ia( ;istri't,
Ca)anatuan Cit*= in Crimina( Cas N#, CCC$I@$190$
N7, RP#"( v Fran'is'# 7str((a,R -!i'! dnid
"titi#nrQs vr)a( m#ti#n &#r t! amndmnt #& t!
in&#rmati#n in said 'as, )* d(ting t! *ar R1262R
as a((gd t!rin, and in (iu t!r#& t# "ut t! *ar
R1264 R,
&AC#'
$ S#mtim in 1't#)r, an in&#rmati#n &#r 3ua(i&id
t!&t -as &i(d against "rivat rs"#ndnt Fran'is'#
7str((a and t!r #t!rs, as Crimina( Cas N#, 6922,
in t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& San +#s, Nuva 7'i/a,
"rtinnt "#rti#n as &#((#-sC
%!at in t! m#nt! #& August& 789:, in t!
muni'i"a(it* #& San +#s, "r#vin' #& Nuva 7'i/a,
P!i(i""ins and -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is
4#n#ra)( C#urt, t! a)#v namd a''usd
Nar'is# >ananing )ing t! drivr #& '#m"(ainant
>aria Igna'i#$ Fran'is'#, F(#rntin# A('antara,
r"air s!#" #-nr -!r t! tru'. !rina&tr
ds'ri)d -as &#und and r'#vrd, Fran'is'#
7str((a, a P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar* s#(dir stati#nd
at Bu(a'an, and >('i# Guvarra, a(( '#ns"iring
t#gt!r, -it!#ut t! .n#-(dg and '#nsnt #&
t! #-nr t!r#&, ta., sta( and 'arr* a-a* #n
<1= Bd&#rd tru'. -it! C!assis N#, 153552, -it!
>#t#r N#, 2M54M5M6, -it! P(at N#, %$35042, Sris
#& 1264, t# t! damag and "r/udi' #& t!
#-nr, >aria Igna'i#$Fran'is'# in t! am#unt #&
P23,000,00, va(u #& said v!i'(,
$ 1n N#vm)r 15, 1262, t! A'ting Cit* Fis'a( #&
San +#s Cit*, <'#nvrtd int# 'it*= Nuva 7'i/a, &i(d
an in&#rmati#n <Crim, Cas N#, CCC$I@$190= -it! t!
rs"#ndnt C#urt, '!arging "rivat rs"#ndnt
Fran'is'# 7str((a and t!r #t!rs, -it! 3ua(i&id
t!&t, %!is tim t! in&#rmati#n '#ntaind AAug,
1262B instad #& AAug, 1264B in t! "rvi#us
in&#rmati#n and a((gd grav a)us #& '#n&idn'
and t!at a''usd dismant(d t! v!i'(,
$ 1n +anuar* 28, 1290, "rivat rs"#ndnt Fran'is'#
7str((a -as arraignd, and ! "(add n#t gui(t*,
;uring t! arraignmnt, rs"#ndnt$+udg r3uird
!is '(r. t# rad t! in&#rmati#n t# Fran'is'#
7str((a, Fr#m +anuar* 28, 1290, u" t# >a* 21, 1290,
t! (attr dat )ing t! s'!du(d tria( #& t! 'as,
t! "r#s'uti#n nvr m#vd t# amnd t!
in&#rmati#n,
$ 1n >a* 21, 1290 -!n t! "r#s'uti#n -as
s'!du(d t# "rsnt its vidn', it vr)a((* m#vd
t!at it ) a((#-d t# amnd t! in&#rmati#n s# as t#
'!ang t! dat #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns
&r#m RAugust 1262R t# RAugust 1264,R Privat
rs"#ndnt Fran'is'# 7str((a, !aving '#m t# t!
tria( '#urt rad* t# d&nd !ims(& &r#m an #&&ns
a((gd(* '#mmittd in RAugust 1262R, vig#r#us(*
#)/'td t# t! vr)a( m#ti#n,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg -it!!(d !is ru(ing #n t!
"r#s'uti#nQs m#ti#n t# amnd, and instad,
r3uird t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its &irst -itnss,
t# dtrmin -!t!r t! s#ug!t amndmnt in t!
in&#rmati#n -#u(d '#nstitut a '!ang #& su)stan'
a&&'ting t! rig!ts #& t! a''usd #r mr(* #& &#rm,
$ F(#rntin# A('antara, #rigina((* a '#$a''usd )ut
dis'!argd as a "r#s'uti#n -itnss, tsti&id t!at
t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd in 1264, %! d&ns
r&usd t# 'r#ss$:amin -itnss A('antara, as.d
rs"#ndnt C#urt t# stri. #&& t! tstim#n* #&
A('antara )'aus it r&rrd t# an #&&ns n#t
mnti#nd in t! in&#rmati#n, and as.d &#r a ru(ing
)* rs"#ndnt C#urt #n t! "r#s'uti#nQs vr)a(
m#ti#n t# amnd t! in&#rmati#n,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg r3uird t! "r#s'uti#n and t!
d&ns t# su)mit mm#randa, %! '#ntstd #rdr
#& +u(* 22, 1290, dn*ing t! "r#s'uti#nQs vr)a(
m#ti#n t# amnd in&#rmati#n #n t! gr#und t!at said
amndmnt -#u(d "r/udi' t! su)stantia( rig!ts #&
t! a''usd -as issud,
I''%!
51N t! rs"#ndnt C#urt a)usd its dis'rti#n
-!n it r&usd an amndmnt t# t! in&#rmati#n t#
'!ang t! dat #& t! a((gd '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns &r#m RAugust 1262R t# RAugust 1264R, #n t!
gr#und it -#u(d '#nstitut an im"airmnt #& t!
su)stantia( rig!ts #& t! a''usd as guarantd )*
t! C#nstituti#n,
(!"D
N1
Ratio 5!i( it !as )n !(d t!at :'"t -!n tim
is a matria( ingrdint #& an #&&ns, t! "r'is
tim #& '#mmissi#n nd n#t ) statd in t!
in&#rmati#n, t!is C#urt statd t!at t!is d#s n#t
man t!at t! "r#s'uting #&&i'r ma* ) 'ar(ss
a)#ut &i:ing t! dat #& t! a((gd 'rim, #r t!at !
ma* #mit t! dat a(t#gt!r, #r t!at ! ma* ma.
t! a((gati#n s# ind&init as t# am#unt t# t! sam
t!ing, %! "r#s'uti#n is givn t! '!an' t# a((g
an a""r#:imati#n #& tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns and t! "r'is dat nd n#t ) statd )ut
it d#s n#t man t!at it 'an "r#v an* dat rm#t
#r &ar rm#vd &r#m t! givn a""r#:imat dat s#
as t# sur"ris and "r/udi' t! a''usd,
Reasoning
% %! "ri#d #& a(m#st &iv *ars )t-n 1249 and
1252 '#vrs su'! a (#ng strt'! #& tim t!at #n
'ann#t !(" )ut ) (d t# )(iv t!at an#t!r t!&t
di&&rnt &r#m t!at '#mmittd )* t! '#$d&ndants
in 1252 -as a(s# "r"tratd )* t!m in 1249, Kndr
t!is im"rssi#n t! a''usd, -!# 'am t# C#urt
"r"ard t# &a' a '!arg #& t!&t #& (arg 'att(
a((gd(* '#mmittd )* t!m in 1252, -r 'rtain(*
'aug!t )* suddn sur"ris u"#n )ing '#n&r#ntd )*
vidn' tnding t# "r#v a simi(ar #&&ns
'#mmittd in 1249, %! varian' is 'rtain(* un&air t#
t!m, &#r it vi#(ats t!ir '#nstituti#na( rig!ts t# )
in&#rmd )&#r t! tria( #& t! s"'i&i' '!arg
against t!m and d"rivs t!m #& t! #""#rtunit*
t# d&nd t!ms(vs, >#r#vr, t!* 'ann#t )
'#nvi'td #& an #&&ns #& -!i'! t!* -r n#t
'!argd, <P#"( v 1"mia=
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! 3usti#nd #rdrs
datd +u(* 10, 1290 and S"tm)r 14, 1290, )*
rs"#ndnt +udg ar !r)* AFFIR>7;, t!
"r(iminar* in/un'ti#n issud #n S"tm)r 24, 1290
diss#(vd, and t!is "titi#n ;IS>ISS7; &#r (a'. #&
mrit, 5it!#ut '#sts,
:oting Frnand8,E A)ad Sant#s and ; Castr#, ++,,
'#n'ur,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
BARR!DO FconcurG
I '#n'ur, )ut I )(iv t!is d'isi#n 'ann#t )ar
an#t!r "r#s'uti#n #& "rivat rs"#ndnt undr
an#t!r in&#rmati#n '!arging t!&t '#mmittd in
1264,
DIO$A"DO DAC%)C%)
108 SCRA 936
ABA; SAN%1S; 1't#)r 30, 1281
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# nu((i&* #rdrs #& rs"#ndnt /udg
&AC#'
$Ptiti#nr R#(and# ;i#na(d# stands '!argd -it! t!
'rim #& !#mi'id, A&tr ! ntrd a "(a #& n#t
gui(t*, t! "r#s'uti#n &i(d a m#ti#n &#r (av t#
amnd t! in&#rmati#n, atta'!ing t!rt# an
amndd in&#rmati#n '!arging t! a''usd -it!
murdr 3ua(i&id )* tra'!r* and vidnt
"rmditati#n$a m#r sri#us #&&ns,
$N# :"(anati#n -as givn in t! m#ti#n &#r a((ging
vidnt "rmditati#n )ut as t# t! a((gati#n #&
tra'!r* it -as :"(aind t!at, Rt! a&&idavit #& t!
'#m"(aining -itnss indi'ats t!at t! atta'. -as
suddn and it -as #n(* a&tr t!* sustaind t!
-#unds '#ns3unt t# t! tra'!r#us atta'. t!at
t!* -r &#r'd t# &ig!t )a'. t# r"( &urt!r
aggrssi#n,R It 'an t!us ) sn t!at a(( a(#ng t!is
'(aimd 'ir'umstan' -as .n#-n t# t! "r#s'uti#n
)ut it -as n#t a((gd,
$C#uns( &#r t! a''usd #""#sd t! m#ti#n t#
amnd t! in&#rmati#n )ut t! rs"#ndnt /udg
grantd t! m#ti#n
I''%!
51N an in&#rmati#n &#r t! 'rim #& !#mi'id 'an )
amndd s# as t# '!arg t! 'rim #& murdr a&tr
t! a''usd !ad ntrd a "(a #& n#t gui(t*
(!"D
N1,
$ %! "r#visi#n -!i'! is r(vant t# t! "r#)(m is
Ru( 110, S', 13 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt
$ %! "titi#nr inv#.s t! &irst "aragra"!, -!ras
t! rs"#ndnt r(is #n t! s'#nd,
$ %# amnd t! in&#rmati#n s# as t# '!ang t!
'rim '!argd &r#m !#mi'id t# t! m#r sri#us
#&&ns #& murdr a&tr t! "titi#nr !ad "(add
n#t gui(t* t# t! &#rmr is indu)ita)(* "r#s'ri)d )*
t! &irst "aragra"! #& t! a)#v$3u#td "r#visi#n,
F#r 'rtain(* a '!ang &r#m !#mi'id t# murdr is
n#t a mattr #& &#rm; it is #n #& su)stan' -it! vr*
sri#us '#ns3un's,
$ Can t! amndmnt ) /usti&id undr t! s'#nd
"aragra"!H %! ans-r is, N#, F#r t! "r#visi#n
s"a.s n#t #& amndmnt )ut #& dismissa( #& t!
in&#rmati#n, in #t!r -#rds t! "r#visi#n
'#ntm"(ats t! &i(ing #& a su)stitut, n#t an
amndd in&#rmati#n
$ Can n#t t! in&#rmati#n &#r !#mi'id against t!
"titi#nr ) dismissd sin' n# /udgmnt !as *t
)n rndrd and an#t!r in&#rmati#n &#r murdr
) &i(dH %! ans-r, again, is, N#, F#r t! "titi#nr
!aving "(add n#t gui(t* t# !#mi'id, t# dismiss t!
'!arg against !im s# as t# &i( an#t!r '!arg &#r
murdr -i(( "(a' !im t!r)* in d#u)( /#"ard*,
A3uin# '#n'urC
$ rs"#ndnt +udg r(id #n ;ima(i)#t vs, Sa('d#
$ %! ;ima(i)#t 'as is di&&rnt &r#m t! instant
'as, %! "(a in t! ;ima(i)#t 'as -as mad
during t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n t# a '#m"(aint
&#r !#mi'id &i(d in t! /usti' #& t! "a' '#urt,
%!at is n#t t! "(a '#ntm"(atd in S'ti#n 2, Ru(
119 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, %! "(a in t! instant
'as -as mad t# an in&#rmati#n &i(d in t! C#urt #&
First Instan',
P!OP"! CA <R%I/>
121 SCRA 933
R7?1@AC A"ri( 28, 1283
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari -it! "r(iminar* in/un'ti#n t#
rvi- t! d'isi#n and rs#(uti#n #& t! CA
&AC#'
$ As a rsu(t #& a s!##ting in'idnt, t-#
in&#rmati#ns &#r &rustratd !#mi'id -r
&i(d against Si:t# Rui8 in t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Ri8a(,
$ In Crimina( Cas N#, 4949, 7rnst# B((#
-as namd as t! vi'tim, -!i( in Crimina(
Cas N# 4948, R#g(i# B((# -as t!
'#m"(ainant,
$ K"#n arraignmnt, Si:t# Rui8 "(add n#t
gui(t* t# t! t-# in&#rmati#ns,
$ A rinvstigati#n #& t!s t-# 'ass -as
mad in t! ;"t, #& +usti', &#((#-ing -!i'!
Stat Pr#s'ut#r &i(d a m#ti#n &#r (av #&
'#urt t# amnd t! in&#rmati#ns #n t!
gr#und t!at t! vidn' dis'(#sd a "rima
&a'i 'as against ?uis Padi((a and >agsi.a"
1ng'!n'# -!# a'td in '#ns"ira'* -it!
Rui8,
$ Rui8 &i(d !is #""#siti#n t# t! m#ti#n,
$ %! tria( +udg dnid t! m#ti#n t# amnd
t! in&#rmati#n sa*ing t!at a((#-an' #& t!
amndmnt a((ging '#ns"ira'* -#u(d )
amnding t! mannr #& '#mmitting t!
'rim and t!r)* -#u(d '#nstitut
su)stantia( amndmnt,
$ As a '#ns3un', Stat Pr#s'ut#r &i(d
t-# n- in&#rmati#ns &#r &rustratd
!#mi'id against ?uis Padi((a and >agsi.a"
1ng'!n'# <Crimina( Cass N#s, 2693 and
2694= a((ging t!at t! t-# '#ns"ird -it!
Rui8 -!# -as r&rrd t# as a''usd in
Crimina( Cass N#s, 4949 and 4948,
$ Padi((a and 1ng'!n'# m#vd t# 3uas! t!
t-# n- in&#rmati#ns, %! m#ti#n -as
dnid )* t! (#-r '#urt,
$ Rui8 a(s# &i(d in Crimina( Cass N#s, 2693
and 2694 a m#ti#n t# "rmit t# 3uas!
andM#r stri. #ut t! a((gati#n #&
'#ns"ira'* in t! t-# in&#rmati#ns, %!
tria( +udg #rdrd t! stri.ing #ut &r#m t!
r'#rds t! a&#rsaid m#ti#n and '(ari&id
t!at At! a((gati#n #& '#ns"ira'* d#s n#t
a(tr t! t!#r* #& t! 'as, n#r d#s it
intr#du' inn#vati#n n#r d#s it "rsnt
a(trnativ im"utati#n n#r is it in'#nsistnt
-it! t! -it! t! #rigina( a((gati#ns,B
$ Fr#m t!s #rdrs #& t! (#-r '#urt, Rui8,
Padi((a, and 1ng'!n'# -nt t# t! CA #n a
"titi#n &#r 'rti#rari -it! "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n a((ging t!at t! tria( +udg
:'dd !is /urisdi'ti#n #r a)usd !is
/udi'ia( dis'rti#n in issuing t! #rdrs in
Crimina( Cass N#s, 2693 and 2694,
$ CA grantd "titi#n, %! m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n )* !rin "titi#nrs t# t!
&#rg#ing d'isi#n #& t! CA -as dnid &#r
(a'. #& mrit,
I''%!
51N t! CA rrd in granting t! "titi#n #& <Rui8,
Padi((a, and 1ng'!n'#=
(!"D
67S
$ First and &#rm#st, t! tria( +udg s!#u(d
!av a((#-d t! amndmnt in Crimina(
Cass N#s, 4949 and 4948 '#nsidring t!at
t! amndmnts s#ug!t -r #n(* &#rma(,
$ %! amndmnts #& Crimina( Cass N#s,
4949 and 4948 -#u(d n#t !av "r/udi'd
Rui8 -!#s "arti'i"ati#n as "rin'i"a( in t!
'rims '!argd did n#t '!ang,
$ But t! &a't t!at t! tria( '#urt rrd in
dn*ing t! m#ti#n #& t! "r#s'uti#n t#
amnd t! in&#rmati#ns in Crimina( Cass
N#s, 4949 and 4948 -as n# )ar t# t! &i(ing
#& t! n- in&#rmati#ns, %! a((gati#n in
Crimina( Cass N#s, 2693 and 2694 &i(d
against Padi((a and 1ng'!n'# t!at t! t-#
'#ns"ird and '#n&dratd -it! Rui8
mr(* ds'ri) t! &a't t!at t! (attr -as
a(rad* '!argd -it! t! sam #&&ns, It is
in'#rr't t# sa* t!at t! a((gati#ns #&
'#ns"ira'* in'(ud Rui8 as a d&ndant in
t! said 'as, %!us, ! 'ann#t &i( a m#ti#n
t# 3uas! t! sam,
Dispositive ;'isi#n and rs#(uti#n #& t! CA ar
S7% ASI;7, ;'isi#ns #& (#-r '#urt a((#-ing
rtnti#n #& t! a((gati#n #& '#ns"ira'* and t!
r&rn' t# Crimina( Cass N#s, 4949 and 4948 in
t! in&#rmati#ns &i(d in Crimina( Cass N#s, 2693
and 2694 ar SKS%AIN7;,
P!OP"! MO$#!$!+RO
152 SCRA 236
PA;I??A; >ar'! 25, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari -it! "r(iminar* in/un'ti#n
andM#r rstraining #rdr
&AC#'
$ %! Cit* Fis'a( #& Ou8#n Cit*, t!ru Assistant Fis'a(
@irginia G, @a(d8, &i(d an In&#rmati#n &#r RR#))r*R
)&#r t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Ri8a( against
Ant#ni# Cimarra, K("ian# @i((ar, Ba*ani Catindig and
Av(in# d ?#n, Said a''usd <n#- "rivat
rs"#ndnts= -r a(( mm)rs #& t! "#(i' &#r' #&
Ou8#n Cit* and -r '!argd as a''ss#ris$a&tr$
t!$&a't in t! r#))r* '#mmittd )* t! min#r
Ri'ard# Ca)a(#8a, -!# !ad a(rad* "(add gui(t*
and !ad )n '#nvi'td in a 'rimia( 'as )&#r t!
+uvni( and ;#msti' R(ati#ns C#urt #& Ou8#n
Cit*, Ri'ard# Ca)a(#8a -as '#nvi'td &#r t! r#))r*
#& t! sam itms, arti'(s and "i's #& /-(r*
)(#nging t# ;ing @(a*#, In', va(ud at P95,521,40,
$ K"#n arraignmnt, a(( #& t! a''usd <n#- "rivat
rs"#ndnts= ntrd a "(a #& Rn#t gui(t*R t# t!
'!arg &i(d against t!m,
$ 4#-vr, )&#r t! tria( '#u(d "r#'d, t!
"r#s'uting &is'a( &i(d a >#ti#n t# Admit Amndd
In&#rmati#n s.ing t# amnd t! #rigina(
in&#rmati#n )*C <1= '!anging t! #&&ns '!argd
&r#m RR#))r*R t# RR#))r* in an Knin!a)itd
P(a',R <2= a((ging '#ns"ira'* am#ng a(( t!
a''usd, and <3= d(ting a(( itms, arti'(s and
"i's #& /-(r* a((gd t# !av )n st#(n in t!
#rigina( In&#rmati#n and su)stituting t!m -it! a
di&&rnt st #& itms va(ud at P91,336,80,
$ Privat rs"#ndnts #""#sd t! admissi#n #& t!
Amndd In&#rmati#n, %! rs"#ndnt '#urt rs#(vd
t# dn* t! "r#"#sd amndmnts '#ntaind in t!
Amndd In&#rmati#n, Ptiti#nr m#vd &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! a&#rsaid #rdr )ut t!
rs"#ndnt '#urt dnid said m#ti#n; !n', t!is
"titi#n,
I''%!
51N t! amndd in&#rmati#n s!#u(d ) admittd
(!"D
$ Amndmnt #& an in&#rmati#n undr S', 14, Ru(
110 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur
<&#rmr(*, S'ti#n 13, Ru( 110 #& t! #(d Ru(s #n
Crimina( Pr#'dur= ma* ) mad at an* tim )&#r
t! a''usd ntrs a "(a t# t! '!arg, %!ra&tr
and during t! tria(, amndmnts t# t! in&#rmati#n
ma* a(s# ) a((#-d, as t# mattrs #& &#rm, "r#vidd
t!at n# "r/udi' is 'ausd t# t! rig!ts #& t!
a''usd,
$ %! tst as t# -!n t! rig!ts #& an a''usd ar
"r/udi'd )* t! amndmnt #& a '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n is -!n a d&ns undr t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n, as it #rigina((* st##d, -#u(d n# (#ngr )
avai(a)( a&tr t! amndmnt is mad, and -!n
an* vidn' t! a''usd mig!t !av, -#u(d )
ina""(i'a)( t# t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n as
amndd, 1n t! #t!r !and, an amndmnt -!i'!
mr(* stats -it! additi#na( "r'isi#n s#mt!ing
-!i'! is a(rad* '#ntaind in t! #rigina(
in&#rmati#n, and -!i'!, t!r&#r, adds n#t!ing
ssntia( &#r '#nvi'ti#n &#r t! 'rim '!argd is an
amndmnt t# &#rm t!at 'an ) mad at an*tim,
$ %! "r#"#sd amndmnts in t! amndd
in&#rmati#n, in t! instant 'as, ar '(ar(*
su)stantia( and !av t! &&'t #& '!anging t! 'rim
'!argd &r#m RR#))r*R "unis!a)( undr Arti'( 202
t# RR#))r* in an Knin!a)itd P(a'R "unis!a)(
undr Art, 302 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d, t!r)*
:"#sing t! "rivat rs"#ndnts$a''usd t# a
!ig!r "na(t* as '#m"ard t# t! "na(t* im"#sa)(
&#r t! #&&ns '!argd in t! #rigina( in&#rmati#n t#
-!i'! t! a''usd !ad a(rad* ntrd a "(a #& Rn#t
gui(t*R during t!ir arraignmnt,
$ >#r#vr, t! '!ang in t! itms, arti'(s and
"i's #& /-(r* a((gd(* st#(n int# ntir(*
di&&rnt arti'(s &r#m t!#s #rigina((* '#m"(aind #&,
a&&'ts t! ssn' #& t! im"utd 'rim, and -#u(d
d"riv t! a''usd #& t! #""#rtunit* t# mt a((
t! a((gati#ns in t! amndd in&#rmati#n, in t!
"r"arati#n #& t!ir d&nss t# t! '!arg &i(d
against t!m, It -i(( ) #)srvd t!at "rivat
rs"#ndnts -r a''usd as a''ss#ris$a&tr$t!$
&a't #& t! min#r Ri'ard# Ca)a(#8a -!# !ad a(rad*
)n '#nvi'td #& r#))r* #& t! itms (istd in t!
#rigina( in&#rmati#n, %# '!arg t!m n#- as
a''ss#ris$a&tr$t!$&a't &#r a 'rim di&&rnt &r#m
t!at '#mmittd )* t! "rin'i"a(, -#u(d ) mani&st(*
in'#ngru#us as t# ) a((#-d )* t! C#urt,
$ %! a((gati#n #& '#ns"ira'* am#ng a(( t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts$a''usd, -!i'! -as n#t "rvi#us(*
in'(udd in t! #rigina( in&#rmati#n, is (i.-is a
su)stantia( amndmnt sadd(ing t! rs"#ndnts
-it! t! nd #& a n- d&ns in #rdr t# mt a
di&&rnt situati#n in t! tria( '#urt, %# a((#- at t!is
stag t! "r#"#sd amndmnt a((ging '#ns"ira'*
am#ng a(( t! a''usd, -i(( ma. a(( #& t! (attr
(ia)( n#t #n(* &#r t!ir #-n individua( transgrssi#ns
#r a'ts )ut a(s# &#r t! a'ts #& t!ir '#$'#ns"irat#rs,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is ;IS>ISS7;, 1rdrs #& t!
rs"#ndnt '#urt AFFIR>7;, %R1 (i&td,
+ARCIA &"ORIDO
52 SCRA 420
AN%1NI1; August 31, 1293
$A#%R!
A""a( )* 'rti#rari &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& >isamis 1''idnta(, dismissing
"titi#nrsQ a'ti#n &#r damags against rs"#ndnts,
>a'tan %ransit C#,, In', and Pdr# %uma(a, R-it!#ut
"r/udi' t# r&i(ing t! said 'ivi( a'ti#n a&tr
'#nvi'ti#n #& t! d&ndants in t! 'rimina( 'as &i(d
)* t! C!i& #& P#(i' #& Sindangan, Lam)#anga d(
N#rtR, and &r#m t! #rdr #& said C#urt datd
+anuar* 21, 1292, dn*ing "titi#nrsQ m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n,
&AC#'
$ 1n August 4, 1291, "titi#nrs, Grman C, Gar'ia,
C!i& #& t! >isamis 1''idnta( 4#s"ita(, t#gt!r
-it! !is -i&, ?umin#sa ?, Gar'ia, and 7str
Fran'is'#, )##.."r #& said !#s"ita(, !ird and
)#ardd a PK 'ar -it! "(at N#, 241$8 G 18amis 91
#-nd and #"ratd )* rs"#ndnt, >ar'(in#
Insin, and drivn )* rs"#ndnt, Ri'ard# @a*s#n, &#r
a r#undtri" &r#m 1r#3uita Cit* t# Lam)#anga Cit*,
&#r t! "ur"#s #& attnding a '#n&rn' #& '!i&s #&
g#vrnmnt !#s"ita(s, !#s"ita( administrativ
#&&i'rs, and )##.."rs #& Rgi#na( 4a(t! 1&&i'
N#, 9 at Lam)#anga Cit*,
$ At a)#ut 2C30 a,m,, -!i( t! PK 'ar -as
ng#tiating a s(ig!t 'urv #n t! nati#na( !ig!-a* at
.i(#mtr 21 in Barri# Guisu.an, Sindangan,
Lam)#anga d( N#rt, said 'ar '#((idd -it! an
#n'#ming "assngr )us <N#, 25= -it! "(at N#, 99$4
5 L,N, 91 #-nd and #"ratd )* t! >a'tan %ransit
C#,, In', and drivn )* d&ndant, Pdr# %uma(a, As
a rsu(t #& t! a&#rsaid '#((isi#n, "titi#nrs
sustaind vari#us "!*si'a( in/uris -!i'!
n'ssitatd t!ir mdi'a( tratmnt and
!#s"ita(i8ati#n,
$ A((ging t!at )#t! drivrs #& t! PK 'ar and t!
"assngr )us -r at t! tim #& t! a''idnt
driving t!ir rs"'tiv v!i'(s at a &ast '(i", in a
r'.(ss, gr#ss(* ng(ignt and im"rudnt mannr in
gr#ss vi#(ati#n #& tra&&i' ru(s and -it!#ut du rgard
t# t! sa&t* #& t! "assngrs a)#ard t! PK 'ar,
"titi#nrs, Grman C, Gar'ia, ?umin#sa ?, Gar'ia,
and 7str Fran'is'#, &i(d #n S"tm)r 1, 1291 -it!
rs"#ndnt C#urt #& First Instan' #& >isamis
1''idnta( an a'ti#n &#r damags <Civi( Cas N#,
2850= against t! "rivat rs"#ndnts, #-nrs and
drivrs, rs"'tiv(*, #& t! PK 'ar and t! "assngr
)us t!at &igurd in t! '#((isi#n, -it! "ra*r &#r
"r(iminar* atta'!mnt,
$ %! "rin'i"a( argumnt advan'd )* >a'tan In', t,
a( t# in a m#ti#n t# dismiss -as t!at t! "titi#nrs
!ad n# 'aus #& a'ti#n &#r #n August 11, 1291, #r 20
da*s )&#r t! &i(ing #& t! "rsnt a'ti#n &#r
damags, rs"#ndnt Pdr# %uma(a -as '!argd in
Crimina( Cas N#, 4260 #& t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #&
Sindangan, Lam)#anga d( N#rt, in a '#m"(aint
&i(d )* t! C!i& #& P#(i' and t!at, -it! t! &i(ing #&
t! a&#rsaid 'rimina( 'as, n# 'ivi( a'ti#n '#u(d )
&i(d su)s3unt t!rt# un(ss t! 'rimina( 'as !as
)n &ina((* ad/udi'atd, "ursuant t# S', 3 #& Ru(
111 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, and, t!r&#r, t! &i(ing #&
t! instant 'ivi( a'ti#n is "rmatur, )'aus t!
(ia)i(it* #& t! m"(#*r is mr(* su)sidiar* and
d#s n#t aris unti( a&tr &ina( /udgmnt !as )n
rndrd &inding t! drivr, Pdr# %uma(a, gui(t* #&
ng(ign'; t!at Art, 33 #& t! N- Civi( C#d, is n#t
a""(i'a)( )'aus Art 33 a""(id #n(* t# t! 'rims
#& "!*si'a( in/uris #r !#mi'id, n#t t# t! ng(ignt
a't #r im"rudn' #& t! drivr,
$ %! (#-r '#urt sustaind >a'tan In', t, A(, and
dismissd t! '#m"(aint
I''%!'
1. 51N t! (#-r '#urt rrd in dismissing t!
'#m"(aint &#r damags #n t! gr#und t!at
sin' n# :"rss rsrvati#n -as mad )*
t! '#m"(ainants, t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t!
'rimina( 'as -#u(d !av t# ) dtrmind
#n(* a&tr t! trminati#n #& t! 'rimina(
'as
2. 51N t! (#-r '#urt rrd in sa*ing t!at
t! a'ti#n is n#t )asd #n 3uasi$d(i't sin'
t! a((gati#ns #& t! '#m"(aint in 'u("a
a3ui(iana must n#t ) taintd )* an*
assrti#n #& vi#(ati#n #& (a- #r tra&&i' ru(s
#r rgu(ati#ns and )'aus #& t! "ra*r in
t! '#m"(aint as.ing t! C#urt t# d'(ar
t! d&ndants /#int(* and svra((* (ia)(
&#r m#ra(, '#m"nsat#r* and :m"(ar*
damags
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio An a'ti#n )asd #n 3uasi$d(i't ma* )
maintaind ind"ndnt(* &r#m a 'rimina( a'ti#n, B'
instituting a civil action based on a $uasi)delict& a
complainant ma' be deemed to abandon his;her
right to press recover' for damages in the criminal
case,
Reasoning
% In t! 'as at )ar, t!r is n# 3usti#n t!at
"titi#nrs nvr intrvnd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n
institutd )* t! C!i& #& P#(i' against rs"#ndnt
Pdr# %uma(a, mu'! (ss !as t! said 'rimina( a'ti#n
)n trminatd it!r )* '#nvi'ti#n #r a'3uitta( #&
said a''usd,
$ It is, t!r&#r, vidnt t!at )* t! instituti#n #& t!
"rsnt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags, "titi#nrs !av in
&&'t a)and#nd t!ir rig!t t# "rss r'#vr* &#r
damags in t! 'rimina( 'as, and !av #"td
instad t# r'#vr t!m in t! "rsnt 'ivi( 'as,
$ As a rsu(t #& t!is a'ti#n #& "titi#nrs t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* #& "rivat rs"#ndnts t# t! &#rmr !as
'asd t# ) inv#(vd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
Knd#u)td(* an #&&ndd "art* (#ss !is rig!t t#
intrvn in t! "r#s'uti#n #& a 'rimina( 'as, n#t
#n(* -!n ! !as -aivd t! 'ivi( a'ti#n #r :"rss(*
rsrvd !is rig!t t# institut, )ut a(s# -!n ! !as
a'tua((* institutd t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, F#r )* it!r #&
su'! a'ti#ns !is intrst in t! 'rimina( 'as !as
disa""ard,
$ As - !av statd at t! #utst, t! sam
ng(ignt a't 'ausing damags ma* "r#du' a 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* arising &r#m 'rim #r 'rat an a'ti#n &#r
3uasi$d(i't #r 'u("a :tra'#ntra'tua(, %! &#rmr is
a vi#(ati#n #& t! 'rimina( (a-, -!i( t! (attr is a
distin't and ind"ndnt ng(ign', !aving a(-a*s
!ad its #-n &#undati#n and individua(it*, S#m (ga(
-ritrs ar #& t! vi- t!at in a''#rdan' -it! Arti'(
31, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n )asd u"#n 3uasi$d(i't ma*
"r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina( "r#'ding &#r
'rimina( ng(ign' and rgard(ss #& t! rsu(t #&
t! (attr, 4n', Rt! "r#vis# in S'ti#n 2 #& Ru(
111 -it! r&rn' t# , , , Arti'(s 32, 33 and 34 #&
t! Civi( C#d is '#ntrar* t# t! (ttr and s"irit #&
t! said arti'(s, &#r t!s arti'(s -r dra&td , , ,
and ar intndd t# '#nstitut as :'"ti#ns t# t!
gnra( ru( statd in -!at is n#- S'ti#n 1 #& Ru(
111, %! "r#vis#, -!i'! is "r#'dura(, ma* a(s# )
rgardd as an unaut!#ri8d amndmnt #&
su)stantiv (a-, Arti'(s 32, 33 and 34 #& t! Civi(
C#d, -!i'! d# n#t "r#vid &#r t! rsrvati#n
r3uird in t! "r#vis#,R
% But in -!atvr -a* 5 vi- t! instituti#n #& t!
'ivi( a'ti#n &#r r'#vr* #& damags undr 3uasi$
d(i't )* "titi#nrs, -!t!r as #n t!at s!#u(d )
g#vrnd )* t! "r#visi#ns #& S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 111
#& t! Ru(s -!i'! r3uir rsrvati#n )* t! in/urd
"art* '#nsidring t!at )* t! instituti#n #& t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n vn )&#r t! '#mmn'mnt #& t! tria( #&
t! 'rimina( 'as, "titi#nrs !av t!r)*
&#r'(#sd t!ir rig!t t# intrvn t!rin, #r #n
-!r rsrvati#n t# &i( t! 'ivi( a'ti#n nd n#t )
mad, &#r t! ras#n t!at t! (a- its(& <Arti'( 33 #&
t! Civi( C#d= a(rad* ma.s t! rsrvati#n and
t! &ai(ur #& t! #&&ndd "art* t# d# s# d#s n#t
)ar !im &r#m )ringing t! a'ti#n, undr t! "'u(iar
'ir'umstan's #& t! 'as, 5 &ind n# (ga(
/usti&i'ati#n &#r rs"#ndnt '#urtQs #rdr #& dismissa(,
2, 67S5 )'aus t! a'ti#n in &a't satis&is t!
(mnts #& 3uasi$d(i't,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page -0 Prof.
Ratio An a'ti#n s!a(( ) dmd t# ) )asd #n a
3uasi$d(i't -!n a(( t! ssntia( avrmnts undr
Arti'(s 2196$2124 #& t! N- Civi( C#d ar "rsnt,
nam(*C <a= a't #r #missi#n #& t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts; <)= "rsn' #& &au(t #r ng(ign' #r
t! (a'. #& du 'ar in t! #"rati#n #& t!
"assngr )us N#, 25 )* rs"#ndnt Pdr# %uma(a
rsu(ting in t! '#((isi#n #& t! )us -it! t!
"assngr 'ar; <'= "!*si'a( in/uris and #t!r
damags sustaind )* "titi#nrs as a rsu(t #& t!
'#((isi#n; <d= :istn' #& dir't 'ausa( '#nn'ti#n
)t-n t! damag #r "r/udi' and t! &au(t #r
ng(ign' #& "rivat rs"#ndnts; and <= t!
a)sn' #& "r$:isting '#ntra'tua( r(ati#ns
)t-n t! "artis,
Reasoning
% %! 'ir'umstan' t!at t! '#m"(aint a((gd t!at
rs"#ndnts vi#(atd tra&&i' ru(s in t!at t! drivr
dr#v t! v!i'( Rat a &ast '(i" in a r'.(ss, gr#ss(*
ng(ignt and im"rudnt mannr in vi#(ati#n #&
tra&&i' ru(s and -it!#ut du rgard t# t! sa&t* #&
t! "assngrs a)#ard t! PK 'arR d#s n#t dtra't
&r#m t! natur and '!ara'tr #& t! a'ti#n, as #n
)asd #n 'u("a a3ui(iana, %! vi#(ati#n #& tra&&i' ru(s
is mr(* ds'ri"tiv #& t! &ai(ur #& said drivr t#
#)srv &#r t! "r#t'ti#n #& t! intrsts #& #t!rs,
t!at dgr #& 'ar, "r'auti#n and vigi(an' -!i'!
t! 'ir'umstan's /ust(* dmand, -!i'! &ai(ur
rsu(td in t! in/ur* #n "titi#nrs, Crtain(*
:'ssiv s"d in vi#(ati#n #& tra&&i' ru(s is a '(ar
indi'ati#n #& ng(ign', Sin' t! sam ng(ignt
a't rsu(td in t! &i(ing #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n )* t!
C!i& #& P#(i' -it! t! >uni'i"a( C#urt <Crimina(
Cas N#, 4260= and t! 'ivi( a'ti#n )* "titi#nrs, it
is invita)( t!at t! avrmnts #n t! drivrsQ
ng(ign' in )#t! '#m"(aints -#u(d su)stantia((* )
t! sam, It s!#u(d ) m"!asi8d t!at t! sam
ng(ignt a't 'ausing damags ma* "r#du' a 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* arising &r#m a 'rim undr Art, 100 #& t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d #r 'rat an a'ti#n &#r 3uasi$
d(i't #r 'u("a :tra$'#ntra'tua( undr Arts, 2196$
2124 #& t! N- Civi( C#d, %!is distin'ti#n !as )n
am"(* :"(aind in Barrd# vs, Gar'ia, t a(( <93 P!i(,
609, 620$621=,
$ It is tru t!at undr S', 2 in r(ati#n t# S', 1 #&
Ru( 111 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt -!i'! )'am
&&'tiv #n +anuar* 1, 1264, in t! 'ass "r#vidd
&#r )* Arti'(s 31, 33, 32 and 2199 #& t! Civi( C#d,
an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n ntir(* s"arat and
distin't &r#m t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, ma* ) institutd )* t!
in/urd "art* during t! "ndn'* #& t! 'rimina(
'as, "r#vidd said "art* !as rsrvd !is rig!t t#
institut it s"arat(*, )ut it s!#u(d ) n#td,
!#-vr, t!at nit!r S'ti#n 1 n#r S'ti#n 2 #& Ru(
111 &i:s a tim (imit -!n su'! rsrvati#n s!a(( )
mad,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
BARR!DO FconcurG
$ I -#u(d (i. t# (imit m* '#n'urrn',
$ Arti'( 2196 and 2199 d&init(* 'rat a 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* distin't and di&&rnt &r#m t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
arising &r#m t! #&&ns #& ng(ign' undr t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d, Sin' Civi( Cas N#, 2850 is
"rdi'atd #n t! a)#v 'ivi( '#d arti'(s and n#t #n
t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* im"#sd )* t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
I 'ann#t s -!* a rsrvati#n !ad t# ) mad in t!
'rimina( 'as, As t# t! s"'i&i' mnti#n #& Arti'(
2199 in S'ti#n 2 #& t! Ru( 111, it is m* '#nsidrd
vi- t!at t! (attr "r#visi#n is in#"rativ, it )ing
su)stantiv in '!ara'tr and is n#t -it!in t! "#-r
#& t! Su"rm C#urt t# "r#mu(gat, and vn i& it
-r n#t su)stantiv )ut ad/'tiv, it 'ann#t stand
)'aus #& its in'#nsistn'* -it! Arti'( 2199, an
na'tmnt #& t! (gis(atur su"rsding t! Ru(s #&
1240,
, Bsids, t! a'tua( &i(ing #& Civi( Cas N#, 2850
s!#u(d ) dmd as t! rsrvati#n r3uird, t!r
)ing n# s!#-ing t!at "r/udi' '#u(d ) 'ausd )*
d#ing s#,
$ A''#rding(*, I '#n'ur in t! /udgmnt rvrsing t!
#rdr #& dismissa( #& t! tria( '#urt in #rdr t!at Civi(
Cas N#, 2850 ma* "r#'d, su)/'t t# t! (imitati#n
mnti#nd in t! (ast sntn' #& Arti'( 2199 #& t!
Civi( C#d, -!i'! mans t!at #& t! t-# "#ssi)(
/udgmnts, t! in/urd "art* is ntit(d :'(usiv(* t#
t! )iggr #n,
RODRI+%!/ +ADIA$!
425 SCRA 368
%INGA; +u(* 19, 2006
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari
&AC#'
$ %!#masita R#drigu8 <"titi#nr= -as t! "rivat
'#m"(ainant in a 'rimina( 'as &i(d against R#(and#
Gadian and Ri'ard# Ra&#(s, +r, <rs"#ndnts=, &#r
vi#(ati#n #& B,P, 22, %! >%C !aring t! '#m"(aint
!ad sus"ndd t! 'rimina( "r#'ding #n t!
gr#und t!at a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n -as "#sd in a
s"arat 'ivi( 'as t!n "nding, 1n 28 F), 2001,
"titi#nr &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari undr Ru( 65
)&#r t! R%C, Bran'! 12, s.ing t# st asid t!
>%C #rdr #& sus"nsi#n, %! "titi#n -as d#'.td
as Civi( Cas N#, C7B$26125,
$ Rs"#ndnts &i(d a m#ti#n t# dismiss t! "titi#n
#n t! gr#und t!at t! "titi#n -as &i(d )* t!
"rivat '#m"(ainant, instad #& t! g#vrnmnt
"r#s'ut#r r"rsnting t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins
in 'rimina( 'ass, R%C dismissd t! "titi#n &#r (a'.
#& '#n&#rmit* #r signatur #& t! g#vrnmnt
"r#s'ut#r, Ptiti#nr m#vd >FR )ut -as dnid,
Fr#m t!s #rdrs, "titi#nr &i(d t! instant
"titi#n &#r rvi-,
Petitioners Claim %!at a "rs#n aggrivd ma*
&i( a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari and t!at
A"rs#nB in'(uds t! '#m"(ainant #r t! #&&ndd
"art*, A s"'ia( a'ti#n #n an #rdr issud )* a (#-r
'#urt in a 'rimina( 'as ma* ) &i(d )* t! "rivat
#&&ndd "art*,
Respondentss Comment In a(( 'rimina( 'ass, a((
initiat#r* "(adings, as -(( as su)s3unt
"r#'dings, must ) initiatd )* t! g#vrnmnt
'#uns( )'aus t! in/urd "art* is t! P#"( #&
t! P!i(i""ins and t! "rivat '#m"(ainant is a mr
-itnss t# t! #&&ns a((gd(* '#mmittd )* t!
a''usd, People v. Dacudao and (etropolitan Bank
and Trust Compan' v. <eridiano ** a""(*, su'! t!at a
"rivat "r#s'ut#r in a 'rimina( 'as !as n# aut!#rit*
t# a't &#r t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins, It is t!
g#vrnmnt0s '#uns(, t! S#($Gn, -!# a""ars in
'rimina( 'ass #r in'idnts )&#r SC,
I''%!
51N a "rivat #&&ndd "art* in a 'rimina(
"r#'ding ma* &i( a s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari
undr Ru( 65, assai(ing an intr(#'ut#r* #rdr,
-it!#ut t! '#n&#rmit* #& t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r
(!"D
67S
Ratio I& 'rimina( 'as is dismissd )* t! tria( '#urt
#r i& t!r is an a'3uitta(, t! a""a( #n t! 'rimina(
as"'t #& t! 'as must ) institutd )* t! S#(i'it#r
Gnra( in )!a(& #& t! Stat, %! 'a"a)i(it* #& t!
"rivat '#m"(ainant t# 3usti#n su'! dismissa( #r
a'3uitta( is (imitd #n(* t# t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t!
'as, <(etrobank v. <eridiano **=, But i& t! #rdr
-!i'! is assai(d is n#t #n dismissing t! 'as #r
a'3uitting rs"#ndnts M d&ndants, t!r is n#
(imitati#n t# t! 'a"a'it* #& t! "rivat '#m"(ainant
t# s. /udi'ia( rvi- #& t! assai(d #rdr,
Reasoning
$ D1E A s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r 'rti#rari ma* ) &i(d
)* an aggrivd "art* a((ging grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n am#unting t# :'ss #r (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n
#n t! "art #& t! tria( '#urt, In a (#ng (in #& 'ass,
t!is C#urt '#nstrud t! trm Aaggrivd "artisB t#
in'(ud t! Stat and t! "rivat #&&ndd "art* #r
'#m"(ainant, %! '#m"(ainant !as an intrst in t!
'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as s# ! ma* &i( su'! s"'ia(
'ivi( a'ti#n 3usti#ning t! d'isi#n #r a'ti#n #& t!
rs"#ndnt '#urt #n /urisdi'ti#na( gr#unds, In s#
d#ing, '#m"(ainant s!#u(d n#t )ring t! a'ti#n in t!
nam #& t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins, %! a'ti#n
ma* ) "r#s'utd in nam #& said '#m"(ainant,
$ D2E In t!is 'as, t!r is n# d#u)t t!at "titi#nr
maintains an intrst in t! (itigati#n #& t! 'ivi(
as"'t #& t! 'as against rs"#ndnts, S'ti#n 1<)=,
Ru( 111 #& 2000 Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur stats
t!at t! 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r vi#(ati#n #& B,P, 22 s!a((
) dmd t# in'(ud t! '#rrs"#nding 'ivi( a'ti#n,
4n', t! "#ssi)( '#nvi'ti#n #& rs"#ndnts -#u(d
'#n'urrnt(* "r#vid a /udgmnt &#r damags in
&av#r #& "titi#nr, %! sus"nsi#n #& t! 'rimina(
'as -!i'! "titi#nr d'ris -#u(d n'ssari(*
'aus d(a* in t! rs#(uti#n #& t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t!
said 'as -!i'! "r'is(* is t! intrst and '#n'rn
#& "titi#nr, Su'! intrst -arrants "r#t'ti#n &r#m
t! '#urts,
Dispositive? Ptiti#n is GRAN%7;, %! assai(d
#rdrs #& R%C ar S7% ASI;7, Civi( Cas N#, C7B$
26125 is R7INS%A%7;
$A+%IA# IAC <#IMO+ 'I"A$+A$
D!@!"OPM!$# CORP>
164 SCRA 505
PA;I??A; August 18, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- #n 'rti#rari t! d'isi#n #& t!
Intrmdiat A""((at C#urt
&AC#'
$%im#g Si(angan ;v(#"mnt C#r"#rati#n <%S;C, &#r
s!#rt= is a d#msti' '#r"#rati#n ngagd in t!
)usinss #& dv(#"ing and s((ing su)divisi#n (#ts in
R%im#g Par.,R (#'atd in Ang(s Cit*, -it! >anu( P,
?a8atin <?a8atin, &#r s!#rt= as its Prsidnt,
$ Ant#(in %, Naguiat "ur'!asd, #n insta((mnt )asis,
&#ur <4= (#ts &r#m %S;C, idnti&id as ?#ts N#s, 13,
14, 15 and 16, #& B(#'. 26 #& %im#g Par., 7a'! (#t
'#nsists #& 300 s3uar mtrs, %! &#ur <4= (#ts !av
a t#ta( ara #& 1,200 s3uar mtrs, -it! a "ri' #&
P60,00 "r s3uar mtr, 1n t! sam dat <9
F)ruar* 1283= "titi#nr mad a d#-n "a*mnt #&
P9,200,00, r"rsnting 10] #& t! a((gd t#ta(
"ri' #& P92,000,00 &#r t! &#ur <4= (#ts, A
'#rrs"#nding r'i"t &#r t! d#-n"a*mnt -as
issud )* %S;C t# t! "titi#nr, 5!i( t! C#ntra't
t# S(( )t-n %S;C and t! "titi#nr sti"u(atd a
t-#$*ar "ri#d -it!in -!i'! t# "a* t! t#ta(
'#ntra't "ri', t! (attr mad su)stantia( "a*mnts
in t! m#nt!s #& +un t# August 1283, 1n 10 August
1283, ! "aid t! sum #& P12,522,30 as !is a((gd
&u(( "a*mnt &#r ?#t, N#, 16, a&tr -!i'!, %S;C
'ausd t# ) issud in t! nam #& t! "titi#nr t!
tit( t# said (#t, 1n 9 N#vm)r 1283, "titi#nr "aid
%S;C t! am#unt #& P36,069,29, -!i'! -as a((gd(*
!is &u(( "a*mnt &#r t! rmaining t!r <3= ?#ts,
nam(*, ?#ts N#s, 13, 14 and 15, A '#rrs"#nding
r'i"t &#r said am#unt -as a(s# issud )* %S;C t#
t! "titi#nr,
$%!ra&tr, &r#m ;'m)r 1283 u" t# +un 1284,
"titi#nr dmandd &r#m %S;C t! issuan' in !is
&av#r #& t! 'rti&i'ats #& tit( &#r t! t!r <3= (#ts,
(ast "aid &#r, )ut t! "rivat rs"#ndnts <%S;C and
?a8atin= r&usd #n t! gr#und t!at t! "titi#nr
!ad n#t &u((* "aid &#r said t!r <3= (#ts,
$S#mtim in +anuar*, 1283, %S;CQs B#ard #&
;ir't#rs a""r#vd t! "titi#nrQs '#ntm"(atd
"ur'!as #& t! a&#rsaid (#ts, %# '#n&irm t!
agrmnt, rs"#ndnt ?a8atin -r#t "titi#nr a
(ttr ritrating standard '#nditi#ns #& t! sa(,
-!i'! t! "titi#nr a((gd(* a''"td )* a&&i:ing
!is '#n&#rmit* t# said (ttr, %! '#nditi#ns &#r t!
sa( #& t! (#ts -r am#ng #t!rs, R<i= 10] d#-n
"a*mnt -it! a '#mmitmnt t# '#mmn'
'#nstru'ti#n t!r&r#m <t!r#n= in #n m#nt!Qs
tim; <ii= said '#nstru'ti#n t# ) &inis!d -it!in a
"ri#d #& si: <6= m#nt!s; and, <iii= t! &&'tiv "ri'
-as P90 "r s3uar mtr -it! a r)at #& P10,00
"r s3uar mtr u"#n '#m"(ti#n #& t! !#us in si:
<6= m#nt!s,R But, as a((gd )* t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts, "titi#nr '#mmn'd t! '#nstru'ti#n
#& a !#us #n #n (#t )ut &ai(d t# &inis! it -it!in t!
sti"u(atd "ri#d #& si: <6= m#nt!s, And as t# t!
#t!r (#ts, "titi#nr a((gd(* &ai(d a(t#gt!r t#
'#nstru't !#uss #n t!m,
$Privat rs"#ndnts '#ntnd t!at sin' "titi#nr
did n#t '#m"(* -it! t! agrmnt, ! -as n#t
ntit(d t# t! 10] r)at in "ri', and as a
'#ns3un', t! "rvi#us "a*mnts mad )*
"titi#nr did n#t am#unt t# &u(( "a*mnt as r3uird
&#r a(( t! (#ts and -!i'! -#u(d !av ntit(d
"titi#nr t# t! issuan' and d(ivr* #& t!
'rti&i'ats #& tit( t# a(( t! (#ts,
$1n 26 +u(* 1284, "titi#nr, &i(d a '#m"(aint &#r
s"'i&i' "r&#rman' -it! damags, -it! t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Ang(s Cit*, Bran'! ?J,
d#'.td as Civi( Cas N#, 4224, In !is '#m"(aint,
"titi#nr "ra*d, am#ng #t!rs, t!at /udgmnt )
rndrd #rdring "rivat rs"#ndnts t# d(ivr t#
!im t! trans&r 'rti&i'ats #& tit( '#vring t!
t!r <3= (#ts -!i'! ! !ad a((gd(* &u((* "aid &#r,
and -!i'! "rivat rs"#ndnts !ad r&usd t# d# s#,
A(s#, it -as "ra*d t!at /udgmnt ) rndrd
#rdring t! "rivat rs"#ndnts t# /#int(* and
svra((* "a* t! "titi#nr, a'tua( damags 3ua( t#
P320,000,00, r"rsnting unra(i8d gr#ss "r#&its;
m#ra( damags at t! dis'rti#n #& t! '#urt; and,
att#rn*Qs &s 3ua( t# P15,000,00, "(us t! '#sts #&
t! a'ti#n,
$B&#r t! 'ivi( a'ti#n -as &i(d, "titi#nr a(s# &i(d
#n 5 +un 1284 -it! t! Cit* Fis'a( #& Ang(s Cit* a
'rimina( '#m"(aint against !rin rs"#ndnt >anu(
?a8atin, &#r vi#(ati#n #& Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 259,
s"'i&i'a((* S'ti#n 25 t!r#&, -!i'! "r#vidsC
RPR7SI;7N%IA? ;7CR77 N1, 259
R7GK?A%ING %47 SA?7 1F SKB;I@ISI1NS ?1%S
AN; C1N;1>INIK>S, PR1@I;ING P7NA?%I7S F1R
@I1?A%I1NS %47R71F,
S7C, 25, Issuan' #& %it(, %! #-nr #r
dv(#"r s!a(( d(ivr t! tit( #& t! (#t #r unit t#
t! )u*r u"#n &u(( "a*mnt #& t! (#t #r unit, N#
&, :'"t t!#s r3uird &#r t! rgistrati#n #&
t! dd #& sa( in t! Rgistr* #& ;ds s!a(( )
'#(('td &#r t! issuan' #& su'! tit(, In t! vnt
a m#rtgag #vr t! (#t #r unit is #utstanding at
t! tim #& t! issuan' #& t! tit( t# t! )u*r,
t! #-nr #r dv(#"r s!a(( rdm t! m#rtgag
#r t! '#rrs"#nding "#rti#n t!r#& -it!in si:
m#nt!s su'! issuan' in #rdr t!at t! tit( #vr
an* &u((* "aid (#t #r unit ma* ) s'urd and
d(ivrd t# t! )u*r in a''#rdan' !r-it!,
S7C, 32, Pna(tis, An* "rs#n -!# s!a(( vi#(at
an* #& t! "r#visi#ns #& t!is ;'r andM#r an* ru(
#r rgu(ati#n t!at ma* ) issud "ursuant t# t!is
;'r, s!a((, u"#n '#nvi'ti#n, ) "unis!d )* a
&in #& n#t m#r t!an t-nt* t!#usand
<P20,000,00= "s#s andM#r im"ris#nmnt #& n#t
m#r t!an tn *arsC Pr#vidd, t!at in t! 'as #&
'#r"#rati#ns, "artnrs!i", '##"rativs, #r
ass#'iati#ns, t! Prsidnt, >anagr #r
Administrat#r #r t! "rs#n -!# !as '!arg #& t!
administrati#n #& t! )usinss s!a(( ) 'rimina((*
rs"#nsi)( &#r an* vi#(ati#n #& t!is ;'r andM#r
t! ru(s and rgu(ati#ns "r#mu(gatd "ursuant
t!rt#,R
$1n 13 S"tm)r 1284, an in&#rmati#n -as &i(d
against rs"#ndnt ?a8atin,
$Ptiti#nr &i(d #n 23 F)ruar* 1285 a m#ti#n t#
'#ns#(idat Civi( Cas N#, 4224 and Crimina( Cas
N#, 6929, ;s"it t! #)/'ti#n and #""#siti#n #& t!
"rivat rs"#ndnts, in an 1rdr datd 20 >ar'!
1285, t! tria( '#urt grantd t! m#ti#n and #rdrd
'#ns#(idati#n #& t! t-# <2= 'ass,
$At t! "r$tria( !aring #& )#t! 'ass, "titi#nrsQs
'#uns( a""ard as '#uns( &#r t! "(ainti&& in Civi(
Cas and as "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t! Crimina( Cas,
Privat rs"#ndnts #)/'td, and &i(d t!ir >#ti#n
and 1""#siti#n t# A""aran' #& P(ainti&& as Privat
Pr#s'ut#r -it! rs"'t t# t! tria( #& t! Crimina(
Cas; t! #""#siti#n -as #vrru(d )* t! tria( '#urt,
$Privat rs"#ndnts &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and
"r#!i)iti#n -it! t! rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt,
s.ing t! annu(mnt #& t! #rdrs #& t! tria(
'#urt, datd 20 >ar'! 1285 and 22 >a* 1285, In du
'#urs, t! rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt rndrd a
d'isi#n &av#ra)( t# !rin "rivat rs"#ndnts,
$%! d'isi#n #& t! rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt -as
r'ivd )* "titi#nrQs '#uns( #n 16 1't#)r 1285,
1n 30 1't#)r 1285, "titi#nrQs '#uns( &i(d -it!
t! rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt a >#ti#n &#r
7:tnsi#n #& %im t# &i( a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
#& a&#rsaid d'isi#n, "ra*ing &#r &i&tn <15= da*s
&r#m 31 1't#)r 1285, -it!in -!i'! t# &i( said
m#ti#n,
$1n 15 N#vm)r 1285, "titi#nrQs '#uns( &i(d a
S'#nd >#ti#n &#r 7:tnsi#n #& %im t# &i( a m#ti#n
&#r r'#nsidrati#n, "ra*ing &#r an#t!r &i&tn <15=
da*s &r#m 15 N#vm)r 1285, -it!in -!i'! t# &i(
said m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n, It -as dnid stating
am#ng #t!rs t!at t! &i&tn <5= da*s "ri#d t# &i( a
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n is n#n$:tndi)(,
$1n 2 ;'m)r 1285, "titi#nrQs '#uns( sti(( &i(d
!is m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n it -as a(s# dnid,
I''%!'
1, 51N n# m#ti#n &#r :tnsi#n #& tim t# &i( a
m#ti#n &#r n- tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n ma* ) &i(d
-it! t! >tr#"#(itan #r >uni'i"a( %ria( C#urts, t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urts, and t! Intrmdiat A""((at
C#urt as a""(id in t! 4a)a(u*as ru(
2, 51N t! 'ivi( and 'rimina( 'as s!#u(d )
'#ns#(idatd
(!"D
1, N1
$ In t! 'as at )ar, t! "titi#nr &i(d !is m#ti#ns
&#r :tnsi#n #& tim t# &i( a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #n 30 1't#)r 1285 and 15
N#vm)r 1285, )#t! -it!in t! "ri#ds s#ug!t t# )
:tndd, 4n' t! 4a)a(u*as ru(ing did n#t *t
a""(* t# )ar said m#ti#ns &#r :tnsi#n, As admittd
)* "titi#nr !ims(&, ! &i(d -it! t! rs"#ndnt
a""((at '#urt t-# <2= m#ti#ns &#r :tnsi#n #& tim
t# &i( m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #& t! (attr '#urtQs
d'isi#n, -it! t! /usti&i'ati#n t!at t! t-# <2=
m#ti#ns -r tim(* and "r#"r(* "rsntd, sin'
t!* -r &i(d )&#r t! :"irati#n #& t!
rs"'tiv "ri#ds s#ug!t t# ) :tndd,
$ %! 'as #& 4a)a(u*as 7ntr"riss, In', v, +a"8#n,
!as ru(d t!atC
RBginning #n m#nt! a&tr t! "r#mu(gati#n #& t!is
Rs#(uti#n, t! ru( s!a(( ) stri't(* n&#r'd t!at n#
m#ti#n &#r :tnsi#n #& tim t# &i( a m#ti#n &#r n-
tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n ma* ) &i(d -it! t!
>tr#"#(itan #r >uni'i"a( %ria( C#urts, t! Rgi#na(
%ria( C#urts, and t! Intrmdiat A""((at C#urt,R
$ Basd #n t! a&#r3u#td ru(ing #& t! 4a)a(u*as
'as, m#ti#ns &#r :tnsi#n #& tim t# &i( a m#ti#n
&#r n- tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n ma* n# (#ngr )
&i(d )&#r a(( '#urts, (#-r t!an t! Su"rm C#urt,
%! ru( in 4a)a(u*as a""(is vn i& t! m#ti#n is
&i(d )&#r t! :"irati#n #& t! "ri#d s#ug!t t# )
:tndd, )'aus t! &i&tn <15= da* "ri#d &#r
&i(ing a m#ti#n &#r n- tria( #r r'#nsidrati#n -it!
said '#urts, is n#n$:tndi)(, But as rs#(vd a(s# in
t! 4a)a(u*as 'as, t! ru( t!at n# m#ti#n &#r
:tnsi#n #& tim t# &i( a m#ti#n &#r n- tria( #r
r'#nsidrati#n ma* ) &i(d -it! t! >tr#"#(itan #r
>uni'i"a( %ria( C#urts, t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urts, and
t! Intrmdiat A""((at C#urt, s!a(( ) stri't(*
n&#r'd R)ginning #n m#nt! a&tr t!
"r#mu(gati#n #& t!is Rs#(uti#n,R %! C#urt
"r#mu(gatd t! 4a)a(u*as rs#(uti#n #n 30 >a*
1286, %!us, t! 4a)a(u*as ru(ing )'am &&'tiv,
and stri't(* n&#r'd, #n(* )ginning 1 +u(* 1286,
2, 67S
$ In t! 'ass at )ar, t! natur #& t! issus
inv#(vd, at (ast, t! &a'tua( issus in t! 'ivi( and
'rimina( a'ti#ns ar a(m#st idnti'a(, i,,, -!t!r #r
n#t "titi#nr !ad &u((* "aid &#r t! (#ts ! "ur'!asd
&r#m t! "rivat rs"#ndnts, s# as t# ntit( !im t#
t! d(ivr* #& t! 'rti&i'ats #& tit( t# said (#ts, %!
vidn' in )#t! 'ass, (i.-is, -#u(d virtua((* )
t! sam, -!i'! ar, t! C#ntra't t# S((, t! (ttr
-!i'! '#ntains t! '#nditi#ns &#r t! "ur'!as #& t!
(#ts and, t# -!i'! "titi#nr a((gd(* a&&i:d !is
'#n&#rmit*, t! #&&i'ia( r'i"ts &#r t! a((gd
"a*mnts mad )* t! "titi#nr, and #t!r r(atd
d#'umnts,
$ Basd #n t! &#rg#ing, and '#nsidring t!at t!
'rimina( a'ti#n &i(d is #n &#r vi#(ati#n #& a s"'ia(
(a- -!r, irrs"'tiv #& t! m#tivs, mr
'#mmissi#n #& t! a't "r#!i)itd )* said s"'ia( (a-,
'#nstituts t! #&&ns, t!n t! intrvnti#n #& t!
"titi#nrQs '#uns(, as "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t!
'rimina( a'ti#n, -i(( n#t "r/udi' t! su)stantia(
rig!ts #& t! a''usd,
$ %! '#ns#(idati#n #& t! t-# 'ass in 3usti#n,
-!r "titi#nrQs '#uns( ma* a't as '#uns( &#r t!
"(ainti&& in t! 'ivi( 'as and "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t!
'rimina( 'as, -i(( instad ) '#ndu'iv t# t! ar(*
trminati#n #& t! t-# <2= 'ass, and -i(( rd#und t#
t! )n&it and '#nvnin' #& t! "artis; as -(( as
t# t! s"d* administrati#n #& /usti',
$ As a gr#und &#r t! '#ns#(idati#n #& t! 'rimina(
and 'ivi( 'ass, "titi#nr inv#.s Ru( 111, S',
3<a=, Ru(s #& C#urt, -!i'! "r#vidsC
RS', 3, 1t!r 'ivi( a'ti#ns arising &r#m #&&nss,
5!nvr t! #&&ndd "art* s!a(( !av institutd
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n t# n&#r' t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising
&r#m t! #&&ns, as '#ntm"(atd in t! &irst
"aragra"! #& S'ti#n 1 !r#&, t! &#((#-ing ru(s
s!a(( ) #)srvdC
<a= QA&tr a 'rimina( a'ti#n !as )n '#mmn'd,
t! "nding 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! sam
#&&ns s!a(( ) sus"ndd, in -!atvr stag it
ma* ) &#und unti( &ina( /udgmnt in t! 'rimina(
"r#'ding !as )n rndrd, 4#-vr, i& n# &ina(
/udgmnt !as )n rndrd )* t! tria( '#urt in
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, t! sam ma* ) '#ns#(idatd -it!
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n u"#n a""(i'ati#n -it! t! '#urt
tr*ing t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, I& t! a""(i'ati#n is
grantd, t! vidn' "rsntd and admittd in
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n s!a(( ) dmd aut#mati'a((*
r"r#du'd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, -it!#ut
"r/udi' t# t! admissi#n #& additi#na( vidn'
t!at an* "art* ma* -is! t# "rsnt,
Kndr t! a&#r3u#td "r#visi#n, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
t!at ma* ) '#ns#(idatd -it! a 'rimina( a'ti#n, is
#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m
t! 'rimina( #&&ns, #r : d(i't#, In t! 'as at
)ar, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &i(d )* t! "titi#nr -as &#r
s"'i&i' "r&#rman' -it! damags, %! main
r(i& s#ug!t in t! (attr 'as, i,,, t! d(ivr* #&
t! 'rti&i'ats #& tit( t# t! (#ts -!i'! "titi#nr
!ad a((gd(* &u((* "aid &#r, -as gr#undd #n t!
Criminal Procedure a2010 page -- Prof.
C#ntra't t# S(( )t-n t! "titi#nr and t!
"rivat rs"#ndnt, 4n' t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &i(d )*
t! "titi#nr -as &#r t! n&#r'mnt #& an
#)(igati#n arising &r#m a '#ntra't, #r : '#ntra'tu,
and n#t #n &#r t! r'#vr* #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising
&r#m an #&&ns; !n', t! (a- inv#.d )* t!
"titi#nr is ina""(i'a)(,
$ But, as !(d in Can#s v, Pra(ta, t! '#ns#(idati#n #&
a 'rimina( a'ti#n -it! a 'ivi( a'ti#n arising n#t :
d(i't#, ma* sti(( ) d#n, )asd u"#n t! :"rss
aut!#rit* #& S'ti#n 1, Ru( 31 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt,
-!i'! "r#vidsC
RS'ti#n 1, C#ns#(idati#n, 5!n a'ti#ns inv#(ving
a '#mm#n 3usti#n #& (a- #r &a't ar "nding )&#r
t! '#urt, it ma* #rdr a /#int !aring #r tria( #& an*
#r a(( t! mattrs in issu in t! a'ti#ns; it ma* #rdr
a(( t! a'ti#ns '#ns#(idatd; and it ma* ma. su'!
#rdrs '#n'rning "r#'dings t!rin as ma* tnd
t# av#id unn'ssar* '#sts #r d(a*,R
$ In Can#s v, Pra(ta, -!r t! C#urt sustaind t!
#rdr #& a tria( '#urt t# '#ns#(idat a 'ivi( a'ti#n <an
a'ti#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& -ag di&&rntia(, #vrtim
and trminati#n "a*, "(us damags= -it! a 'rimina(
a'ti#n <&#r vi#(ati#n #& t! >inimum 5ag ?a-=, it
-as !(d t!atC
RA C#urt ma* #rdr svra( a'ti#ns "nding )&#r it
t# ) trid t#gt!r -!r t!* aris &r#m t! sam
a't, vnt #r transa'ti#n, inv#(v t! sam #r (i.
issus, and d"nd (arg(* #r su)stantia((* #n t!
sam vidn', "r#vidd t!at t! '#urt !as
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'ass t# ) '#ns#(idatd and
t!at a /#int tria( -i(( n#t giv #n "art* an undu
advantag #r "r/udi' t! su)stantia( rig!ts #& an*
#& t! "artis , , ,B
$ %! #)vi#us "ur"#s #& t! a)#v ru( is t# av#id
mu(ti"(i'it* #& suits, t# guard against #""rssi#n and
a)us, t# "rvnt d(a*s, t# '(ar '#ngstd d#'.ts,
t# sim"(i&* t! -#r. #& t! tria( '#urt; in s!#rt t!
attainmnt #& /usti' -it! t! (ast :"ns and
v:ati#n t# t! "artis (itigants,R
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! "titi#n is GRAN%7;,
%! d'isi#n #& t! rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt, datd
2 1't#)r 1285, is S7% ASI;7, %! 1rdrs #& t! tria(
'#urt, in Civi( Cas N#, 4224 and Crimina( Cas N#,
6929, datd 20 >ar'! 1285 and 22 >a* 1285 ar
R7INS%A%7;,
S1 1R;7R7;,
CORP%' PA*!
BORDA' CA$ADA""A
R!)!' '!MPIO,DI)
141 SCRA 208
PA%A+1; +anuar* 22, 1286
$A#%R!
;ir't a""a( #n a 3usti#n #& (a- &r#m a rs#(uti#n
#& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <>a(a)#n=,
&AC#'
$ >%C <Nav#tas=C Cristina >a(i'si -as '!argd -it!
t! 'rim #& intriguing against !#n#r, Lnaida Cru8
R*s <"titi#nr= -as t! aggrivd "art*, In said
'rimina( 'as, R*s -as r"rsntd )* a "rivat
"r#s'ut#r namd Att*, Bara*ang,
$ >a(i'si "(add gui(t* t# t! in&#rmati#n and -as
sntn'd t# "a* P50, B'aus #& !r "(a #& gui(t*,
t! aggrivd "art* -as una)( t# "rsnt vidn'
t# "r#v damags against t! a''usd, R*s -as
n#t a)( t# ma. a rsrvati#n #& !r rig!t t# &i( a
s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags,
$ Instad, s! &i(d a n- a'ti#n against Cristina
>a(i'si and !r !us)and -it! t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt
&#r damags arising &r#m d&amat#r* -#rds -!i'!
-r t! su)/'t #& t! in&#rmati#n in t! Crimina(
a'ti#n,
$ At t! "r$tria( "(ainti&& admittd t!at s! -as
r"rsntd )* a "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t! 'rimina(
'as against d&ndant Cristina >a(i'si and in said
'as s! did n#t rsrv t! rig!t t# &i( a s"arat
a'ti#n &#r damags, %!r -as a(s# admissi#n t!at
t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r -as &#r "r#ving damags
against t! a''usd,
$ %! issu in t! R%C -as 51N t! "(ainti&&,
r"rsntd )* a "rivat "r#s'ut#r and t! &ai(ing t#
ma. a rsrvati#n t# &i( a s"arat a'ti#n, -as
)arrd &r#m &i(ing a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
against t! a''usd Cristina >a(i'si, R%C ru(d in
&av#r #& t! d&ndant,
$ R%CC A%!r is n# 3usti#n t!at in d&amati#n 'ass
<su'! as t! "rsnt= as in 'ass #& &raud and
"!*si'a( in/uris, a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags ntir(*
s"arat and distin't &r#m t! 'rimina( a'ti#n ma*
) )r#ug!t )* t! in/urd "art*, and su'! a'ti#n s!a((
"r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n
and s!a(( r3uir #n(* a "r"#ndran' #& vidn',
An :'"ti#n t# t! a)#v ru(; -!n t! #&&ndd
"art* a'tua((* intrvns in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n )*
a""aring t!rin t!r#ug! a "rivat "r#s'ut#r &#r
t! "ur"#s #& r'#vring indmnit* &#r damags, !
is dmd t# !av -aivd !is rig!t t# &i( a s"arat
'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags i& ! &ai(d t# ma. a
rsrvati#n t!r&#rGB <+udgmnt in su'! a
"r#'ding )'#ms )inding as rs /udi'ata,
a''#rding t# R#a v ;(a Cru8, %!us, "(ainti&& is
)arrd=,
I''%!
51N intrvnti#n #& "rivat "r#s'uti#n and &ai(ur
t# ma. a rsrvati#n )ars "(ainti&& &r#m &i(ing a
s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags against t!
a''usd
(!"D
N1, "(ainti&& is n#t )arrd,
Ratio %! mr a""aran' #& a "rivat "r#s'ut#r
in t! 'rimina( 'as d#s n#t n'ssari(* '#nstitut
su'! intrvnti#n #n t! "art #& t! aggrivd "art*
as '#u(d #n(* im"#rt an intnti#n #n !r "art t# "rss
!r '(aim &#r damags in said 'rimina( 'as and a
-aivr #& !r rig!t t# &i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
damags,
Reasoning
% In t! R#a 'as, t!r -as a &u(($)(#-n !aring
-!r a "rivat "r#s'ut#r "arti'i"atd a'tiv(* and
t!r '#u(d ) n# 3usti#n t!at t! aggrivd "art*Qs
"arti'i"ati#n t!r#ug! t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r in said
'as '(ar(* indi'atd !r intnti#n t# !av !r '(aim
&#r damags (itigatd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n against
t! a''usd, It -as #n(* a&tr t! tria( #& t! 'as #n
t! mrits t!at a d'isi#n -as rndrd &inding t!
a''usd gui(t* #& s(ig!t s(andr and sntn'ing !r t#
"a* a &in #& P50,00 )ut ma.ing n# a-ard #&
damags in &av#r #& t! aggrivd "art*, %! ras#n
&#r t! C#urtQs n#t ma.ing an* a-ard #& damags is
)'aus #& t! &ai(ur #& t! aggrivd "art* t#
su)mit vidn' t# su""#rt !r '(aim &#r damags,
$ In t! "rsnt 'as, -!i( it is tru t!at R*s -as
r"rsntd )* a "rivat "r#s'ut#r &#r t! "ur"#s
#& "r#ving damags, t! un:"'td "(a #& gui(t )*
t! a''usd and !r )ing sntn'd immdiat(* t#
a &in #& P50,00 "rvntd "titi#nr &r#m "r#ving
!r '(aim &#r damags and ma.ing a rsrvati#n t#
&i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n, C#ntr#((ing 'as s!#u(d )
>nss v ?uat, and n#t R#a v ;(a Cru8, In t! R#a
'as, n#t #n(* -as t! #&&ndd "art* r"rsntd )*
a "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, t! a'ti#n
-nt t!r#ug! tria( #n t! mrits, In t! ?uat 'as,
d&ndant ?uat did n#t "r#'d t# tria(, as !
"(add gui(t* u"#n arraignmnt, %! mr
a""aran' #& "rivat '#uns( in r"rsntati#n #&
t! #&&ndd "art* did n#t '#nstitut su'! a'tiv
intrvnti#n as '#u(d #n(* im"#rt an intnti#n t#
"rss a '(aim &#r damags in t! sam a'ti#n,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page -. Prof.
$ %! &ai(ur #& "titi#nr t# ma. a rsrvati#n t#
&i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n did n#t &#r'(#s !r rig!t
t# &i( said s"arat '#m"(aint &#r damags, Kndr
Arti'( 33 #& t! Civi( C#d t!r is n# r3uirmnt
t!at as a '#nditi#n t# t! &i(ing #& a s"arat 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags a rsrvati#n t# &i( said 'ivi(
a'ti#n ) &irst mad in t! 'rimina( 'as and su'!
rsrvati#n is n#t n'ssar*, t! "r#visi#n #& Ru(
111, S'ti#n 2 n#t-it!standing,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is grantd,
AB!RCA @!R
160 SCRA 520
6AP; A"ri( 15, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari
&AC#'
$%!is 'as stms &r#m a((gd i((ga( sar'!s and
si8urs and #t!r vi#(ati#ns #& t! rig!ts and
(i)rtis #& "(ainti&&s )* vari#us int((ign' units #&
t! AFP, .n#-n as %as. F#r' >a.a)ansa <%F>=
#rdrd )* Gnra( Fa)ian @r Rt# '#ndu't "r$
m"tiv stri.s against .n#-n '#mmunist$trr#rist
<C%= undrgr#und !#uss in vi- #& in'rasing
r"#rts a)#ut C% "(ans t# s#- distur)an's in >tr#
>ani(a,R
$P(ainti&&s a((g, am#ng #t!rs, t!at '#m"(*ing -it!
said #rdr, (mnts #& t! %F> raidd svra(
"(a's, m"(#*ing in m#st 'ass d&'tiv(* issud
/udi'ia( sar'! -arrants; t!at during t!s raids,
'rtain mm)rs #& t! raiding "art* '#n&is'atd a
num)r #& "ur(* "rs#na( itms )(#nging t#
"(ainti&&s; t!at "(ainti&&s -r arrstd -it!#ut "r#"r
-arrants issud )* t! '#urts; t!at &#r s#m "ri#d
a&tr t!ir arrst, t!* -r dnid visits #& r(ativs
and (a-*rs; t!at "(ainti&&s -r intrr#gatd in
vi#(ati#n #& t!ir rig!ts t# si(n' and '#uns(; t!at
mi(itar* mn -!# intrr#gatd t!m m"(#*d
t!rats, t#rturs and #t!r &#rms #& vi#(n' #n t!m
in #rdr t# #)tain in'riminat#r* in&#rmati#n #r
'#n&ssi#ns and in #rdr t# "unis! t!m; t!at a((
vi#(ati#ns #& "(ainti&&s '#nstituti#na( rig!ts -r "art
#& a '#n'rtd and d(i)rat "(an t# &#r'i)(* :tra't
in&#rmati#n and in'riminat#r* statmnts &r#m
"(ainti&&s and t# trr#ri8, !arass and "unis! t!m,
said "(ans )ing "rvi#us(* .n#-n t# and san'ti#nd
)* d&ndants,
$P(ainti&&s s#ug!t damags <a'tua(M'#m"nsat#r*,
m#ra(, :m"(ar*=, and att#rn*Qs &s,
$;&ndants &i(d m#ti#n t# dismiss a((ging t!at <1=
"(ainti&&s ma* n#t 'aus a /udi'ia( in3uir* int# t!
'ir'umstan's #& t!ir dtnti#n in t! guis #& a
damag suit )'aus, as t# t!m, t! "rivi(g #& t!
-rit #& !a)as '#r"us is sus"ndd; <2= assuming
t!at t! '#urts 'an ntrtain t! "rsnt a'ti#n,
d&ndants ar immun &r#m (ia)i(it* &#r a'ts d#n in
t! "r&#rman' #& t!ir #&&i'ia( dutis; and <3= t!
'#m"(aint stats n# 'aus #& a'ti#n against t!
d&ndants,
$P(ainti&&s &i(d t-# s"arat #""#siti#ns t# t!
m#ti#n t# dismiss,
$;&ndants &i(d a C#ns#(idatd R"(*,
$R%C NCR Bran'! 25 +udg 5i(((m# C, F#rtun issud
a rs#(uti#n granting t! m#ti#n t# dismiss, RA&tr a
'ar&u( stud* #& d&ndantsQ argumnts, t! '#urt
&inds t! sam t# ) mrit#ri#us and must,
t!r&#r, ) grantd, 1n t! #t!r !and, "(ainti&&sQ
argumnts in t!ir #""#siti#n ar (a'.ing in mrit,R
$P(ainti&&s &i(d m#ti#n t# st asid t! #rdr
dismissing t! '#m"(aint and a su""(mnta( m#ti#n
&#r r'#nsidrati#n,
$;&ndants &i(d a '#mmnt #n t! a&#rsaid m#ti#n
#& "(ainti&&s, &urnis!ing a '#"* t!r#& t# t!
att#rn*s #& a(( t! "(ainti&&s,
$;'m)r 15, 1283C +udg F#rtun issud an #rdr
v#(untari(* in!i)iting !ims(& &r#m &urt!r "r#'ding
in t! 'as and (aving t! rs#(uti#n #& t! m#ti#n
t# st asid t! #rdr #& dismissa( t# +udg ?ising, Rt#
"r'(ud an* sus"i'i#n t!at ! <+udg F#rtun= 'ann#t
rs#(v Dt!E a&#rsaid "nding m#ti#n -it! t! '#(d
nutra(it* #& an im"artia( /udg and t# "ut an nd t#
"(ainti&&s assrti#n t!at t! undrsignd !as n#
aut!#rit* #r /urisdi'ti#n t# rs#(v said "nding
m#ti#n,R
$P(ainti&&s rs#(vd an am"(i&i'at#r* m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n signd in t! nam #& t! Fr ?ga(
Assistan' Gr#u" <F?AG= #& >a)ini ?ga( Aid
C#mmitt,
$>a* 2,1284C d&ndants &i(d a '#mmnt #n said
am"(i&i'at#r* m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n,
$>a* 11, 1284C R%C +udg 7st)an ?ising, -it!#ut
a'ting #n t! m#ti#n t# st asid #rdr #& N#vm)r
8, 1283, issud an #rdr d'(aring t!at sin' 'rtain
"(ainti&&s &ai(d t# &i( a m#ti#n t# r'#nsidr t!
1rdr #& N#vm)r 8, 1283, dismissing t!
'#m"(aint, n#r intr"#sd an a""a( t!r&r#m -it!in
t! rg(mntar* "ri#d, as "ra*d &#r )* t!
d&ndants, said 1rdr is n#- &ina( against said
"(ainti&&s,
$#n >a* 28,1284C "(ainti&&s &i(d a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n, a((ging t!at it -as n#t tru t!at t!
"(ainti&&s mnti#nd in t! #rdr #& >a* 11, 1284
&ai(d t# &i( >R -it!in t! rg(mntar* "ri#d,
P(ainti&&s '(aimd t!at t! m#ti#n t# st asid t!
#rdr #& N#vm)r 8, 1283 and t! am"(i&i'at#r*
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n -as &i(d &#r a(( t!
"(ainti&&s, a(t!#ug! signd )* #n(* s#m #& t!
(a-*rs,
$S"tm)r 21, 1284C R%C issud #rdr da(ing -it!
)#t! m#ti#ns <1= t# r'#nsidr its #rdr #& >a* 11,
1284 d'(aring t!at -it! rs"'t t# 'rtain "(ainti&&s,
t! rs#(uti#n #& N#vm)r 8, 1283 !ad a(rad*
)'#m &ina(, and <2= t# st asid its rs#(uti#n #&
N#vm)r 8, 1283 granting t! d&ndantsQ m#ti#n
t# dismiss, In &&'t, t! 'as against t! d&ndants
<:'"t &#r >a/#r R#d#(&# Aguina(d#, and >astr Sgt,
Binvnid# Ba(a)ar= -as dismissd,
$>ar'! 15, 1285C "titi#nrs <"(ainti&&s )(#-= &i(d
t! instant "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari s.ing t# annu( and
st asid R%CQs rs#(uti#n #& N#vm)r 8, 1283, its
#rdr #& >a* 11, 1284, and its rs#(uti#n datd
S"tm)r 21, 1284,
$Rs"#ndnts &i(d '#mmnt #n t! "titi#n,
N#vm)r 2, 1285,
$A r"(* -as &i(d )* "titi#nrs #n August 26, 1286,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! sus"nsi#n #& t! "rivi(g #& t! -rit #&
!a)as '#r"us )ars a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags &#r
i((ga( sar'!s '#ndu'td )* mi(itar* "rs#nn( and
#t!r vi#(ati#ns #& rig!ts and (i)rtis guarantd
undr t! C#nstituti#n
2, 51N a su"ri#r #&&i'r undr t! n#ti#n #&
rs"#ndnt su"ri#r ) ans-ra)( &#r damags,
/#int(* and svra((* -it! !is su)#rdinats, t# t!
"rs#n -!#s '#nstituti#na( rig!ts and (i)rtis !av
)n vi#(atd
3, 51N R%C -as '#rr't in dismissing t! '#m"(aint
-it! rs"'t t# "(ainti&&s R#g(i# A)r'a, ;ani(# d (a
Punt, >ar'# Pa(#, A(an +a8min8, A(: >ar'(in#,
7(i8a)t! Pr#ta'i#$>ar'(in#, A(&rd# >ans#s and
R#(and# Sa(utin, #n t! )asis #& t! a((gd &ai(ur #&
said "(ainti&&s t# &i( a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #&
t! '#urtQs rs#(uti#n #& N#vm)r 8, 1283, granting
t! rs"#ndntQs m#ti#n t# dismiss
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! sus"nsi#n #& t! "rivi(g #& t! -rit #&
!a)as '#r"us d#s n#t dstr#* "titi#nrsQ rig!t and
'aus #& a'ti#n &#r damags &#r i((ga( arrst and
dtnti#n and #t!r vi#(ati#ns #& t!ir '#nstituti#na(
rig!ts, %! sus"nsi#n d#s n#t rndr va(id an
#t!r-is i((ga( arrst #r dtnti#n, 5!at is
sus"ndd is mr(* t! rig!t #& t! individua( t#
s. r(as &r#m dtnti#n t!r#ug! t! -rit #&
!a)as '#r"us as a s"d* mans #& #)taining !is
(i)rt*,
$ At t! !art #& "titi#nrsQ '#m"(aint is Arti'( 32 #&
t! Civi( C#d, It is #)vi#us t!at t! "ur"#s #& t!
a)#v '#da( "r#visi#n is t# "r#vid a san'ti#n t# t!
d"(* '!ris!d rig!ts and &rd#ms ns!rind in
t! C#nstituti#n, Its mssag is '(ar; n# man ma*
s. t# vi#(at t!#s sa'rd rig!ts -it! im"unit*,
Crtain )asi' rig!ts and (i)rtis ar immuta)( and
'ann#t ) sa'ri&i'd t# t! transint nds #r
im"ri#us dmands #& t! ru(ing "#-r, %! ru( #&
(a- must "rvai(, #r (s (i)rt* -i(( "ris!, 1ur
'#mmitmnt t# dm#'rati' "rin'i"(s and t# t! ru(
#& (a- '#m"(s us t# r/'t t! vi- -!i'! rdu's
(a- t# n#t!ing )ut t! :"rssi#n #& t! -i(( #& t!
"rd#minant "#-r in t! '#mmunit*, ;m#'ra'*
'ann#t ) a rign #& "r#grss, #& (i)rt*, #& /usti',
un(ss t! (a- is rs"'td )* !im -!# ma.s it and
)* !im &#r -!#m it is mad, N#- t!is rs"'t im"(is
a ma:imum #& &ait!, a minimum #& Ida(ism, 1n
g#ing t# t! )#tt#m #& t! mattr, - dis'#vr t!at
(i& dmands #& us a 'rtain rsiduum #& sntimnt
-!i'! is n#t drivd &r#m ras#n, )ut -!i'! ras#n
nvrt!(ss '#ntr#(s,
2

$ 5 &ind rs"#ndntsQ inv#'ati#n #& t! d#'trin #&
stat immunit* &r#m suit t#ta((* mis"(a'd, %! 'ass
inv#.d )* rs"#ndnts a'tua((* inv#(vd a'ts d#n
)* #&&i'rs in t! "r&#rman' #& #&&i'ia( dutis
-rittn t! am)it #& t!ir "#-rs, It ma* ) t!at t!
rs"#ndnts, as mm)rs #& t! AFP, -r mr(*
rs"#nding t# t!ir dut*, as t!* '(aim, Rt# "rvnt
#r su""rss (a-(ss vi#(n', insurr'ti#n, r)((i#n
and su)vrsi#nR in a''#rdan' -it! Pr#'(amati#n N#,
2054 #& Prsidnt >ar'#s, ds"it t! (i&ting #&
martia( (a- #n +anuar* 29, 1281, and in "ursuan' #&
su'! #)/'tiv, t# (aun'! "r$m"tiv stri.s against
a((gd '#mmunist trr#rist undrgr#und !#uss, But
t!is 'ann#t ) '#nstrud as a )(an.t (i'ns #r a
r#ving '#mmissi#n untram((d )* an* '#nstituti#na(
rstraint, t# disrgard #r transgrss u"#n t! rig!ts
and (i)rtis #& t! individua( 'iti8n ns!rind in and
"r#t'td )* t! C#nstituti#n, %! C#nstituti#n
rmains t! su"rm (a- #& t! (and t# -!i'! a((
#&&i'ia(s, !ig! #r (#-, 'ivi(ian #r mi(itar*, #-
#)din' and a((gian' at a(( tims,
$ Arti'( 32 #& t! Civi( C#d -!i'! rndrs an* "u)(i'
#&&i'r #r m"(#* #r an* "rivat individua( (ia)( in
damags &#r vi#(ating t! C#nstituti#na( rig!ts and
(i)rtis #& an#t!r, as numratd t!rin, d#s n#t
:m"t t! rs"#ndnts &r#m rs"#nsi)i(it*, 1n(*
/udgs ar :'(udd &r#m (ia)i(it* undr t! said
arti'(, "r#vidd t!ir a'ts #r #missi#ns d# n#t
'#nstitut a vi#(ati#n #& t! Pna( C#d #r #t!r
"na( statut,
$ In 'arr*ing #ut t!is tas. and missi#n t# "r#t't t!
R"u)(i' &r#m its nmis, '#nstituti#na( and (ga(
sa&guards must ) #)srvd,
$>#r#vr, "titi#nrsQ rig!t and 'aus #& a'ti#n &#r
damags ar :"(i'it(* r'#gni8d in P,;, N#, 1955
-!i'! amndd Arti'( 1146 #& t! Civi( C#d )*
adding t! &#((#-ing t# its t:tC A4#-vr, -!n t!
a'ti#n <&#r in/ur* t# t! rig!ts #& t! "(ainti&& #r &#r a
3uasi$d(i't= ariss &r#m #r #ut #& an* a't, a'tivit* #r
'#ndu't #& an* "u)(i' #&&i'r inv#(ving t! :r'is #&
"#-rs #r aut!#rit* arising &r#m >artia( ?a-
in'(uding t! arrst, dtnti#n andM#r tria( #& t!
"(ainti&&, t! sam must ) )r#ug!t -it!in #n <1=
*ar,
$7vn assuming t!at t! sus"nsi#n #& t! "rivi(g
#& t! -rit #& !a)as '#r"us sus"nds "titi#nrsQ
rig!t #& a'ti#n &#r damags &#r i((ga( arrst and
dtnti#n, it d#s n#t and 'ann#t sus"nd t!ir
rig!ts and 'auss #& a'ti#n &#r in/uris su&&rd
)'aus #& rs"#ndntsQ '#n&is'ati#n #& t!ir "rivat
)(#ngings, t! vi#(ati#n #& t!ir rig!t t# rmain
si(nt and t# '#uns( and t!ir rig!t t# "r#t'ti#n
against unras#na)( sar'!s and si8urs and
against t#rtur and #t!r 'ru( and in!uman
tratmnt,
$4#-vr, - &ind it unn'ssar* t# addrss t!
'#nstituti#na( issu "rssd u"#n us, 1n >ar'! 25,
1286, Prsidnt C#ra8#n C, A3uin# issud
Pr#'(amati#n N#, 2, rv#.ing Pr#'(amati#n N#s, 2045
and 2045$A and (i&ting t! sus"nsi#n #& t! "rivi(g
#& t! -rit #& !a)as '#r"us, %! 3usti#n t!r&#r
!as )'#m m##t and a'admi',
2, 67S
$%! d#'trin #& rs"#ndnt su"ri#r !as )n
gnra((* (imitd in its a""(i'ati#n t# "rin'i"a( and
agnt #r t# mastr and srvant <i,, m"(#*r and
m"(#*= r(ati#ns!i", N# su'! r(ati#ns!i" :ists
)t-n su"ri#r #&&i'rs #& t! mi(itar* and t!ir
su)#rdinats,
$B t!at as it ma*, !#-vr, t! d'isiv &a't#r in
t!is 'as, in #ur vi-, is t! (anguag #& Arti'( 32,
%! (a- s"a.s #& an #&&i'r #r m"(#* #r "rs#n
Qdir't(*Q #r Rindir't(*R rs"#nsi)( &#r t! vi#(ati#n
#& t! '#nstituti#na( rig!ts and (i)rtis #& an#t!r,
%!us, it is n#t t! a't#r a(#n <i,, t! #n dir't(*
rs"#nsi)(= -!# must ans-r &#r damags undr
Arti'( 32; t! "rs#n indir't(* rs"#nsi)( !as a(s#
t# ans-r &#r t! damags #r in/ur* 'ausd t# t!
aggrivd "art*,
$B* t!is "r#visi#n, t! "rin'i"( #& a''#unta)i(it* #&
"u)(i' #&&i'ia(s undr t! C#nstituti#n a'3uirs addd
maning and a (argr dimnsi#n, N# (#ngr ma* a
su"ri#r #&&i'ia( r(a: !is vigi(an' #r a)di'at !is
dut* t# su"rvis !is su)#rdinats, s'ur in t!
t!#ug!t t!at ! d#s n#t !av t# ans-r &#r t!
transgrssi#ns '#mmittd )* t! (attr against t!
'#nstituti#na((* "r#t'td rig!ts and (i)rtis #& t!
'iti8n, Arti'( 32 #& t! Civi( C#d ma.s t!
"rs#ns -!# ar dir't(*, as -(( as indir't(*,
rs"#nsi)( &#r t! transgrssi#n /#int t#rt&as#rs,
$R%C -as t!r&#r mista.n in dr#""ing d&ndants
Gnra( Fa)ian @r, C#(, Fid( Sings#n, C#(, R#(and#
A)adi((a, C#(, Grard# ?ant#ria, +r,, C#(, Ga(i(#
Sintanar, C#(, Pan&i(# ?a's#n, Ca"t, ;ani(# Pi8arr#, (st
?t, Pdr# %ang#, ?t, R#m# Ri'ard# and ?t, Ri'ard#
Ba'a(s# &r#m t! a'ts #& t!ir su)#rdinats,
$%! rs"#nsi)i(it* #& t! d&ndants, -!t!r dir't
#r indir't, is am"(* st &#rt! in t! '#m"(aint, It is
-(( sta)(is!d in #ur (a- and /uris"rudn' t!at a
m#ti#n t# dismiss #n t! gr#und t!at t! '#m"(aint
stats n# 'aus #& a'ti#n must ) )asd #n -!at
a""ars #n t! &a' #& t! '#m"(aint, %# dtrmin
t! su&&i'in'* #& t! 'aus #& a'ti#n, #n(* t! &a'ts
a((gd in t! '#m"(aint, and n# #t!rs, s!#u(d )
'#nsidrd, F#r t!is "ur"#s, t! m#ti#n t# dismiss
must !*"#t!ti'a((* admit t! trut! #& t! &a'ts
a((gd in t! '#m"(aint,
$A""(*ing t!is tst, it is di&&i'u(t t# /usti&* t! tria(
'#urtQs ru(ing, dismissing &#r (a'. #& 'aus #& a'ti#n
t! '#m"(aint against a(( t! d&ndants, :'"t
>a/#r R#d#(&# Aguina(d# and >astr Sgt, Binvnid#
Ba(a)a, %! '#m"(aint '#ntaind a((gati#ns against
a(( t! d&ndants -!i'!, i& admittd !*"#t!ti'a((*,
-#u(d ) su&&i'int t# sta)(is! a 'aus #r 'auss #&
a'ti#n against a(( #& t!m undr Arti'( 32 #& t! Civi(
C#d,
3, N1
$A tim(* m#ti#n t# st asid said #rdr #& N#vm)r
8, 1283 -as &i(d )* "(ainti&&s, t!r#ug! '#uns(, %ru,
t! m#ti#n -as n#t signd )* a(( t! '#uns(s &#r t!
svra( "(ainti&&s )ut t! )#d* #& t! m#ti#n its(&
'(ar(* indi'atd t!at t! m#ti#n -as &i(d #n )!a(&
#& a(( t! "(ainti&&s,%!is must !av )n a(s# t!
undrstanding #& d&ndantsQ '#uns( !ims(& &#r
-!n ! &i(d !is '#mmnt #n t! m#ti#n, !
&urnis!d '#"is t!r#&, n#t /ust t# t! (a-*rs -!#
signd t! m#ti#n, )ut t# a(( t! (a-*rs #& "(ainti&&s,
$In &i(ing t! m#ti#n t# st asid t! rs#(uti#n #&
N#vm)r 8, 1283, t! signing att#rn*s did s# #n
)!a(& #& a(( t! "(ainti&&, %!* ndd n# s"'i&i'
aut!#rit* t# d# t!at, %! aut!#rit* #& an att#rn* t#
a""ar &#r and in )!a(& #& a "art* 'an ) assumd,
un(ss 3usti#nd #r '!a((ngd )* t! advrs
"art* #r t! "art* '#n'rnd, -!i'! -as nvr d#n
in t!is 'as,
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd, SC annu(d and st
asid t! rs#(uti#n #& t! rs"#ndnt '#urt, datd
N#vm)r 8, 1283, its #rdr datd >a* 11, 1284 and
its rs#(uti#n datd S"tm)r 21, 1284, Cas
rmandd t# t! rs"#ndnt '#urt &#r &urt!r
"r#'dings, C#sts against "rivat rs"#ndnts,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
#!!(A$H!! FconcurG
$ A(( "rs#ns, ) t!* "u)(i' #&&i'rs #r m"(#*s, #r
mm)rs #& t! mi(itar* #r "#(i' &#r' #r "rivat
individua(s -!# dir't(* #r indir't(* #)stru't, d&at,
vi#(at #r in an* mannr im"d #r im"air t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!ts and 'ivi( (i)rtis #& an#t!r
"rs#n, stand (ia)( and ma* ) sud in '#urt &#r
damags as "r#vidd in Art, 32 #& t! Civi( C#d,
$ %! d'isi#n !rin u"!#(ds and rinstats t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags &i(d in t! '#urt )(#- )*
"titi#nrs$"(ainti&&s &#r i((ga( sar'!s '#ndu'td )*
mi(itar* "rs#nn( and #t!r vi#(ati#ns #& t!ir
'#nstituti#na( rig!ts and (i)rtis, At t! sam tim it
r/'ts t! aut#mati' a""(i'ati#n #& t! "rin'i"( #&
rs"#ndat su"ri#r #r '#mmand rs"#nsi)i(it* t!at
-#u(d !#(d a su"ri#r #&&i'r /#int(* and svra((*
a''#unta)( &#r damags, in'(uding m#ra( and
:m"(ar*, -it! !is su)#rdinats -!# '#mmittd
su'! transgrssi#ns, 4#-vr, t! /udgmnt givs
t! 'avat t!at a su"ri#r #&&i'r must n#t a)di'at
!is dut* t# "r#"r(* su"rvis !is su)#rdinats &#r !
runs t! ris. #& )ing !(d rs"#nsi)( &#r gr#ss
ng(ign' and #& )ing !(d undr t! 'itd
"r#visi#n #& t! Civi( C#d as indir't(* and s#(idari(*
a''#unta)( -it! t! t#rt&as#r,
$ BrandisCRIn a g#vrnmnt #& (a-s, :istn' #& t!
g#vrnmnt ) im"ri((d &#((#-ing it &ai(s t# #)srv
t! (a- s'ru"u(#us(*, 1ur g#vrnmnt is t! "#tnt
#mni"rsnt ta'!r, F#r g##d #r i((, it ta'!s t!
-!#( "#"( )* :am"(, Crim is '#ntagi#us, I& t!
g#vrnmnt )'#ms t! (a- )ra.r, it )rds
'#ntm"t &#r t! (a-, it invits vr* man t# )'#m
a (a- unt# !ims(&, it invits anar'!*, %# d'(ar t!at
in t! administrati#n #& 'rimina( (a- t! nd /usti&is
t! mans ,,, -#u(d )ring trri)( rtri)uti#n,R
$ It nd #n(* ) "#intd #ut t!at #n #& t! &irst a'ts
#& t! "rsnt g#vrnmnt undr Prsidnt C#ra8#n
C, A3uin# a&tr !r assum"ti#n #& #&&i' in F)ruar*,
1286 -as t# &i( #ur g#vrnmntQs rati&i'ati#n and
a''ss t# a(( !uman rig!ts instrumnts ad#"td
undr t! aus"i's #& t! Knitd Nati#ns, d'(aring
t!r)* t! g#vrnmntQs '#mmitmnt t# #)srv
t! "r'"ts #& t! Knitd Nati#ns C!artr and t!
Knivrsa( ;'(arati#n #& 4uman Rig!ts, >#r t!an
t!is, "ursuant t# #ur C#nstituti#n -!i'! t! "#"(
d'isiv(* rati&id #n F)ruar* 2, 1289, t!
ind"ndnt #&&i' #& t! C#mmissi#n #n 4uman
Rig!ts !as )n 'ratd and #rgani8d -it! am"(
"#-rs t# invstigat !uman rig!ts vi#(ati#ns and
ta. rmdia( masurs against a(( su'! vi#(ati#ns )*
t! mi(itar* as -(( as )* t! 'ivi(ian gr#u"s,
OCC!$A ICAMI$A
181 SCRA 328
F7RNAN; +anuar* 22, 1220
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# rvi- t! d'isi#n #& R%C
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nr 7u(#gi# 1''na institutd )&#r t!
S'#nd >uni'i"a( Cir'uit %ria( C#urt #& Si)a(#m, San
Rmigi# \ B(is#n, Pr#vin' #& Anti3u, Crimina(
Cas N#, 1919, a 'rimina( '#m"(aint &#r Grav 1ra(
;&amati#n against "rivat rs"#ndnt Cristina
@ga&ria &#r a((gd(* #"n(*, "u)(i'(* and
ma(i'i#us(* uttring t! &#((#-ing insu(ting -#rds and
statmntsC RGag# i.a- nga Baranga* Ca"tain,
m#ntis'#, traid#r, ma(ugus, 4udas,R -!i'!, &r(*
trans(atd, manC R6#u ar a &##(is! Baranga*
Ca"tain, ign#ramus, trait#r, t*rant, +udasR and #t!r
-#rds and statmnts #& simi(ar im"#rt -!i'! 'ausd
grat and irr"ara)( damag and in/ur* t# !is
"rs#n and !#n#r,
$ Privat rs"#ndnt as a''usd t!rin ntrd a
"(a #& n#t gui(t*, %ria( nsud, at -!i'! "titi#nr,
-it!#ut rsrving !is rig!t t# &i( a s"arat 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags a'tiv(* intrvnd t!ru a "rivat
"r#s'ut#r,
$ A&tr tria(, "rivat rs"#ndnt -as '#nvi'td #& t!
#&&ns #& S(ig!t 1ra( ;&amati#n and -as sntn'd
t# "a* a &in #& Fi&t* Ps#s <P50,00= -it! su)sidiar*
im"ris#nmnt in 'as #& ins#(vn'* and t# "a* t!
'#sts,
$ N# damags -r a-ardd t# "titi#nr,
$ ;isagring, "titi#nr s#ug!t r(i& &r#m t! R%C,
-!i'! dnid !is "titi#n,
% Petitioners Claim %! R%C d'isi#n is '#ntrar* t#
Arti'( 100 #& t! RPC "r#viding t!at vr* "rs#n
'rimina((* (ia)( &#r a &(#n* is a(s# 'ivi((* (ia)(, and
Arti'( 2212 #& t! N- Civi( C#d "r#viding t!at
m#ra( damags ma* ) r'#vrd in (i)(, s(andr #r
an* #t!r &#rm #& d&amati#n,
% Respondents Comment %! d'isi#n #& t! tria(
'#urt 'arris -it! it t! &ina( ad/udi'ati#n #& !r 'ivi(
(ia)i(it*, Sin' "titi#nr '!#s t# a'tiv(* intrvn
in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n -it!#ut rsrving !is rig!t t#
&i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags, ! assumd
t! ris. t!at in t! vnt ! &ai(d t# r'#vr
damags ! 'ann#t a""a( &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t!
(#-r '#urt,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! d'isi#n #& t! >C%C '#nstituts t! &ina(
ad/udi'ati#n #n t! mrits #& "rivat rs"#ndntQs
'ivi( (ia)i(it*
2, 51N "titi#nr is ntit(d t# an a-ard #& damags
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! d'isi#n #& t! >C%C !as n#t *t )'#m &ina(
du t# t! tim(* a""a( &i(d )* "titi#nr -it!
rs"'t t# t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd in said
'as, It -as #n(* t! una""a(d 'rimina( as"'t #&
t! 'as -!i'! !as )'#m &ina(,
) People vs, Coloma &r#m a /udgmnt '#nvi'ting t!
a''usd, t-# <2= a""a(s ma*, a''#rding(*, ) ta.n,
%! a''usd ma* s. a rvi- #& said /udgmnt, as
rgards )#t! 'ivi( and 'rimina( a'ti#ns; -!i( t!
'#m"(ainant ma* a""a( -it! rs"'t #n(* t# t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n, it!r )'aus t! (#-r '#urt !as r&usd t#
a-ard damags #r )'aus t! a-ard mad is
unsatis&a't#r* t# !im,
%! rig!t #& it!r t# a""a( #r n#t t# a""a( in t!
vnt #& '#nvi'ti#n #& t! a''usd is n#t d"ndnt
u"#n t! #t!r, Ptiti#nr ma*, as ! did, a""a(
&r#m t! d'isi#n #n t! 'ivi( as"'t -!i'! is dmd
institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n and su'! a""a(,
tim(* ta.n, "rvnts t! d'isi#n #n t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* &r#m attaining &ina(it*,
2, 67S
$ Civi( #)(igati#ns arising &r#m 'rimina( #&&nss ar
g#vrnd )* Arti'( 100 #& t! RPC -!i'! "r#vids
t!at R7vr* "rs#n 'rimina((* (ia)( &#r a &(#n* is
a(s# 'ivi((* (ia)(,R in r(ati#n t# Arti'( 2199 #& t!
Civi( C#d #n 3uasi$d(i't, t! "r#visi#ns &#r
ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#ns in t! C!a"tr #n 4uman
R(ati#ns and t! "r#visi#ns rgu(ating damags,
a(s# &#und in t! Civi( C#d,
$ Kndr(*ing t! (ga( "rin'i"( t!at a "rs#n -!# is
'rimina((* (ia)( is a(s# 'ivi((* (ia)( is t! vi- t!at
&r#m t! stand"#int #& its &&'ts, a 'rim !as dua(
'!ara'trC
<1= as an #&&ns against t! stat )'aus #& t!
distur)an' #& t! s#'ia( #rdr; and
<2= as an #&&ns against t! "rivat "rs#n in/urd
)* t! 'rim un(ss it inv#(vs t! 'rim #& tras#n,
r)((i#n, s"i#nag, '#ntm"t and #t!rs -!rin
n# 'ivi( (ia)i(it* ariss #n t! "art #& t! #&&ndr
it!r )'aus t!r ar n# damags t# )
'#m"nsatd #r t!r is n# "rivat "rs#n in/urd )*
t! 'rim,
In t! u(timat ana(*sis, -!at givs ris t# t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* is ra((* t! #)(igati#n #& vr*#n t# r"air
#r t# ma. -!#( t! damag 'ausd t# an#t!r )*
ras#n #& !is a't #r #missi#n, -!t!r d#n
intnti#na( #r ng(ignt(* and -!t!r #r n#t
"unis!a)( )* (a-,
$ As a gnra( ru(, a "rs#n -!# is &#und t# )
'rimina((* (ia)( #&&nds t-# <2= ntitisC t! stat #r
s#'it* in -!i'! ! (ivs and t! individua( mm)r
#& t! s#'it* #r "rivat "rs#n -!# -as in/urd #r
damagd )* t! "unis!a)( a't #r #missi#n, %!
#&&ns #& -!i'! "rivat rs"#ndnt -as &#und gui(t*
is n#t #n #& t!#s &(#nis -!r n# 'ivi( (ia)i(it*
rsu(ts )'aus it!r t!r is n# #&&ndd "art* #r
n# damag -as 'ausd t# a "rivat "rs#n,
$ %!r is !r an #&&ndd "art*, -!#s main
'#ntnti#n "r'is(* is t!at ! su&&rd damags in
vi- #& t! d&amat#r* -#rds and statmnts
uttrd )* "rivat rs"#ndnt, in t! am#unt #& %n
%!#usand Ps#s <P10,000,00= as m#ra( damags and
t! &urt!r sum #& %n %!#usand Ps#s <P10,000= as
:m"(ar* damags,
$ Arti'( 2212, "ar, <9= #& t! Civi( C#d a((#-s t!
r'#vr* #& m#ra( damags in 'as #& (i)(, s(andr
#r an* #t!r &#rm #& d&amati#n %!is "r#visi#n #& (a-
sta)(is!s t! rig!t #& an #&&ndd "art* in a 'as
&#r #ra( d&amati#n t# r'#vr &r#m t! gui(t* "art*
damags &#r in/ur* t# !is &(ings and r"utati#n, %!
#&&ndd "art* is (i.-is a((#-d t# r'#vr "unitiv
#r :m"(ar* damags,
Ca((ing "titi#nr -!# -as a )aranga* 'a"tain an
ign#ramus, trait#r, t*rant and +udas is '(ar(* an
im"utati#n #& d&'ts in "titi#nrQs '!ara'tr
su&&i'int t# 'aus !im m)arrassmnt and s#'ia(
!umi(iati#n, Ptiti#nr tsti&id t# t! &(ings #&
s!am and anguis! ! su&&rd as a rsu(t #& t!
in'idnt '#m"(aind #&,
$ Ptiti#nr is ntit(d t# m#ra( damags in t! sum
#& P5,000,00 and a &urt!r sum #& P5,000,00 as
:m"(ar* damags,
Dispositive %! "titi#n -as grantd,
BO$I#! /O'A
162 SCRA 180
PA;I??A; +un 20, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# rvi- t! #rdr #& t! C#urt
#& First Instan' #& >isamis 1''idnta(, Br, III, L#sa, +,
&AC#'
$ S"tm)r 24, 1268, 2 P> N B#nit, a 'aminr# #&
t! Burau #& Pu)(i' 4ig!-a*s -as .i((d -!n !
-as !it )* a tru'. drivn )* A)am#nga, A '#m"(aint
&#r r'.(ss im"rudn' rsu(ting in !#mi'id -as
&i(d )* t! surviving !irs #& B#nit )ut A)am#nga
-as a'3uittd )'aus #& insu&&i'int vidn',
$ In t! '#urs #& t! tria(, t! "titi#nrs a'tiv(*
"arti'i"atd in t! "r#'dings t!r#ug! t!ir (a-*r,
"rivat "r#s'ut#r Att*, ;u(a(as,
$ ;'m)r 28, 1290 N %! B#nit !irs &i(d an
a'ti#n &#r r'#vr* #& damags against A)am#nga
)asd #n t! sam a't )ut t! '#urt dismissd t!
'#m"(aint &#r damags )'aus t! C#urt )(ivs
t!at t! B#nit !irs did n#t rsrv t! rig!t t# d#
s#,
I''%!
51N an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags, undr
Arti'( 22 #& t! Civi( C#d, is dmd )arrd )*
"titi#nrsQ &ai(ur in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n t# ma. a
rsrvati#n t# &i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n and )* t!ir
a'tiv "arti'i"ati#n in t! "r#s'uti#n #& su'!
'rimina( a'ti#n,
(!"D
67S
Ratio 5!n t! a''usd in a 'rimina( 'as is
a'3uittd #n t! gr#und t!at !is gui(t !as n#t )n
"r#vd )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
damags &#r t! sam a't #r #missi#n ma* sti(( )
institutd against !im, and #n(* a "r"#ndran' #&
vidn' is r3uird t# !#(d t! a''usd (ia)(, %!
'ivi( (ia)i(it* is n#t :tinguis!d )* a'3uitta( #& t!
a''usd, -!r t! a'3uitta( is )asd #n ras#na)(
d#u)t <)asd #n Arti'( 22 #& t! Civi( C#d=,
Reasoning
% In t! 'rimina( 'as against A)am#nga, t!
a''usd -as a'3uittd )'aus t!r -as
insu&&i'int vidn' t# "r#v !is gui(t )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t, C(ar(*, t! B#nit !irs !av t!
rig!t t# &i( an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
ds"it t! a'3uitta( #& t! a''usd in t! 'rimina(
'as,
$ Asid &r#m )asing t!ir a'ti#n &#r damags in
Arti'( 22 #& t! Civi( C#d, t! "titi#nrs ma* a(s#
r(* #n Arti'( 2196 -!i'! "r#vids t!at a'3uitta( #&
t! a''usd &r#m a '!arg #& 'rimina( ng(ign',
-!t!r #n ras#na)( d#u)t #r n#t, is n#t a )ar t# a
su)s3unt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r r'#vr* #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it*,
arising n#t &r#m 'rimina( ng(ign', )ut &r#m a
3uasi$d(i't #r 'u("a a3ui(iana,
$ It !as )n !(d t!at Arti'( 2196 #& t! Civi( C#d,
in r&rring t# R&au(t #r ng(ign'R '#vrs a'ts Rn#t
"unis!a)( )* (a-R as -(( as a'ts t!at ma* )
'rimina( in '!ara'tr, -!t!r intnti#na( and
v#(untar* #r ng(ignt, A s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n (is
against t! #&&ndr in a 'rimina( a't, -!t!r #r n#t
! is 'rimina((* "r#s'utd and &#und gui(t* #r
a'3uittd, "r#vidd t!at t! #&&ndd "art* is n#t
a((#-d t# r'#vr damags #n )#t! s'#rs,
$ Arti'( 22 #& t! Civi( C#d d#s n#t stat t!at t!
rig!t t# &i( an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
<undr said arti'(= 'an ) avai(d #& #n(* in #&&nss
n#t arising &r#m a t#rti#us a't, %! #n(* r3uisit &#r
t! :r'is #& t! rig!t t# &i( a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
damags is t!at t! a''usd must !av )n
a'3uittd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n )asd #n ras#na)(
d#u)t,
$ %! rs"#ndnt0s argumnt t!at t! a""(i'a)(
"r#visi#n is Arti'( 33 is dv#id #& mrit )'aus #&
t! a)#vmnti#nd argumnt, In additi#n, Arti'(
33 assums d&amati#n, &raud, #r "!*si'a( in/uris
-r intnti#na((* '#mmittd,
$ In t! 'as at )ar, Ru( 111 #& t! &#rmr Ru(s #&
Crimina( Pr#'dur <i,,, t!at a rsrvati#n ) mad
in t! 'rimina( 'as #& t! rig!t t# institut an
ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n= is n#t a""(i'a)( )'aus
Arti'( 22 d#s n#t r3uir it,
$ %! r3uirmnt in S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 111 #& t!
&#rmr Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur, t!at t!r ) a
rsrvati#n in t! 'rimina( 'as #& t! rig!t t#
institut an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n, !as )n
d'(ard as n#t in a''#rdan' -it! (a-, It is
rgardd as an unaut!#ri8d amndmnt t# t!
su)stantiv (a-, in t!is 'as t! Civi( C#d, In &a't,
t! rsrvati#n #& t! rig!t t# &i( an ind"ndnt
'ivi( a'ti#n !as )n d(td &r#m S'ti#n 2, Ru(
111 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur, in
'#ns#nan' -it! t! d'isi#ns #& t!is C#urt d'(aring
su'! r3uirmnt #& a rsrvati#n as in&&'tiv,
$ %! a'tiv "arti'i"ati#n #& t! B#nit !irs d#s n#t
a't as a )ar &r#m "ursuing a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
)'aus t! 'ivi( a'ti#n )asd #n 'rimina( (ia)i(it*
and a 'ivi( a'ti#n undr Arti'( 22 ar t-# s"arat
and ind"ndnt a'ti#ns,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! #rdrs #& t!
rs"#ndnt '#urt ar !r)* R7@7RS7; and S7%
ASI;7, and a n- #n is ntrd rinstating t!
'#m"(aint in t! 'ivi( 'as dir'ting said '#urt t#
"r#'d -it! t! tria( #& t! 'as, C#sts against
"rivat rs"#ndnt,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
M!"!$CIO,(!RR!RA FconcurG
$ 4 #& t!m mr(* '#n'urrd in t! rsu(t$ I& t!r
!as )n a'tiv "arti'i"ati#n in t! "r#s'uti#n #& a
'rimina( 'as )* t! #&&ndd "art*, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
arising &r#m t! 'rim is dmd t# !av )n a(s#
)r#ug!t in t! 'rimina( 'as, C#ns3unt(*, a
/udgmnt &inding t! a''usd gui(t* and granting
!im damags is )inding u"#n t! #&&ndd "art* and
! ma* n#t &i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n undr Arti'(
33,
$ 4#-vr i& t! a''usd is a'3uittd #n t! gr#und
#& ras#na)( d#u)t, as in t!is 'as, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
&#r damags &#r t! sam a't ma* ) institutd
undr Arti'( 22 #& t! Civi( C#d, n#t-it!standing
t! &a't t!at t! #&&ndd "art* !ad a'tiv(*
"arti'i"atd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
$ %! ru( in Corpus vs. Paje -!i'! stats t!at
r'.(ss im"rudn' is n#t in'(udd in Arti'( 33 #&
t! Civi( C#d, -as n#t dmd as aut!#ritativ
d#'trin )'aus, #& 11 /usti's, #n(* 2 t##. "art in
t! d'isi#n and
%' (!!R)
25 P!i( 600
%R7N%; 1't 22, 1213
&AC#'
$4r* -as '!argd -it! attm"td murdr, )ut -as
'#nvi'td #& t! (ssr 'rim #& ma(i'i#us(* in&(i'ting
sri#us in/ur* u"#n A(: Strn)rg, and -as
sntn'd t# #n *ar and t!r m#nt!s #& "risi#n
'#rr''i#na( )* t! tria( '#urt,
$1n a""a(, t! d'isi#n -as a&&irmd )ut 'as -as
rmandd )'aus it did n#t in'(ud t! vidn' #&
'ivi( damags su&&rd )* t! #&&ndd "art*,
$%!n (#-r '#urt, in its ru(ing, rstatd t!
'#nvi'ti#n <#& #n *r t# 3 m#nt!s #& "risi#n
'#rr''i#na(= and t!n in'(udd P50,500 &#r
indmnit*, -it! su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt, in 'as #&
ins#(vn'*,
$4r* raisd t! 3usti#n #& d#u)( /#"ard*, and
t! a-ard )ing :'ssiv,
I''%!'
1, 51N rmanding t! 'as &#r dtrminati#n #&
'ivi( damags and t!ir assssmnt against t!
d&ndant ar t# ) '#nsidrd as a m#di&i'ati#n #&
t! "unis!mnt, )* in'rasing t! "na(t* #r
#t!r-is, mtd #ut t# t! d&ndant &#r t!
'#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim, <51N t!r is d#u)(
/#"ard*=
2, 51N a-ard -as :'ssiv
(!"D
1, N1,
$ Civi( damags ar n# "art #& t! "unis!mnt &#r t!
'rim,
$ 5!at -as t! &&'t #& t! a'ti#n #& t!is '#urt in
a&&irming t!at /udgmnt as t# t! gui(t and
"unis!mnt #& t! a''usd and #& rvrsing it as t#
t! 3usti#n #& 'ivi( damag, -it! instru'ti#ns t#
:'ut t! "unis!mnt im"#sd and t# tr* t! 'ivi(
)ran'! #& t! 'asH Baring in mind t! )r#ad (in #&
dmar'ati#n )t-n t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd
and !is 'rimina( (ia)i(it*, t! )ar &a't t!at !is 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* -as dtrmind and &i:d !ad n#t!ing
-!atvr t# d# -it! t! "unis!mnt im"#sd, %!
(attr -as n#t t!r)* a&&'tdG, %!is tim
intrvning )t-n t! /udgmnt #& gui(t and t!
/udgmnt #& 'ivi( damags '#u(d in n# -a* giv t#
t! (attr t! '!ara'tr #& t! &#rmr,
$ <%!at= t! d&ndant mig!t srv t! trm #&
im"ris#nmnt &i:d )* t! '#urt as t! "unis!mnt
&#r !is 'rim, and a&tr t! sntn' &#r 'ivi(
damags and in 'as #& !is ins#(vn'*, ! -#u(d
!av t# rturn t# "ris#n t# srv t! su)sidiar*
im"ris#nmnt )* ras#n #& !is ins#(vn'*, )ing
argud t!at t!is -#u(d '#nstitut d#u)( /#"ard*, It
is -(( stt(d t!at :'uti#n against t! "rs#n -i((
issu in 'ivi( a'ti#ns in 'as #& "rs#na( in/uris, and
t!at t!is is n#t im"ris#nmnt &#r d)t #r "unis!mnt
&#r 'rim, It is in (iu #& t! "a*mnt #& t! indmnit*
and is '#nsidrd as a dis'!arg t!r#&, I& t!
"a*mnt #& t! indmnit* is n#t "unis!mnt &#r t!
'rim, t! im"ris#nmnt in (iu t!r#& is n#t
"unis!mnt &#r t! 'rim,
$ As t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* is n# "art #& t! "unis!mnt &#r
t! 'rim, t!r -#u(d !av )n n# 3usti#n #&
d#u)( /#"ard*,,, In t! "rsnt 'as, t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* #& t! d&ndant -as sta)(is!d, and t!
s#( 3usti#n dtrmind u"#n t! s'#nd tria( -as
t! am#unt #& 'ivi( damags, %! "(a #& d#u)(
/#"ard* 'an n#t ) a((#-d,
$1n 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& "rs#ns a''usd #& 'rimC
$ S"ringr vs, 1d(inC RB* Gnra( 1rdrs, N#, 58,
s'ti#n 109, t! "rivi(gs s'urd )* t! S"anis!
(a- t# "rs#ns '(aiming t# ) in/urd )* t!
'#mmissi#n #& an #&&ns t# ta. "art in t!
"r#s'uti#n #& t! #&&ns and t# r'#vr damags
&#r t! in/ur* sustaind )* ras#n #& t! sam, ar
"rsrvd and rmain in &#r', and it is t!rin
:"rss(* "r#vidd t!at t! '#urt, u"#n '#nvi'ti#n
#& t! a''usd, ma* ntr /udgmnt in &av#r #& t!
in/urd "rs#n, against t! d&ndant in t!
'rimina( 'as &#r t! damag #''asi#nd )* t!
-r#ng&u( a't,R
$ Ra.s vs, At(anti', Gu(& T Pa'i&i' C#,C RA''#rding
t# arti'( 112 <S"anis! C#d #& Crimina( Pr#'dur=
t! "na( a'ti#n #n' startd, t! 'ivi( rmd*
s!#u(d ) s#ug!t t!r-it!, un(ss it !ad )n
-aivd )* t! "art* in/urd #r )n :"rss(*
rsrv )* !im &#r 'ivi( "r#'dings &#r t! &utur,
I& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n a(#n -as "r#s'utd, arising #ut
#& a 'rim t!at '#u(d ) n&#r'd #n(* #n "rivat
'#m"(aint, t! "na( a'ti#n t!rundr s!#u(d )
:tinguis!d,R
$ A(mida vs, A)ar#a <8 P!i(, R",, 198=, -as a 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags )r#ug!t t! "(ainti&& against a
"rs#n -!# !ad )n "rvi#us(* a'3uittd #n a
'rimina( '!arg, It -as !(d t!at !is a'3uitta( in t!
'rimina( a'ti#n -as a '#m"(t )ar t# a 'ivi( a'ti#n
&#r damags )asd u"#n t! a((gd 'rimina( a't
#& -!i'! t! d&ndant !ad )n a''usd, In t!
'#urs #& t!is d'isi#n it -as saidC
$ RInstituting a 'rimina( a'ti#n #n(*, it -i(( )
undrst##d, )rings t! 'ivi( a'ti#n as -((, un(ss t!
damagd #r "r/udi'd "rs#n -aivs t! sam #r
:"rss(* rsrvs t! rig!t t# institut t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n a&tr t! trminati#n #& t! 'rimina( 'as, i&
t!r ) an* ras#n t!r&#r, <Art, 112 #& t! said
?a- #& Crimina( Pr#'dur,=
$ R%! rig!t t# )ring t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, as rsrvd )*
t! "rs#n damagd #r "r/udi'd, a&tr t!
trminati#n #& t! 'rimina( 'as, is #n(* "rmittd, i&
t!r ) an* ras#n t!r&#r, and s# sa*s t! (a-,
in t! vnt t!at t! /udgmnt rndrd in t!
'rimina( 'aus is a &inding #& gui(t against t!
a''usd; )ut i& t! a''usd ) a'3uittd, t!n t!
'#m"(iant in t! 'ivi( a'ti#n must ) )asd #n s#m
&a't and #r 'aus distin't and s"arat &r#m t!
'rimina( a't its(&,R
$ %! '#urt t!n 3u#ts &r#m arti'( 114 #& t!
S"anis! C#d #& Crimina( Pr#'dur "r#vidsC
R5!n a 'rimina( "r#'ding is institutd &#r t!
/udi'ia( invstigati#n #& a 'rim #r misdman#r,
n# 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! sam a't 'an )
"r#s'utd; )ut t! sam s!a(( ) sus"ndd, i&
t!r ) #n, in -!atvr stag #r stat it ma* )
&#und, unti( &ina( sntn' in t! 'rimina(
"r#'ding is "r#n#un'd,
R%# "r#s'ut a "na( a'ti#n it s!a(( n#t )
n'ssar* t!at a 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! sam
'rim #r misdman#r ) "rvi#us(* institutd,R
$ Kndr t! S"anis! 'rimina( (a-, an in/urd "rs#n
!ad t! rig!t t# intrvn in t! "r#s'uti#n #& t!
a''usd &#r t! "ur"#s #& !aving !is damags
as'rtaind, %! tria( '#urt -as r3uird t# in'(ud
t! am#unt #& t!s damags in t! /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n, %! "(ain "r#visi#ns #& s'ti#n 109 #& #ur
'rimina( "r#'dur, 3u#td su"ra, :"rss(*
"rsrvs t!is rig!t t# t! in/urd "rs#n, %! r&usa(
#& t! tria( '#urt t# a((#- t! in/urd "rs#n t#
intr#du' vidn' as t# !is damags is, t!r&#r,
'(ar(* "r/udi'ia( rr#r,
2, 67S,
$ %!r 'an ) n# #)/'ti#n t# a((#-ing t!
"!*si'iansQ &s #& P500 and P1,300 &#r t! t!r
m#nt!sQ sa(ar*, )ing t! tim t! in/urd "art* -as
in'a"a'itatd &r#m "r&#rming t! -#r. in -!i'! !
-as t!n ngagd, %! rmaindr, P48,900, a""ars
t# !av )n a((#-d #n a''#unt #& t! "rmannt
diminuti#n #& Strn)rgQs a)i(it* t# arn m#n*, %!
vidn' #& r'#rd d#s n#t sta)(is! su'! disa)i(it*
-it! t!at dgr #& 'rtain(* -!i'! -i(( /usti&* an
a-ard &#r t!at "ur"#s, 5 !av ra'!d t!is
'#n'(usi#n a&tr a m#st 'ar&u( :aminati#n #& a(( t!
tstim#n* u"#n t!is "#int,
Dispositive %! a-ard #& damags is rdu'd t#
P1,800, t! d&ndant t# su&&r su)sidiar*
im"ris#nmnt, -!i'! in n# vnt 'an :'d #n$
t!ird #& t! "rin'i"a( "na(t*, in 'as #& ins#(vn'*,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
MOR!"A$D Fconcurring and dissen7ingG
%! r'#rd )ing in t!is '#nditi#n, I am in'(ind t#
)(iv t!at t!is '#urt s!#u(d n#t ta. u" and
dis'uss, mu'! (ss d'id, t! 3usti#n #& &#rmr
/#"ard*, %# d# s# it must n#t #n(* !#(d, in vi#(ati#n
#& t! "r#visi#ns #& s'ti#n 24 #& t! C#d #&
Crimina( Pr#'dur, t!at it is unn'ssar* t# "(ad
t! d&ns in t! tria( '#urt )ut must a(s# !#(d t!at
it is unn'ssar* t# intr#du' vidn' in t!at '#urt
t# su)stantiat t! "(a, %! "(a #& &#rmr
'#nvi'ti#n #r #n' in /#"ard* s!#u(d, a''#rding t#
sta)(is!d ru(s and t! "r#visi#ns #& t! C#d #&
Crimina( Pr#'dur, ) su)stantiatd )* t!
"r#du'ti#n #& t! r'#rd #& t! &#rmr tria( and t!
intr#du'ti#n #& t! sam in vidn', %!at -as n#t
d#n in t!is 'as, 5!i( t! vidn' ta.n in t!
&#rmr tria( -as intr#du'd in t! "rsnt 'as &#r
t! "ur"#s #& sta)(is!ing t! :tnt #& d&ndantQs
'ivi( (ia)i(it*, t! rmaining "art #& t! r'#rd -as n#t
intr#du'd as vidn' and -as n#t, t!r&#r,
'#nsidrd )* t!at '#urt, I& it !ad )n intr#du'd as
vidn', t! g#vrnmnt -#u(d !av !ad t! rig!t
t# mt it and ) !ard u"#n it in t!at '#urt, %#
"rmit t! 3usti#n t# ) raisd !r &#r t! &irst
tim, and in t! rs#(uti#n t!r#&, t# '#nsidr
vidn' t!at -as nvr intr#du'd in t! tria( '#urt
and -!i'! t! g#vrnmnt !as nvr !ad an
#""#rtunit* t# mt in an #rdr(* -a*, is n#t #n(* t#
ta. t! "r#s'uti#n )* sur"ris )ut is t# sta)(is! a
"r'dnt -!i'! ma* ) dangr#us in "ra'ti' and
su)vrsiv #& #rdr(* "r#'dur,
PARH!R PA$"I"IO and P(I" AIR
"I$!'
21 P4I? 1
BAK%IS%A ANG7?1; >ar'! 5, 1252
$A#%R!
Crti#rari and mandamus
&AC#'
$ Asun'i#n Par.r and !r min#r daug!tr Sat!(n
&i(d a '#m"(aint &#r damags against P!i(i""in Air
?ins, In',, )asd #n t! a((gd &ai(ur #& PA? t#
'arr* sa&(* Ri'!ard Par.r &r#m ;at, Camarins
N#rt t# >ani(a,
$ PA? st u" as s"'ia( d&ns t!at t! "(an
:"(#dd in mid$air du t# Ad*namit surr"titi#us(*
intr#du'd int# said air 'ra&t )* 'rimina( !andsB, A
'rimina( 'as -as a(rad* &i(d in CFI Camarins
N#rt against t! su""#sd gui(t* "artis,
$ 5!n t! 'as -as st &#r t! '#ntinuati#n #& t!
!aring, PA? "rsntd an #ra( m#ti#n &#r t!
sus"nsi#n #& t! !aring, inv#.ing <t!n= s' 1 Ru(
109, #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, -!i'! "r#vids t!at n#
'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! sam #&&ns 'an )
"r#s'utd unti( &ina( /udgmnt in t! 'rimina(
"r#'ding !as )n rndrd, Par.r v!mnt(*
#""#sd,
$ CFI sus"ndd t! !aring unti( t! &ina(
dtrminati#n #& t! 'rimina( 'as -!i'! -as t!n
"nding a""a( in t! SC,
Petitioners Claim It -as a mista. #n t! "art #&
rs"#ndnt /udg t# '#nsidr and a""(* S' 1, Ru(
109 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, as !r 'aus #& a'ti#n in
t! 'ivi( 'as is )asd #n culpa contractual and n#t
#n t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m t! #&&ns inv#(vd
in t! 'rimina( 'as,
Respondents Comments A5!n a 'rimina( a'ti#n
is institutd, t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& t!
'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m t! #&&ns '!argd is
im"(id(* institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, un(ss
t! #&&ndd "art* :"rss(* -aivs t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
#r rsrvs t! rig!t t# institut it s"arat(*B, and
t!at, inasmu'! as "titi#nr !ad &ai(d t# :"rss(*
rsrv !r rig!t t# institut t! 'ivi( a'ti#n
s"arat(*, s! ma* n#t n#- institut an#t!r a'ti#n
undr arti'(s 1202$1210 #& t! Civi( C#d )asd #n
t! a't #r #missi#n '#m"(aind #& in t! 'rimina(
a'ti#n,
I''%!'
1, 51N CFI -as '#rr't in '#nsidring and a""(*ing
S' 1, Ru( 109, #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt
2, 51N rs"#ndnt /udg rrd in sus"nding t!
!aring
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! "rsnt 'ivi( 'as is )asd u"#n a 'aus #&
a'ti#n n#t arising &r#m t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* inv#(vd in
t! 'rimina( 'as institutd against t! a''usd, %!
'ivi( 'as is )asd #n a((gd culpa contractual
in'urrd )* PA? )'aus #& its &ai(ur t# 'arr* sa&(*
Ri'!ard Par.r t# !is "(a' #& dstinati#n, -!ras
t! 'rimina( 'as inv#(vs t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& t!
a''usd,
$ Ru( 109 '#ntm"(ats a 'as -!r t! #&&ndd
"art* dsirs t# "rss !is rig!t t# dmand indmnit*
&r#m t! a''usd in t! 'rimina( 'as -!i'! ! ma*
assrt it!r in t! sam 'rimina( 'as #r in a
s"arat a'ti#n,
$ %! &ai(ur #& Par.r t# rsrv !r rig!t t# institut
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n in t! 'rimina( 'as 'ann#t in an* -a*
) dmd as -aivr #n !r "art t# institut a
s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n against PA? )asd #n its
'#ntra'tua( (ia)i(it*,
2, N1
$ %! "rsnt 'ivi( 'as is dir't(* intr-#vn -it!
t! 'rimina( 'as in t! sns t!at t! main issu
inv#(vd in )#t! 'ass is t! dtrminati#n #& t!
&ai(ur #& Ri'!ard Par.r t# ra'! sa&(* !is
dstinati#n #r t! dtrminati#n #& t! 'aus #& !is
dat!, %!is -as t! main ras#n t!at guidd t!
(#-r '#urt in "#st"#ning t! !aring #& t! 'ivi(
'as unti( &ina( /udgmnt in t! 'rimina( 'as !as
)n rndrd,
$ Inasmu'! as t! "#-r t# grant #r r&us
'#ntinuan's is in!rnt in a(( '#urts un(ss
:"rss(* (imitd )* statut, and t!r is n# s!#-ing
t!at t! (#-r '#urt !as a)usd its dis'rti#n is
sus"nding t! !aring, t! "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari
must &ai(,
Dispositive Ptiti#n dnid
Criminal Procedure a2010 page .0 Prof.
)AH%"# P(I"IPPI$!' CA FCAMA'OG
120 SCRA 359
GANCA6C1; 1't, 5, 1220
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #& d'isi#n #& t! CA
&AC#'
$ 5 *ar #(d R#* Camas# <standing #n a sid-a(.=
-as sids-i"d )* a m#t#r'*'( #-nd )* 6a.u(t
P!i(i""ins and drivn )* its m"(#*, ?arr* Sa(vad#
#n ;',1282,
$ An in&#rmati#n -as t!n &i(d #n +an,1283 against
Sa(vad# '!arging !im -it! t! 'rim #& r'.(ss
im"rudn' rsu(ting in s(ig!t "!*si'a( in/uris,
$ 1n 1't, 1284, a '#m"(aint &#r damags -as &i(d in
t! R%C #& >ani(a )* R#* Camas# <r"rsntd )*
!is &at!r, ;avid= against 6a.u(t and Sa(vad#, %!
R%C d'idd in &av#r #& t! Camas#0s and !(d t!
d&ndants <!rin "titi#nrs= /#int(* and svra((*
(ia)( &#r damags, -!i'! t!n m#vd said
d&ndants 6a.u(t and Sa(vad# t# a""a( t!
/udgmnt, %!* a(s# &i(d a "ititi#n &#r 'rti#rari in
t! CA '!a((nging t! R%C0s /urisdi'ti#n in t! 'ivi(
'as, %!ir argumnt -as t!at t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
damags &#r in/uris arising &r#m a((gd 'rimina(
ng(ign', t!r )ing n# ma(i', 'ann#t ) &i(d
ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n and t!at undr
Ru( 111 S',1 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #& Crim, Pr#,, su'!
a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n ma* n#t ) &i(d un(ss
rsrvati#n t!r#& is :"rss(* mad,
$ %! CA #n N#v, 1282, dismissd t! "titi#n and
t! su)s3unt >FR,
I''%!
51N a 'ivi( a'ti#n institutd a&tr a 'rimina( a'ti#n
-as &i(d 'an "r#s"r vn i& t!r -as n#
rsrvati#n t# &i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n
(!"D
67S
$ A(t!#ug! t! s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &i(d in t!is 'as
-as -it!#ut "rvi#us rsrvati#n in t! 'rimina(
'as, it -as nvrt!(ss institutd )&#r t!
"r#s'uti#n "rsntd vidn' in t! 'rimina(
a'ti#n, and t! "rsiding /udg !and(ing t! 'rimina(
a'ti#n -as du(* in&#rmd t!r#&, su'! t!at n#
damags -as a-ardd in t! dis"#siti#n #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n,
Reasoning
% Kndr t! a&#r'itd "r#visi#ns #& t! ru(, t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* is im"(id(*
institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n un(ss t!
#&&ndd "art* -aivs t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, rsrvs !is
rig!t t# institut it s"arat(* #r instituts t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n "ri#r t# t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
$ Su'! 'ivi( a'ti#n in'(uds r'#vr* #& indmnit*
undr t! Rvisd Pna( C#d, and damags undr
Arti'(s 32, 33, 34 and 2196 #& t! Civi( C#d #& t!
P!i(i""ins arising &r#m t! sam a't #r #missi#n #&
t! a''usd,
It is a(s# "r#vidd t!at t! rsrvati#n #& t! rig!t t#
institut t! s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n s!a(( ) mad
)&#r t! "r#s'uti#n starts t# "rsnt its vidn'
and undr 'ir'umstan's a&&#rding t! #&&ndd
"art* a ras#na)( #""#rtunit* t# ma. su'!
rsrvati#n,
VV %! SC '#nsidrd t! a'tua( &i(ing #& t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n &ar )ttr t!an a '#m"(ian' -it! t!
r3uirmnt #& an :"rss rsrvati#n t!at s!#u(d )
mad )* t! #&&ndd "art* )&#r t! "r#s'uti#n
"rsnts its vidn', It addd t!at t! "ur"#s #&
t!is ru( r3uiring rsrvati#n is t# "rvnt t!
#&&ndd "art* &r#m r'#vring damags t-i' &#r
t! sam a't #r #missi#n,
Dispositive "titi#n ;7NI7;, CA d'isi#n AFFIR>7;,
MA$IA+O CA <BOADO>
253 SCRA 694
>7N;1LA; F)ruar* 20, 1226
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nr Ru)n >aniag# -as t! #-nr #& s!utt(
)uss -!i'! -r usd in trans"#rting m"(#*s #&
t! %:as Instrumnts, In', &r#m Bagui# Cit* "r#"r
t# its "(ant sit at t! 7:"#rt Pr#'ssing Aut!#rit* in
?#a.an, Bagui# Cit*,
$ 1n #& !is )uss &igurd in a v!i'u(ar a''idnt -it!
a "assngr /"n* #-nd )* "rivat rs"#ndnt
A(&rd# B#ad# a(#ng ?#a.an R#ad, Bagui# Cit*, As a
rsu(t #& t! a''idnt, a 'rimina( 'as &#r r'.(ss
im"rudn' rsu(ting in damag t# "r#"rt* and
mu(ti"( "!*si'a( in/uris -as &i(d against
"titi#nr0s drivr, 4rmini# Anda*a, -it! t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Bagui# Cit*
$ A m#nt! (atr, a 'ivi( 'as &#r damags -as &i(d )*
"rivat rs"#ndnt B#ad# against "titi#nr !ims(&
$ Ptiti#nr m#vd &#r t! sus"nsi#n #& t!
"r#'dings in t! 'ivi( 'as against !im, 'iting t!
"ndn'* #& t! 'rimina( 'as against !is drivr, But
t! tria( '#urt dnid "titi#nr0s m#ti#n #n t!
gr#und t!at "ursuant t# t! Civi( C#d, t! a'ti#n
'#u(d "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
in additi#n t# t! &a't t!at t! "titi#nr -as n#t t!
a''usd in t! 'rimina( 'as,
$ CA dismissd !is "titi#n
$ %!r is n# dis"ut t!at "rivat rs"#ndnt, as
#&&ndd "art* in t! 'rimina( 'as, did n#t rsrv
t! rig!t t# )ring a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n, )asd #n
t! sam a''idnt, it!r against t! drivr,
4rmini# Anda*a, #r against t! (attr0s m"(#*r,
!rin "titi#nr Ru)n >aniag#,
$ "titi#nr argus t!at t! 'ivi( a'ti#n against !im
-as im"(id(* institutd in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n
"rvi#us(* &i(d against !is m"(#* )'aus
"rivat rs"#ndnt did n#t rsrv !is rig!t t# )ring
t!is a'ti#n s"arat(*, <%! r'#rds s!#- t!at -!i(
t!is 'as -as "nding in t! C#urt #& A""a(s, t!
'rimina( a'ti#n -as dismissd #n +u(* 10, 1222 &#r
&ai(ur #& t! "r#s'uti#n t# &i( a &#rma( #&&r #& its
vidn', -it! t! '#ns3un' t!at t! "r#s'uti#n
&ai(d t# "r#s'ut its 'as, A''#rding(*, it sms t#
) "titi#nr0s argumnt t!at sin' t! 'ivi( a'ti#n t#
r'#vr damags -as im"(id(* institutd -it! t!
'rimina( a'ti#n, t! dismissa( #& t! 'rimina( 'as
)r#ug!t -it! it t! dismissa( #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n,=
$ Privat rs"#ndnt admits t!at ! did n#t rsrv
t! rig!t t# institut t! "rsnt 'ivi( a'ti#n against
Anda*a0s m"(#*r, 4 '#ntnds, !#-vr, t!at t!
rig!ts "r#vidd in Arts, 2196 and 2199 #& t! Civi(
C#d ar su)stantiv rig!ts and, as su'!, t!ir
n&#r'mnt 'ann#t ) '#nditi#nd #n a rsrvati#n
t# )ring t! a'ti#n t# n&#r' t!m s"arat(*,
I''%!
51N ds"it t! a)sn' #& rsrvati#n, B#ad# ma*
n#nt!(ss )ring an a'ti#n &#r damags against
"titi#nr undr t! Art,2196, 2180 and 2199 #& t!
Civi( C#d and Ru( 111 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt,
(!"D
N1
Ratio %! rig!t t# )ring an a'ti#n &#r damags undr
t! Civi( C#d must ) rsrvd as r3uird )* Ru(
111, ^ 1, #t!r-is it s!#u(d ) dismissd, ^1 3uit
'(ar(* r3uirs t!at a rsrvati#n must ) mad t#
institut s"arat(* a(( 'ivi( a'ti#ns &#r t! r'#vr*
#& 'ivi( (ia)i(it*, #t!r-is t!* -i(( ) dmd t#
!av )n institutd -it! t! 'rimina( 'as, %! rig!t
#& t! in/urd "art* t# su s"arat(* &#r t!
r'#vr* #& t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* -!t!r arising &r#m
'rims #r &r#m 3uasi d(i't undr Art, 2196 #& t!
Civi( C#d must ) rsrvd #t!r-is t!* -i(( )
dmd institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
Reasoning
A, %!r ar statmnts in s#m 'ass im"(*ing t!at
Ru( 111, ^^1 and 3 ar )*#nd t! ru(ma.ing
"#-r #& t! Su"rm C#urt undr t! C#nstituti#n,
A 'ar&u( :aminati#n #& t! 'ass, !#-vr, -i((
s!#- t!at a""r#va( #& t! &i(ing #& s"arat 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags vn t!#ug! n# rsrvati#n #&
t! rig!t t# institut su'! 'ivi( a'ti#n !ad )n
rsrvd rsts #n '#nsidrati#ns #t!r t!an t!at n#
rsrvati#n is ndd,
$ In Gar'ia v, F(#rid# t! rig!t #& an in/urd "rs#n t#
)ring an a'ti#n &#r damags vn i& ! did n#t ma.
a rsrvati#n #& !is a'ti#n in t! 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n
&#r "!*si'a( in/uris t!r#ug! r'.(ss im"rudn'
-as u"!(d #n t! gr#und t!at )* )ringing t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n t! in/urd "artis !ad Ain &&'t a)and#nd
t!ir rig!t t# "rss &#r r'#vr* #& damags in t!
'rimina( 'as,
$ In A)((ana v, >arav in -!i'! t! rig!t #& "rs#ns
in/urd in a v!i'u(ar a''idnt t# )ring a s"arat
a'ti#n &#r damags -as sustaind ds"it t! &a't
t!at t! rig!t t# )ring it s"arat(* -as n#t rsrvd,
But t! )asis #& t! d'isi#n in t!at 'as -as t! &a't
t!at t! &i(ing #& t! 'ivi( 'as -as 3uiva(nt t# a
rsrvati#n )'aus it -as mad a&tr t! d'isi#n #&
t! Cit* C#urt '#nvi'ting t! a''usd !ad )n
a""a(d,
$ In +aranti((a v, CA t! ru(ing is t!at t! a'3uitta( #&
t! a''usd in t! 'rimina( 'as &#r "!*si'a( in/uris
t!r#ug! r'.(ss im"rudn' #n t! gr#und #&
ras#na)( d#u)t is n#t a )ar t# t! &i(ing #& an
a'ti#n &#r damags vn t!#ug! t! &i(ing #& t!
(attr a'ti#n -as n#t rsrvd, %!is is )'aus #& Art,
22 #& t! Civi( C#d -!i'! "r#vids t!at A-!n an
a''usd is a'3uittd #n t! gr#und t!at !is gui(t !as
n#t )n "r#vd )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, a 'ivi(
a'ti#n &#r damags &#r t! sam a't #r #missi#n ma*
) institutd,B %!is ru(ing #)vi#us(* 'ann#t a""(* t#
t!is 'as )'aus t! )asis #& t! dismissa( #& t!
'rimina( 'as against t! drivr is t! &a't t!at t!
"r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# "r#v its 'as as a rsu(t #& its
&ai(ur t# ma. a &#rma( #&&r #& its vidn',
$ t! ru(ings in t!s 'ass ar '#nsistnt -it! t!
"r#"#siti#n !rin mad t!at, #n t! )asis #& Ru(
111, ^^1$3, a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r t! r'#vr* #& 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* is, as a gnra( ru(, im"(id(* institutd -it!
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, :'"t #n(* <1= -!n su'! a'ti#n
arising &r#m t! sam a't #r #missi#n, -!i'! is t!
su)/'t #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, is -aivd; <2= t! rig!t
t# )ring it s"arat(* is rsrvd #r <3= su'! a'ti#n
!as )n institutd "ri#r t# t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, 7vn
i& an a'ti#n !as n#t )n rsrvd #r it -as )r#ug!t
)&#r t! instituti#n #& t! 'rimina( 'as, t!
a'3uitta( #& t! a''usd -i(( n#t )ar r'#vr* #& 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* un(ss t! a'3uitta( is )asd #n a &inding t!at
t! a't &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* mig!t aris did
n#t :ist )'aus #& Art, 22 #& t! Civi( C#d,
$ %!r#ug! a(( t! s!i&ts #r '!angs in "#(i'* as t# t!
'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! sam a't #r #missi#n &#r
-!i'! a 'rimina( a'ti#n is )r#ug!t, #n t!ing is '(arC
%! '!ang !as )n &&'td )* t!is C#urt, %! n-
ru(s r3uir rsrvati#n #& t! rig!t t# r'#vr t!
'ivi( (ia)i(it*, #t!r-is t! a'ti#n -i(( ) dmd t#
!av )n institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
$ C#ntrar* t# "rivat rs"#ndnt0s '#ntnti#n, t!
r3uirmnt t!at )&#r a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n ma*
) )r#ug!t it must ) rsrvd d#s n#t im"air,
diminis! #r d&at su)stantiv rig!ts, )ut #n(*
rgu(ats t!ir :r'is in t! gnra( intrst #&
#rdr(* "r#'dur,
$ It is t! '#ndu't #& t! tria( #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n $ n#t
its instituti#n t!r#ug! t! &i(ing #& a '#m"(aint $ -!i'!
is a((#-d t# "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! #ut'#m
#& t! 'rimina( 'as,
B, %!r is a "ra'ti'a( ras#n &#r r3uiring t!at t!
rig!t t# )ring an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n undr t!
Civi( C#d s"arat(* must ) rsrvd, It is t# av#id
t! &i(ing #& m#r t!an #n a'ti#n &#r t! sam a't #r
#missi#n against t! sam "art*, An* a-ard mad
against t! m"(#*r, -!t!r )asd #n !is
su)sidiar* 'ivi( (ia)i(it* undr Art, 103 #& t! Rvisd
Pna( C#d #r !is "rimar* (ia)i(it* undr Art, 2180 #&
t! Civi( C#d, is u(timat(* r'#vra)( &r#m t!
a''usd,
$ In t! "rsnt 'as, t! 'rimina( a'ti#n -as &i(d
against t! m"(#*, )us drivr, 4ad t! drivr
)n '#nvi'td and &#und ins#(vnt, !is m"(#*r
-#u(d !av )n !(d su)sidiari(* (ia)( &#r damags,
But i& t! rig!t t# )ring a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n
<-!t!r arising &r#m t! 'rim #r &r#m 3uasi$d(i't=
is rsrvd, t!r -#u(d ) n# "#ssi)i(it* t!at t!
m"(#*r -#u(d ) !(d (ia)( )'aus in su'! a
'as t!r -#u(d ) n# "r#n#un'mnt as t# t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd, In su'! a 'as t! instituti#n
#& a s"arat and ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n undr t!
Civi( C#d -#u(d n#t rsu(t in t! m"(#* )ing
!(d (ia)( &#r t! sam a't #r #missi#n, %! ru(
r3uiring rsrvati#n in t! nd srvs t# im"(mnt
t! "r#!i)iti#n against d#u)( r'#vr* &#r t! sam
a't #r #missi#n,
$ N#r d#s it mattr t!at t! a'ti#n is against t!
m"(#*r t# n&#r' !is vi'ari#us (ia)i(it* undr Art,
2180 #& t! Civi( C#d, %!#ug! n#t an a''usd in t!
'rimina( 'as, t! m"(#*r is vr* mu'! a "art*, as
(#ng as t! rig!t t# )ring #r institut a s"arat
a'ti#n <-!t!r arising &r#m 'rim #r &r#m 3uasi
d(i't= is n#t rsrvd, %! ru(ing t!at a d'isi#n
'#nvi'ting t! m"(#* is )inding and '#n'(usiv
u"#n t! m"(#*r An#t #n(* -it! rgard t# its 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* )ut a(s# -it! rgard t# its am#unt )'aus
t! (ia)i(it* #& an m"(#*r 'ann#t ) s"aratd )ut
&#((#-s t!at #& !is m"(#*B is tru n#t #n(* -it!
rs"'t t# t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m 'rim )ut
a(s# -it! rs"'t t# t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* undr t! Civi(
C#d, Dispositive %! d'isi#n a""a(d &r#m is
R7@7RS7; and t! '#m"(aint against "titi#nr is
;IS>ISS7;,
'A$ I"D!&O$'O "I$!'5 I$C. CA
<PIO$!!R I$'%RA$C! A$D '%R!#)
CORPORA#IO$>
300 SCRA 484
>AR%IN7L; A"ri( 24, 1228
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- a&tr a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
#& rs"#ndnt '#urt /udgmnt -as dnid
&AC#'
$ In t! a&trn##n #& +un 24, 1221, a %#*#ta ?it A'
@an )ing drivn )* its #-nr Anni K, +a# and a
"assngr )us #& !rin "titi#nr San I(d&#ns#
?ins, In', <!ra&tr, SI?I= '#((idd -it! a'! #t!r at
t! intrs'ti#n #& +u(ia @argas Avnu and
R#drigu8 ?anu8a Avnu in Pasig, >tr# >ani(a,
t#ta((* -r'.ing t! %#*#ta van and in/uring >s, +a#
and !r t-# <2= "assngrs in t! "r#'ss,
$ A 'rimina( 'as -as t!ra&tr &i(d -it! t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Pasig #n S"tm)r 18, 1221
'!arging t! drivr #& t! )us, !rin "titi#nr
7duard# +avir, -it! r'.(ss im"rudn' rsu(ting in
damag t# "r#"rt* -it! mu(ti"( "!*si'a( in/uris,
$ A)#ut &#ur <4= m#nt!s (atr, #r #n +anuar* 13, 1222,
!rin "rivat rs"#ndnt Pi#nr Insuran' and
Surt* C#r"#rati#n <PISC=, as insurr #& t! van and
su)r#g, &i(d a 'as &#r damags against "titi#nr
SI?I -it! t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& >ani(a, s.ing
t# r'#vr t! sums it "aid t! assurd undr a
m#t#r v!i'( insuran' "#(i'* as -(( as #t!r
damags, t#ta(ing P564,500,00 <P454,000,00 as
a'tua(M'#m"nsat#r* damags; P50,000,00 as
:m"(ar* damags; P50,000,00 as att#rn*Qs &s;
P10,000,00 as (itigati#n :"nss; and P500,00 as
a""aran' &s,=
$ 5it! t! issus !aving )n /#ind u"#n t! &i(ing
#& t! "titi#nrsQ ans-r t# t! '#m"(aint &#r
damags and a&tr su)missi#n )* t! "artis #& t!ir
rs"'tiv "r$tria( )ri&s, "titi#nrs &i(d #n
S"tm)r 18, 1222 a >ani&stati#n and >#ti#n t#
Sus"nd Civi( Pr#'dings gr#undd #n t!
"ndn'* #& t! 'rimina( 'as against "titi#nr
+avir in t! Pasig R%C and 78e failure of
responden7 PI'C 7o maIe a resera7ion 7o file a
separa7e damage sui7 in said criminal ac7ion.
#8is was denied Ay 78e Manila Regional #rial
Cour7 in i7s Order datd +u(* 21, 1223
$ A&tr t!ir m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #& said +u(*
21, 1223 1rdr -as dnid, "titi#nrs (vatd t!
mattr t# t!is C#urt via "titi#n &#r certiorari -!i'!
-as, !#-vr, r&rrd t# "u)(i' rs"#ndnt C#urt #&
A""a(s &#r dis"#siti#n, 1n F)ruar* 24, 1225, a
d'isi#n advrs t# "titi#nrs #n' again -as
rndrd )* rs"#ndnt '#urt, u"!#(ding t!
assai(d >ani(a Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt 1rdr, 4n',
t!is "titi#n &#r rvi- a&tr a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& said rs"#ndnt '#urt /udgmnt
-as dnid,
I''%!'
1. 51N an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n )asd #n
3uasi$d(i't undr Arti'( 2196 #& t! Civi( C#d
'an ) &i(d i& n# rsrvati#n -as mad in t! said
'rimina( 'as
2. 51N a su)r#g #& an #&&ndd "art* 'an
maintain an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n during t!
"ndn'* #& a 'rimina( a'ti#n -!n n# rsrvati#n
#& t! rig!t t# &i( an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n -as
mad in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n and ds"it t! &a't
t!at t! "rivat '#m"(ainant is a'tiv(*
"arti'i"ating t!r#ug! a "rivat "r#s'ut#r in t!
a&#rmnti#nd 'rimina( 'as
(!"D
1, N1
, 1n t! '!i& issu #& Rrsrvati#nR, at t! &#r is
S'ti#n 3, Ru( 111 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt -!i'!
radsC
RS', 3, 5!n 'ivi( a'ti#n ma* "r#'d
ind"ndnt(*, $$ In t! 'ass "r#vidd &#r in
Arti'(s 32, 33, 34 and 2196 #& t! Civi( C#d #& t!
P!i(i""ins, t! ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n -!i'! !as
)n rsrvd ma* ) )r#ug!t )* t! #&&ndd
"art*, s!a(( "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina(
a'ti#n, and s!a(( r3uir #n(* a "r"#ndran' #&
vidn',R
$ 7vn t!#ug! t!s s#$'a((d Rind"ndnt 'ivi(
a'ti#nsR )asd #n t! a&#rmnti#nd Civi( C#d
arti'(s ar t! :'"ti#ns t# t! "rima'* #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n #vr t! 'ivi( a'ti#n as st &#rt! in
S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 111, it is asi(* ddu'i)( &r#m t!
"rsnt -#rding #& S'ti#n 3 as )r#ug!t a)#ut )* t!
1288 amndmnts t# t! Ru(s #n Crimina(
Pr#'dur $$ "arti'u(ar(* t! "!ras RG which has
been reservedR $$ t!at t! Rind"ndntR '!ara'tr #&
t!s 'ivi( a'ti#ns d#s n#t d# a-a* -it! t!
rsrvati#n r3uirmnt, In #t!r -#rds, "ri#r
rsrvati#n is a '#nditi#n sine $ua non )&#r an* #&
t!s ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#ns 'an ) institutd and
t!ra&tr !av a '#ntinu#us dtrminati#n a"art
&r#m #r simu(tan#us -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
$ A''#rding t# +usti' +#s 6, Fria, rmdia( (a-
:"rt and a mm)r #& t! '#mmitt -!i'!
dra&td t! 1288 amndmnts, -!#s (arnd
:"(anati#n #n t! mattr -as a"t(* "#intd #ut )*
"titi#nrs, At! 1288 amndmnt :"ands t!
s'#" #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n -!i'! is dmd im"(id(*
institutd -it! t! 'rimina( a'ti#n un(ss -aivd,
rsrvd #r "rvi#us(* institutd, Kndr t! "rsnt
Ru( as amndd, su'! a 'ivi( a'ti#n in'(uds n#t
#n(* r'#vr* #& indmnit* undr t! Rvisd Pna(
C#d and damags undr Arti'(s 32, 33, 34 #& t!
Civi( C#d #& t! P!i(i""ins, )ut a(s# damags undr
Arti'( 2196 <Duasi,delic7s> #& t! said '#d,
$ It s!#u(d ) n#td t!at -!i( it -as ru(d in A)((a
vs, >arav <59 SCRA 106= t!at a rsrvati#n #& t!
rig!t t# &i( an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n is n#t
n'ssar*, su'! a rsrvati#n is n'ssar* undr t!
amndd ru(, 5it!#ut su'! rsrvati#n, t! 'ivi(
a'ti#n is dmd im"(id(* institutd -it! t!
'rimina( a'ti#n, un(ss "rvi#us(* -aivd #r
institutd,
$ Far &r#m a(tring su)stantiv rig!ts, t! "rimar*
"ur"#s #& t! rsrvati#n is, t# )#rr#- t! -#rds #&
t! C#urt in RCa=os v. PeraltaRCRG t# av#id
mu(ti"(i'it* #& suits, t# guard against #""rssi#n and
a)us, t# "rvnt d(a*s, t# '(ar '#ngstd d#'.ts,
t# sim"(i&* t! -#r. #& t! tria( '#urt; in s!#rt, t!
attainmnt #& /usti' -it! t! (ast :"ns and
v:ati#n t# t! "artis$(itigants,R
2, N1
$ Privat rs"#ndnt PISC, as su)r#g, is n#t
:m"t &r#m t! rsrvati#n r3uirmnt -it!
rs"'t t# its damags suit )asd #n $uasi)delict
arising &r#m t! sam a't #r #missi#n #& "titi#nr
+avir '#m"(aind #& in t! 'rimina( 'as, As "rivat
rs"#ndnt PISC mr(* st""d int# t! s!#s #&
>s, +a# <as #-nr #& t! insurd %#*#ta van=, t!n it
is )#und t# #)srv t! "r#'dura( r3uirmnts
-!i'! >s, +a# #ug!t t# &#((#- !ad s! !rs(&
institutd t! 'ivi( 'as,
Dispositive %! assai(d d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #&
A""a(s datd F)ruar* 24, 1225 and t! Rs#(uti#n
datd A"ri( 3,1225 dn*ing t! m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n t!r#& ar rvrsd, %!
Rmani&stati#n and m#ti#n t# sus"nd 'ivi(
"r#'dingsR &i(d )* "titi#nrs is grantd,
MARCIA CA <PA*! and @IC#OR)
"I$!R>
120 SCRA 120
R7?1@A; +anuar* 29, 1283
$A#%R!
A""a( )* 'rti#rari &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #&
A""a(s a&&irming t! /udgmnt #& t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Ri8a(, -!i'! dismissd t! '#m"(aint &i(d
)* t! "titi#nrs against "rivat rs"#ndnts in t!
'#n'"t #& an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
&#r "!*si'a( in/uris rsu(ting &r#m r'.(ss
im"rudn',
&AC#'
$ 1n ;'m)r 23, 1256, in t! muni'i"a(it* #&
?u)a#, Pam"anga, a "assngr )us #"ratd )*
"rivat rs"#ndnt @i't#r* ?inr, In', and drivn )*
its m"(#*, "rivat rs"#ndnt F(ard# Pa/,
'#((idd -it! a /" drivn )* C(mnt >ar'ia,
rsu(ting in t! (attrQs dat! and in "!*si'a( in/uris
t# !rin "titi#nrs, 7dgar >ar'ia and Rnat# 6a",
%!ru"#n, an in&#rmati#n &#r !#mi'id and sri#us
"!*si'a( in/uris t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn' -as &i(d
against F(ard# Pa/ in t! CFI #& Pam"anga,
$ 1n +anuar* 23, 1259, an a'ti#n &#r damags -as
&i(d in t! CFI #& Ri8a( )* 7dgar >ar'ia and Rnat#
6a", t#gt!r -it! t!ir rs"'tiv "arnts, against
t! @i't#r* ?inr, In', and F(ard# Pa/, a((ging t!at
t! mis!a" -as du t# t! r'.(ss im"rudn' and
ng(ign' #& t! (attr in driving t! "assngr )us,
$ 5!i( said Civi( Cas -as in "r#grss in t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& Ri8a(, t! 'rimina( a'ti#n "r#'dd
in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Pam"anga, %!
a''usd F(ard# Pa/ -as '#nvi'td #& t! #&&ns
'!argd, 4#-vr, #n a""a( t# t! C#urt #& A""a(s,
! -as a'3uittd -it! t! CA !#(ding t!at RCRI>INA?
N7G?IG7NC7 is 5AN%ING in t!is 'as, and t!at
a""((ant -as N1% vn gui(t* #& CI@I? N7G?IG7NC7,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page .- Prof.
Ins#&ar as a""((ant -as '#n'rnd, t! CA !(d t!at
t!is -as a 'as #& PKR7 ACCI;7N%,R
$ As a '#ns3un', !rin "rivat rs"#ndnts,
d&ndants in Civi( Cas #& t! C#urt #& First Instan'
#& Ri8a(, m#vd &#r t! dismissa( #& t! '#m"(aint
inv#.ing t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s
a'3uitting F(ard# Pa/ and 'iting S'ti#n 1 <d=, Ru(
109 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt <n#- S'ti#n 3 <'=, Ru(
111 #& t! N- Ru(s #& C#urt=, 1n August 10, 1266,
t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Ri8a( rndrd a
d'isi#n dismissing "(ainti&&sQ '#m"(aint against t!
d&ndants @i't#r* ?inr, In', and F(ard# Pa/,
Ptiti#nrs a""a(d t! 'as t# t! CA, -!i'!
)asi'a((* a&&irmd t! R%C d'isi#n, 4n', t!is
r'#urs,
I''%!
51N t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s a'3uitting
t! a''usd in r'.(ss im"rudn' #n t! gr#und
t!at t! in'idnt -as a''idnta(, :tinguis!d )*
im"(i'ati#n t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags
(!"D
67S
Ratio #+tinction of the penal action does not carr'
with it e+tinction of the civil& unless the e+tinction
proceeds from a declaration in a final judgment that
the fact from which the civil might arise did not e+ist.
!ince& the CA found that this case was of pure
accident& it is as good as sa'ing as if he did not
commit the crime charged. There being no crime
committed& no civil liabilit' arises.
Reasoning
, It is t! stand #& !rin "titi#nrs t!at S'ti#n 2,
Ru( 111 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, n#t S'ti#n 3 <'=
t!r#&, s!#u(d a""(* in t! 'as at )ar,
RS', 2, Ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n, $ In t! 'ass
"r#vidd &#r in Arti'(s 31, 32, 33, 34 and 2199 #&
t! Civi( C#d #& t! P!i(i""ins, an ind"ndnt
'ivi( a'ti#n ntir(* s"arat and distin't &r#m t!
'rimina( a'ti#n, ma* ) )r#ug!t )* t! in/urd
"art* during t! "ndn'* #& t! 'rimina( 'as,
"r#vidd t! rig!t is rsrvd as r3uird in t!
"r'ding s'ti#n, Su'! 'ivi( a'ti#n s!a(( "r#'d
ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n, and
s!a(( r3uir #n(* a "r"#ndran' #& vidn',R
$ 5 d# n#t agr, S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 111 mr(*
r&rs t# t! instituti#n #& an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n
-it!#ut -aiting &#r t! &i(ing #r trminati#n #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n and r3uirs #n(* "r"#ndran' #&
vidn' t# "r#s"r and n#t "r##& )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t as r3uird &#r '#nvi'ti#n in
'rimina( 'ass, 4#-vr, an a'3uitta( )asd #n t!
&inding t!at t! &a'ts u"#n -!i'! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* did n#t
:ist, )ars t! &i(ing #& an ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n i&
it is )asd #n t! 'rim, As ar(* as 1252, 5 !av
!(d in t! 'as #& %an vs, Standard @a'uum 1i(
C#m"an*, 21 P!i(, 692, t!at Rt! a'3uitta( #& t!
a''usd &r#m t! 'rimina( '!arg -i(( n#t n'ssari(*
:tinguis! t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* un(ss t! '#urt d'(ars
in t! /udgmnt t!at t! &a't &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* mig!t aris did n#t :ist, 5!r t! '#urt
stats Qt!at t! vidn' t!r#-s n# (ig!t #n t!
'aus #& &ir and t!at it -as an un&#rtunat a''idnt
&#r -!i'! t! a''usd 'ann#t ) !(d rs"#nsi)(,Q
t!is d'(arati#n &its -(( int# t! :'"ti#n #& t! ru(
-!i'! :m"ts t! a''usd, &r#m 'ivi( (ia)i(it*,R
$ A(s#, t! '!arg against F(ard# Pa/ -as n#t &#r
!#mi'id and "!*si'a( in/uris )ut &#r r'.(ss
im"rudn' #r 'rimina( ng(ign' rsu(ting in
!#mi'id <dat! #& C(mnt >ar'ia= and "!*si'a(
in/uris su&&rd )* 7dgar >ar'ia and Rnat# 6a",
%!* ar n#t #n #& t! t!r <3= 'rims mnti#nd
in Arti'( 33 #& t! Civi( C#d and, t!r&#r, n# 'ivi(
a'ti#n s!a(( "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n,
B%$A+ *R. CA <CIRI"O>
211 SCRA 440
R7GA?A;1; +u(* 10, 1222
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! CA
&AC#'
, 1n S"t, 8, 1293 C#nrad# Bunag +r, )r#ug!t
Lnaida Ciri(# t# a m#t( #r !#t( -!r t!* !ad
s:ua( intr'#urs and (atr t!at vning ! )r#ug!t
Lnaida t# t! !#us #& !is grandm#t!r0s !#us
-!r t!* (ivd t#gt!r as !us)and and -i& &#r 21
da*s unti( S"t, 22, 1293, %!* &i(d t!ir a""(i'ati#n
&#r marriag (i'ns -it! t! ?#'a( Civi( Rgistra( #&
Ba'##r, Cavit, 4#-vr, a&tr a &- da*s, C#nrad#
&i(d an a&&idavit -it!dra-ing !is a""(i'ati#n &#r a
marriag (i'ns,
Plaintis Claim C#nrad# Bunag +r, a)du'td !r in
t! vi'init* #& San +uan d ;i#s 4#s"ita( in Pasa* Cit*
and )r#ug!t !r t# a m#t( -!r s! -as ra"d,
A&tr-!i'! ! said t!at ! -#u(d n#t (t !r g#
un(ss t!* gt marrid, as ! intndd t# marr*
!r , s# mu'! s# t!at s! "r#misd n#t t# ma. an*
s'anda( and t# marr* !im, %!* -nt t# !is
gradm#t!r0s !#us and (ivd t#gt!r as !us)and
and -i& &#r 21 da*s unti( Bunag +r, (&t and nvr
rturnd -!i'! !umi(iatd Lnaida and '#m"((d
!r t# g# )a'. t# !r "arnts,
Respondents Comment C#nrad# Bunag +r,and
Lnaida Ciri(# !ad ar(ir mad "(ans t# (#" and
gt marrid <sam as &irst st #& &a'ts= , And t!at t!
ras#n -!* C#nrad# )r#. #&& t!ir "(an t# gt
marrid -as t!ir )ittr disagrmnts #vr m#n*
and Lnaida0s t!rats t# !is (i&,
$ %! Ciri(#0s &i(d a '#m"(aint &#r damags against
C#nrad# Bunag +r, and !is &at!r C#nrad# Bunag Sr,
<Lnaida0s un'( '(aims t!at Bunag Sr, assurd t!m
t!at t! '#u"( -r t# ) marrid=, %!
%ria( C#urt #rdrd Bunag +r, t# "a* damags <80S$
m#ra( damags,20S$:m"(ar* damags, 20.$
tm"rat damags and 10. att#rn*0s &s= Bunag
Sr, -as a)s#(vd &r#m an* and a(( (ia)i(it*,CA
a&&irmd in t#t#
$ Bunag +r '#ntnds t!at )#t! t! tria( '#urt a-ardd
t! damags #n t! )asis #& a &inding t!at ! is
gui(t* #& &#r'i)( a)du'ti#n -it! ra",ds"it t!
"ri#r dismissa( #& t! '#m"(aint t!r&#r &i(d )*
Lnaida -it! t! Pasa* Cit* Fis'a(0s 1&&i',
I''%!
51N t! Fis'a(0s dismissa( #& t! '#m"(aint &#r
&#r'i)( a)du'ti#n -it! ra" :tinguis!d t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* #& C#nrad# Bunag +r
(!"D
N1
$ %! dismissa( did n#t in an* -a* a&&'t t! rig!t #&
Lnaida Ciri(# t# institut a 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m
t! #&&ns,
$ 7:tin'ti#n #& t! "na( a'ti#n d#s n#t 'arr* -it! it
t! :tin'ti#n #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* un(ss t! :tin'ti#n
"r#'ds &r#m a d'(arati#n in a &ina( /udgmnt t!at
t! &a't &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi( 'as mig!t aris did n#t
:ist,
Reasoning
$Gnra((*, vr* "rs#n 'rimina((* (ia)( is a(s#
'ivi((* (ia)(, Crimina( ?ia)i(it* -i(( giv ris t# 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* e+ delicto #n(* i& t! sam &(#ni#us a't #r
#missi#n rsu(ts in damag #r in/ur* t# an#t!r and
is t! dir't and "r#:imat 'aus t!r#&,
$%! t-# "r#'dings inv#(vd ar n#t )t-n t!
sam "artis <t! 'rimina( a'ti#n is )t-n t!
Stat and t! d&ndant and t! 'ivi( 'as is
)t-n t! #&&ndd "art* and t! d&ndant=,
A(s#, t!r ar di&&rnt ru(s as t# t! '#m"tn'*
#& -itnsss and t! 3uantum #& vidn' in 'rimina(
and 'ivi( "r#'dings,<'rimina( a'ti#n N "r##& )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t; 'ivi( a'ti#n\"r"#ndran' #&
vidn'=
Criminal Procedure a2010 page .. Prof.
$ In t!is 'as t! dismissa( #& t! '#m"(aint &#r
&#r'i)( a)du'ti#n -it! ra" -as )* mr rs#(uti#n
#& t! &is'a( at t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n stag,
%!r is n# d'(arati#n in a &ina( /udgmnt t!at t!
&a't &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi( 'as mig!t aris did n#t
:ist,
*ARA$#I""A CA <'I$+>
191 SCRA 422
R7GA?A;1; >ar'! 21, 1282
$A#%R!
A""a( #n t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s
u"!#(ding t! d'isi#n #& t! tria( '#urt a-arding
damags t# t! "rivat rs"#ndnt,
&AC#'
$ Privat rs"#ndnt +#s Suan Sing -as Rsid$s-i"d
)* a v!i'( in t! vning #& +u(* 9, 1291 in (8nart
Strt, I(#i(# Cit*R %! rs"#ndnt C#urt #& A""a(s
'#n'urrd in t! &indings #& t! '#urt a $uo t!at t!
said v!i'( -!i'! &igurd in t! mis!a", a
@#(.s-agn <Bt( t*"= 'ar, -as t!n drivn )*
"titi#nr 7dgar +aranti((a a(#ng said strt t#-ard
t! dir'ti#n #& t! "r#vin'ia( 'a"it#(, and t!at
"rivat rs"#ndnt sustaind "!*si'a( in/uris as a
'#ns3un',
$ Ptiti#nr -as a''#rding(* '!argd )&#r t! t!n
Cit* C#urt #& I(#i(# &#r sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris t!ru
r'.(ss im"rudn' in Crimina( Cas N#, 49209
t!r#&, Privat rs"#ndnt, as t! '#m"(aining
-itnss t!rin, did n#t rsrv !is rig!t t# institut
a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n and ! intrvnd in t!
"r#s'uti#n #& said 'rimina( 'as t!r#ug! a "rivat
"r#s'ut#r, Ptiti#nr -as a'3uittd in said 'rimina(
'as R#n ras#na)( d#u)tR,
$ 1n 1't#)r 30, 1294, "rivat rs"#ndnt &i(d a
'#m"(aint against t! "titi#nr in t! &#rmr C#urt
#& First Instan' #& I(#i(#, Bran'! I@, d#'.td t!rin
as Civi( Cas N#, 2296, and -!i'! 'ivi( a'ti#n
inv#(vd t! sam su)/'t mattr and a't
'#m"(aind #& in Crimina( Cas N#, 49029, In !is
ans-r &i(d t!rin, t! "titi#nr a((gd as s"'ia(
and a&&irmativ dtnss t!at t! "rivat rs"#ndnt
!ad n# 'aus #& a'ti#n and, additi#na((*, t!at t!
(attrQs 'aus #& a'ti#n, i& an*, is )arrd )* t! "ri#r
/udgmnt in Crimina( Cas N#, 49209 inasmu'! as
-!n said 'rimina( 'as -as institutd t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* -as a(s# dmd institutd sin' t!rin
"(ainti&& &ai(d t# rsrv t! 'ivi( as"'t and a'tiv(*
"arti'i"atd in t! 'rimina( 'as,
$ %!ra&tr, a'ting #n a m#ti#n t# dismiss #& t!rin
d&ndant, t! tria( '#urt issud #n A"ri( 3, 1295 an
#rdr #& dnia(, Ptiti#nr t!ra&tr &i(d in t!is
C#urt a "titi#n &#r certiorari, "r#!i)iti#n and
mandamus, -!i'! -as d#'.td as G,R, N#, ?$40222,
assai(ing t! a&#rsaid #rdr #& t! tria( '#urt, Said
"titi#n -as dismissd &#r (a'. #& mrit in t! C#urtQs
rs#(uti#n #& +u(* 23, 1295, and a m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n t!r#& -as dnid &#r t! sam
ras#n in a rs#(uti#n #& 1't#)r 28, 1295,
$ A&tr tria(, t! '#urt )(#- rndrd /udgmnt #n
>a* 23, 1299 in &av#r #& t! !rin "rivat
rs"#ndnt and #rdring !rin "titi#nr t# "a*
damags, %!us, "titi#nr a""a(d said d'isi#n t#
t! CA )ut said rs"#ndnt '#urt a&&irmd in t#t# t!
d'isi#n #& t! tria( '#urt -it! a &- '!angs in t!
am#unt #& t! damags t# ) "aid,
I''%!
51N t! "rivat rs"#ndnt, -!# -as t!
'#m"(ainant in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r "!*si'a(
in/uris t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn' and -!#
"arti'i"atd in t! "r#s'uti#n t!r#& -it!#ut
rsrving t! 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! a't #r
#missi#n '#m"(aind #&, 'an &i( a s"arat a'ti#n &#r
'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m t! sam a't #r #missi#n
-!r t! !rin "titi#nr -as a'3uittd in t!
'rimina( a'ti#n #n ras#na)( d#u)t and n# 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* -as ad/udi'atd #r a-ardd in t! /udgmnt
#& a'3uitta(
(!"D
67S
$ %! a'ti#n is )asd #n a 3uasi$d(i't, t! &ai(ur #&
t! rs"#ndnt t# rsrv !is rig!t t# &i( a s"arat
'ivi( 'as and !is intrvnti#n in t! 'rimina( 'as did
n#t )ar !im &r#m &i(ing su'! s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r
damags,
Ratio %! a((gati#ns #& t! '#m"(aint &i(d )* t!
"rivat rs"#ndnt su""#rts and is '#nstitutiv #& a
'as &#r a 3uasi$d(i't '#mmittd )* t! "titi#nr,
%! C#urt !as a(s# !rt#&#r ru(d in #lcano vs. %ill
t!atC
,,, a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n (is against t! #&&ndr
in a 'rimina( a't -!t!r #r n#t ! is 'rimina((*
"r#s'utd and &#und gui(t* #r a'3uittd, "r#vidd
t!at t! #&&ndd "art* is n#t a((#-d, i& ! is a(s#
a'tua((* '!argd 'rimina((*, t# r'#vr damags #n
)#t! s'#rs; and -#u(d ) ntit(d in su'!
vntua(it* #n(* t# t! )iggr a-ard #& t! t-#,
assuming t! a-ards mad in t! t-# 'ass var*,
In #t!r -#rds, t! :tin'ti#n #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it*
r&rrd t# in Par, <'= #& S', 3 Ru( 111, r&rs
:'(usiv(* t# 'ivi( (ia)i(it* &#undd #n Arti'( 100
#& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d; -!ras t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* &#r t! sam a't '#nsidrd as a 3uasi$
d(i't #n(* and n#t as a 'rim is n#t :tinguis!d
vn )* a d'(arati#n in t! 'rimina( 'as t!at t!
'rimina( a't '!argd !as n#t !a""nd #r !as n#t
)n '#mmittd )* t! a''usd , , ,
$ %! a&#r'itd 'as #& >ontoc vs. (D Transit ? Ta+i
Co.& *nc.& et al, inv#(vd virtua((* t! sam &a'tua(
situati#n, %! C#urt, in arriving at t! '#n'(usi#n
!rin)&#r 3u#td, :"rss(* d'(ard t!at t!
&ai(ur #& t! t!rin "(ainti&& t# rsrv !is rig!t t#
&i( a s"arat 'ivi( 'as is n#t &ata(; t!at !is
intrvnti#n in t! 'rimina( 'as did n#t )ar !im &r#m
&i(ing a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags, s"'ia((*
'#nsidring t!at t! a''usd t!rin -as a'3uittd
)'aus !is gui(t -as n#t "r#vd )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t; t!at t! t-# 'ass -r an'!#rd #n t-#
di&&rnt 'auss #& a'ti#n, t! 'rimina( 'as )ing #n
a vi#(ati#n #& Arti'( 365 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d
-!i( t! su)s3unt '#m"(aint &#r damags -as
)asd #n a 3uasi$d(i't; and t!at in t! /udgmnt in
t! 'rimina( 'as t! as"'t #& 'ivi( (ia)i(it* -as n#t
"assd u"#n and rs#(vd, C#ns3unt(*, said 'ivi(
'as ma* "r#'d as aut!#ri8d )* Arti'( 22 #& t!
Civi( C#d,
$ Kndr t! "rsnt /uris"rudntia( mi(iu, -!r t!
tria( '#urt a'3uits t! a''usd #n ras#na)( d#u)t,
it '#u(d vr* -(( ma. a "r#n#un' mnt #n t! 'ivi(
(ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd and t! '#m"(ainant '#u(d &i(
a "titi#n &#r mandamus t# '#m"( t! tria( '#urt t#
in'(ud su'! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* in t! /udgmnt #&
a'3uitta(, And t!at t! &ai(ur #& t! '#urt t# ma.
an* "r#n#un'mnt, &av#ra)( #r un&av#ra)(, as t#
t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd am#unts t# a
rsrvati#n #& t! rig!t t# !av t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it*
(itigatd and dtrmind in a s"arat a'ti#n, %!
ru(s n#-!r "r#vid t!at i& t! '#urt &ai(s t#
dtrmin t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* it )'#ms n# (#ngr
n&#r'a)(,
Dispositive ;'isi#n #& CA a&&irmd, "ti#n dnid,
*IM!$!/ A@!RIA
22 SCRA 380
;IL1N; >ar'! 22, 1268
&AC#'
$ 1&(ia @, %ang and 7st&ania d (a Cru8 1(anda*
-r '!argd -it! sta&a in t! CFI #& Cavit -it! t!
in&#rmati#n a((ging t!at t!* misa""r#"riatd
P20,000 r'ivd &r#m >anu( +imn8 &#r t!
"ur'!as #& a &is!ing )#at namd Basnig, %!* a(s#
!av t! #)(igati#n t# rturn t! m#n* i& t!* d#
n#t "ur'!as t! )#at, -!i'! t!* did n#t d#,
$ B&#r arraignmnt, t! a''usd &i(d a 'ivi( suit
against +imn8 in t! Ou8#n CFI '#ntsting t!
va(idit* #& a 'rtain r'i"t signd )* t!m #n
1't#)r 26, 1262 -!rin t!* a'.n#-(dgd !aving
r'ivd &r#m !im t! sum #& P20,000,00 -it! -!i'!
t# "ur'!as &#r !im a &is!ing )#at and its
a''ss#ris, and t! &urt!r sum #& P240,00 as
agntQs '#mmissi#n, -it! t! #)(igati#n, #n t!ir
"art, t# rturn t! a&#rsaid am#unts #n +anuar* 30,
1263 in 'as t!* -r una)( t# )u* t! &is!ing
)#at, %!* assrt n#- t!at t!* nvr r'ivd an*
am#unt &r#m +imn8 and t!at t!* signaturs -r
ta.n t!r#ug! t! mans #& &raud and d'it )*
+imn8
$ A&tr a &- da*s, t!* &i(d a m#ti#n t# sus"nd t!
"r#'dings #& t! 'rimina( 'as "nding t!
rs#(uti#n #& t! "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n in t! 'ivi( 'as
N -!t!r #r n#t t!ir signaturs -r ta.n t!r#ug!
mans #& &raud and d'it )* +imn8,
$ +udg Avria grantd t! m#ti#n and !n' t!is
'rti#rari "titi#n
$ Pre%ratio? +imn8 rrd in t! &i(ing #& a 'rti#rari
"titi#n, and s!#u(d !av &i(d a mandamus t# t! SC
instad N t# '#m"( t! (#-r '#urt t# "r#'d -it!
t! 'as,
I''%!
51N t! dtrminati#n #& t! issu raisd in t! 'ivi(
'as mnti#nd !rt#&#r is a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n,
in t! sns t!at it must ) &irst rs#(vd )&#r t!
"r#'dings in t! 'rimina( 'as &#r sta&a ma*
"r#'d
(!"D
N1
$ %! issu #& &raud and d'it raisd in t! 'ivi( 'as
d#s n#t '#nstitut a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n, %!
'rimina( '#urt must n#- tr* t! sta&a 'as against
t! t-# a''usd,
Reasoning
, A "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n !as )n d&in t# ) #n
-!i'! ariss in a 'as, t! rs#(uti#n #& -!i'!,
<3usti#n = is a (#gi'a( ant'dnt #& t! issud
inv#(vd in said 'as, and t! '#gni8an' #& -!i'!
"rtains t# an#t!r tri)una(, Sim"(* "ut, t!
3usti#ns must ) dtrminativ #& t! 'as )&#r
t! '#urt, and t!at /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* and rs#(v said
3usti#n must ) (#dgd in an#t!r tri)una(,
$ A""(*ing t!s t# t! 'as, it -i(( ) radi(* sn
t!at 78e alleged pre;udicial Dues7ion is no7
de7ermina7ie of 78e guil7 or innocence of 78e
par7ies c8arged wi78 estaa5 )'aus vn #n t!
assum"ti#n t!at t! :'uti#n #& t! r'i"t -!#s
annu(mnt t!* s#ug!t in t! 'ivi( 'as -as vitiatd
)* &raud, durss #r intimidati#n, t!ir gui(t '#u(d sti((
) sta)(is!d )* #t!r vidn' s!#-ing, t# t!
dgr r3uird )* (a-, t!at t!* !ad a'tua((*
r'ivd &r#m t! '#m"(aint t! sum #& P20,000,00
-it! -!i'! t# )u* &#r !im a &is!ing )#at, and t!at,
instad #& d#ing s#, t!* misa""r#"riatd t! m#n*
and r&usd #r #t!r-is &ai(d t# rturn it t# !im
u"#n dmand, %! '#ntnti#n #& t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts !rin -#u(d ) tna)( !ad t!* )n
'!argd -it! &a(si&i'ati#n #& t! sam r'i"t
inv#(vd in t! 'ivi( a'ti#n,
$ I& t! ru(ing -r #t!r-is, t!r -#u(d !ard(* )
a 'as &#r sta&a t!at '#u(d ) "r#s'utd s"di(*,
it )ing t! asist t!ing &#r t! a''usd t# )(#'. t!
"r#'dings )* t! sim"( :"dint #& &i(ing an
ind"ndnt 'ivi( a'ti#n against t! '#m"(ainant,
raising t!rin t! issu t!at ! !ad n#t r'ivd
&r#m t! (attr t! am#unt a((gd t# !av )n
misa""r#"riatd,
RO*A' P!OP"! <A"IHPA"A>
59 SCRA 243
F7RNAN;1; >a* 31, 1294
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$ R#/as -as '!argd -M vi#(ati#n #& Art,312 <Rm#va(,
sa(, "(dg #& m#rtgagd "r#"rt*= #& RPC &#r
:'uting a n- '!att( m#rtgag #n "rs#na(
"r#"rt* <Catr"i((ar %ra't#r= in &av#r #& an#t!r
"art* -M# t! '#nsnt #& t! "rvi#us m#rtgag,
A&tr t! 'rimina( 'as -as institutd, a 'ivi( 'as
-as &i(d against !im )* t! #&&ndd "art* <C>S
7stat= &#r t! trminati#n #& a managmnt
'#ntra't, #n #& t! 'auss #& a'ti#n #& -!i'!
'#nsistd #& "titi#nr !aving :'utd a '!att(
m#rtgag -!n a "ri#r '!att( m#rtgag -as sti((
va(id and su)sisting, t!us giving (i t# !is :"rss
mani&stati#n t!at t! "r#"rt* -as &r &r#m a((
(ins and n'um)ran's,
$ N#tC t! triggr &#r t! &i(ing #& in&#rmati#n rC
art,312 vi#(ati#n -as t! &i(ing #& 5 sta&a 'ass
against R#/as,
$ CFI +udg A(i."a(a #rdrd t! arraignmnt, t!n
t! tria( &#r t! 'rimina( 'as, R#/as &i(d an a'ti#n
&#r 'rti#rari against t! arraignmnt #rdr, and
"r#!i)iti#n against t! #rdr stting t! tria(, )asd
#n t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r t! rv#'ati#n #& t!
managmnt '#ntra't, 4 '#ntndd t!at a
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n -as inv#(vd, t!us ! '#u(d n#
(#ngr ) trid "nding t! trminati#n #& t! 'ivi(
suit, %! rs"#ndnts, in turn, '#ntndd t!at t!
rs#(uti#n #& t! 'ivi( 'as -i(( n#t dtrmin t!
(ia)i(it* #& R#/as in t! 'rimina( 'as <n#t a "r/udi'ia(
3usti#n=; and vn granting t!at t!r -as a
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n, t! 'ass '#u(d "r#'d
ind"ndnt(* "ursuant t# Art,33 #& CC, -!i'!
"r#vidsC *n cases of defamation& fraud and ph'sical
injuries& a civil action for damages& entirel' separate
and distinct from the criminal action ma' be brought
b' the injured part'. !uch civil action shall proceed
independentl' of the criminal prosecution& and shall
re$uire onl' a preponderance of evidence,
I''%!
51N t! is a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n, t!us r3uiring t!
rs#(uti#n #& t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r t! dtrminati#n #&
t! 'rimina( 'as
(!"D
N1
RatioC A "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n, -!i'! is must )
dtrminativ #& t! 'as )&#r t! '#urt, and
/urisdi'ti#n t# tr* t! sam must ) (#dgd in
an#t!r '#urt, is n#t "rsnt in t!is 'as,
ReasoningC
$ It is indis"nsa)( t!n &#r t!is "titi#n t# su''d
t!at t! a((gd "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n must )
dtrminativ #& t! 'rimina( 'as )&#r rs"#ndnt
+udg, It is n#t s# in t!is 'as,
$ Pisa()#r, v, %s#r#C CFI rrd in !#(ding t!at t!
'rimina( 'as s!#u(d ) sus"ndd, In t! "rsnt
"r#'dings, t! 'ivi( 'as d#s n#t inv#(v a
3usti#n "r/udi'ia( t# t! 'rimina( 'as, &#r t#
-!#ms#vr t! (and ma* ) a-ardd a&tr a(( t!
vidn' !as )n "rsntd in t! 'ivi( 'as, ma*
n#t a&&'t t! a((gd 'rim '#mmittd )* t! n#tar*
"u)(i', -!i'! is t! su)/'t #& t! 'rimina( 'as, But,
vn su""#sing t!at )#t! t! 'ivi( and t! 'rimina(
'as inv#(v t! sam 3usti#n and #n must
"r'd t! #t!r, it s!#u(d ) t! 'ivi( 'as -!i'!
s!#u(d ) sus"ndd rat!r t!an t! 'rimina(, t#
a-ait t! rsu(t #& t! (attr,
$ ;(a Cru8 v Cit* Fis'a(C Rgard(ss #& t! #ut'#m
#& t! "nding 'ivi( 'as &#r annu(mnt #& t!
a&&idavit #& ad/udi'ati#n, dtrminati#n #& t! '!arg
#& &a(si&i'ati#n -#u(d ) )asd #n t! trut! #r &a(sit*
#& t! narrati#n #& &a'ts in t! a&&idavit #&
ad/udi'ati#n, V V V, %!r&#r, t! 'ivi( 'as
a&#rmnti#nd d#s n#t inv#(v a "r/udi'ia(
3usti#n,
$ Bnit8 v, C#n'"'i#n, +r <m#r ana(#g#us=C t! &a't
t!at t! "rin'i"a( issus in )#t! 'ass ar t! sam
and did aris &r#m t! sam &a'ts -#u(d n#t s!#-
an* n'ssit* t!at t! 'ivi( 'as ) dtrmind &irst
)&#r ta.ing u" t! 'rimina( 'as,
$ Isi" v, G#n8a(sC t!r is a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n #n(*
-!n t! mattr t!at !as t# ) "ri#r(* d'idd )*
an#t!r aut!#rit* is #n t! '#gni8an' #& -!i'!
"rtains t# t!at aut!#rit* and s!#u(d n#t, undr t!
'ir'umstan's, ) "assd u"#n )* t! '#urt tr*ing
t! 'rimina( 'as,
$ >#r#vr, Art,33 :"(i'it(* "r#vids t!at in 'ass #&
::: &raud, :::, a 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags ntir(*
s"arat and distin't &r#m t! 'rimina( a'ti#n, ma*
) )r#ug!t )* t! in/urd "art*, Su'! 'ivi( a'ti#n
S4A?? "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #& t! 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n :::,
$ in t!is 'as, &raud is t! )asis &#r )#t! t! 'ivi( and
'rimina( a'ti#ns, t!us t!* ar t# "r#'d
ind"ndnt(*, %! inv#'ati#n #& t! d#'trin #&
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n is t!us attndd -it! &uti(it*,
Prs#na( n#tC ang "angit ng 'as, t!r0s ra(* n#
dis'ussi#n, "ur# 'itati#ns, t!at0s -!* t!is digst is
a(s# &u(( #& it,
Dispositive Ptiti#n ;7NI7;,
RA' RA'%"
100 SCRA 125
%774ANS77; S"tm)r 18, 1280
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- and st asid t! #rdr #&
rs"#ndnt +udg datd ;'m)r 12, 1298 #&
'rimina( 'as in CFI Basi(an dn*ing "titi#nrQs
m#ti#n as a''usd t!rin t# sus"nd "r#'dings
du t# t! :istn' #& a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n in Civi(
Cas #& t! sam '#urt
&AC#'
$ A"ri( 29, 1298 $ ?uis Pi'!( &i(d a C1>P?AIN%
against A(/andr# Ras and Binvnid# >artin )&#r
CFI Basi(an "ra*ing &#r t! nu((i&i'ati#n #& t! dd #&
sa( :'utd )* Ras in &av#r #& >artin and &#r t!
d'(arati#n #& t! "ri#r dd #& sa( a((gd(*
:'utd in !is &av#r )* t! d&ndant A(/andr# Ras
as va(id,
$ RAS ANS57R
U t!* nvr s#(d t! "r#"rt* t# Pi'!(
U t! signaturs a""aring in t! dd #& sa( in
&av#r #& "(ainti&& Pi'!( -r &#rgris
U t!r&#r t! a((gd dd #& sa( in Pi'!(Qs &av#r
s#ug!t t# ) d'(ard va(id -as &i'titi#us and
in:istnt
$ S"tm)r 5, 1298 $ -!i( Civi( Cas -as )ing
%RI7; )&#r CFI Basi(an, t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #&
Basi(an &i(d an INF1R>A%I1N &#r 7sta&a <'rimina(
'as= in t! sam '#urt against Ras arising &r#m t!
sam d#u)( sa( su)/'t mattr #& t! 'ivi(
'#m"(aint &i(d )* ?uis Pi'!(,
$ N#vm)r 6, 1298 $ "titi#nr &i(d a >1%I1N F1R
SKSP7NSI1N 1F AC%I1N in said Crimina( Cas
'(aiming t!at sam &a'ts and issus -r inv#(vd in
)#t! t! 'ivi( and 'rimina( 'as and t!at t!
rs#(uti#n #& t! issus in t! 'ivi( 'as -#u(d
n'ssari(* ) dtrminativ #& t! gui(t #r
inn#'n' #& t! a''usd,
$ ;'m)r 4, 1298 $ Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #& Basi(an &i(d
!is #""#siti#n #n
$ ;'m)r 12, 1298 $ rs"#ndnt /udg sa- n#
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n and a''#rding(* dnid t!
m#ti#n
I''%!
51N 'ivi( 'as -#u(d ) "r/udi'ia( t# t! 'rimina(
'as givn t!at t!* -#u(d dis'uss sam &a'ts and
issus
(!"D
67S
$ t!r a""ars t# ) a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n in t!
'as at )ar, '#nsidring t!at RasQ d&ns in Civi(
Cas #& t! nu((it* and &#rgr* #& t! a((gd "ri#r
dd #& sa( in &av#r #& Pi'!( <"(ainti&& in t! 'ivi(
'as and '#m"(aining -itnss in t! 'rimina( 'as= is
)asd #n t! vr* sam &a'ts -!i'! -#u(d )
n'ssari(* dtrminativ #& RasQ gui(t #r inn#'n'
as a''usd in t! 'rimina( 'as,
Ratio A "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n is d&ind as t!at -!i'!
ariss in a 'as t! rs#(uti#n #& -!i'! is a (#gi'a(
ant'dnt #& t! issu inv#(vd t!rin, and t!
'#gni8an' #& -!i'! "rtains t# an#t!r tri)una(, %!
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n must ) dtrminativ #& t!
'as )&#r t! '#urt )ut t! /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* and
rs#(v t! 3usti#n must ) (#dgd in an#t!r '#urt
#r tri)una(, It is a 3usti#n )asd #n a &a't distin't
and s"arat &r#m t! 'rim )ut s# intimat(*
'#nn'td -it! it t!at it dtrmins t! gui(t #r
inn#'n' #& t! a''usd,
Reasoning
$ F#r a 'ivi( 'as t# ) '#nsidrd "r/udi'ia( t# a
'rimina( a'ti#n as t# 'aus t! sus"nsi#n #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n "nding t! dtrminati#n #& t!
'ivi(, it must a""ar n#t #n(* t!at t! 'ivi( 'as
inv#(vs t! sam &a'ts u"#n -!i'! t! 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n is )asd, )ut a(s# t!at t! rs#(uti#n #&
t! issus raisd in said 'ivi( a'ti#n -#u(d )
n'ssari(* dtrminativ #& t! gui(t #r inn#'n' #&
t! a''usd,
$ I& t! &irst a((gd sa( in &av#r #& Pi'!( is v#id #r
&i'titi#us, t!n t!r -#u(d ) n# d#u)( sa( and
"titi#nr -#u(d ) inn#'nt #& t! #&&ns '!argd,
A '#nvi'ti#n in t! 'rimina( 'as <i& it -r a((#-d t#
"r#'d a!ad= -#u(d ) a gr#ss in/usti' and -#u(d
!av t# ) st asid i& it -r &ina((* d'idd in t!
'ivi( a'ti#n t!at indd t! a((gd "ri#r dd #& sa(
-as a &#rgr* and s"uri#us,
Dispositive 1rdr #& rs"#ndnt /udg in Crimina(
Cas datd ;'m)r 12, 1298 is !r)* st asid,
%! tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr issud )* t!is C#urt
#n >a* 16, 1292 is !r)* mad "rmannt and
rs"#ndnt /udg is n/#ind &r#m "r#'ding -it!
t! arraignmnt and tria( #& t! 'rimina( 'as un(ss
t! 'ivi( 'as s!a(( !av )n &ina((* d'idd and
trminatd advrs(* against "titi#nr,
"IBRODO CO'CO""%!"A5 *R.
<+%A$#!RO>
116 SCRA 303
>7?7NCI1$47RR7RA; August 30, 1282

$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# rvi- Ngr#s CFI #rdr
&AC#'
$ F(i" Rivra did (aving 'rtain "r#"rtis in San
Car(#s, Ngr#s 1''idnta(, 4is stat -as stt(d in a
s"'ia( "r#'ding #n N#vm)r 24, 1296 and -as
trminatd #n t! )asis #& a Pr#/'t #& Partiti#n
am#ng Ru&in# Rivra ;amandaman, ;m#'rata
Guantr#, and L#sim# Guantr#,
$ Ru&in#0s s!ar #& t! stat '#m"ris #& (#ts
dsignatd as ?#ts 552$B, 1206$B, 1210$B, and a201$
B -!i'! -r a(( sugar (ands, 1n +anuar* 18, 1299,
Ru&in# (asd t! "r#"rtis t# ;r, ?i)r#d#, t!
"titi#nr, &#r a "ri#d #& tn agri'u(tura( 'r#" *ars,
$ 1n August 31, ;m#'rata &i(d a "titi#n t# r$#"n
t! intstat "r#'ding #n t! gr#und t!at s! -as
n#t "rsnt -!n t! su)divisi#n "(an -as su)mittd
and t!at t! /udgmnt !as n#t )'#m &ina( as t!
)#undaris #n t! "artiti#n !av n#t )n "(attd,
$ In t! mantim, a''#rding t# t! "titi#nr,
"rivat rs"#ndnts, Guantr#s, !arvstd t! sugar
'ans ! "(antd #n t! (and ! (asd &r#m Ru&in#,
1n August 10, 1298, a Crimina( Cas <t! Crimina(
Cas= -as &i(d against t! rs"#ndnts &#r t!&t
dmanding damags am#unting t# Ps#s 15,120,00,
;uring t! "ndn'* #& t! Crimina( Cas, an#t!r
'as &#r damags <t! ;amags Cas= against t!
"rivat rs"#ndnts a((ging damags t# t!
"titi#nr 'ausd )* t! "rivat rs"#ndnts0 t!&t #&
t! sugar 'ans and t!ir #''u"ati#n #& t! (asd
"r#"rtis t!us "rvnting !im &r#m 'u(tivating #r
ta.ing "#ssssi#n #& t! sam, 4 a((gd t!at t!is
rsu(td in !is )ing d"rivd #& in'#m &#r t-#
*ars am#unting t# Ps#s 98,280,00,
$ In t!ir ans-r, rs"#ndnts assrtd t!at t! (#ts
ar sti(( undr '#$#-nrs!i" am#ng t! !irs and
t!at t!is is t! su)/'t #& an#t!r s"'ia( "r#'ding
<t! Intstat Cas=, %!at said, ;m#'rata
'#ntndd t!at Ru&in# '#u(d n#t :'ut t! (as
'#ntra'ts -it!#ut !r '#n&#rmit* -it!#ut !r
'#n&#rmit* as '#$#-nr, %! Guantr#s &i(d a
m#ti#n t# sus"nd t! "r#'dings in t! Crimina(
Cas #n t! gr#und #& "ndn'* #& t! ;amags
Cas, t! Intstat Cas, and t! /'tmnt 'as
<t! 7/'tmnt Cas= -!i'! -as &i(d )* Ru&in#
against ;m#'rata #n +anuar* 13, 1299,
$ %! rs"#ndnts t##. t! "#siti#n t!at t! vari#us
'ass &#'usd #n t! issus #& "#ssssi#n and
#-nrs!i" #& t! (#ts inv#(vd as -(( as #& t!
im"r#vmnts t!r#n, !n', dtrminativ #& t!ir
gui(t in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n and !n' '#nstitutiv #&
a prejudicial $uestion,
$ ;s"it t! #)/'ti#ns mad )* t! "titi#nr, t!
(#-r '#urt issud t! #rdr &inding t!at a "r/udi'ia(
3usti#n :istd and sus"nding t! Crimina( 'as
"r#'ding, 4n' t!is a""a(,
I''%!
51N t! issus raisd in t! t!r 'ass mnti#nd
inv#(v a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n t!at -arrants a
sus"nsi#n #& t! Crimina( Cas
(!"D
N1
%! issus raisd in t! t!r 'ass d# n#t inv#(v
t! "iv#ta( 3usti#n #& -!# "(antd t! sugar 'an
and, t!r&#r, ar n#t dtrminativ juris et jure #&
gui(t #r inn#'n' in t! Crimina( Cas,
Reasoning
% 5 prejudicial -uestion is one !ased on a act
distinct and separate rom the crime !ut so
intimately connected "ith it that it determines
the guilt or innocence o the accused#( and or
it to suspend the criminal action( it must
appear not only that said case involves acts
intimately related to those upon "hich the
criminal prosecution "ould !e !ased !ut also
that in the resolution o the issue or issues
raised in the civil case( the guilt or innocence
o the accused "ould necessarily !e
determined#
$ In t! 'as at )ar, t! issus raisd -#u(d n#t
'#nstitut a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n t# t! Crimina( Cas,
%! Intstat Cas inv#(vs #n(* t! '#$!irs and t!
&a'ts inv#(vd ar t#ta((* unr(atd t# t! Crimina(
Cas, 7vn i& t! Intstat C#urt s!#u(d annu( t!
divisi#n and u"!#(d t! '#$#-nrs!i", t!at -#u(d n#t
) dtrminativ #& t! 'rimina( rs"#nsi)i(it* #&
"rivat rs"#ndnts &#r t!&t #& t! sugar 'an,
-!i'! "titi#nr '(aims ! "(antd in g##d &ait! )*
virtu #& t! va(id (as agrmnt, %! 7/'tmnt
Cas a(s# d#s n#t '#nstitut a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n
t# t! Crimina( Cas, It inv#(vs t! issu #&
"#ssssi#n )t-n '#$#-nrs, A d'isi#n t!rin in
&av#r #& ;m#'rata -#u(d n#t a&&'t t! rig!ts #&
?i)r#d#, -!i'! s"ring &r#m t! (as '#ntra't, /ith
regard the Damages case& it is actuall' the civil
aspect of the Criminal Case as the two cases are of
the same facts& and the entitlement to damages
being predicated on the unlawful taking treated of in
the Criminal Case& no necessit' arises for that civil
Case to be determined ahead of the Criminal Case.
Dispositive In t! a)sn' #& a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n,
t! #rdr #& t! /udg is st asid and ! is
instru'td t# "r#'d -it!#ut d(a* -it! t! tria( #&
t! 'rimina( 'as,
BA"+O' 'A$DI+A$BA)A$
196 SCRA 289
GANCA6C1; August 10, 1282
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- t! d'isi#n #& Sandigan)a*an
&AC#'
$ Ba(g#s t a( -r '!argd -it! vi#(ati#n #& S'ti#n
3<'= #& RA 3012, #t!r-is .n#-n as t! Anti$Gra&t
and C#rru"t Pra'ti' A't, as amndd, in an
in&#rmati#n t!at -as &i(d -it! t! Sandigan)a*an )*
t! S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#r -!i'! -as a""r#vd )* t!
;"ut* %an#d)a*an, a&tr a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
$ ?im, t! "(ainti&& and "rvai(ing "art* in Civi( Cas
N#, 4049 &i(d a '#m"(aint &#r rs'issi#n #& t! sa(
#& t! 'ar )* +uanit# Ang t# "rivat rs"#ndnt
?ti'ia A'#sta$Ang &#r )ing a((gd(* in &raud #&
'rdit#rs, %! said '#m"(aint -as &i(d -it! t! R%C
#& Nuva @i8'a*a, 1n t! sam da*, "titi#nrs &i(d
a m#ti#n &#r rinvstigati#n in t! %an#d)a*an, %!
sam -as grantd,
$ %! %an#d)a*an #rdrd t# dismiss t! 'as &#r
(a'. #& mrit and t# -it!dra- t! In&#rmati#n &i(d in
Crimina( Cas N#, 11414 as s##n as "#ssi)( in t!
intrst #& /usti',
$ %an#d)a*an &i(d -it! t! Sandigan)a*an a m#ti#n
t# -it!dra- t! in&#rmati#n against "titi#nrs, %!is
-as dnid,
$ BA(g#s t a( &i(d a m#ti#n t# sus"nd "r#'dings
in t! 'rimina( 'as against t!m #n t! gr#und #&
t! :istn' #& a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n in Civi( Cas
N#, 5309, %!is -as (i.-is dnid )* t!
Sandigan)a*an,
I''%!
51N t! dnia( )* t! Sandigan)a*an #& t! m#ti#n
t# -it!dra- t! in&#rmati#n and #& an#t!r m#ti#n t#
sus"nd "r#'dings #n t! gr#und #& a "r/udi'ia(
3usti#n in a "nding 'ivi( a'ti#n '#nstitut a grav
a)us #& dis'rti#n,
(!"D
N1,
$ 5!i( t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r !as t! s#( dir'ti#n
and '#ntr#( in t! "r#s'uti#n #& #&&nss, #n' t!
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d in '#urt, t! '#urt
t!r)* a'3uirs /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as and a((
su)s3unt a'ti#ns t!at ma* ) ta.n )* t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r in r(ati#n t# t! dis"#siti#n #& t! 'as
must ) su)/'t t# t! a""r#va( #& t! said '#urt,
B&#r a r$invstigati#n #& t! 'as ma* )
'#ndu'td )* t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, t! "rmissi#n
#r '#nsnt #& t! '#urt must ) s'urd, And i& a&tr
su'! rinvstigati#n t! "r#s'uti#n &inds a '#gnt
)asis t# -it!dra- t! in&#rmati#n #r #t!r-is 'aus
t! dismissa( #& t! 'as, su'! "r#"#sd '#urs #&
a'ti#n must ) addrssd t# t! s#und dis'rti#n #&
t! '#urt,
$ %! #n(* instan' -!n t! a""((at '#urt s!#u(d
sta* t! !and #& t! tria( '#urt in su'! 'ass is -!n
it is s!#-n t!at t! tria( '#urt a'td -it!#ut
/urisdi'ti#n #r in :'ss #& its /urisdi'ti#n #r #t!r-is
'#mmittd a grav a)us #& dis'rti#n am#unting t#
su'! (a'. #r :'ss #& /urisdi'ti#n,
$ Ptiti#nrs ar "u)(i' #&&i'rs '!argd -it! !aving
vi#(atd S'ti#n 3<'= #& RA 3012, &#r vidnt )ad
&ait! and mani&st "artia(it* in n&#r'ing t! -rit #&
:'uti#n in Civi( Cas N#, 4049 against a >ustang
'ar rgistrd in t! nam #& ?ti'ia A'#sta$Ang
<'#m"(ainant= -!# is n#t t! /udgmnt d)t#r
t!r)* 'ausing undu in/ur* t# said '#m"(ainant
and giving un-arrantd )n&its t# t! /udgmnt
'rdit#r in said 'as,
$ K"#n rinvstigati#n #& t! 'rimina( 'as )* t!
%an#d)a*an, ! &#und vidn' tnding t# s!#- t!at
t! sa( #& said 'ar t# t! '#m"(ainant )* +uanit#
Ang, t! /udgmnt d)t#r, -as a s!am intndd t#
d&raud !is 'rdit#rs; t!at t! dd #& a)s#(ut sa(
-!i'! #stnsi)(* -as :'utd )&#r a n#tar* "u)(i'
a""ard t# ) &i'titi#us inasmu'! as t! ntr* #&
t! d#'umnt in t! n#taria( rgistr #& said n#tar*
"u)(i' #n said dat r&rrd t# a 'atring '#ntra't #&
#t!r "artis; t!at t! 'rti&i'at #& rgistrati#n #&
t! 'ar -as issud t# '#m"(ainant #n(* #n +un 13,
1284 -!i'! s!#-d t!at t! d#'umnt #& sa( -as
a'tua((* :'utd #n(* #n #r a)#ut t! sam dat,
t!at is, svn da*s a&tr +uanit# Ang r'ivd '#"* #&
t! advrs d'isi#n in Civi( Cas N#, 4049; and t!at
u"#n t! :'uti#n #& t! /udgmnt, t! 'ar -as
&#und in t! "#ssssi#n #& A(vin, t! s#n #& +uanit#
Ang, -!# admittd t!at t! 'ar )(#ngd t# !is
&at!r )* s!#-ing t! r'i"t #& its r"air in t!
nam #& +uanit# Ang, %!is is t! )asis #& t! m#ti#n
&#r -it!dra-a( #& t! in&#rmati#n #& t! %an#d)a*an,
$ %! rs"#ndnts ar a-ar t!at t! '#m"(ainant is
n#t a "art* t# t! 'ivi( 'as &i(d )* t! 'rdit#r
against s"#uss +uanit# and ?*dia Ang and t!at a -rit
#& :'uti#n 'ann#t ) im"(mntd va(id(* against
#n -!# is n#t a "art* t# t! a'ti#n, A(( t!s,
'#u"(d -it! t! undr !ast in -!i'! t! (v* #n
t! >ustang 'ar -as mad -it!#ut &irst as'rtaining
t! tru #-nr t!r#& dm#nstrat 3uit
'#nvin'ing(* t! vidnt )ad &ait! and mani&st
"artia(it* #& t! rs"#ndnts, t!r)* giving
un-arrantd )n&its t# t! /udgmnt 'rdit#r t# t!
damag and "r/udi' #& t! '#m"(ainant,
$ A(t!#ug! at t! rinvstigati#n, t! %an#d)a*an
-as "rsuadd t!at in &a't t! sa( #& t! 'ar t#
?ti'ia Ang -as &raudu(nt, t!is did n#t n'ssari(*
'(ar "titi#nrs #& t! a&#rsaid Anti$Gra&t '!arg
against t!m, Sti(( t! )urdn is #n t! "titi#nrs t#
sta)(is! t!at t!* a'td in g##d &ait! in "r#'ding
-it! t! :'uti#n #n t! 'ar vn t!* -r
"rsntd vidn' tnding t# s!#- it did n#t )(#ng
t# +uanit# Ang an*m#r,
$ %! dnia( #& t! m#ti#n t# sus"nd t! 'rimina(
"r#'dings #n t! gr#und #& t! "ndn'* #& a
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n in Civi( Cas N#, 5309 is -((
ta.n, %! d#'trin #& "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n '#ms
int# "(a* usua((* in a situati#n -!r a 'ivi( a'ti#n
and a 'rimina( a'ti#n ar )#t! "nding and t!r
:ists in t! &#rmr an issu -!i'! must )
"rm"tiv(* rs#(vd )&#r t! 'rimina( a'ti#n ma*
"r#'d, )'aus -!ats#vr t! issu raisd in t!
'ivi( a'ti#n is rs#(vd -#u(d ) dtrminativ /uris
t /ur #& t! gui(t #r inn#'n' #& t! a''usd in t!
'rimina( 'as,
$ %! "nding 'ivi( 'as &#r t! annu(mnt #& t! sa(
#& t! 'ar t# ?ti'ia Ang is n#t dtrminativ #& t!
gui(t #r inn#'n' #& t! "titi#nrs &#r t! a'ts
a((gd(* '#mmittd )* t!m in si8ing t! 'ar, 7vn
i& in t! 'ivi( a'ti#n it is u(timat(* rs#(vd t!at t!
sa( -as nu(( and v#id, it d#s n#t n'ssari(* &#((#-
t!at t! si8ur #& t! 'ar -as rig!t&u((* undrta.n,
%! 'ar -as rgistrd in t! nam #& ?ti'ia Ang si:
m#nt!s )&#r t! si8ur, Knti( t! nu((it* #& t!
sa( is d'(ard )* t! '#urts, t! sam is
"rsum"tiv(* va(id, %!us, "titi#nrs must
dm#nstrat t!at t! si8ur -as n#t attndd )*
mani&st )ad &ait! in #rdr t# '(ar t!ms(vs #& t!
'!arg in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n,
Dispositive %! "titi#n is ;7NI7; &#r (a'. #& mrit
and t! rstraining #rdr datd +un 6, 1282 is
!r)* (i&td, N# '#sts,
%MA"I IAC <!DA$O>
212 SCRA 332
PA;I??A; +un 21, 1220
$A#%R!
Rvi- #n 'rti#rari
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nrs <Kma(i, Ca((/a, ?dsma= ar #&&i'rs #&
t! Orosea ;v0t C#r"#rati#n, S#mtim #n S"t, 4,
1292, Kma(i "ur'!asd &r#m s"#usd 4#m#ri# and
S#(ina 7dan# a (#t in >u(ana*, Pr#vin' #& Oua8#n
&#r P1, 036,500 "a*a)( #n 4 insta((mnts <P225,000,
P291,500, P290,000, P 290,000= %!* issud &#r t!is
"ur"#s 4 '!'.s dra-n against t! C!artrd Ban.,
>ani(a Bran'!, %! &irst '!'. &#r P225,000,00 -as
!#n#rd u"#n its "rsntmnt, B* arrangmnt t!
"titi#nrs mad -it! t! 7dan# s"#uss, a dd #&
a)s#(ut sa( in t! nam #& 1r#sa ;v0t C#r", -as
:'utd vn #& t! &u(( "ur'!as "ri' !as n#t *t
)n &u((* "aid, %!ra&tr, 1R1S7A s'urd a (#an
#& P1,000,000,00 &r#m t! P!i(i""in @trans Ban.
using t!is "r#"rt* as s'urit*, 5!n t! '!'. &#r
t! s'#nd insta((mnt &(( du, "titi#nrs t-i'
as.d &#r d&rmnt, %! '!'.s t!* !av issud
-r dis!#n#rd, As a '#ns3un' #& t! dis!#n#r
#& t!s '!'.s, t! 7dan# s"#uss &i(d a '#m"(aint
&#r sta&a against "titi#nrs,
$ %! in&#rmati#n -as &i(d )* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a(
against "titi#nrs #n >a* 21, 1281, and it -as
d#'.td as Crimina( Cas N#, 1423$I, Arraignmnt
-as st #n S"tm)r 4, 1281 )ut "titi#nrs &ai(d
t# a""ar, It -as rst t# 1't#)r 5, 1281 )ut t!is
-as "#st"#nd u"#n m#ti#n #& "titi#nrs,
$ 1n 1't#)r 14, 1281, 1R1S7A &i(d a C#m"(aint in
t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Ou8#n against t!
7dan# s"#uss &#r t! annu(mntMrs'issi#n #& t!
C#ntra't #& Sa( &#r -!i'! t! "titi#nrs issud t!
'!'.s, su)/'t #& t! 'rimina( 'as,
$ %! sta&a 'as -as again st &#r arraignmnt, %!is
-as "#st"#nd, 5it! t! ntr* #& a n- '#uns(,
"titi#nrs &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! sta&a 'as,
#n gr#und #& im"r#"r vnu, )ut t!is m#ti#n -as
-it!dra-n )* "titi#nrs )&#r it '#u(d ) rs#(vd,
$ %! arraignmnt -as again "#st"#nd t!ri',
Ptiti#nrs t!n &i(d a Q>#ti#n t# Sus"nd
Arraignmnt and Furt!r Pr#'dings, -it! a
Su""(mnta( >#ti#n %# Sus"nd Pr#'dings, %!is
-as #""#sd )* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #& Ou8#n,
Rs#(ving t! m#ti#n t# sus"nd, rs"#ndnt +udg
issud !is #rdrs, n#- undr 3usti#n, dn*ing t!
m#ti#n, CFI #& Lam)a(s a(s# dnid t! sam
m#ti#n, A "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari is &i(d -it! CA and
CA a&&irmd,
I''%!
51N "r#'dings s!#u(d ) sus"ndd unti( t! 'ivi(
'as is dis"#sd #&, sin' C@ N#, 8962 inv#(vs a
"r/udi'ia( 3usti#n,
(!"D
N1,
$ C@ N#, 8962 s.s t! annu(mnt #& t! dd #&
sa( in &av#r #& 1r#sa #n t! g#und t!at t!r -as
&raud in misr"rsnting t!at t! (and is &r &r#m a((
(ins and n'um)ran's, and t!at it is n#t tnantd,
-!n in trut! and &a't, t! (and is '#vrd )* t!
(and r&#rm "r#gram and t!at vast "#rti#ns t!r#&
ar tim)r (and, !n', a((gd(* indis"#sa)( "u)(i'
(and, %!r&#r, a''#rding t# "titi#nrs, C@ N#,
8962 inv#(vs issus, t! rs#(uti#n #& -!i'! -i((
dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t "titi#nrs ar 'rimina((*
(ia)( in CR N#, 1423$I, %!* &urt!r argu t!at, i&
and -!n t! '#urt !aring C@ N#, 9862 annu(s t!
su)/'t dd #& sa(, t!n, t!ir #)(igati#n t# "a*
"rivat rs"#ndnts undr t! said dd -#u(d )
:tinguis!d, rsu(ting in t! dismissa( #& CR N#,
1423$I, %! '#ntra'ts ar t!us v#ida)( -it! t!
:istn' #& &raud vitiating t!ir '#nsnt,
$ 4#-vr, it 'ann#t ) dnid t!at at t! tim t!
a'ts '#m"(aind #& in t! sta&a 'as -r
'#mmittd, t! dd #& sa( t!* s. t# )
annu((d, -as sti(( )inding t# t! "artis,
$ %! t-# <2= ssntia( (mnts &#r a "r/udi'ia(
3usti#n t# :ist arC <a= t! 'ivi( a'ti#n inv#(vs an
issu simi(ar #r intimat(* r(atd t# t! issu raisd
in t! 'rimina( a'ti#n; and <)= t! rs#(uti#n #& su'!
issu in t! 'ivi( a'ti#n dtrmins -!t!r #r n#t
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n ma* "r#'d,
$ Givn t! natur #& a "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n, and
'#nsidring t! issus raisd in C@ N#, 8962 and CR
N#, 1423$I, - agr -it! t! ru(ing #& t!
rs"#ndnt C#urt #& A""a(s t!at t! rs#(uti#n #&
t! issus in C@ N#, 8962 is n#t dtrminativ #& t!
gui(t #r inn#'n' #& t! "titi#nrs$a''usd in CR
N#, 1423$I, !n', n# "r/udi'ia( 3usti#n is inv#(vd
)t-n t! said t-# <2= 'ass,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! "titi#n is ;7NI7;,
%! d'isi#n datd 23 S"tm)r 1282 #& t! C#urt
#& A""a(s in CA$GR SP N#, 14504 is !r)*
AFFIR>7;,
@A"D!P!$A' @ P!OP"!
16 SCRA 891
C1NC7P%I1N; A"ri( 30, 1266
$A#%R!
A""a( )* >a:imin# @a(d"nas &r#m a d'isi#n #&
t! CA, a&&irming t!at #& t! CFI #& Caga*an,
'#nvi'ting !im #& t! 'rim #& a)du'ti#n -it!
'#nsnt,
&AC#'
$ +an 25, 56 N 7str K(san# &i(d -it! t! /usti' #&
"a' a 'rimina( '#m"(aint '!arging @a(d"nas -it!
&#r'i)( a)du'ti#n -it! ra" #& 7str K(san#, A&tr t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n, t! s'#nd stag #& -!i'!
-as -aivd )* @a(d"nas, t! /usti' #& "a'
&#und t!at t!r -as "r#)a)( 'aus and &#r-ardd
t! '#m"(aint t# t! CFI,
$ CFI &#und !im gui(t* as '!argd and sntn'd !im
a''#rding(*,
$ 1n a""a(, CA m#di&id t! d'isi#n, '#nvi'ting !im
#& a)du'ti#n -it! '#nsnt,
$ @a(d"nas &i(d >FR and n- tria( '#ntsting t!
&indings #& CA, t# t! &&'t t!at '#m"(ainant -as
)(#- 18 *M# at t! tim #& t! #''urrn', >#ti#n
-as grantd, %! d'isi#n -as st asid and t!
'as -as rmandd t# t! CFI
$ CFI rndrd d'isi#n ritrating &indings #& CA,
Ptiti#nr again a""a(d t# CA -!i'! a&&irmd t!
CFI d'isi#n,
$ >FR -as &i(d #n t! gr#und t!at (#-r '#urt !ad
n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! "rs#n and t! su)/'t
mattr #& t! a'ti#n -rt t! #&&ns #& a)du'ti#n -it!
'#nsnt, >FR -as dnid
Petitioners claims N t!r -as n# '#m"(aint &#r
a)du'ti#n -it! '#nsnt &i(d and t!at t! (#-r '#urt
a'3uird n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr !is "rs#n #r #vr t!
'rim #& a)du'ti#n -it! '#nsnt,
I''%!
51N CA rrd in n#t rvrsing ! d'isi#n #& t! %C
&#r (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! a''usd and t!
su)/'t mattr #& t! a'ti#n &#r t! #&&ns a)du'ti#n
-it! '#nsnt
(!"D
@A.
$ +urisdi'ti#n #vr t! "rs#n #& an a''usd is
a'3uird u"#n it!r !is a""r!nsi#n, -it! #r
-it!#ut -arrant, #r !is su)missi#n t# t! /urisdi'ti#n
#& t! '#urt, It is n#t '(aimd t!at "titi#nr !ad n#t
)n a""r!ndd #r !ad n#t su)mittd !ims(& t#
t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! '#urt, 4is a'ti#ns s!#- t!at !
nvr 3usti#nd t! /udi'ia( aut!#rit* #& t! CFI, t!
/usti' #& "a' and t! CA, 4 is dmd t# !av
-aivd -!atvr #)/'ti#n ! mig!t !av !ad t# t!
/urisdi'ti#n #vr !is "rs#n, and, !n', t# !av
su)mittd !ims(& t# t! C#urtQs /urisdi'ti#n, 4is
)!avi#r $ "arti'u(ar(* t! m#ti#ns t!rin &i(d )*
!im \ im"(id, n#t mr(* a su)missi#n t# t!
/urisdi'ti#n t!r#&, )ut a(s#, t!at ! urgd t! '#urts
t# :r'is t! aut!#rit* t!r#& #vr !is "rs#n,
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, it is -(( stt(d t!at /urisdi'ti#n
#vr t! su)/'t mattr #& an a'ti#n is and ma* )
'#n&rrd #n(* )* (a-, %!at /urisdi'ti#n #vr a givn
'rim, n#t vstd )* (a- u"#n a "arti'u(ar '#urt, ma*
n#t ) '#n&rrd t!rt# )* t! "artis inv#(vd in
t! #&&ns; and t!at, undr an in&#rmati#n &#r
&#r'i)( a)du'ti#n, t! a''usd ma* ) '#nvi'td #&
a)du'ti#n -it! '#nsnt, Art 344 <3= RPC stats t!atC
R, , , t! #&&nss #& sdu'ti#n, a)du'ti#n, ra" #r
a'ts #& (as'ivi#usnss, s!a(( n#t ) "r#s'utd :'"t
u"#n a '#m"(aint &i(d )* t! #&&ndd "art* #r !r
"arnts, grand"arnts, #r guardian, n#r in an* 'as,
i& t! #&&ndd !as )n :"rss(* "ard#nd )* t!
a)#v$ namd "rs#ns, as t! 'as ma* )R,
$ Art 344 RPC d#s n#t dtrmin t! /urisdi'ti#n #&
#ur '#urts #vr t! #&&ns t!rin numratd, It
'#u(d n#t a&&'t said /urisdi'ti#n, )'aus t! sam is
g#vrnd )* t! +udi'iar* A't #& 1248, n#t )* RPC,
-!i'! da(s "rimari(* -it! t! d&initi#n #& 'rims
and t! &a't#rs "rtinnt t# t! "unis!mnt #& t!
'u("rits, %! '#m"(aint r3uird in said Arti'( 344 is
mr(* a '#nditi#n "r'dnt t# t! :r'is )* t!
"r#"r aut!#ritis #& t! "#-r t# "r#s'ut t!
gui(t* "artis, And su'! '#nditi#n !as )n im"#sd
R#ut #& '#nsidrati#n &#r t! #&&ndd -#man and
!r &ami(* -!# mig!t "r&r t# su&&r t! #utrag in
si(n' rat!r t!an g# t!r#ug! -it! t! s'anda( #& a
"u)(i' tria(,R
$ %! gist #& "titi#nrQs "rtns is t!at t!r ar
s#m (mnts #& t! (attr -!i'! ar n#t in'(udd in
t! &#rmr, and, n#t a((gd, a''#rding t# !im, in t!
'#m"(aint &i(d !rin, nam(*C 1= t!at t! #&&ndd
"art* is a virgin; and 2= t!at s! is #vr 12 and undr
18 *ars #& ag, %! s'#nd (mnt is '(ar(* st
&#rt! in said '#m"(aint, -!i'! stats t!at 7str
K(san# is Ra min#r , , , 19 *ars #& ag , , ,R, and,
!n', #vr 12 and )(#- 18 *ars #& ag,
$ As rgards t! &irst (mnt, it is stt(d t!at t!
virginit* mnti#nd in Art 343 RPC, as an ssntia(
ingrdint #& t! 'rim #& a)du'ti#n -it! '#nsnt,
s!#u(d n#t ) undrst##d in its matria( sns and
d#s n#t :'(ud t! ida #& a)du'ti#n #& a virtu#us
-#man #& g##d r"utati#n )'aus t! ssn' #&
t! #&&ns Ris n#t t! -r#ng d#n t# t! -#man, )ut
t! #utrag t# t! &ami(* and t! a(arm "r#du'd in
it )* t! disa""aran' #& #n #& its mm)rs,R
$ %! '#m"(aint in t! 'as at )ar a((gs n#t #n(*
t!at 7str K(san# is a min#r 19 *ars #& ag, )ut a(s#
t!at "titi#nr R-i((&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(*R
t##. !r )* &#r' and vi#(n' , , , against !r -i((
and ta.ing advantag #& t! a)sn' #& !r m#t!rR
&r#m t!ir d-((ing and 'arrid R!r t# a s'(udd
s"#t t# gain 'arna( intr'#urs -it! t! #&&ndd
"art* against !r -i((, using &#r', intimidati#n and
vi#(n', -it! (-d dsigns,R %!is a((gati#n im"(is
t!at 7str is a min#r (iving undr "atria "r#tstas,
t!us (ading t# t! "rsum"ti#n t!at s! is a virgin
a"art &r#m )ing virtu#us and !aving a g##d
r"utati#n, %! "rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' in'(uds
t!at #& m#ra(it* and d'n'*, and #& '!astit*,
Dispositive /herefore& the decision appealed from
is hereb' affirmed& with costs against the
petitioner (a+imino <aldepenas. *t is so
ordered.
P!OP"! P"A#!RO'
83 SCRA 401
AOKIN1; >a* 30 1298
&AC#'
$ 1n nig!t, Pdr# Cand( t#gt!r -it! #t!r
"di'a) drivrs and %#mas >tu'ua, a s'#nd *ar
'#((g studnt dran. )r in t! .it'!ntt,
Satd at an#t!r ta)( -r 5ar(it# P(atr#s and
>uri((# ?a!#* -!# -r a(s# drin.ing )r,
$ >tu'ua and P(atr#s -r riva(s &#r t! a&&'ti#n
#& 7str((a Si(amr#, t! 'as!ir in t! .it'!ntt,
5!n >tu'ua -as ta(.ing -it! 7str((a, !is a((gd
s-t!art, P(atr#s -nt nar t!m and r&usd t#
(av t!m, t!r)* ann#*ing >tu'ua,
$ At a)#ut midnig!t, Pi3ur#, Cand( and A_#ra,
a''#m"anid )* >tu'ua, (&t t! .it'!ntt and
-nt t# t!ir "di'a), Cand( -as satd in t!
sid'ar #& t! tri'*'(, >tu'ua sat #n t! drivrQs
sat, ?a!#* and P(atr#s 'am #ut #& t!
.it'!ntt, ?a!#* a""ard t# ) angr*, !#sti( and
mna'ing, 5it!#ut an* -arning, ! sta))d Cand(
<ma'be thinking that it was (etucua who was inside
the pedicab because Candel is the driver B abberatio
personae4 t-# tims, P(atr#s a(s# sta))d Cand(,
>#vd )* t! instin't #& s(&"rsrvati#n, Cand(
/um"d #ut #& t! sid'ar, 4 &(( #n t! gr#und &a'
d#-n, ?a!#* a((gd(* sta))d >tu'ua, %!n,
P(atr#s and ?a!#* &(d &r#m t! s'n #& t!
assau(t,
$ Cand( -as )r#ug!t t# t! !#s"ita( )ut ! did #n
t!at sam m#rning,
Procedure
$ %-# in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d in t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& B#!#( a''using P(atr#s and ?a!#* #& <1=
>urdr #& Cand( and <2= Attm"td >urdr #&
>tu'ua,
$ %! tria( '#urt trid t! t-# 'ass /#int(* and
rndrd #n(* #n d'isi#n, P(atr#s and ?a!#* -r
&#und gui(t* #& murdr, sntn'ing a'! #& t!m #&
r'(usi#n "r"tua, In t!at sam d'isi#n, t! tria(
'#urt '#nvi'td ?a!#* #& attm"td murdr
<P(atr#s, !is '#$a''usd, -as a'3uittd= #& >tu'ua,
$ ?a!#* a""a(d t# t! C#urt #& A""a(s and t! CA
a'3uittd !im,
$ %! murdr 'as -as (vatd t# SC &#r rvi-,
%#gt!r -it! it, t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( (vatd t!
attm"td murdr 'as ) ! )(ivd t!at t!
d'isi#n #& CA is v#id )'aus ?a!#*0s a""a( #ug!t
t# !av )n 'rti&id t# t! Su"rm C#urt )* t!
CA )'aus t! attm"td murdr im"utd t# ?a!#*
-as '#mmittd #n t! sam #''asi#n and ar#s #ut
#& t! sam #''urrn' as t! murdr im"utd t#
!im and P(atr#s in t!is 'as, as '#ntm"(atd in
s'ti#n 19<1=, &#rmr(* s'ti#n 19<4= #& t! +udi'iar*
?a-, -!i'! radsC
RS7C, 19, +urisdi'ti#n #& t! Su"rm C#urt, $: : : R
: : :: : : : : : R%! Su"rm C#urt s!a(( !av
:'(usiv /urisdi'ti#n t# rvi-, rvis, rvrs,
m#di&* #r a&&irm #n a""a(, as t! (a- #r ru(s #&
'#urt ma* "r#vid, &ina( /udgmnts and d'rs #&
in&ri#r '#urts !rin "r#vidd, in R<1= A(( 'rimina(
'ass inv#(ving #&&nss &#r -!i'! t! "na(t*
im"#sd is dat! #r (i& im"ris#nmnt; and t!#s
inv#(ving #t!r #&&nss -!i'!, a(t!#ug! n#t s#
"unis!d, ar#s #ut #& t! sam #''urrn' #r
-!i'! ma* !av )n '#mmittd )* t! a''usd
#n t! sam #''asi#n, as t!at giving ri' t# t!
m#r sri#us #&&ns, rgard(ss #& -!t!r t!
a''usd ar '!argd as "rin'i"a(s, a''#m"(i's #r
a''ss#ris, #r -!t!r !av )n trid /#int(* #r
s"arat(*; : : :,R
$ In #t!r -#rds, t! attm"td murdr 'as (i. t!
instant murdr 'as, '#ms -it!in t! :'(usiv
a""((at /urisdi'ti#n #& t! SCt and s!#u(d !av
)n d'idd t#gt!r -it! t! instant murdr 'as,
I''%!'
An Attempted (urder Case
1, 51N t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s
a'3uitting ?a!#* #& attm"td murdr s!#u(d ) st
asid &#r (a'. #& a""((at /urisdi'ti#n #r as a A(a-(ss
t!ingB
An (urder case
2, 51N t! gui(t #& ?a!#* and P(atr#s -as "r#vn
)*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t
3, 51N t!r -as '#ns"ira'* )t-n ?a!#* and
P(atr#s
4, 51N t! 'rim s!#u(d ) 'atg#ri8d as sim"(
!#mi'id #n(* and n#t murdr
(!"D
1, N1,
Ratio; %! ru( in s'ti#n 19<1= is dsignd t# av#id
'#n&(i'ts )t-n t! d'isi#ns #& t!is C#urt and t!
C#urt #& A""a(s in 'ass inv#(ving #&&nss -!i'!
ar#s &r#m t! sam #''urrn' #r -!i'! -r
'#mmittd #n t! sam #''asi#n usua((* )* t!
sam a''usd,
4#-vr, t!at gnra( ru( !as an :'"ti#n, 5!r,
)* a((#-ing t! C#urt #& A""a(s t# d'id a 'an
inv#(ving an #&&ns, -!i'! is n#t "unis!a)( )*
dat! #r r'(usi#n "r"tua )ut -!i'! ar#s #ut #&
t! sam #''urrn' #r -as '#mmittd #n t! sam
#''asi#n, as t! 'as inv#(ving an #&&ns "unis!a)(
)* dat! #r r'(usi#n "r"tua "nding in t!is C#urt,
t!r -i(( ) n# '#n&(i't )t-n t! d'isi#ns #& t!is
C#urt and t! C#urt #& A""a(s, t! &#rmr 'as nd
n#t ) (vatd t# t!is C#urt <P#"( vs, Cari_#, 101
P!i(, 1206=, %! rati#na( #& t!at :'"ti#n t# t!
gnra( ru( is &#und in t! ma:imC Cssani rati#n
(gis, 'ssat t i"sa (:, <%! ras#n &#r t! (a-
'asing, t! (a- its(& a(s# 'ass,=
Reasoning;
$ %! d#'trin #& t! Cari_# 'as ma* ) a""(id in
t!is 'as )'aus !r t!r 'an ) n# '#n&(i't
)t-n t! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s and t!is
C#urtQs d'isi#n in t! instant murdr 'as inasmu'!
as t! vi'tims in t! t-# 'ass ar di&&rnt, %!
attm"td murdr 'as d'idd )* t! C#urt #&
A""a(s inv#(vd t! -#unding #& a 'rtain %#mas
>tu'ua -!ras, in t! instant murdr 'as t!
vi'tim -as Pdr# Cand(, %! a'3uitta( #& ?a!#* in
'#nn'ti#n -it! t! -#unding #& >tu'ua -#u(d n#t
a&&'t t! dtrminati#n #& !is gui(t #r inn#'n' in
'#nn'ti#n -it! t! dat! #& Pdr# Cand(,
$ %!is !#(ding d#s n#t in an*-a* mas'u(at t!
ru( in s'ti#n 19<1= t!at 'rimina( 'ass a""a(d t#
t! C#urt #& A""a(s, inv#(ving #&&nss -!i'! ar#s
#ut #& t! sam #''urrn', #r -!i'! -r
'#mmittd #n t! sam #''asi#n as t! #&&ns
"unis!d )* dat! #r r'(usi#n "r"tua s!#u(d )
'rti&id t# t!is C#urt )* t! C#urt #& A""a(s, It is
t!is C#urt t!at -#u(d dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t t!
'ass a""a(d t# t! C#urt #& A""a(s s!#u(d )
d'idd t#gt!r -it! t! 'as a""a(d t# t!is
C#urt,
2, 67S
%! &)( dnia(s #& P(atr#s and ?a!#* <-!#
admittd(* -r nar t! #-ns #& t! 'rim, -!n it
-as "r"tratd= 'ann#t "rvai( #vr t! "#sitiv
and un3uiv#'a( d'(arati#ns #& t! *-itnsss,
A_#ra and Pi3ur#, t!at t! a""((ants -r t!
aut!#rs #& t! sta) -#unds -!i'! 'ausd Canda(Qs
dat!, %!ir gui(t -as "r#vn )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t,
3, 67S,
%!r -as a '#ns"ira'* )t-n P(atr#s and ?a!#*
as s!#-n in t!ir '#n'rtd &&#rts t# in/ur Cand(,
P(atr#s and ?a!#*, as )##n '#m"ani#ns, !ad )n
t#gt!r sin' &#ur #Q'(#'. in t! a&trn##n, %!* !ad
g#n t# di&&rnt "(a's and r"aird t-i' t# t!
.it'!ntt, %!* -r t#gt!r -!n t!* (&t t!
s'n #& t! sta))ing,
4, N1
?a!#* and P(atr#s, -!# '#u(d !av sta))d Cand(
#r >tu'ua insid t! .it'!ntt, did n#t d# s#,
%!* -aitd &#r >tu'ua and t! "di'a) drivrs t#
(av t! .it'!ntt, %!ir intnti#n -as t# ma. a
sur"ris atta'. -it!#ut an* ris. t# t!ms(vs, %!
assau(t -as d(i)rat, suddn and un:"'td, %!at
is t! '!ara'tristi's mani&stati#n #& tra'!r*
<a(v#sia=, 4n', t! .i((ing -as "r#"r(*
'atg#ri8d as murdr )* t! tria( '#urt <Art, 14<16=,
Rvisd Pna( C#d=,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! tria( '#urtQs /udgmnt
is a&&irmd -it! '#sts against t! a""((ants, %!*
ar ntit(d t# 'rdit &#r t!ir "rvntiv
im"ris#nmnt undr t! '#nditi#ns (aid d#-n in
arti'( 22 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
P!OP"! "A+O$
185 SCRA 442
F7?ICIAN1,C >a* 18, 1220
&AC#'
$1n +u(* 9 1296 a 'rimina( a'ti#n -as &i(d -it! t!
Cit* C#urt #& R#:as '!arging ?ag#n -it! sta&a &#r
a((gd(* issuing a P4,232 '!'. as "a*mnt &#r
g##ds .n#-ing s! !ad insu&&i'int &unds, 4#-vr
#n ;', 2, as t! tria( '#mmn'd, t! Cit* C#urt
dismissd t! in&#rmati#n #n t! gr#und t!at t!
"na(t* "rs'ri)d )* (a- &#r sta&a -as )*#nd t!
'#urt0s aut!#rit* t# im"#s, 4n' t!is "titi#n &#r
rvi-,
I''%!
51N t! Cit* C#urt !ad /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as
(!"D
N1
$ It is stt(d d#'trin t!at /urisdi'ti#n #& a '#urt in
'rimina( (a- mattrs is dtrmind )* t! (a- in
&&'t at t! tim #& t! '#mmn'mnt #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n and n#t t! (a- in &&'t at t! tim
#& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns '!argd,
$Kndr S' 89 #& t! +udi'iar* A't #& 1248,
Amuni'i"a( /udgs in t! 'a"ita(s #& "r#vin's and
su)$"r#vin's and /udgs #& 'it* '#urts s!a(( !av
(i. /urisdi'ti#n as t! CFI t# tr* "artis '!argd -it!
an #&&ns -it!in t!ir rs"'tiv /urisdi'ti#ns, in
-!i'! "na(tis "r#vidd d# n#t :'d "risi#n
'#rr''i#na( #r &ins n# :'ding P6,000 #r )#t!,
$At t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim, t!
im"#sa)( "na(t* undr Art 315 #& t! RPC -as
arrst# ma*#r in its ma:imum "ri#d t# "risi#n
'#rr''i#na( it is minimum "ri#d, &a((ing -(( -it!in
t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! Cit* C#urt, But -!n t!
in&#rmati#n -as &i(d, P; 818 !ad in'rasd t!
im"#sa)( "na(t* t# "risi#n ma*#r in its mdium
"ri#d,
$%! ra( 3usti#n raisd )* "titi#nr is -!t!r t!
said d#'trin disrgards t! ru( against rtr#a'tivit*
#& "na( (a-s, It !as )n r"atd(* !(d t!at in
'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns, /urisdi'ti#n is n#t dtrmind
)* -!at ma* ) mtd #ut t# t! #&&ndr in a&tr
tria( )ut )* t! :tnt #& t! "na(t* -!i'! t! (a-
im"#ss, 1n' /urisdi'ti#n is a'3uird )* t! C#urt in
-!i'! t! in&#rmati#n is &i(d, it is rtaind
rgard(ss #& -!t!r t! vidn' "r#vs a (ssr
#&&ns -!i'! 'arris a "na(t* t!at -#u(d #t!r-is
&a(( -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& an in&ri#r '#urt,
$In t! instant 'as, s!#u(d t! in&#rmati#n ) r&i(d
-it! t! R%C, t! '#urt ma* n#t im"#s a m#r
#nr#us "na(t* u"#n ?ag#n, A(t!#ug! t! R%C
rtains su)/'t$mattr /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* and d'id
t! r&i(d 'as undr P; 818, givn t! dat #& t!
'#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim <)&#r &&'tivit* #& P;
818=, t! (#-r "na(t* "r#vidd in Art 315
<#t!r-is -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! Cit* C#urt=
s!#u(d ) im"#sd,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! C#urt rs#(vd t#
;7N6 t! "titi#n
/A"DI@IA @ R!)!'5 *R.
211 SCRA 299
CRKL; +u(* 3, 1222
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ %! "titi#nr ?us La(divia is '!argd -it!
3uarr*ing &#r '#mmr'ia( "ur"#ss -it!#ut a ma*#rQs
"rmit in vi#(ati#n #& 1rdinan' N#, 2, Sris #&
1288, #& t! >uni'i"a(it* #& R#drigu8, in t!
Pr#vin' #& Ri8a(, a((gd(* '#mmittd #n >a* 11,
1220, %! r&rra($'#m"(aint #& t! "#(i' -as
r'ivd )* t! 1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r
<1PP= #& Ri8a( #n >a* 30, 1220 and t! in&#rmati#n
-as &i(d -it! t! >%C #& R#drigu8, "rsidd )*
+udg Andrs R*s, +r,, #n 1't#)r 2, 1220,
$ %! "titi#nr m#vd t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n #n
t! gr#und t!at t! 'rim !ad "rs'ri)d, )ut t!
m#ti#n -as dnid, 1n a""a(, t! R%C #& Ri8a(
a&&irmd t! dnia( #& t! m#ti#n,
Petitioners claims In t!is "titi#n, t! "titi#nr
argus t!at t! '!arg against !r is g#vrnd )*
t! &#((#-ing "r#visi#ns #& t! Ru( #n Summar*
Pr#'dur <RSP=C
!ection 7. !cope. This rule shall govern the
procedure in the (etTC& the (TC& and the (CTC in
the following cases
B. Criminal Cases
C. <iolations of municipal or cit' ordinances- .
$ Ptiti#nr a(s# inv#.s A't N#, 3326, RAn A't t#
7sta)(is! Pri#ds #& Prs'ri"ti#n &#r @i#(ati#ns
Pna(i8d )* S"'ia( A'ts and >uni'i"a( 1rdinan's
and t# Pr#vid 5!n Prs'ri"ti#n S!a(( Bgin t#
Run,R rading as &#((#-sC
!ection 7. <iolations penali"ed b' special acts
shall& unless otherwise provided in such acts&
prescribe in accordance with the following rules . .
. <iolations penali"ed b' municipal ordinances
shall prescribe after two months.
!ection D. Prescription shall begin to run from the
da' of the commission of the violation of the law&
and if the same be not known at the time& from the
discover' thereof and the institution of judicial
proceedings for its investigation and punishment.
The prescription shall be interrupted when
proceedings are instituted against the guilt'
person& and shall begin to run again if the
proceedings are dismissed for reasons not
constituting jeopard'.
$ Ptiti#nr '#n'(uds t!at as t! in&#rmati#n -as
&i(d -a* )*#nd t! t-#$m#nt! statut#r* "ri#d
&r#m t! dat #& t! a((gd '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns, t! '!arg against !r s!#u(d !av )n
dismissd #n t! gr#und "rs'ri"ti#n,
Prosecutions position %! "r#s'uti#n '#ntnds
t!at t! "rs'ri"tiv "ri#d -as sus"ndd u"#n t!
&i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint against !r -it! t! 1PP, %!
S#(Gn inv#.s S'ti#n 1, Ru( 110 #& t! 1285 Ru(s
#n Crimina( Pr#'dur <RCP=, "r#viding as &#((#-sC
!ection 7. %ow *nstituted 1or offenses not
subject to the rule on summar' procedure in
special cases& the institution of criminal action
shall be as follows
5b4 1or offenses falling under the jurisdiction of
the (TC and (CTC& b' filing the complaint directl'
with the said courts& or a complaint with the
fiscal.s office. %owever& in (etropolitan (anila and
other chartered cities& the complaint ma' be filed
onl' with the office of the fiscal.
*n all cases such institution interrupts the period of
prescription of the offense charged.
$ Rs"#ndnt maintains t!at t! &i(ing #& t!
'#m"(aint -it! t! 1PP '#ms undr t! "!ras
Rsu'! instituti#nR and t!at t! "!ras Rin a(( 'assR
a""(is t# a(( 'ass, -it!#ut distin'ti#n, in'(uding
t!#s &a((ing undr t! RSP,
I''%!
51N t! #&&ns !as "rs'ri)d
(!"D
67S
$ %! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint in t! >%C, vn i& it )
mr(* &#r "ur"#ss #& "r(iminar* :aminati#n #r
invstigati#n, s!#u(d, and d#s, intrru"t t! "ri#d
#& "rs'ri"ti#n #& t! 'rimina( rs"#nsi)i(it*, vn i&
t! '#urt -!r t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d
'an n#t tr* t! 'as #n its mrits, 7vn i& t! '#urt
-!r t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d ma* #n(*
"r#'d t# invstigat t! 'as, its a'tuati#ns
a(rad* r"rsnt t! initia( st" #& t! "r#'dings
against t! #&&ndr,
$ It is im"#rtant t# n#t t!at t!is d'isi#n -as
"r#mu(gatd #n >a* 30, 1283, t-# m#nt!s )&#r
t! "r#mu(gati#n #& t! RSP #n August 1, 1283, 1n
t! #t!r !and, S'ti#n 1 #& Ru( 110 is n-, !aving
)n in'#r"#ratd t!rin -it! t! rvisi#n #& t!
RCP #n +anuar* 1, 1285, :'"t &#r t! (ast
"aragra"!, -!i'! -as addd #n 1't#)r 1, 1288,
$ S', 1 #& t! RCP )gins -it! t! "!ras, R&#r
#&&nss n#t su)/'t t# t! ru( #n summar*
"r#'dur in s"'ia( 'ass,R -!i'! "(ain(* signi&is
t!at t! s'ti#n d#s n#t a""(* t# #&&nss -!i'! ar
su)/'t t# summar* "r#'dur, %! "!ras Rin a((
'assR a""aring in t! (ast "aragra"! #)vi#us(*
r&rs t# t! 'ass '#vrd )* t! S'ti#n, t!at is,
t!#s #&&nss n#t g#vrnd )* t! RSP,
$ %! '!arg against t! "titi#nr, -!i'! is &#r
vi#(ati#n #& a muni'i"a( #rdinan' #& R#drigu8, is
g#vrnd )* t! RSP and n#t t! RCP,
$ 5!r "aragra"! <)= #& t! s'ti#n d#s s"a. #&
R#&&nss &a((ing undr t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! >%C
and >C%C,R t! #)vi#us r&rn' is t# S'ti#n 32 <2=
#& B,P, N#, 122, vsting in su'! '#urtsC
0D4 #+clusive original jurisdiction over all offenses
punishable with imprisonment of not e+ceeding four
'ears and two months& or a fine of not more than
four thousand pesos& or both such fine and
imprisonment& regardless of other imposable
accessor' or other penalties& including the civil
liabilit' arising from such offenses or predicated
thereon& irrespective of kind& nature& value& or
amount thereof- Provided& however& That in offenses
involving damage to propert' through criminal
negligence the' shall have e+clusive original
jurisdiction where the imposable fine does not
e+ceed twent' thousand pesos.
$ %!s #&&nss ar n#t '#vrd )* t! RSP, Kndr
S'ti#n 2 #& t! RSP, Rt! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n
s!a(( ) &i(d dir't(* in '#urt -it!#ut nd #& a "ri#r
"r(iminar* :aminati#n #r "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,R B#t! "artis agr t!at t!is "r#visi#n
d#s n#t "rvnt t! "r#s'ut#r &r#m '#ndu'ting a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n i& ! -ants t#, 4#-vr, t!
'as s!a(( ) dmd '#mmn'd #n(* -!n it is
&i(d in '#urt, -!t!r #r n#t t! "r#s'uti#n d'ids
t# '#ndu't a "r(iminar* invstigati#n, %!is mans
t!at t! running #& t! "rs'ri"tiv "ri#d s!a(( )
!a(td #n t! dat t! 'as is a'tua( &i(d in '#urt
and n#t #n an* dat )&#r t!at,
$ %!is intr"rtati#n is in '#ns#nan' -it! t! a&#r$
3u#td A't N#, 3326 -!i'! sa*s t!at t! "ri#d #&
"rs'ri"ti#n s!a(( ) sus"ndd R-!n "r#'dings
ar institutd against t! gui(t* "art*,R %!
"r#'dings r&rrd t# in S'ti#n 2 t!r#& ar
6judicial proceedings&6 '#ntrar* t# t! su)missi#n #&
t! S#(Gn t!at t!* in'(ud administrativ
"r#'dings,
$ At an* rat, t! C#urt &(s t!at i& t!r ) a
'#n&(i't )t-n t! RSP and t! RCP, t! &#rmr
s!#u(d "rvai( as t! s"'ia( (a-, And i& t!r ) a
'#n&(i't )t-n A't N#, 3326 and t! RCP, t! (attr
must again *i(d )'aus t!is C#urt, in t! :r'is
#& its ru($ma.ing "#-r, is n#t a((#-d t# Rdiminis!,
in'ras #r m#di&* su)stantiv rig!tsR undr Arti'(
@III, S'ti#n 5 <5= #& t! C#nstituti#n Prs'ri"ti#n in
'rimina( 'ass is a su)stantiv rig!t,
$ %! "rs'ri"tiv "ri#d &#r t! 'rim im"utd t#
t! "titi#nr '#mmn'd &r#m its a((gd
'#mmissi#n #n >a* 11, 1220, and ndd t-# m#nt!s
t!ra&tr, #n +u(* 11, 1220, in a''#rdan' -it!
S'ti#n 1 #& A't N#, 3326, It -as n#t intrru"td )*
t! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint -it! t! 1PP #n >a* 30,
1220, as t!is -as n#t a /udi'ia( "r#'ding, %!
/udi'ia( "r#'ding t!at '#u(d !av intrru"td t!
"ri#d -as t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n -it! t! >%C
#& R#drigu8, )ut t!is -as d#n #n(* #n 1't#)r 2,
1220, a&tr t! 'rim !ad a(rad* "rs'ri)d,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is GRAN%7;, Cas is ;IS>ISS7;
#n t! gr#und #& "rs'ri"ti#n,
"OP!/ CI#) *%D+!
18 SCRA 616
;IL1N, 1't#)r 22, 1266
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n Crti#rari and Pr#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$Ptiti#nrs <R#* @i((as#r, Ang(ina >i/ia ?#"8 and
Aur#ra >/ia @i((as#r= and #t!r !irs #& s"#uss
>anu( >i/ia and G(#ria ?a8atin ntrd int# a
'#ntra't -it! rs"#ndnt %rinidad ?a8atin &#r t!
dv(#"mnt and su)divisi#n #& 3 "ar'(s #& (and
)(#nging t# t! intstat stat, ?a8atin trans&rrd
!is rig!ts t# %rra ;v0t C# <%;C=,
$Ptiti#nrs and '#$!irs &i(d an a'ti#n in CFI OC &#r
rs'issi#n #& said '#ntra't -it! ?a8atin &#r a((gd
gr#ss and -i((&u( vi#(ati#n #& its trms,
$Rs"#ndnts <?a8atin and %;C= &i(d -it! Fis'a(0s
1&&i' #& Cit* #& Ang(s a '#m"(aint against
"titi#nrs &#r vi#(ati#n #& A192 in r(ati#n t# A191,
"ar4, RPC, Pr(iminar* invstigati#n '#ndu'td,
Fis'a( &i(d -it! C#urt in Ang(s Cit* in&#rmati#n
'!arging "titi#nrs -it! 'rim #& &a(si&i'ati#n #&
"rivat d#'umnt, A((gd(*, Aur#ra and Ang(ina
mad it a""ar t!at t!* -r t! guardians #&
min#rs G#rg and A(:andr >i/ia <s#ns #& t!
s"#ussH= -!n t!* -rn0t t! guardians at t!
dat #& t! :'uti#n #& t! d#'umnt, a 'rtain
Car#(ina >, d Castr# -as t! /udi'ia( guardian #& t!
said min#rs=,
$Ptiti#nrs as.d &#r a rinvstigati#n, Ang(s Cit*
Fis'a( rinvstigatd t# giv t!m #""#rtunit* t#
"rsnt :'u("at#r* vidn', A&tr rinvstigati#n,
"artis '!argd m#vd &#r t! dismissa( #& t! 'as
mainly on 78e ground 78a7 78e Ci7y Cour7 of
Angeles 8ad no ;urisdic7ion oer 78e offense
Aecause 78e pria7e documen7 78a7 con7ained
78e alleged false s7a7emen7 of fac7 was signed
Ay 78em ou7side 78e 7erri7orial limi7s of said
ci7y <1n in >a.ati, t! #t!r #n in OC=,
$4#-vr, t! rs#(uti#n #& t!ir m#ti#n t# dismiss
-as d(a*d and t! Cit* C#urt a(rad* st t!ir
'rimina( 'as &#r arraignmnt, Ptiti#nrs s'urd
svra( "#st"#nmnts #& t! arraignmnt, But sin'
Cit* Fis'a( '#ntinua((* &ai(d t# a't #n t!ir m#ti#n t#
dismiss, "titi#nrs &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! instad,
#n t! gr#und t!at '#urt !ad n# /urisdi'ti#n,
Rs"#ndnts <-it! '#n&#rmit* #& Cit* Fis'a(= &i(d an
#""#siti#n t# t! m#ti#n t# 3uas!, Rs"#ndnt /udg
dnid m#ti#n t# 3uas!, st arraignmnt, S#
"titi#nrs &i(d "rsnt a'ti#n,
I''%!
1, 51N Cit* C#urt #& Ang(s Cit* !ad /urisdi'ti#n t#
tr* and d'id t! 'rimina( 'as &#r a((gd
&a(si&i'ati#n #& a "rivat d#'umnt a((gd(* d#n )*
t! "artis namd in t! in&# vn i& t! a'ts #&
&a(si&i'ati#n -as a((gd(* d#n in >a.ati and OC,
and t!us #utsid t! /urisdi'ti#n #& said '#urt
Other procedural issues
2, 51N t! m#ti#n t# 3uas! -as im"r#"r, and
s!#u(d n#t ) a((#-d sin' )* &i(ing t! said m#ti#n,
t! "titi#nrs n'ssari(* assums t! trut! #& t!
a((gati#n #& t! in&#rmati#n t# t! &&'t t!at t!
#&&ns -as '#mmittd -it!in t! trrit#ria(
/urisdi'ti#n #& Ang(s Cit*
3, 51N t! "ra*r &#r -rits #& 'rti#rari and
"r#!i)iti#n is "r#"r
(!"D
1, N1,
Ratio# #8e place w8ere 78e criminal offense
was commi77ed no7 only de7ermines 78e enue
of 78e ac7ion Au7 is an essen7ial elemen7 of
;urisdic7ion DKS vs, Pagda*umanE,
Reasoning# Ptiti#nrs ar '!argd -it! !aving
&a(si&id a "rivat d#'umnt, n#t using a &a(si&id
d#'umnt, s# it is ssntia( t# dtrmin -!n and
-!r t! #&&ns #& &a(si&i'ati#n #& a "rivat
d#'umnt is dmd '#nsummatd #r '#mmittd,
%! 'rim #& &a(si&i'ati#n #& a "rivat d#'umnt is
'#nsummatd -!n su'! d#'umnt is a'tua((*
&a(si&id -it! t! intnt t# "r/udi' a 3
rd
"rs#n,
-!t!r su'! &a(si&id d#'umnt is #r is n#t "ut t#
us i((ga((*, %! im"r#"r and i((ga( us #& t!
d#'umnt is n#t matria( #r ssntia( (mnt #& t!
'rim #& &a(si&i'ati#n #& a "rivat d#'umnt DKS vs,
In&ant, KS vs, Barrt#E
2, N1
Ratio# %! m#ti#n t# 3uas! n#- "r#vidd &#r in Ru(
119 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt is mani&st(* )r#adr in
s'#" t!an t! dmurrr, as it is n#t (imitd t#
d&'ts a""arnt u"#n t! &a' #& t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n )ut :tnds t# issus arising #ut #&
:tran#us &a'ts, as s!#-n )* t! 'ir'umstan' t!at,
am#ng t! gr#unds &#r a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, S'ti#n 2
#& said Ru( "r#vids &#r &#rmr /#"ard* #r a'3uitta(,
:tin'ti#n #& 'rimina( a'ti#n #r (ia)i(it*, insanit* #&
t! a''usd t',, -!i'! n'ssari(* inv#(v 3usti#ns
#& &a't in t! dtrminati#n #& -!i'! a "r(iminar*
tria( is r3uird,
Reasoning# %! argumnt #& t! rs"#ndnts r&r
t# t! n#- #)s#(t dmurrr t# an in&#rmati#n,
3, 67S
Ratio# %! gnra( ru( is t!at a '#urt #& 3uit* -i((
n#t issu a -rit #& 'rti#rari t# annu( an #rdr #& a
(#-r '#urt dn*ing a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, n#r issu a
-rit #& "r#!i)iti#n t# "rvnt said '#urt &r#m
"r#'ding -it! t! 'as a&tr su'! dnia(, it )ing
t! ru( t!at u"#n su'! dnia( t! d&ndant s!#u(d
ntr !is "(a #& n#t gui(t* and g# t# tria( and, i&
'#nvi'td, rais #n a""a( t! sam (ga( 3usti#ns
'#vrd )* !is m#ti#n t# 3uas!, In t!is as -(( as in
#t!r /urisdi'ti#ns, !#-vr, t!is is n# (#ngr t!
!ard and &ast ru(,
$%! -rits #& 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n, as
:tra#rdinar* (ga( rmdis, ar, in t! u(timat
ana(*sis, intndd t# annu( v#id "r#'dings; t#
"rvnt t! un(a-&u( and #""rssiv :r'is #& (ga(
aut!#rit* and t# "r#vid &#r a &air and #rdr(*
administrati#n #& /usti',
Reasoning# In svra( 'ass, t! '#urt a(rad* t##.
'#gni8an' #& said -rits, #vr(##.ing t! &(a- in t!
"r#'dur &#((#-d in t! intrst #& a m#r
n(ig!tnd and su)stantia( /usti', %! (a'. #&
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! Cit* C#urt #& Ang(s is "atnt and
it -#u(d ) !ig!(* un&air t# '#m"( t! "titi#nrs t#
undrg# tria( in said '#urt and su&&r a(( t!
m)arrassmnt and mnta( anguis! t!at g# -it! it,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, /udgmnt is !r)*
rndrd d'(aring t!at t! #&&ns '!argd in t!
in&#rmati#n &i(d in Crimina( Cas N#, C$2268 #& t!
Cit* C#urt #& Ang(s Cit* is n#t -it!in t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& said '#urt and t!at, t!r&#r, said
'#urt is !r)* rstraind and "r#!i)itd &r#m
&urt!r "r#'dings t!rin, C#sts against t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts,
P!OP"! )AB%#
96 SCRA 624
>AR%IN; A"ri( 22, 1299
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari #& 1rdrs #& CFI
Bu(a'an
&AC#'
$ C'i(ia 6ABK% -as a''usd #& 7S%AFA )* mans #&
&a(s "rtnss )&#r t! CFI Bu(a'an, S!, as
trasurr #& t! 6a)ut %ransit ?ins, made out C
checks in the total sum of P9& E9F.8: dra-n against
t! >r'!ants Ban.ing C#r" <(#'atd in Ca(##'an
Cit*=, "a*a)( t# Fr-a* %irs Su""(*, %! '!'.s
-r dis!#n#rd )'aus #& insu&&i'int &unds, 6a)ut
&ai(d t# d"#sit t! n'ssar* &unds t# '#vr t!
'!'.s,
$ Instad #& ntring a "(a, 6ABK% &i(d a >1%I1N
%1 OKAS4 '#ntnding t!atC <1= t! a'ts '!argd d#
n#t '#nstitut t! #&&ns as t!r is n# a((gati#n
t!at t! "#stdatd '!'.s -r issud and d(ivrd
t# t! '#m"(ainant "ri#r t# #r simu(tan#us(* -it!
t! d(ivr* #& t! mr'!andis; <2= sta&a is n#t
indi'ta)( -!n '!'.s ar "#stdatd #r issud in
"a*mnt #& "r$:isting #)(igati#ns; <3= enue was
improperly laid )'aus '!'.s -r issud and
r'ivd )* '#m"(ainant in Ca(##'an, 6a)ut0s #&&i',
$ %! P#"( #""#sd and maintaind t!at n- (a-
#n '!'.s, RA 4885, amnding Art, 315 "ar,2<d= RPC,
"na(i8s t! "#stdating and t!at >a(#(#s '#urt 'an
:r'is /urisdi'ti#n sin' t! (ast ingrdint #& t!
'as, damage, trans"ird in Bu(a'an <rsidn' #&
t! '#m"(ainant= a&tr t! dis!#n#r #& t! '!'.s &#r
(a'. #& &unds,
$ %! /udg 3uas!d t! in&#rmati#n &#r t! ras#n #&
im"r#"r vnu, %! #t!r issu -as n#t rs#(vd )*
t! /udg,
$ P#"(0s >FR &#r t!is dismissa( -as dnid,
VV %!is is a'tua((* a d'isi#n &#r t-# "titi#nsC t!
#t!r 'as inv#(vd C'i(ia0s !us)and, G7>INIAN1
-!# -as a(s# '!argd -it! sta&a, in !is 'a"a'it* as
t! Prsidnt #& 6a)ut %ransit ?ins, %! :a't sam
t!ing !a""nd in !is 'as <m#ti#n t# 3uas! $U
im"r#"r vnu ras#n $U 3uas!d $U >FR dnid=,

I''%!
1, 51N CFI Bu(a'an !ad /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as
2, 51N n- (a- "unis!s t! "#stdating #r issuan'
t!r#& in "a*mnt #& a "r$:isting #)(igati#n
3, 51N &a'ts '!argd in t! in&#rmati#ns '#nstitut
sta&a
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio 7sta&a )* "#stdating #r issuing a )ad '!'.
undr Art, 315 "ar 2<d= #& t! RPC may Ae a
7ransi7ory or con7inuing offense, Its )asi'
(mnts #& d'it and damag ma* ind"ndnt(*
aris in s"arat "(a's, In t! vnt #& su'!
#''urrn', t! instituti#n #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n in
it!r "(a' is (ga((* a((#-d,
$ %! vnu #& t! #&&ns (is at t! "(a' -!r t!
'!'. -as e+ecuted and delivered to the pa'ee,
Reasoning S'ti#n 14<a=, Ru( 110 #& t! R1CC AIn
a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns t! a'ti#n s!a(( ) institutd
and trid in t! C#urt #& t! muni'i"a(it* #r "r#vin'
-!rin t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd #r an* #n #& t!
ssntia( ingrdints t!r#& t##. "(a',B
$ %! sta&a '!argd in t! 2 in&#rmati#ns inv#(vd
!r a""ar t# ) transit#r* #r '#ntinuing in natur,
;'it !as ta.n "(a' in >a(#(#s <t!ru issuan' and
d(ivr* #& -#rt!(ss '!'.s=, -!i( t! damag in
Ca(##'an, -!r t! '!'.s -r dis!#n#rd )* t!
dra- )an.s t!r,
$ %! "(a' -!r t! )i((s -r -rittn, signd #r
datd d#s n#t n'ssari(* &i: t! "(a' -!r t!*
-r :'utd, 5!at is d'isiv is t! d(ivr* #& t!
instrumnt -!i'! is t! &ina( a't ssntia( t# its
'#nsummati#n as an #)(igati#n,
$ %! r'i"t #& t! )ad '!'.s )* a 'rtain 6am)a#
in Ca(##'an 'ann#t ) ta.n as d(ivr* #& t!
'!'.s t# Fr-a* %irs )'aus ! did n#t ta.
d(ivr* #& t! '!'.s as !#(dr,
$ P(a' #& )usinss #& Fr-a* %irs is at >a(#(#s,
Bu(a'an &r#m -!r t! tir and gas "ur'!ass -r
mad )* t! "rivat rs"#ndnts, Pa*mnt s!#u(d
t!n ) '#nsidrd &&'td t!r,
2, 67S
) ;u t# t! a)sn' #& '#n'rt vidn' #n t!
s"'i&i' natur #& t! #)(igati#n assumd #r
su""#sd(* dis'!argd )* t! issuan' #& t! )ad
'!'.s, rs#(uti#n #& t!is '#ntr#vrsia( issu #n t!
)asis #& t! avrmnts in t! in&#rmati#ns a(#n is
n#t ri",
3, 67S
Reasoning In '#nsidring a m#ti#n t# 3uas! )asd
#n t! gr#und t!at t! &a'ts '!argd d# n#t
'#nstitut an #&&ns, t! "#int #& rs#(uti#n is
-!t!r t! &a'ts a((gd, i& !*"#t!ti'a((* admittd,
-#u(d mt t! ssntia( (mnts #& t! #&&ns as
d&ind in t! (a-, Fa'ts a((gd s!#u(d ) ta.n as
t!* ar,
Dispositive A""a(d #rdrs #rdring t! 3uas!a(
#& t! sta&a in&#rmati#ns against t! t-# "rivat
rs"#ndnts ar rvrsd and st asid, Arraignmnt
#& t! "rivat rs"#ndnts in t! 'rimina( 'ass
s!#u(d ) st at t! ar(ist dat, and t!ra&tr, t!
tria( #n t! mrits t# "r#'d immdiat(*,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
#!!(A$H!! FconcurringG
$ %! m#ti#n t# 3uas! #n t! gr#und #& im"r#"r
vnu must *i(d t# t! :"rss a((gati#ns #& t!
in&#rmati#ns, )aring in mind t!at -!at dtrmins
/urisdi'ti#n ar t! a((gati#ns in t! in&#rmati#n and
t!at vnu is su&&i'int(* '#n&rrd -!rin an* #n
#& t! ssntia( ingrdints #& t! #&&ns '!argd
t##. "(a', It a(s# im"#rts #n t! "art #& t! a''usd
a !*"#t!ti'a( admissi#n #& t! &a'ts a((gd in t!
in&#rmati#n,
A+BA)A$I 'A)O
82 SCRA 622
AOKIN1; A"ri( 30, 1292
$A#%R!
Instant "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$C#nrad# B, >a!inan, a (a-*r, -as t! managr #&
t! Caga*an @a((* Bran'! #& t! G#vrnmnt
Srvi' Insuran' S*stm <GSIS= stati#nd at
Caua*an, Isa)(a, Am#ng !is su)#rdinats -r
5i(s#n Ag)a*ani, Carm(# N, Bautista, Pa)(# R,
Pas'ua(, and Rnat# R#m# P, ;uga*,
$1n >ar'! 8, 1296, >a!inan &i(d -it! t! &is'a(Qs
#&&i' at Ba*#m)#ng, Nuva @i8'a*a a '#m"(aint &#r
-rittn d&amati#n against Ag)a*ani, Bautista,
Pas'ua( and ;uga*,
$1n +u(* 23, 1296, t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( #& Nuva
@i8'a*a &i(d in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& t!at
"r#vin' an in&#rmati#n &#r (i)( '!arging Ag)a*ani,
Bautista, Pas'ua( and ;uga* -it! !aving ma(i'i#us(*
mad d&amat#r* im"utati#ns against >a!inan #n #r
a)#ut F)ruar* 19, 1296 in Bam)ang, Nuva
@i8'a*a,
$Ou#td in t! in&#rmati#n -r t! a&&idavits #&
Pas'ua( and Bautista signd at Caua*an, Isa)(a,
BautistaQs undatd (ttr as.ing &#r >a!inanQs
dismissa(, and Ag)a*aniQs Runusua( in'idnt r"#rtR
su)s'ri)d and s-#rn t# )&#r a >ani(a n#tar* and
n'(#sing d#'umntar* vidn' t# su""#rt !is
'!args #& ma(vrsati#n and &a(si&i'ati#n against
>a!inan and "ra*ing &#r t! (attrQs s"arati#n &r#m
t! srvi',
$A''#rding t# t! in&#rmati#n, a(( t!#s d#'umnts
a((gd(* d"i'td >a!inan Ras an in'#rrigi)(
managria( mis&it, ds"#i(r #& "u)(i' #&&i',
s"ndt!ri&t #& GSIS &unds, invtrat gam)(r,
'!r#ni' &a(si&irR, and an Runr&#rmd :$'#nvi'tR,
$%! &#ur a''usd &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! '#ntnding
t!at t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Nuva @i8'a*a !as
n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! #&&ns '!argd )'aus
>a!inan -as a "u)(i' #&&i'r !#(ding #&&i' at
Caua*an, Isa)(a -!n t! a((gd (i)( -as
'#mmittd and, undr Arti'( 360 #& t! Rvisd
Pna( C#d, t! #&&ns '!argd '#ms -it!in t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Isa)(a,
%!* argud t!at t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( #& Nuva
@i8'a*a !ad n# aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and t# &i( t! in&#rmati#n,
$It -as dnid )* t! tria( '#urt in its #rdr #& A"ri(
25, 1299 #n t! gr#und t!at >a!inan -as n#t a
"u)(i' #&&i'r -it!in t! maning #& arti'( 203 #& t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d sin' t! insuran' )usinss #&
t! GSIS is n#t an in!rnt(* g#vrnmnta( &un'ti#n,
$A&tr "titi#nrsQ m#ti#n &#r t! r'#nsidrati#n #&
t!at #rdr -as dnid, t!* &i(d in t!is C#urt t!
instant "titi#n,
I''%!
51N t! CFI #& Nuva 7'i/a -as t! "r#"r vnu #&
t! 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r -rittn d&amati#n &i(d )*
>a!inan
(!"D
N1
$%!r is n# issu as t# -!t!r >a!inan is a "u)(i'
#&&i'r, As GSIS )ran'! managr, ! is
un3usti#na)(* a "u)(i' #&&i'r,
$Arti'( 360, -!i'! (a*s d#-n t! ru(s #n vnu in
'ass #& -rittn d&amati#n and -!i'! s"'i&is t!
#&&i'r #r '#urt t!at s!#u(d '#ndu't t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n, rads as &#((#-sC
AR%, 360,Prs#ns rs"#nsi)(, , , ,
R%! 'rimina( and 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r damags in 'ass
#& -rittn d&amati#ns as "r#vidd &#r in t!is
'!a"tr, s!a(( ) &i(d simu(tan#us(* #r s"arat(*
-it! t! '#urt #& &irst instan' #& t! "r#vin' #r
'it* -!r t! (i)(#us arti'( is "rintd and &irst
"u)(is!d #r -!r an* #& t! #&&ndd "artis
a'tua((* rsids at t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #&
t! #&&nsC
JProided5 8oweer5 #8a7 w8ere one of 78e
offended par7ies is a puAlic officer w8ose
office is in 78e Ci7y of Manila a7 78e 7ime of
78e commission of 78e offense5 78e ac7ion
s8all Ae filed in 78e Cour7 of &irs7 Ins7ance of
78e Ci7y of Manila or of 78e ci7y or proince
w8ere 78e liAelous ar7icle is prin7ed and firs7
puAlis8ed5 and in case suc8 puAlic officer
does no7 8old office in 78e Ci7y of Manila5 78e
ac7ion s8all Ae filed in 78e Cour7 of &irs7
Ins7ance of 78e proince or ci7y w8ere 8e
8eld office a7 78e 7ime of 78e commission of
78e offense or w8ere 78e liAelous ar7icle is
prin7ed and firs7 puAlis8edK
JPreliminary ines7iga7ion of criminal ac7ions
for wri77en defama7ions as proided for in
78e c8ap7er s8all Ae conduc7ed Ay 78e
proincial or ci7y fiscal of 78e proince or
ci7y5 or Ay 78e municipal cour7 of 78e ci7y or
capi7al of 78e proince w8ere suc8 ac7ions
may Ae ins7i7u7ed in accordance wi78 78e
proisions of 78is ar7icle.
R, , , ,R <As amndd )* R"u)(i' A't N#s, 1282 and
4363=
$ B&#r arti'( 360 -as amndd, t! ru( -as t!at
a 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r (i)( ma* ) institutd in an*
/urisdi'ti#n -!r t! (i)(#us arti'( -as "u)(is!d
#r 'ir'u(atd, irrs"'tiv #& -!r it -as -rittn #r
"rintd, Kndr t!at ru(, t! 'rimina( a'ti#n is
transit#r* and t! in/urd "art* !as a '!#i' #&
vnu,
$7:"rin' !ad s!#-n t!at undr t!at #(d ru( t!
#&&ndd "art* '#u(d !arass t! a''usd in a (i)(
'as )* (a*ing t! vnu #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n in a
rm#t #r distant "(a',
$R"u)(i' A't N#, 4363 -as na'td s# as t# "rvnt
t! #&&ndd "art* in -rittn d&amati#n 'ass &r#m
in'#nvnin'ing t! a''usd )* mans #& #ut$#&$
t#-n (i)( suits, maning '#m"(aints &i(d in rm#t
muni'i"a( '#urts
$%! ru(s #n vnu in arti'( 360 ma* ) rstatd
t!usC
1, 5!t!r t! #&&ndd "art* is a "u)(i' #&&i'ia( #r
a "rivat "rs#n, t! 'rimina( a'ti#n ma* ) &i(d
in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& t! "r#vin' #r 'it*
-!r t! (i)(#us arti'( is "rintd and &irst
"u)(is!d,
2, I& t! #&&ndd "art* is a "rivat individua(, t!
'rimina( a'ti#n ma* a(s# ) &i(d in t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& t! "r#vin' -!r ! a'tua((*
rsidd at t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
#&&ns,
3, I& t! #&&ndd "art* is a "u)(i' #&&i'r -!#s
#&&i' is in >ani(a at t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #&
t! #&&ns, t! a'ti#n ma* ) &i(d in t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& >ani(a,
4, I& t! #&&ndd "art* is a "u)(i' #&&i'r !#(ding
#&&i' #utsid #& >ani(a, t! a'ti#n ma* ) &i(d in
t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& t! "r#vin' #r 'it*
-!r ! !(d #&&i' at t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n
#& t! #&&ns,
$As a '#r#((ar*, t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t!
'rimina( a'ti#n &#r -rittn d&amati#n s!a(( )
'#ndu'td )* t! "r#vin'ia( #r 'it* &is'a( #& t!
"r#vin' #r 'it*, #r )* t! muni'i"a( '#urt #& t! 'it*
#r 'a"ita( #& t! "r#vin' -!r su'! a'ti#n ma* )
institutd,
$A""(*ing t! &#rg#ing ru(s, t! "r#"r vnu #&
>a!inanQs 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r -rittn d&amati#n
against t! "titi#nrs is t! C#urt #& First Instan'
#& Isa)(a, sin' as a GSIS )ran'! managr, ! -as a
"u)(i' #&&i'ia( stati#nd at Caua*an, Isa)(a and t!
a((gd (i)( -as '#mmittd -!n ! -as <as ! sti((=
in t! "u)(i' srvi', %! "r(iminar* invstigati#n #&
t! '#m"(aint s!#u(d !av )n '#ndu'td )* t!
"r#vin'ia( &is'a( #& Isa)(a, #r )* t! muni'i"a( /udg
#& I(agan, t! "r#vin'ia( 'a"ita(, #r )* t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& t! sam "r#vin',
$%! 'rimina( a'ti#n '#u(d !av )n &i(d a(s# in t!
C#urt #& First Instan' #& t! "r#vin' #r in t! 'it*
'#urt #& t! 'it* -!r t! (i)( -as "rintd and &irst
"u)(is!d,
$%! in&#rmati#n in t!is 'as is d&'tiv #r d&i'int
)'aus it d#s n#t s!#- t!at t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Nuva @i8'a*a, -!r it -as &i(d, !as
/urisdi'ti#n t# ntrtain t! 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r -rittn
d&amati#n initiatd )* >a!inan against t!
"titi#nrs and t!at t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( #& t!at
"r#vin' !ad t! aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
$@nu in 'rimina( 'ass is an ssntia( (mnt #&
/urisdi'ti#n
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd, %! tria( '#urtQs #rdr
dn*ing "titi#nrsQ m#ti#n t# 3uas! is st asid, It is
dir'td t# dismiss Crimina( Cas N#, 502, t! (i)(
'as against t! "titi#nrs, -it!#ut "r/udi' t# t!
&i(ing #& an#t!r 'rimina( a'ti#n &#r -rittn
d&amati#n in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Isa)(a
CA#I$+%B CA <PC'O>
121 SCRA 106,
GK7RR7R1; >ar'! 25, 1283,
$A#%R!
%!is is an a""a( )* 'rti#rari &r#m t! d'isi#n #&
t! C#urt #& A""a(s in CA$G,R, N#, 38628$R ntit(d
RP7;RI%1 ?, CA%INGKB, Ptiti#nr, vrsus 41N,
RICAR;1 C, PKN1, +udg #& t! CFI >ani(a, Bran'!
24, and t! P4I?IPPIN7 C4ARI%6 S577PS%AS7S
1FFIC7, Rs"#ndnts,R
&AC#'
$ Catingu) -as dsignatd %m"#rar* Sa(s
Su"rvis#r #& t! P!i(i""in C!arit* S-"sta.s
1&&i' <PCS1= assignd at t! Caga*an d 1r#
Bran'!, As su'!, ! r'ivd s-"sta.s ti'.ts #n
'#nsignmnt, -it! t! :"rss #)(igati#n t# turn #vr
t! "r#'ds #& t! sa(s #& t!s ti'.ts t# t!
P!i(i""in C!arit* S-"sta.s 1&&i', ?atr, ! -as
in&#rmd )* t! Auditing 7:aminr #& t! PCS1,
Caga*an d 1r# Bran'! t!at ! !as )n &#und s!#rt
#& P12,309,45, Ptiti#nr -as #rdrd t# :"(ain t!
s!#rtag in -riting and t# "r#du' t! missing
am#unt, 4 &ai(d t# d# s#, 4is srvi's -r
trminatd -it!#ut "r/udi' t# -!atvr '#urt
a'ti#n t! PCS1 -i(( ta. &#r t! r'#vr* #& t!
am#unt inv#(vd, In a (ttr, "titi#nr "r#"#sd t#
t! Gnra( >anagr #& t! PCS1, >ani(a, t# stt(
!is s!#rtags )* ma.ing m#nt!(* "a*mnts in t!
am#unt #& at (ast P200,00, -!i'! "r#"#sa( -as,
!#-vr, dnid )* t! Gnra( >anagr <t!r -as
a(rad* an admissi#n in t!is (ttr=,
$Catingu), -as '!argd -it! t! 'rim #&
ma(vrsati#n <ta. n#tC 'rims #& sta&a and
ma(vrsati#n ar simi(ar in naturC di&&rn' is t!at
t! &unds in ma(vrsati#n ar "u)(i' in '!ara'tr= in
t! Cour7 of &irs7 Ins7ance of Manila, 4 &i(d
m#ti#n t# dismiss a&tr arraignmnt #n t! s#(
gr#und t!at J78e prosecu7ion made a wrong
c8oice of ;urisdic7ion.J 4 '#ntndd t!at R#n t!
)asis #& t! "r#s'uti#nQs vidn', t! #&&ns
'!argd, t#gt!r -it! a(( its ssntia( ingrdints
#''urrd and t! '#nsummati#n t!r#& <-as=
'#m"(td, in Cagayan de Oro,
$%C and CA dismissd m#ti#n !n' t!is "titi#n
)&#r t! SC
I''%!
51N CFI #& >ani(a !as /urisdi'ti#n t# '#ntinu -it!
t! tria( #& t! #&&ns as '!argd in vi- #& t!
vidn' "rsntd )* t! "r#d'uti#n
(!"D
67S.
, Ru( 110 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt, S', 14<a=
"r#vidsC
RS', 14, P(a' -!r a'ti#n is t# ) institutd, \
<a= In a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns, t! a'ti#n s!a(( )
institutd and trid in t! '#urt #& t! muni'i"a(it*
#r "r#vin' -!rin t! #&&ns -as '#mmittd #r
an* #n #& t! ssntia( ingrdints t!r#& t##.
"(a',B
$Pe7i7ioner could 8ae Aeen c8arged and 7ried
in Cagayan de Oro Ci7y for i7 is no7 dispu7ed
78a7 8e receied 78e sweeps7aIes 7icIe7s from
78e PC'O5 Cagayan de Oro Aranc8. #8e
essen7ial ingredien7 of receiing 78e
sweeps7aIes 7icIe7s 7ooI place in Cagayan de
Oro Ci7y. (e could also Ae c8arged in 78e Ci7y
of Manila since 78e final accoun7ing mus7 Ae
rendered in 78e Cen7ral Office5 Manila. #8is is
78erefore5 a case of concurren7 ;urisdic7ion Ay
78e proper cour7 of 78e place w8erein Janyone
of 78e essen7ial ingredien7s 78ereof 7ooI
place.J Bu7 78e c8oice of enue lies wi78 78e
prosecu7ing officer and no7 wi78 78e accused.
Dispositive ;'isi#n #& CA A&&irmd, Rmand t# t!
tria( '#urt &#r &urt!r "r#'dings in t! #rdinar*
'#urs #& (a-
P!OP"! +RO'P!
159 SCRA 154,
>7?7NCI1$47RR7RA ; +anuar* 20, 1288
&AC#'
$ >anu( Paru(an is a -!#(sa( da(r #& San >igu(
C#r" <S>C=, 4 issud t-# '!'.s in &av#r #& S>C
<P86,091,20 and P11,218,80= t!at -r dis!#n#rd
&#r insu&&i'in'* #& &unds,
$ %! '!'.s -r r'ivd at t! S>C Bu(a'an
)ran'!, t!n &#r-ardd t# t! S>C Rgi#na( 1&&i' in
San Frnand#, Pam"anga,
$ S>C Finan' 1&&i'r d"#sitd t! '!'. in BPI San
Frnand#, Pam"anga )ran'!,
$ <Paru(an0s )an. is P(antrs ;v(#"mnt Ban. in
Bu(a'an=
$ S>C &i(d &#r vi#(ati#n #& BP22 <1
st
'!'.= and &#r
sta&a undr "ar, 2d
2
<2
nd
'!'.= -it! t! R%C in
Pam"anga,
$ A&tr !aring t! &a'ts and vidn', +udg Gr#s"
#& t! Pam"anga R%C dismissd t! 'as )'aus !
said t!at t! t-# ssntia( (mnts, d'it and
damag, #& t! #&&nss '!argd #''urrd and t##.
"(a' in Bu(a'an, D#C#*T t##. "(a' -!n Paru(an
gav t! '!'.s t# S>C in Bu(a'an, -it! t! &a(s
assuran' t!at it !ad su&&i'int &unds, DA(AG#
#''urrd at t! m#mnt t! '!'.s issud )* t!
a''usd -r dis!#n#rd )* t! P(antrs
;v(#"mnt Ban., t! dra- )an., at Santa >aria,
Bu(a'an -!i'! r'ivd t!m &r#m t! BPI, San
Frnand#, Pam"anga )ran'! &#r '(aring "ur"#s,
I''%!'
1, 51N an* #& t! ssntia( (mnts #& t!
#&&nss '!argd #''urrd #r t##. "(a' -it!in t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& R%C Pam"anga,
2, 51N t!is "titi#n &#r Crti#rari "(a's a''usd in
d#u)( /#"ard*,
(!"D
1, 67S
$ A "rs#n '!argd -it! a transit#r* 'rim ma* )
va(id(* trid in an* muni'i"a(it* #r "r#vin' -!r
t! #&&ns -as in "art '#mmittd, In transit#r* #r
'#ntinuing #&&nss in -!i'! s#m a'ts matria( and
ssntia( t# t! 'rim and r3uisit t# its
'#nsummati#n #''ur in #n "r#vin' and s#m in
an#t!r, t! C#urt #& it!r "r#vin' !as /urisdi'ti#n
t# tr* t! 'as, it )ing undrst##d t!at t! &irst
C#urt ta.ing '#gni8an' #& t! Cas -i(( :'(ud t!
#t!rs,
#!TA1A under par Dd
$ 7(mntsC
<1= Decei7 t##. "(a' in Pampanga, -!r it -as
uttrd and d(ivrd, %! ru( is t!at t! issuan'
as -(( as t! d(ivr* #& t! '!'. must ) t# a
"rs#n -!# ta.s it as a !#(dr, -!i'! mans t!
"a* #r ind#rs #& a )i(( #r n#t, -!# is in
"#ssssi#n #& it, #r t! )arr, t!r#&, -!# in t!is
'as is t! Finan'ia( 1&&i'r #& S>C
<2= Damage t##. "(a' in Bulacan, -!r t!
'!'. -as dis!#n#rd )* t! dra- )an.,
$ %!r&#r, /urisdi'ti#n ma* ) ntrtaind )*
it!r t! Bu(a'an #r t! Pam"anga '#urt,
BP DD violation
2
Art, 315, "ar, 2<d= statsC QB* "#stdating a '!'., #r issuing a '!'.
in "a*mnt #& an #)(igati#n -!n t! #&&ndr !ad n# &unds in t!
)an., #r !is &unds d"#sitd t!rin -r n#t su&&i'int t# '#vr t!
am#unt #& t! '!'.
$ In rs"'t #& t! B#un'ing C!'.s Cas, t! #&&ns
a(s# a""ars t# ) '#ntinuing in natur, It is tru t!at
t! #&&ns is '#mmittd )* t! vr* &a't #& its
"r&#rman'; and t!at t! B#un'ing C!'.s ?a-
"na(i8s n#t #n(* t! &a't #& dis!#n#r #& a '!'. )ut
a(s# t! a't #& ma.ing #r dra-ing and issuan' #& a
)#un'ing '!'., %! 'as, t!r&#r, '#u(d !av
)n &i(d a(s# in Bu(a'an, %! dtrminativ &a't#r
<in dtrmining vnu= is t! "(a' #& t! issuan' #&
t! '!'., 4#-vr, it is (i.-is tru t!at
.n#-(dg #n t! "art #& t! ma.r #r dra-r #& t!
'!'. #& t! insu&&i'in'* #& !is &unds, -!i'! is an
ssntia( ingrdint #& t! #&&ns is )* its(& a
'#ntinuing vntua(it*, -!t!r t! a''usd )
-it!in #n trrit#r* #r an#t!r, A''#rding(*,
/urisdi'ti#n t# ta. '#gni8an' #& t! #&&ns a(s# (is
in t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Pam"anga,
$ +urisdi'ti#n #r vnu is dtrmind )* t!
a((gati#ns in t! In&#rmati#n, -!i'! ar '#ntr#((ing,
%! In&#rmati#n &i(d !rin s"'i&i'a((* a((gs t!at
t! 'rim -as '#mmittd in San Frnand#,
Pam"anga, and, t!r&#r, -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #&
t! C#urt )(#-,
2, N1
%! 'as -as dismissd n#t #n mrits )ut #n t!
rr#n#us '#n'(usi#n #& t! /udg t!at !is '#urt !ad
n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as, %! dismissa( )ing nu((
and v#id, t! "r#'dings )&#r t! R%C 'an0t )
said t# !av )n (a-&u((* trminatd, %!r&#r,
t!r is n# s'#nd "r#'ding t# "(a' t! a''usd
in d#u)( /#"ard*,
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd, +udg is #rdrd t#
rassum /urisdi'ti#n #vr Crimina( Cass N#s, 2800
and 2813 #& !is C#urt and t# rndr /udgmnt #&
it!r '#nvi'ti#n #r a'3uitta( in a''#rdan' -it! t!
vidn' a(rad* addu'd during t! /#int tria( #&
said t-# 'ass,
BA"A MAR#I$!/
181 SCRA 452
>AR%IN7L; +anuar* 20, 1222
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n -it! "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n t# rvi- t! #rdr #& t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& >ani(a
&AC#'
$ %! "titi#nr !ad )n indi'td &#r rm#ving and
su)stituting t! "i'tur #& ;ia8n -!i'! !ad )n
atta'!d t# !r Knitd Stats #& Amri'a "ass"#rt,
-it! t!at #& N#tart, in &&'t &a(si&*ing a gnuin
"u)(i' #r #&&i'ia( d#'umnt, %! tria( '#urt ad/udgd
"titi#nr Ba(a in Crimina( Cas N#, 24443, gui(t* #&
t! 'rim #& &a(si&i'ati#n #& a "u)(i' d#'umnt, %!
"titi#nr sas#na)(* a""a(d, )ut t! C#urt #&
A""a(s, #n A"ri( 2, 1280, a&&irmd in toto t! (#-r
'#urtQs d'isi#n, A&tr t! 'as !ad )n rmandd
t# t! '#urt #& #rigin &#r :'uti#n #& /udgmnt, t!
"titi#nr a""(id &#r and -as grantd "r#)ati#n )*
t! rs"#ndnt /udg in !is #rdr datd August 11,
1282, %! "titi#nr -as t!n "(a'd undr
"r#)ati#n &#r a "ri#d #& #n <1= *ar, su)/'t t# t!
trms and '#nditi#ns numratd t!rin,
$ %! "r#)ati#nr <"titi#nr= as.d !is su"rvising
"r#)ati#n #&&i'r &#r "rmissi#n t# trans&r !is
rsidn' &r#m BF 4#ms t# P!i($Am ?i& Su)divisi#n
in ?as Pi_as s"'i&i'a((* 33 +ing'# Strt, %!
"r#)ati#n #&&i'r vr)a((* grantd t! "r#)ati#nrQs
r3ust as ! &#und n#t!ing #)/'ti#na)( t# it,
$ B* t! trms #& t! "titi#nrQs "r#)ati#n, it s!#u(d
!av :"ird #n August 10, 1283, #n *ar a&tr t!
#rdr granting t! sam -as issud, But, t! #rdr #&
&ina( dis'!arg '#u(d n#t ) issud )'aus t!
rs"#ndnt "r#)ati#n #&&i'r !ad n#t *t su)mittd
!is &ina( r"#rt #n t! '#ndu't #& !is '!arg,
Su)s3unt(*, t! rs"#ndnt P#"( #& t!
P!i(i""ins, t!r#ug! Assistant Cit* Fis'a( +#s ;,
Ca/u'#m #& >ani(a, &i(d a m#ti#n t# rv#. t!
"r#)ati#n #& t! "titi#nr )&#r Bran'! JJ #& t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <R%C= #& >ani(a, "rsidd #vr )*
t! rs"#ndnt /udg, %! m#ti#n a((gd t!at t!
"titi#nr !ad vi#(atd t! trms and '#nditi#ns #&
!is "r#)ati#n,
$ 1n +anuar* 4, 1284, t! "titi#nr &i(d !is
#""#siti#n t# t! m#ti#n #n t! gr#und t!at ! -as
n# (#ngr undr "r#)ati#n, !is "r#)ati#n "ri#d
!aving trminatd #n August 10, 1283, as "rvi#us(*
advrtd t#, As su'!, n# va(id ras#n :istd t#
rv#. t! sam, ! '#ntndd, As i& t# '#n&irm t!
>ani(a Assistant Cit* Fis'a(Qs m#ti#n t# rv#. t!
"titi#nrQs "r#)ati#n, t! rs"#ndnt "r#)ati#n
#&&i'r &i(d #n +anuar* 6, 1284, a m#ti#n t#
trminat >anu( Ba(aQs "r#)ati#n, at t! sam tim
atta'!ing !is "r#grss r"#rt #n su"rvisi#n datd
+anuar* 5, 1284, %! sam m#ti#n, !#-vr, )'am
t! su)/'t #& a R>ani&stati#n,R datd +anuar* 10,
1284, -!i'! statd t!at t! "r#)ati#n #&&i'r -as n#t
"ursuing t! m#ti#n t# trminat datd +anuar* 6,
1284; instad, ! -as su)mitting a su""(mnta(
r"#rt -!i'! r'#mmndd t! rv#'ati#n #&
"r#)ati#n Rin t! (ig!t #& n- &a'ts, in&#rmati#n, and
vidn's,R
$ %!ra&tr, t! "titi#nr &i(d a m#ti#n t# dismiss
andM#r stri. #ut t! m#ti#n t# rv#. "r#)ati#n,
3usti#ning t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! '#urt #vr !is 'as
inasmu'! as !is "r#)ati#n "ri#d !ad a(rad*
:"ird, >#r#vr, !is '!ang #& rsidn'
aut#mati'a((* trans&rrd t! vnu #& t! 'as &r#m
t! R%C #& >ani(a t# t! 7:'utiv, +udg, #& t! R%C
#& >a.ati -!i'! (attr '#urt in'(ud undr its
/urisdi'ti#n t! >uni'i"a(it* #& ?as Pi_as t!
"r#)ati#nrQs "(a' #& rsidn', inv#.ing S'ti#n 13,
P,;, N#, 268, -!i'! "r#vids
S', 13, Control and !upervision of Probationer, ,,,
5!nvr a "r#)ati#nr is "rmittd t# rsid in a
"(a' undr t! /urisdi'ti#n #& an#t!r '#urt,
'#ntr#( #vr !im s!a(( ) trans&rrd t# t!
7:'utiv +udg #& t!, C#urt #& First Instan' #&
t!at "(a', and in su'! a 'as a '#"* #& t!
"r#)ati#n #rdr t! invstigati#n r"#rt and #t!r
"rtinnt r'#rds s!a(( ) &urnis!d t# said
7:'utiv +udg,
%!ra&tr, t! 7:'utiv +udg t# -!#m
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! "r#)ati#nr is trans&rrd s!a((
!av t! "#-r -it! rs"'t t# !im t!at -as
"rvi#us(* "#ssssd )* t! '#urt -!i'! grantd
t! "r#)ati#n,
$ %! rs"#ndnt /udg dnid t! m#ti#n t# dismiss
&#r (a'. #& mrit, 4n', t!is "titi#n,
I''%!
51N !is trans&r #& rsidn' aut#mati'a((*
trans&rrd /urisdi'ti#n #vr !is "r#)ati#n &r#m t!
>ani(a Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt t# t! sam '#urt in !is
n- addrss,
(!"D
N1
$ In 'rimina( 'ass, vnu is an (mnt #&
/urisdi'ti#n, Su'! )ing t! 'as, t! >ani(a R%C
-#u(d n#t ) d"rivd #& its /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
"r#)ati#n 'as, %# u"!#(d t! "titi#nrQs '#ntnti#n
-#u(d man a d"r'iati#n #& t! >ani(a '#urtQs
"#-r t# grant "r#)ati#n in t! &irst "(a', It is t# )
rmm)rd t!at -!n t! "titi#nr$a''usd
a""(id &#r "r#)ati#n in t! t!n CFI #& >ani(a, !
-as a rsidnt #& ?as Pi_as as ! is u" t# n#-,
a(t!#ug! in a di&&rnt su)divisi#n, As "#intd #ut
ar(ir, ! mr(* m#vd &r#m BF 4#ms t# P!i(am
?i& Su)divisi#n 33 +ing'# Strt, a(s# in ?as Pi_as,
1n t! #t!r !and, "ursuing t! "titi#nrQs
argumnt #n t!is s'#r t# t! (imits #& it (#gi' -#u(d
man t!at !is "r#)ati#n -as nu(( and v#id in t!
"(a', )'aus t!n t! >ani(a CFI -as -it!#ut
/urisdi'ti#n t# grant !im "r#)ati#n as ! -as a
rsidnt #& ?as Pi_as, It is t!r&#r in'#rr't t#
assum t!at t! "titi#nrQs '!ang #& a)#d
'#m"(s '!ang #& vnu, and n'ssari(*, '#ntr#(
#vr t! "titi#nr, t# t! 7:'utiv +udg #& t! R%C
#& !is n- rsidn', %!us, in t! a""#rti#nmnt #&
t! rgi#na( tria( '#urts undr Batas Pam)ansa B(g,
122, #t!r-is .n#-n as t! +udi'iar* R#rgani8ati#n
A't #& 1280, ?as Pi_as is #n am#ng t!
muni'i"a(itis in'(udd in t! Nati#na( Ca"ita( +udi'ia(
Rgi#n <>tr# >ani(a= -it! a sat at >a.ati,
18
Nd(ss t# sa*, t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt in >a.ati,
(i. t! >ani(a Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt, &#rms "art #& t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& t! Nati#na( Ca"ita( Rgi#n,
12
A''#rding(*, t! vari#us )ran'!s #& t! rgi#na( tria(
'#urts #& >a.ati #r >ani(a undr t! Nati#na( Ca"ita(
Rgi#n, ar '##rdinat and '#$3ua( '#urts, t!
t#ta(it* #& -!i'! is #n(* #n Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt,
+urisdi'ti#n is vstd in t! '#urt, n#t in t! /udgs,
In #t!r -#rds, t! 'as d#s n#t atta'! t# t!
)ran'! #r /udg, %!r&#r, in t!is 'as, R%C Bran'!
JJ #& >ani(a, -!i'! grantd t! "r#)ati#n, !as n#t
(#st '#ntr#( and su"rvisi#n #vr t! "r#)ati#n #& t!
"titi#nr,
Dispositive Ptiti#n dismissd
P!OP"! 'O"A
103 SCRA 323
F7RNAN;1; >ar'! 19, 1281
&AC#'
$ S"tm)r 15, 1280C a'ting #n t! vidn'
"rsntd )* t! P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar*
'#mmandr at 4inigaran, Ngr#s 1''idnta(, t! CFI
issud a sar'! -arrant &#r t! sar'! and si8ur #&
t! d'asd )#dis #& 9 "rs#ns )(ivd in t!
!a'inda #& Pa)(# S#(a at Sta, Isa)(, Sa)an.a(an,
Ngr#s 1''idnta(,
$ S"tm)r 16, 1280C (mnts #& t! 332nd PCMINP
C#m"an* "r#'dd t# t! "(a' #& S#(a, ;iggings
mad in a 'an&i(d *i(dd t-# '#mm#n gravs
'#ntaining t! 9 )#dis,
$ S"tm)r 23 and 1't#)r 1, 1280C t! PC
"r#vin'ia( '#mmandr &i(d 9 s"arat '#m"(aints &#r
murdr against t! a''usd Pa)(# S#(a, Fran'is'#
Gar'ia, Ri'ard# Gar'ia, +#s Bt!#vn Ca)ra(,
F(#rnd# Ba(is'a# and 14 #t!r "rs#ns #& un.n#-n
nams,
$ A&tr du "r(iminar* :aminati#n #& t!
'#m"(ainantQs -itnsss and !is #t!r vidn', t!
muni'i"a( '#urt &#und "r#)a)( 'aus against t!
a''usd, It t!us issud an #rdr &#r t!ir arrst,
$ 5it!#ut giving t! "r#s'uti#n t! #""#rtunit* t#
"r#v t!at t! vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng, t! '#urt
grantd t!m t! rig!t t# "#st )ai( &#r t!ir
tm"#rar* r(as, S#(a, Gar'ia and Ca)ra( "#std
)ai( and !av sin' )n r(asd,
$%! -itnsss in&#rmd t! "r#s'uti#n #& t!ir
&ars t!at i& t! tria( is !(d at t! CFI 4imama*(an
-!i'! is )ut 10 .i(#mtrs &r#m Sa)an.a(an, t!ir
sa&t* '#u(d ) /#"ardi8d, At (ast t-# #& t!
a''usd ar #&&i'ia(s -it! "#-r and in&(un' in
Sa)an.a(an and t!* !av )n r(asd #n )ai(, In
additi#n, m#st #& t! a''usd rmaind at (arg,
Indd, t!r !av )n r"#rts mad t# "#(i'
aut!#ritis #& t!rats mad #n t! &ami(is #& t!
-itnsss,
$ F)ruar* 11, 1281C "titi#n &#r 'an'((ati#n #& )ai(
)#nds and '!ang #& vnu -as &i(d,
$ F)ruar* 12, 1281C t! C#urt r3uird t! '#mmnt
#& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( as -(( as #& t! "rivat
rs"#ndnts,
$ >ar'! 4, 1281, t! C#mmnt -as su)mittd )*
S#(i'it#r Gnra( >nd#8a, It #"nd -it! t!is
"r(iminar* statmntC R%! "rsnt "titi#n -as
&i(d )* t! "rivat "r#s'ut#rs in Crimina( Cass
N#s, 1900$1906, P#"( v, Pa)(# S#(a, t a(,, "nding
tria( )&#r t! CFI #& Ngr#s 1''idnta(, Rig!t(*, an*
"titi#n )&#r t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt #n )!a(& #& t!
P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins 'an, undr t! (a-, )
institutd #n(* )* t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, %! assrti#n
#& t! "titi#nr "rivat "r#s'ut#rs t!at t!* ar
instituting t! a'ti#n Qsu)/'t t# t! '#ntr#( and
su"rvisi#n #& t! Fis'a(Q -i(( n#t, t!r&#r, im"r#v
t!ir (ga( standing,R N#nt!(ss, it ad#"td t!
t-#$"r#ngd trusts #& t! "titi#nC 1, t! stting
asid, )* 'rti#rari, #& t! #rdr #& t! >uni'i"a(
C#urt #& Sa)an.a(an, "rsidd #vr )* +udg
Gasata*a, granting )ai( t# t! a''usd in t! 'rimina(
'ass mnti#nd a)#v, and 2, t! "titi#n &#r a
'!ang #& vnu #r "(a' #& tria( #& t! sam 'rimina(
'ass t# av#id a mis'arriag #& /usti',
$ >ar'! 15, 1281C %! C#urt Rs#(vd t#C <a= DN#tE
t! '#mmnt #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( #n t! urgnt
"titi#n &#r '!ang #& vnu and 'an'((ati#n #& )ai(
)#nds, ad#"ting t! "(a #& t! "titi#n, nam(*, <1=
t! stting asid, )* 'rti#rari, #& t! #rdr #& t!
>uni'i"a( C#urt #& Sa)an.a(an, "rsidd #vr )*
+udg Ra&a( Gasata*a, granting )ai( t# t! a''usd
in t! 9 Crimina( Cass, and <2= t! "titi#n &#r a
'!ang #& vnu #r "(a' #& tria( #& t! sam 'rimina(
'ass t# av#id a mis'arriag #& +usti'; <)= D%rans&rE
t! vnu #& t! a&#rsaid 'rimina( 'ass t# Bran'! @
#& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Ngr#s 1''idnta( at
Ba'#(#d Cit*, "rsidd )* 7:'utiv +udg A(&#ns#
Bagui#, '#nsidring t!at ;istri't +udg 1strva(d#
7mi(ia #& t! C#urt #& First Instan', Ngr#s
1''idnta(, Bran'! @I at 4imama*(an !as an
a""r#vd (av #& a)sn' '#vring t! "ri#d &r#m
+anuar* 12 t# >ar'! 12, 1281 du t# a mi(d atta'. #&
'r)ra( t!r#m)#sis and t!at t! said Bran'! @ is t!
narst '#urt stati#n t# 4imama*(anC and <'= DA-aitE
t! '#mmnt #& rs"#ndnts #n t! "titi#n t#
'an'( )ai(, -it!#ut "r/udi' t# t! "u)(i' #&&i'ia(s
'#n'rnd ta.ing t! n'ssar* masurs t# assur
t! sa&t* #& t! -itnsss #& t! "r#s'uti#n,R %!us,
t! issu #& a '!ang #& vnu !as )'#m m##t and
a'admi',
I''%!
51N t! )ai( )#nds s!#u(d ) 'an'((d
(!"D
67S
Ratio 5!t!r t! m#ti#n &#r )ai( #& a d&ndant
-!# is in 'ust#d* &#r a 'a"ita( #&&ns ) rs#(vd in
a summar* "r#'ding #r in t! '#urs #& a rgu(ar
tria(, t! "r#s'uti#n must ) givn an #""#rtunit* t#
"rsnt, -it!in a ras#na)( tim, a(( t! vidn'
t!at it ma* dsir t# intr#du' )&#r t! '#urt
s!#u(d rs#(v t! m#ti#n &#r )ai(, I&, as in t!
'rimina( 'as inv#(vd in t! instant s"'ia( 'ivi(
a'ti#n, t! "r#s'uti#n s!#u(d ) dnid su'! an
#""#rtunit*, t!r -#u(d ) a vi#(ati#n #& "r#'dura(
du "r#'ss, and t! #rdr #& t! '#urt granting )ai(
s!#u(d ) '#nsidrd v#id #n t!at gr#und, <P#"( v
San ;ig#=
Reasoning
$ Bai( -as grantd t# t! a''usd -it!#ut !aring t!
"r#s'uti#n
$+usti' Card#8#C R%! (a-, as - !av sn, is
sdu(#us in maintaining &#r a d&ndant '!argd -it!
'rim -!atvr &#rms #& "r#'dur ar #& t!
ssn' #& an #""#rtunit* t# d&nd, Privi(gs s#
&undamnta( as t# ) in!rnt in vr* '#n'"t #& a
&air tria( t!at '#u(d ) a''"ta)( t# t! t!#ug!t #&
ras#na)( mn -i(( ) ."t invi#(at and invi#(a)(,
!#-vr 'rus!ing ma* ) t! "rssur #&
in'riminating "r##&, But /usti', t!#ug! du t# t!
a''usd, is du t# t! a''usr a(s#, %! '#n'"t #&
&airnss must n#t ) straind ti(( it is narr#-d t# a
&i(amnt, 5 ar t# ." t! )a(an' tru,R
$ It d#s n#t su&&i' t!at t! 3usti#ns as.d )* t!
muni'i"a( /udg )&#r )ai( -as grantd '#u(d )
'!ara'tri8d as sar'!ing, %!at &a't did n#t 'ur an
in&irmit* #& a /urisdi'ti#na( '!ara'tr,
On c8ange of enue
$ 1293 C#nstituti#nC %! Su"rm C#urt '#u(d #rdr
Ra '!ang #& vnu #r "(a' #& tria( t# av#id a
mis'arriag #& /usti',R
$ P#"( v, Gutirr8C %# '#m"( t! "r#s'uti#n t#
"r#'d t# tria( in a (#'a(it* -!r its -itnsss -i((
n#t ) at (i)rt* t# rva( -!at t!* .n#- is t# ma.
a m#'.r* #& t! /udi'ia( "r#'ss, and t# )tra* t!
vr* "ur"#s &#r -!i'! '#urts !av )n
sta)(is!d,R
,
It ma* ) addd t!at t!r ma* ) 'ass -!r t!
&ar, #)/'tiv(* vi-d, ma*, t# s#m individua(s,
) (ss t!an trri&*ing, )ut t! 3usti#n must a(-a*s
) t! &&'t it !as #n t! -itnsss -!# -i(( tsti&*,
%! "rim#rdia( aim and intnt #& t! C#nstituti#n
must vr ) ."t in mind, In 'as #& d#u)t, it s!#u(d
) rs#(vd in &av#r #& a '!ang #& vnu, As a
mattr #& &a't, t!r nd n#t ) a "titi#n #& t!is
'!ara'tr &i(d )&#r t!is C#urt, Su'! a "(a '#u(d
!av )n d#n administrativ(*, In t!is "arti'u(ar
'as, !#-vr, t!r is /usti&i'ati#n &#r t! "r#'dur
&#((#-d in vi- #& t! &a't t!at a(#ng -it! t!
'!ang #& vnu, t! 'an'((ati#n #& t! )ai( )#nds
-as a(s# s#ug!t,
Dispositive %! assai(d #rdr #& +udg Gasata*a
granting )ai( t# "rivat rs"#ndnts is nu((i&id, st
asid, and d'(ard t# ) -it!#ut &#r' and &&'t,
7:', +udg A(&#ns# Bagui# #& t! CFI #& Ngr#s
1''idnta(, t# -!#s sa(a t! 'ass !ad )n
trans&rrd is dir'td &#rt!-it! t# !ar t! "titi#ns
&#r )ai( #& "rivat rs"#ndnts, -it! t! "r#s'uti#n
)ing du(* !ard #n t! 3usti#n #& -!t!r #r n#t
t! vidn' #& gui(t against t! rs"#ndnts is
str#ng, %!is d'isi#n is immdiat(* :'ut#r*, N#
'#sts,
P!OP"! &!"ICIA$O +ORO'P! and
R%&I$O B%"A$ADI
122 SCRA 233
ABA; SAN%1S; >a* 15, 1284
&AC#'
$ In a vri&id C#m"(aint &i(d #n 1't#)r 8, 1294 -it!
t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& Pu(i(an, Bu(a'an, Anasta'ia d
+sus <14 *rs #(d= a''usd Grard# Fa/ard#, Ru&in#
Bu(anadi and F(i'ian# G#r#s" #& t! 'rim #&
&orciAle AAduc7ion wi78 Rape,
$ %! 'rim -as said t# !av )n '#mmittd #n
S"tm)r 30, 1294, starting in P(arid(, Bu(a'an,
t!ru Pu(i(an, and t!n' t# %a(avra, Nuva 7'i/a <in
a !ut -!r s! -as dtaind &#r 2 da*s and
s:ua((* a)usd during t! nig!t, S! -as mad t#
(#s !r '#ns'i#usnss &irst )* -aiving a !an.r'!i&
#n !r &a' )&#r t!* a)du'td !r and vntua((*
ta.ing !r t# said "(a',=
$ >uni'i"a( +udg A(&rd# @, Granad#s #& t!
>uni'i"a( C#urt #& Pu(i(an r'ivd t! '#m"(aint and
'#ndu'td a "r(iminar* invstigati#n, &irst stag,
$ 1't#)r 25, 1294C t! C#m"(aint -as amndd,
$ Ru&in# Bu(anadi and F(i'ian# G#r#s" -r again
namd )ut Grard# Fa/ard# -as dr#""d and 1s'ar
A(varan -as namd instad,
$%! dat -!n t! 'rim -as said t# !av )n
'#mmittd -as '!angd &r#m S"tm)r 30, 1294 t#
S"tm)r 25, 1294,
$ Again +udg Granad#s '#ndu'td a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and #n N#vm)r 18, 1294, ! issud
an #rdr &#r t! arrst #& Bu(anadi, G#r#s" and
A(varan and &i:d t!ir )ai( at P15,000,00 a'!,
$Bu(anadi and G#r#s" "#std t! r3uisit )ai(,
A(varan rmaind at (arg,
$%! s'#nd stag #& t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
-as st #n F)ruar* 5, 1295, )ut #n t!at da*, nit!r
Bu(anadi #r G#r#s" a""ard &#r -!i'! ras#n,
+udg Granad#s d'(ard t!at t!* !ad -aivd t!ir
rig!t t!rt# and (vatd t! 'as t# t! CFI #&
Bu(a'an,
$ >ar'! 12, 1295C Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( Pas'ua( C,
S(iat'!.# &i(d -it! t! CFI #& Bu(a'an an In&#rmati#n
&#r &#r'i)( A)du'ti#n -it! Ra" against G#r#s" and
Bu(anadi, But said in&#rmati#n -as (atr #n amndd,
$+udg N((* ?, R#mr# @a(d((#n startd t! tria( #&
t! 'as #n 1't#)r 15, 1295,
$%! a''usd and t!ir '#uns( de parte !ad (#ng
)n n#ti&id t!at t! 'as -as t# ) trid #n t!at
da* )ut t!* did n#t a""ar s# t! &#rmr -r trid
in absentia.
)A&tr !aring "art #& t! tstim#n* #& Anasta'ia d
+sus, t! '#m"(ainant, +udg @a(d((#n -as
trans&rrd t# >tr# >ani(a and s! -as r"(a'd )*
+udg Fid( P, Purisima -!# &inis!d t! tria(,
$But +udg Purisima in!i)itd !ims(& &r#m d'iding
t! 'as )'aus +, Granad#s is !is &irst '#usin )*
a&&init* <t# ma. sur t!at t! d'isi#n t# )
rndrd in t!is 'as s!a(( ) a)#v sus"i'i#n=
$S# it -as +udg +sus R, d @ga -!# d'idd t!
'as
NCFIC &#und G#r#s" and Bu(anadi gui(t* )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t #& Ra" '#mmittd against
Anasta'ia d +sus as '!argd in t! in&#rmati#n;
sntn'd a'! #& t! a''usd t# su&&r 2 "r"tua(
"na(tis #& r'(usi#n "r"tua t# ) srvd in
a''#rdan' -it! Art, 90 #& t! RPC, -it! a(( t!
a''ss#r* "na(t* #& t! (a-; t# indmni&* d +sus in
t! am#unt #& P40,000,00 &#r a'tua( :m"(ar* and
m#ra( damags, and t# "a* t! '#sts,

I''%!'
1, 51N t!r -as rr#r in &i(ing t! '#m"(aint sin' it
-as n#t &i(d in P(arid(, Bu(a'an #r %a(avra, Nuva
7'i/a )ut in Pu(i(an, Bu(a'an <and i& *s, t!n 51N an
rr#r -as )* t! CFI #& Bu(a'an in !aring t! said
'as and n#t )* t! CFI #& Nuva 7'i/a=
2, 51N +udg @ga !ad aut!#rit* t# !ar t! 'as
<VVVt!r ar #t!r issus )ut n# (#ngr r(atd t#
t! t#"i' AvnuB s# I didn0t in'(ud t!m an*m#r Y
#'=
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& Pu(i(an !ad /urisdi'ti#n
)'aus t! a)du't#rs and t!ir 'a"tiv "assd
Pu(i(an #n t!ir -a* &r#m P(arid( t# %a(avra, And
t! CFI #& Bu(a'an Das -(( as t! CFI #& Nuva 7'i/aE
!ad /urisdi'ti#n )'aus ssntia( (mnts #& t!
#&&ns t##. "(a' in Bu(a'an Dand a(s# in Nuva
7'i/aE,
Reasoning A)du'ti#n is a "rsistnt and '#ntinuing
#&&ns, <K,S, vs, Brna), 23 P!i(, 154 D1212E=,
$ 4n' it ma* ) Rtrid in t! '#urt #& t!
muni'i"a(it* #r "r#vin' -!rin t! #&&ns -as
'#mmittd #r an* #n #& t! ssntia( ingrdints
t!r#& t##. "(a',R <Ru(s #& C#urt, Ru( 110, S',
14DaE=,
2, 67S,
$ +udg d @ga !ad t! "#-r t# d'id t! 'as,
Reasoning R5!r a '#urt #& &irst instan' is dividd
int# svra( )ran'!s, a'! #& t! )ran'!s is n#t a
'#urt distin't and s"arat &r#m t! #t!rs,
+urisdi'ti#n is vstd in t! '#urt, n#t in t! /udgs,
s# t!at -!n a '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d
)&#r #n )ran'! #r /udg, /urisdi'ti#n d#s n#t
atta'! t# said )ran'! #r /udg a(#n, t# t! :'(usi#n
#& t! #t!rs, %ria( ma* ) !ad #r "r#'dings ma*
'#ntinu )* and )&#r an#t!r )ran'! #r /udg,R
D?um"a*, t a(, vs, >#s'#s#, 105 P!i(, 268 <1252=E,
Dispositive %! /udgmnt #& t! C#urt a $uo is
!r)* a&&irmd in a(( rs"'ts,
(A'(IM CI#) &I'CA" O& MA$I"A
91 P!i( 216
?AKR7?; +anuar* 13, 1241
$A#%R!
Crti#rari and mandamus
&AC#'
$ 4as!im -as 'aug!t in "#ssssi#n #& '#untr&it
trasur* 'rti&i'ats, )ut -as r(asd u"#n &i(ing #&
)#nd, C#m"(aint -as &i(d -it! 1&&i' #& Cit* Fis'a(
and a&tr invstigati#n #& &is'a(, in&#rmati#n -as
(#dgd, Cas -as d#'.td and +udg issud arrst
-arrant,
Ptiti#nr0s '#uns( &i(d m#ti#n as.ing &is'a( t#
&urnis! '(r. #& '#urt -M tstim#n* #& -itnsss -!#
tsti&id at "r(iminar* invstigati#n, Fis'a( #""#sd,
$ C#uns( &#r "titi#nr "ut in m#ti#n t!at s!#u(d !is
&irst m#ti#n ) a'td u"#n advrs(*, t!at C#urt its(&
'#ndu't t! invstigati#n undr S' 4 #& Ru( 108,
Fis'a( #""#sd,
$ Ptiti#nr0s '#uns( as.d t!at -arrant #& arrst )
'an'((d and t! '#urt '#ndu't "r(iminar*
invstigati#n, +udg dnid m#ti#ns and t! >FRs,
4n' t! instant 'rti#rari and mandamus "titi#n,
I''%!
51N in "r(im invstigati#n )* &is'a(, a''usd is
ntit(d t# ) in&#rmd #& su)stan' #& tstim#n*
and vidn' against !im
(!"D
N1
$ Pr(im invstigati#n )* &is'a( is n#t -it!in "urvi-
#& S'ti#ns 13 and 11 #& Ru( 108, S' 13 da(s -it!
transmissi#n #& r'#rds r3uirmnts and S' 11
da(s -it! "r(im invstigati#n )* /usti's #& "a'
and /udgs &#r "ur"#s #& issuan' #& -arrant,
$ S' 2, A't N# 612C In 'ass tria)( #n(* in CFI,
d&ndant s!a(( !av s"d* tria(, )ut s!a(( n#t )
ntit(d as #& rig!t t# a "r(im invstigati#n -!r
"r#s'uting att#rn*, a&tr invstigati#n, s!a(( !av
"rsntd an in&#rmati#n against !im,
$ %47 RIG4% %1 A PR7?I>INAR6 IN@7S%IGA%I1N IS
S%A%K%1R6, N1% C1NS%I%K%I1NA?, Its "ur"#s is t#
s'ur t! inn#'nt against !ast* "r#s'uti#ns and
"r#t't !im &r#m "u)(i' a''usati#n, and a(s# t#
"r#t't t! Stat &r#m us(ss "r#s'uti#ns,
$ %!is invstigati#n is 'a((d "r(iminar*, t# )
&#((#-d )* tria( "r#"r, Invstigating /udg #r
"r#s'uting #&&i'r a'ts u"#n "r#)a)( 'aus and
ras#na)( )(i&, n#t u"#n "r##& )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t,
$ In t!is 'as, t# as. &#r a)stra't #& tstim#n* at t!at
stag &#r n# #t!r "ur"#s t!an t# s'rutini8 t!
sam is, in &&'t, t# as. &#r an#t!r "r(im
invstigati#n,
#A$DOC R!'%"#A$
195 SCRA 39
PA;I??A; +u(* 5, 1282
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# annu( #rdrs #& t! Cit* C#urt
#& San Car(#s
&AC#'
$ 1't#)r 12, 1280C Rs"#ndnts ntrd t! st#r
and dining r##m #& t! Pa'ita %and#' -it!#ut !r
"rmissi#n, %!r -as an a(tr'ati#n )t-n
%and#' and rs"#ndnt, Arn#(d Pa*#"a*, rgarding
t! st#ning #& t! st#r and !#us, Pa*#"a* "i'.d
u" st#ns and stru'. %and#' )ut instad !r !("r,
B#ni&a'i# >n#r, -as !it and su&&rd "!*si'a(
in/uris -!i'! a''#rding t# t! mdi'#$(ga(
'rti&i'at -i(( !a( in m#r t!an 30 da*s, Bda
A'#sta, -!# -as )!ind Arn#(d Pa*#"a*, "i'.d u"
t! st#n and stru'. %and#' )ut !r !("r, Frd d
(a @ga, -as !it instad and su&&rd in/uris -!i'!
in/ur* -i(( !a( in (ss t!an 2 da*s,
$ 12 1't#)r 1280C a 'rimina( '#m"(aint -as (#dgd
-it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Fis'a( -it! t! '!args #&
!erious Ph'sical *njuries, &i(d )* B#ni&a'i# >n#r
against Arnu(&# <Arn#(d= Pa*#"a*; !light Ph'sical
*njuries, &i(d )* Frd d (a @ga against Bda
A'#sta, and Trespass to Dwelling, &i(d )* Pa'ita
%and#' against Arnu(&# Pa*#"a*, Bda A'#sta,
>anu( Can'in#, Nad#ng Frnand8 and Artur#
S*(#ria,
$ 2 ;'m)r 1280C Arnu(&# Pa*#"a* and !is &at!r
C#nrad# Pa*#"a*, Sr,, t#gt!r -it! >anu( Can'in#,
a(s# &i(d a '#m"(aint -it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit*
Fis'a(, against Pdr# %and#', Pa'ita %and#', Rud*
;ia8, Frd >n#r, R#g(i# 7r'((a, +uan R#sari# and
Frd d (a @ga, -it! t! '!args #& Trespass to
Dwelling& !erious Aral Defamation& Grave Threats
and Ph'sical *njuries
$ 10 ;'m)r 1280C t! invstigating &is'a( &#und
ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at rs"#ndnts
Arnu(&# Pa*#"a*, Bda A'#sta, >anu( Can'in#,
Nad#ng Frnand8 and Artur# S*(#ria '#mmittd t!
'rims '!argd, In&#rmati#ns -r &i(d -it! t! Cit*
C#urt,
$ 5it! rs"'t t# t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint &i(d )*
Arnu(&# Pa*#"a* and >anu( Can'in# against
"titi#nrs &#r !erious Aral Defamation, Grave
Threats and Ph'sical *njuries, t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit*
Fis'a( r'#mmndd t! dr#""ing #& said '!args
)'aus t!* R-r &#und t# ) in t! natur #& a
'#untr '!arg, t! sam !aving )n &i(d a&tr
m#r t!an 1 m#nt! &r#m t! dat #& t! a((gd
in'idnt,R 4#-vr, as t# t! '!arg #& Trespass to
Dwelling &i(d )* C#nrad# Pa*#"a*, Sr, against Pdr#
%and#', a "rima &a'i 'as -as &#und )* t!
invstigating &is'a(, %!us, an in&#rmati#n -as &i(d
-it! t! Cit* C#urt.
$ 28 +u(* 1281C Arnu(&# Pa*#"a*, C#nrad# Pa*#"a*,
Sr, and >anu( Can'in#, dir't(* (#dgd -it! t! Cit*
C#urt #& San Car(#s Cit* t! &#((#-ing 'rimina(
'#m"(aintsC <1= against Pdr# %and#', R#g(i#
7r'((a, Rud* ;ia8, +uan R#sari# and Frd >n#r &#r
!erious Ph'sical *njuries, &i(d )* Arnu(&# <Arn#(d=
Pa*#"a*; <2= against Rud* ;ia8, +uan R#sari# and
Frd >n#r &#r Trespass to Dwelling, &i(d )* C#nrad#
Pa*#"a*, Sr,; <3= against Pdr# %and#', Rud* ;ia8,
+uan R#sari# and Frd d(a @ga &#r >ess !erious
Ph'sical *njuries, &i(d )* >anu( Can'in#; <4= against
Pdr# %and#', Rud* ;ia8, R#g(i# 7r'((a, +uan
R#sari# T Frd >n#r &#r Grave Threats to Hill, -it!
Arnu(&# Pa*#"a* as "rivat '#m"(ainant,
$ 13 August 1281C Cit* C#urt, a&tr '#ndu'ting a
"r(iminar* :aminati#n #& t! 4 a&#rmnti#nd
'ass, &#und ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t!
#&&nss '!argd ma* !av )n '#mmittd )* t!
!rin "titi#nrs and t!at t! (attr -r "r#)a)(*
gui(t* t!r#&,
$ %! issuan' #& -arrants #& arrst -as #rdrd
against t!m, a(t!#ug! said -arrants -r (atr
sus"ndd u"#n m#ti#n #& t! "titi#nrs,
$ A m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n -as dnid,
$ Ptiti#nrs m#vd &#r a r$invstigati#n #& t! 'ass
)* t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Fis'a(, %! '#urt a 3u#
dnid said m#ti#n, Ptiti#nrs s#ug!t a
r'#nsidrati#n #& said #rdr, )ut it -as (i.-is
dnid,
I''%!
51N t! 'it* '#urt !as t! "#-r and aut!#rit* t#
'#ndu't a n- a "r(iminar* :aminati#n #& '!args,
-!i'! -r "rvi#us(* t! su)/'t #& a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n '#ndu'td )* t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit*
Fis'a( and t!ra&tr dismissd )* t! (attr,
(!"D
67S
Ratio As (#ng as t! #&&ns '!argd !as n#t
"rs'ri)d, t! 'it* '#urt !as t! "#-r and
aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't a "r(iminar* :aminati#n and
"r#'d -it! t! tria( #& t! 'as "r#"r(* -it!in its
/urisdi'ti#n,
Reasoning
$ %! #&&nss '!argd against "titi#nrs &#r
Trespass to Dwelling& Grave Threats and Ph'sical
*njuries -r a(( -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! Cit*
C#urt, %! '#m"(aints '#u(d ) &i(d dir't(* -it! t!
Cit* C#urt -!i'! is m"#-rd t# '#ndu't a
"r(iminar* :aminati#n &#r "ur"#ss #& issuan' #&
-arrants #& arrst, and t!ra&tr t# "r#'d -it! t!
tria( #& t! 'ass #n t! mrits, %! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n "r#"r '#ndu'td )* t! Cit* Fis'a(
'#u(d !av )n dis"nsd -it!, Nit!r did t!
ar(ir #rdr #& dismissa( #& t! '#m"(aints )* t!
invstigating &is'a( )ar t! &i(ing #& said '#m"(aints
-it! t! 'it* '#urt #n t! gr#und #& d#u)( /#"ard*,
$ %! "rs'ri"tiv "ri#d #& a 'rim d"nds u"#n
t! "na(t* im"#sd )* (a-, %! "na(tis &#r t!
'rims '!argd arC arrst# ma*#r for Trespass to
Dwelling& Grave Threats and >ess !erious Ph'sical
*njuries; and arrst# ma*#r in its ma:imum "ri#d t#
"risi#n '#rr''i#na( in its minimum "ri#d &#r !erious
Ph'sical *njuries, %! "rs'ri"tiv "ri#d #& #&&nss
"unis!a)( )* arrst# ma*#r is 5 *ars, -!i( 'rims
"unis!a)( )* '#rr'ti#na( "na(tis "rs'ri) in 10
*ars, %! '#m"(aints -r &i(d -it! t! Cit* C#urt
#n(* 2 m#nt!s &r#m said #''urrn',
$ %! r$invstigati#n s#ug!t )* "titi#nrs a""(is
#n(* t# instan's -!r a 'as is '#gni8a)( )* t!
C#urt #& First Instan' )ut &i(d -it! t! Cit* C#urt &#r
"ur"#ss #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n #n(* and
t!ra&tr dismissd )* t! (attr #n t! gr#und t!at
n# "rima &a'i 'as :ists, 4#-vr, &#r 'ass
'#gni8a)( )* in&ri#r '#urts and &i(d -it! t! sam
n#t #n(* &#r "ur"#ss #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n )ut
&#r tria( #n t! mrits, t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Fis'a( !as
n# aut!#rit* t# r$invstigat,
An Preliminar' *nvestigationC
$ Pur"#sC t# "r#t't t! a''usd &r#m t!
in'#nvnin', :"ns and )urdn #& d&nding
!ims(& in a &#rma( tria( un(ss t! ras#na)(
"r#)a)i(it* #& !is gui(t s!a(( !av )n &irst
as'rtaind in a &air(* summar* "r#'ding )* a
'#m"tnt #&&i'r; and t# "r#t't t! stat &r#m
!aving t# '#ndu't us(ss and :"nsiv tria(s,
$ StagsC <1= t! "r(iminar* :aminati#n #& t!
'#m"(ainant and !is -itnsss "ri#r t# t! arrst #&
t! a''usd t# dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t t!r is
gr#und t# issu a -arrant #& arrst; <2= "r(iminar*
invstigati#n "r#"r, -!rin t! a''usd, a&tr !is
arrst, is in&#rmd #& t! '#m"(aint &i(d against !im
and is givn a''ss t# t! tstim#nis and vidn'
"rsntd, and ! is a(s# "rmittd t# intr#du'
vidn' in !is &av#r, %! "ur"#s #& t!is stag #&
invstigati#n is t# dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t t!
a''usd s!#u(d ) r(asd #r !(d )&#r tria(,
$ NaturC mr(* in3uisit#ria(, and is #&tn t! #n(*
mans #& dis'#vring t! "rs#ns -!# ma* )
ras#na)(* '!argd -it! a 'rim, t# na)( t! &is'a(
t# "r"ar !is '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n; n#t a tria( #&
t! 'as #n t! mrits and !as n# "ur"#s :'"t
t!at #& dtrmining -!t!r a 'rim !as )n
'#mmittd and -!t!r t!r is "r#)a)( 'aus t#
)(iv t!at t! a''usd is gui(t* t!r#&, and it d#s
n#t "(a' t! "rs#n against -!#m it is ta.n in
/#"ard*,
$ Kndr S'ti#n 10, Ru( 112 #& t! 1264 Rvisd
Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur, in 'ass &a((ing -it!in
t! :'(usiv /urisdi'ti#n #& an in&ri#r '#urt, as -((
as in 'ass -it!in t! '#n'urrnt /urisdi'ti#n #& t!
'it* '#urts #r muni'i"a( '#urts -it! C#urts #& First
Instan', t! a''usd -as n#t ntit(d t# ) !ard in
a "r(iminar* invstigati#n "r#"r, %! ras#n
)!ind t!is ru( is as &#((#-sC R %! (#ss #& tim
ntai(d in t! '#ndu't #& "r(iminar* invstigati#ns,
-it! t! '#ns3unt :tnsi#n #& d"rivati#n #& t!
a''usdQs (i)rt*, in 'as ! &ai(s t# "#st )ai(, -!i'!
at tims #ut(asts t! "ri#d #& t! "na(t* "r#vidd
)* (a- &#r t! #&&ns, )sids t! mnta( anguis!
su&&rd in "r#tra'td (itigati#ns, ar (iminatd -it!
t! assuran' #& a s"d* and :"diti#us tria( &#r
t! a''usd, u"#n !is arraignmnt <-it!#ut !aving t#
undrg# t! s'#nd stag #& t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n=, and #& a "r#m"t vrdi't #n !is gui(t #r
inn#'n', 1n t! #t!r !and, t! s#$'a((d &irst
stag #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n #r t! "r(iminar*
:aminati#n, '#ndu'td )* t! du(* aut!#ri8d
#&&i'r, as )#rn #ut )* t! :aminati#n and s-#rn
-rittn statmnt #& t! '#m"(ainants and t!ir
-itnsss, gnra((* su&&i's t# sta)(is! t!
:istn' #& ras#na)( gr#und t# '!arg t!
a''usd -it! !aving '#mmittd t! #&&ns
'#m"(aind #&,R
$ %! rsu(t #& a "r(iminar* invstigati#n 'an nit!r
'#nstitut n#r giv ris t# t! d&ns #& d#u)(
/#"ard* in an* 'as, )'aus su'! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n is n#t and d#s n#t in its(& '#nstitut a
tria( #r vn an* "art t!r#&, In #rdr t!at t!
d&ns #& /#"ard* ma* (i, t!r must ) a &#rmr
/udgmnt, it!r #& a'3uitta( #r #& '#nvi'ti#n,
rndrd )* a '#urt '#m"tnt t# rndr t! sam,
n#t #n(* )* ras#n #& t! #&&ns '#mmittd, -!i'!
must ) t! sam #r at (ast '#m"risd -it!in it, )ut
a(s# )* ras#n #& t! "(a' -!r it -as '#mmittd,
Dispositive Ptiti#n dismissd,
%$I#!D '#A#!' MAR&ORI
35 P!i( 666
CARS1N; ;'m)r 2, 1216
&AC#'
$ CASIAN1 >ARF1RI -as '#nvi'td #& t! 'rim #&
in/urias gravs <aggravatd s(andr=, and sntn'd
t# si: m#nt!s and #n da* #& dstirr# <)anis!mnt=
&#r a distan' #& 25 .i(#mtrs &r#m t! muni'i"a(it*
-!r t! 'rim -as '#mmittd, t# "a* a &in #& P65,
t#gt!r -it! su)sidiar* dstirr# as "rs'ri)d )*
(a- #n &ai(ur t# "a* t!is &in and t# "a* t! '#sts,
%! '#m"(aint '!args !im #& !aving s"#.n #& t!
'#m"(ainant in a mannr -!i'! r&('td advrs(*
u"#n !r virtu and g##d nam in t! "rsn' #&
svra( -itnsss,
$ %! '#m"(aint -as #rigina((* &i(d in t! '#urt #& a
/usti' #& t! "a' -!# !(d a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and dis'!argd t! a''usd #n t!
gr#und t!at ! -as n#t gui(t* #& t! 'rim -it! -!i'!
! -as '!argd,
$ A r"#rt #& t! "r#'dings -as &#r-ardd t# t!
"r#vin'ia( &is'a( )* t! /usti' #& t! "a', %!
'#m"(aining -itnss rn-d t! '#m"(aint in t!
CFI, An in&#rmati#n -as &i(d in t!at '#urt and >ar&#ri
-as )r#ug!t t# tria( -it!#ut &urt!r "r#'dings,
$ K"#n arraignmnt, -!n >ar&#ri -as 'a((d u"#n t#
"(ad, !is '#uns( d'(ind t# "r#'d #n t! gr#und
t!at t! '#urt -as -it!#ut /urisdi'ti#n t# )ring
>ar&#ri t# tria(, n# #rdr rmanding !im &#r tria(
!aving )n issud )* a '#m"tnt magistrat as a
rsu(t #& a "r(iminar* tria( <#(d trm &#r PI, I t!in.=
!(d in a''#rdan' -it! (a-,
$ %! tria( /udg #vrru(d t! #)/'ti#ns #& '#uns(,
and #rdrd t! "artis t# "r#'d -it! t! tria( #n
t! gr#und t!at t! r"#rt #& t! "r#'dings !ad at
t! "r(iminar* tria( !(d )* t! /usti' #& t! "a'
dis'(#sd a ras#na)( "r#)a)i(it* t!at t! 'rim
'!argd !ad )n '#mmittd and t!at t! a''usd
!ad '#mmittd it; t!at t! /usti' #& t! "a' !ad
rrd in dis'!arging t! a''usd; and t!at ! s!#u(d
!av rmandd t! a''usd &#r tria(,
$ >ar&#ri0s '#uns( t!n :m"td t# t! ru(ing and
insistd #n t! rig!t t# a "r(iminar* tria(, >ar&#ri
r&usd t# ntr a "(a s# t!at t! '#urt -as
'#m"((d t# dir't t! ntr* #& a "(a #& n#t gui(t* in
!is )!a(&,
I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in )ringing t! a''usd t#
tria(, #vr !is #)/'ti#n, in t! a)sn' #& an #rdr
rmanding !im &#r tria( )asd u"#n a "r(iminar*
tria( !(d in a''#rdan' -it! t! "r#visi#ns #& (a-
(!"D
67S,
Ratio %! rig!t #& an a''usd n#t t# ) )r#ug!t t#
tria( :'"t -!n rmandd as t! rsu(t #& a
"r(iminar* :aminati#n )&#r a '#mmitting
magistrat #r, -it!in t! 'it* #& >ani(a, n#t t# )
)r#ug!t t# tria( :'"t in "ursuan' #& (i.
"r#'ding #r t! "r#'ding su)stitutd )* (a-, is a
su)stantia( #n, Its dnia(, #vr t! #)/'ti#n #& t!
a''usd is "r/udi'ia( rr#r, in t!at it su)/'ts t!
a''usd t# t! (#ss #& (i&, (i)rt* #r "r#"rt* -it!#ut
du "r#'ss #& (a-,
Reasoning %! a''usd -as )r#ug!t t# tria(, #vr
!is #)/'ti#n -it!#ut !aving )n '#mmittd #r
rmandd &#r tria( )* an invstigating magistrat,
%! /usti' #& t! "a' -!# !(d t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n dismissd t! #rigina( '#m"(aint
against t! a''usd, )ing #& #"ini#n t!at t!r -as
n# "r#)a)( 'aus t# )(iv !im gui(t* #& t!
#&&ns; and a(t!#ug! a s#$'a((d Ar"#rt #& t!
"r#'dingsB -as &#r-ardd t# t! &is'a( and
d#u)t(ss su)mittd t# t! tria( /udg, #rigina(
/urisdi'ti#n t# '#mmit t! a''usd &#r tria( as rsu(t
#& t!#s "r#'dings -as vstd :'(usiv(* in t!
/usti' #& t! "a' )&#r -!#m t!* -r !ad,
$ %! #rdr #& t! /usti' #& t! "a' dis'!arging
t! a''usd did n#t #"rat as a &ina( a'3uitta(, and
-as n#t a )ar t# r$arrst and "r#s'uti#n &#r t!
#&&ns #rigina((* '!argd, I& t! &is'a( -as n#t
satis&id -it! t! a'ti#n #& t! /usti' #& t! "a',
! '#u(d !av s'urd t! arrst #& t! a''usd
u"#n a n- '#m"(aint, and s#ug!t an #rdr
rmanding t! a''usd &#r tria( in a s'#nd
"r(iminar* invstigati#n !ad )&#r it!r t!
/usti' #& t! "a' -!# !(d t! &irst invstigati#n
#r )&#r t! /udg #& t! CFI in t! :r'is #& !is
&un'ti#ns as a '#mmitting magistrat, <A't 1629,
S', 39=
$ But it -#u(d mani&st(* d&at t! nd s#ug!t t# )
attaind )* t! "r#visi#ns #& (a- &#r t! !#(ding #&
"r(iminar* invstigati#ns i& it!r t! &is'a(, #r t!
tria( /udg, #r )#t! a'ting t#gt!r -r "rmittd t#
ma. us #& t! r'#rd #& t! "r#'dings !ad
)&#r a /usti' #& t! "a' at a "r(iminar* tria(, as
a rsu(t #& -!i'! t! a''usd -as dis'!argd, &#r t!
"ur"#s #& )ringing t! a''usd t# tria( ds"it t!
#rdr #& dis'!arg and #vr !is #)/'ti#n )asd #n
t! gr#und t!at ! !as n#t )n rmandd &#r tria(
as a rsu(t #& a "r(iminar* tria(,
Dispositive +udgmnt '#nvi'ting and sntn'ing t!
a''usd R7@7RS7; -it! t! '#sts #& )#t! instan's
d #&&i'i# and t! r'#rd R7>AN;7; t# t! '#urt
)(#- &#r &urt!r "r#'dings,
P!OP"! O@I""A
65 P!i( 922
@I??A$R7A?; +un 29, 1238
$A#%R!
%!is is an a""a( )* t! #&&ndd "art*, Ptra F(#rs,
&r#m t! #rdr #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #&
?aguna,
&AC#'
$ 1R;7R 1F CFICR%! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( !aving &i(d a
m#ti#n in t! a)#v ntit(d 'as "ra*ing &#r t!
dismissa( #& t! 'as, and t! '#urt !aving &#und
mrit#ri#us t! ras#ns a((gd t!rin, add 'as is
!r)* dismissd, as "ra*d, -it! '#sts d #&i'i#,
and t! )#nd &i(d &#r t! tm"#rar* r(as #& t!
a''usd is !r)* #rdrd 'an'((d, It is s#
#rdrd,R
I''%!
51N t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( !as aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't
an#t!r "r(iminar* invstigati#n and t!ra&tr as.
t! C#urt #& First Instan' t# dismiss t! 'rimina(
'as rmandd )* t! /usti' #& t! "a', a&tr t!
(attr !ad '#ndu'td t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
and issud an #rdr t# t! &&'t t!at t!r -as
"r#)a)( 'aus t# "r#s'ut t! #&&ns '!argd
-!i'! &a((s -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! C#urt #& First
Instan',R
(!"D
A&tr a 'rimina( 'as !as )n rmandd )* t!
/usti' #& t! "a' t# t! C#urt #& First Instan'
-!i'! !as /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* it #n t! mrits, and
)&#r t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( !as &i(d t! n'ssar*
in&#rmati#n, t! (attr n#t #n(* !as t! "#-r )ut
a(s# t! dut* t# invstigat t! &a'ts u"#n -!i'! t!
'#m"(aint &i(d in t! /usti' #& t! "a' '#urt -as
)asd, t# :amin t! vidn' su)mittd t# t!
/usti' #& t! "a' and su'! #t!r vidn' as t!
"artis ma* dm "r#"r t# su)mit #n t!ir #-n &r
-i(( #r #n dmand #& t! &is'a(, &#r t! "ur"#s #&
dtrmining -!t!r t!r is at (ast "rima &a'i
vidn' sta)(is!ing t! gui(t #& t! a''usd and
#vr'#ming t! "rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' in !is
&av#r, If af7er 8e 8as done all 78is and
considering all 78e circums7ances of 78e case5
78e fiscal Aeliees 78a7 78e eidence is no7
sufficien7 7o es7aAlis8 prima facie 78e guil7 of
78e accused5 8e s8ould suAmi7 7o 78e cour7
Aefore w8ic8 78e case is pending 78e
corresponding mo7ion for dismissal. %!
"r#vin'ia( &is'a( #& ?aguna '#m"(id -it! a(( t!s
r3uirmnts )&#r as.ing &#r t! dismissa( #& t!
"rsnt 'as, t!r)* ."ing -it!in t! "#-rs
'#n&rrd u"#n !im )* s'ti#n 1689 #& t! Rvisd
Administrativ C#d,
Dispositive Finding n# mrit in t! s#( rr#r
assignd )* t! a""((ant, t! #&&ndd "art* in t!is
'as, t! #rdr a""a(d &r#m is !r)* a&&irmd,Q
-it! '#sts against t! a""((ant,
P!OP"! @!"O'O
112 SCRA 193
P7R CKRIA>; F)ruar* 25, 1282

$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi- #& CFI d'isi#n im"#sing t! 'a"ita(
"na(t* #& dat! #n a''usd @(#s# &#r t! 'rim #&
r#))r* -it! !#mi'id and d#u)( sri#us "!*si'a(
in/uris

&AC#'
$ @(#s# and #t!rs ntrd t! 1diamar0s !#us and
r#))d t!m ar#und 9C30 in t! vning, %!* st#(
m#n*, tar gas gun, /-(r*, #(d '#ins,
$ 4rmngi(d# 1diamar -as s!#t and .i((d during
t! r#))r*, -!i( t! 1diamar s"#uss sustaind
sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris,
$ @(#s#, am#ng #t!rs, -as '!argd &#r r#))r*
-it! !#mi'id and d#u)( sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris
$ +u(* 5, 1290 <t! 'as sa*s /u(* )ut I t!in. it0s a
t*"#G "r#)a)(* /un= C +udg %m"(# '#ndu'td
"r(iminar* :aminati#n
$ +un 22, 1290 N +udg %m"(# st t! 'as &#r
"r(iminar* invstigati#n t# a&&#rd t! a''usd t!
#''asi#n t# '#n&r#nt t! -itnsss against !im and
t# "rsnt !is #-n vidn'
$ instad #& avai(ing !ims(& #& t!is #""#rtunit*, !
&i(d a mani&stati#n stating t!at ! A5aivs !is rig!t
t# "rsnt vidn' at t! s'#nd stag #& t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n,B
$ t! 'as -as &#r-ardd t# t! CFI, and it a""ars
t!at a''usd ntrd !is n#n$gui(t* "(a -it!#ut
raising t! 3usti#n #& (a'. #& "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
Petitioners< Claim
<1= t! tria( '#urt !ad n# /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* t! 'as
&#r -ant #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n
<2= t! :tra/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n ! :'utd -as
#)taind t!r#ug! &#r' and intimidati#n and,
t!r&#r, inadmissi)( in vidn', and
<3= in t! a)sn' #& ad3uat "r##& t!at it -as !
-!# .i((d t! d'asd 4rmngi(d# 1diamar, !
s!#u(d ) !(d gui(t* #& t! #&&ns #& r#))r* #n(*,
and n#t #& t! '#m"(: 'rim #& r#))r* -it!
!#mi'id and d#u)( sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris,
I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt !ad n# /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* t! 'as
&#r -ant #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n
(!"D
N1
Reasoning
% 5!n +udg %m"(# st t! 'as &#r "r(iminar*
invstigati#n t# a&&#rd t! a''usd #''asi#n t#
'#n&r#nt t! -itnsss against !im, t! a''usd
instad &i(d a mani&stati#n -aiving !is rig!t t#
"rsnt vidn' at t! s'#nd stag #& t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n, 5!n t! 'as -as
&#r-ardd t# t! CFI, t! a''usd ntrd !is "(a
-it!#ut raising t! 3usti#n #& (a'. #& "r(iminar*
invstigati#n, %! a&#rsaid '#nstitut -aivr #& t!
a''usd0s rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n, It is -(($
stt(d t!at t! rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n is
n#t a &undamnta( rig!t and t!at t! sam ma* )
-aivd :"rss(* #r )* si(n', Su'! -aivr 'arrid
-it! it t! -aivr #& an* "r#'dura( rr#r #r
irrgu(arit* t!at ma* !av attndd t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
Dispositive %! /udgmnt undr rvi- is !r)*
a&&irmd
P!OP"! +OM!/
119 SCRA 92
R7?1@A; S"tm)r 30, 1282
&AC#'
$ In 1262, &#ur <4= in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d )* t!
"r#s'uting &is'a(s )&#r t! C#urt #& First Instan'
#& Lam)#anga Cit*, %!* -r as &#((#-sC
1. Criminal Case @o. CIFC,$$ 7di()rt# G#m8,
Prudn'i# N, Ci'!#n, Csar @, Casti((#, Pdr#
Cunt# and +#!n ;# '!argd -it! 7sta&a t!ru
&a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i'M#&&i'ia( d#'umnts, %!
"r#s'uting #&&i'rs 'rti&id undr #at! t!at
t!* !ad '#ndu'td a "r(iminar* invstigati#n
#& t! 'as in a''#rdan' -it! (a-; and t!at
t!* )(ivd t!at t! #&&ns '!argd !ad )n
'#mmittd and t! a''usd -r "r#)a)(* gui(t*
t!r#&, %! '#rrs"#nding -arrant #& arrst &#r
a'! #& t! a''usd -as a''#rding(* issud, %!
a''usd Pdr# Cunt# and Csar Casti((#
"(add n#t gui(t*,
2. Criminal Case @o. CIF:,$$ 7sta&a t!ru
&a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i'M#&&i'ia( d#'umnts against
?#rn8# ;(antar, Prudn'i# Ci'!#n, +sus F,
Ati(an# and t-# #t!r unidnti&id "rs#ns,
Ri'!ard ;# and +#!n ;#, %! "r#s'uti#n a(s#
'rti&id undr #at! t!at t!* '#ndu'td a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t! 'asG K"#n
arraignmnt, +sus Ati(an#, Prudn'i# Ci'!#n
and ?#rn8# ;(antar "(add n#t gui(t*,
3. Criminal Case @o. CIFF.)) 7sta&a t!ru
&a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i'M#&&i'ia( d#'umnts -as &i(d
in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Lam)#anga Cit*
against Prudn'i# Ci'!#n and Pau(in# ;uma,
A(s# !as 'rti&i'ati#n #& t! Stat Pr#s'ut#rs
t!at t!* !ad '#ndu'td a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n in t! 'asG %! t-# a''usd
"(add n#t gui(t*,
4. Criminal Case @o. C7DF.$$ Prudn'i# Ci'!#n,
+sus F Ati(an# and Pdr# Cunt# -r '!argd
-it! 7sta&a t!ru &a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i'M#&&i'ia(
d#'umnts, N# 'rti&i'ati#n t!at a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #& t! 'as !ad )n mad )* t!
"r#s'ut#rs, S# ;istri't +udg !ims(& mad t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and #n' satis&id t!at
a "rima &a'i 'as against t! t!r a''usd
:istd, issud -arrants &#r t!ir arrst #n t!
sam da*, At t! arraignmnt, a(( t! a''usd
"(add n#t gui(t*,
$ 1n +un 22, 1266, t! a''usd in t! &#ur <4= 'ass,
t!ru t!ir '#uns(, &i(d a >1%I1N %1 ;7C?AR7
INF1R>A%I1NS AN; 5ARRAN%S 1F ARR7S% nu(( and
v#id #n t! gr#und t!at t! "r#s'uti#n &ai(d t#
#)srv t! "r#visi#ns #& S'ti#n 13 and 14 #& Ru(
112 #& t! N- Ru(s #& C#urt rgarding "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and "ra*d t! '#urt t# 'an'( t!
-arrants #& arrst issud,
$ 1n S"tm)r 29, 1266, t! (#-r '#urt, &#r (a'. #&
mrit, dnid t! a&#rsaid m#ti#n,
$ K"#n a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n &i(d )* t!
a''usd, t!ru '#uns(, t! (#-r '#urt, #n N#vm)r
2, 1266, rvrsd its &#rmr ru(ing and #rdrd t!
dismissa( #& a(( t! &#ur <4= 'ass against t!m,
-it!#ut "r/udi' t# t! r&i(ing #& t! sam,
I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in dismissing t!s 'ass
#n t! gr#und t!at t! "r(iminar* invstigati#ns
'#ndu'td t!rin -r n#t in a''#rdan' -it!
S'ti#ns 13 and 14 #& Ru( 112, in r(ati#n t# Ru(
144 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt,
(!"D
67S
Ratio %! "r(iminar* invstigati#ns in t!s &#ur <4=
'ass -r trminatd in 1262, #r )&#r t! N-
Ru(s #& C#urt t##. &&'t #n +anuar* 1, 1264, Ru(s
112 and 113 t!r#& 'ann#t, t!r&#r, a""(* t#
t!s 'ass at )ar,
Reasoning %! g#vrnmnt "r#s'ut#rs 'rti&id
undr #at! t!at t!* !ad '#ndu'td a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n in said 'ass, And, in Crimina( Cas N#,
3128, it -as ;istri't +udg Grg#ri# >#nt/# -!#
'#ndu'td t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n and, &inding
t! :istn' #& a prima facie 'as, #rdrd t!
arrst #& t! d&ndant, It is '(ar, t!r&#r, t!at t!
r3uird invstigati#ns -r '#m"(id -it!,
$ But t!n, assuming 78a7 78e informa7ions did
no7 con7ain 78e reDuisi7e cer7ifica7es regarding
78e &iscalLs 8aing 8eld a preliminary
ines7iga7ion5 t! #missi#ns ar n#t n'ssari(*
&ata(, #8e aAsence of preliminary ines7iga7ions
does no7 affec7 78e cour7Ls ;urisdic7ion oer 78e
case. $or do 78ey impair 78e alidi7y of 78e
informa7ion or o78erwise render i7 defec7ie. I&
t!r -r n# "r(iminar* invstigati#ns and t!
d&ndants, )&#r ntring t!ir "(a, invit t!
attnti#n #& t! '#urt t# t!ir a)sn', t! '#urt,
Rinstad #& dismissing t! in&#rmati#n, s!#u(d
'#ndu't su'! invstigati#n, #rdr t! &is'a( t#
'#ndu't it #r rmand t! 'as t# t! in&ri#r '#urt s#
t!at t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n ma* )
'#ndu'td,R <P#"( vs, Casian#, 1 SCRA 498=, %!
d&ndants in t!s 'ass did n#t 3usti#n t!
va(idit* #& t! in&#rmati#ns #n t! gr#und #&
d&'tiv 'rti&i'ati#ns #r t! rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#ns )&#r t!* ntrd t! "(a #& n#t
gui(t*, %!* &i(d t! m#ti#n t# d'(ar in&#rmati#ns
and -arrants #& arrst nu(( and v#id #n(* a&tr m#r
t!an #n <1= *ar t!ra&tr, C#ns3unt(*, -!n
t!* ntrd a "(a #& n#t gui(t*, t!* t!r)*
-aivd a(( #)/'ti#ns t!at ar gr#unds &#r a m#ti#n t#
3uas!, :'"t (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n #r &ai(ur #& t!
in&#rmati#n t# '!arg an #&&ns, %!us, t!* -aivd
t! rig!t t# a "r(iminar* invstigati#n -!n t!*
&ai(d t# inv#. it "ri#r t#, #r at (ast at, t! tim #&
t! ntr* #& t!ir "(a in t! C#urt #& First Instan',
Dispositive ACC1R;ING?6, t! #rdr datd
N#vm)r 2, 1266 #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #&
Lam)#anga is st asid and t! said '#urt is !r)*
#rdrd t# "r#'d -it! t! tria( #& t! said 'rimina(
'ass,
P"AC!R @I""A$%!@A
126 SCRA 463
7SC1?IN; ;'m)r 22, 1283
&AC#'
$"titi#nrs t! Cit* Fis'a( #& Butuan Cit* and !is
assistants &i(d in t! Cit* C#urt #& Butuan 'rtain
in&#rmati#ns and 'rti&id t!m as &#((#-sC At!at a
"r(iminar* :aminati#n !as )n '#ndu'td )* m
in t!is 'as, !aving :amind t! '#m"(ainant and
!is -itnsss; t!at #n t! )asis #& t! s-#rn
statmnts and #t!r vidn' su)mittd )&#r t!is
1&&i', t!r is ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t!
'rim '!argd !as )n '#mmittd and t!at !rin
a''usd is "r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#&,B
$rs"#ndnt /udg st a !aring t# dtrmin t!
"r#"rit* #& issuing -arrants #& arrst, A&tr !aring,
/udg issud #rdrs r3uiring "titi#nrs t# su)mit t#
t! '#urt t! a&&idavits #& t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss
and #t!r d#'umntar* vidn' in su""#rt #& t!
in&#rmati#ns t# aid !im in t! :r'is #& !is "#-r
#& /udi'ia( rvi- #& t! &indings #& "r#)a)( 'aus )*
"titi#nrs
$"titi#nrs &i(d t-# s"arat m#ti#ns &#r
r'#nsidrati#n stating t!at t!* -r aut!#ri8d t#
dtrmin t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus ni a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and t!at t!ir &indings
'#nstitut su&&i'int )asis &#r t! issuan' #&
-arrants #& arrst,
$rs"#ndnt /usti&is !is #rdr as an :r'is #& !is
/udi'ia( "#-r t# rvi- t! &is'a(Qs &indings #&
"r#)a)( 'aus, 4 &urt!r maintains t!at t! &ai(ur
#& "titi#nrs t# &i( t! r3uird a&&idavits dstr#*s
t! "rsum"ti#n #& rgu(arit* in t! "r&#rman' #&
"titi#nrsQ #&&i'ia( dutis, "arti'u(ar(* in t! (ig!t #&
t! (#ng standing "ra'ti' #& t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit*
Fis'a( #& Butuan #& atta'!ing t# t! in&#rmati#ns &i(d
-it! t! '#urt t! a&&idavits #& "r#s'uti#n -itnsss
and #t!r d#'umntar* vidn' "rsntd during
t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
$/udg dnid m#ti#n, And as.d t! su)missi#n #&
d#'umnts ar(ir as.d &#r,
Vvntua((*, "titi#nrs su)mittd t! d#'umnts
rndring t! 'as mut <!a!a= and a'admi', But
t! C#urt d'idd t# ta'.( t! issu n#nt!(ss,
S#m -arrants -r grantd, s#m -r rmandd
t#
I''%!
51N t! rs"#ndnt 'it* /udg ma*, &#r t! "ur"#s
#& issuing a -arrant #& arrst, '#m"( t! &is'a( t#
su)mit t# t! '#urt t! su""#rting a&&idavits and
#t!r d#'umntar* vidn' "rsntd during t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n
(!"D
N1,
$%! "rimar* r3uirmnt &#r t! issuan' #& a
-arrant #& arrst is t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus
<S', 3, Art, I@ #& t! 1293 C#nstituti#n=, P,;, N#, 211
aut!#ri8s t! &is'a( #r stat "r#s'ut#r t# dtrmin
t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus,
$ %!r is t!us n# dis"ut t!at t! /udg ma* r(*
u"#n t! &is'a(Qs 'rti&i'ati#n #& t! :istn' #&
"r#)a)( 'aus and, #n t! )asis t!r#&, issu a
-arrant #& arrst, But t!is d#s n#t )ind t! /udg t#
issu a -arrant
$ S'ti#n 6, Ru( 112 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urtCC
R5arrant #& arrst, -!n issud, $ I& t! /udg )
satis&id &r#m t! "r(iminar* :aminati#n '#ndu'td
)* !im #r )* t! invstigating #&&i'r t!at t! #&&ns
'#m"(aind #& !as )n '#mmittd and t!at t!r is
ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t! a''usd !as
'#mmittd it, ! must issu a -arrant #r #rdr &#r !is
arrst,R
$t! /udg must satis&* !ims(& #& t! :istn' #&
"r#)a)( 'aus )&#r issuing a -arrant #r #rdr #&
arrst, I& #n t! &a' #& t! in&#rmati#n t! /udg
&inds n# "r#)a)( 'aus, ! ma* disrgard t!
&is'a(Qs 'rti&i'ati#n and r3uir t! su)missi#n #& t!
a&&idavits #& -itnsss t# aid !im in arriving at a
'#n'(usi#n as t# t! :istn' #& a "r#)a)( 'aus,
5it!#ut t! a&&idavits #& t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss
and #t!r vidn' -!i'!, as a mattr #& (#ng$
standing "ra'ti' !ad )n atta'!d t# t!
in&#rmati#ns &i(d in !is sa(a, rs"#ndnt &#und t!
in&#rmati#ns inad3uat )ass &#r t! dtrminati#n
#& "r#)a)( 'aus
$A(s#, Ru( #n Summar* Pr#'dur in S"'ia( Cass,
is a""(i'a)( t# s#m #& t! 'rims in t! said
in&#rmati#ns, %!is ru( r3uirs t!at t! A'#m"(aint
#r in&#rmati#n must ) a''#m"anid )* t!
a&&idavits #& t! '#m"(ainant and #& !is -itnsss in
su'! num)r #& '#"is as t!r ar d&ndants "(us
t-# <2= '#"is &#r t! '#urtQs &i(sB
$/udg a(s# did n#t '#mmit grav a)us #& dis'rti#n
in rmanding s#m #& t! 'ass t# t! Cit* Fis'a( &#r
&urt!r invstigati#n, Fr#m t! in&#rmati#ns and
a&&idavits "rsntd t# !im, ! &#und t! '!args
"atnt(* -it!#ut )asis #r mrit, F#r rs"#ndnt t#
issu t! -arrants #& arrst and tr* t! a''usd
-#u(d #n(* :"#s t! (attr t# unn'ssar*
!arrassmnt, an:it* and :"ns, And as a(rad*
"#intd #ut, undr t! Ru( #n Summar* Pr#'dur
in S"'ia( Cass, t! rs"#ndnt /udg !as t! "#-r
t# #rdr t! #utrig!t dismissa( #& t! '!arg i&, &r#m
t! in&#rmati#n and t! a&&idavits atta'!d t!rt#,
! &inds t! sam t# ) "atnt(* -it!#ut )asis #r
mrit
+O CA <P!"A)O>
206 SCRA 138
F7?ICIAN1; F)ruar* 11, 1222
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari &r#m t! d'isi#n #&
t! C#urt #& A""a(s
&AC#'
$ +u(* 2, 1221 N 7(d#n >aguan ntrd a #n$-a*
strt <5i(s#n St,= &r#m t! #""#sit dir'ti#n
<'#untr&(#-=, !ading t#-ards P, Guvarra St, In s#
d#ing, ! nar(* '#((idd -it! t! 'ar #& a''usd
R#(it# G#, G# g#t #ut #& !is 'ar and s!#t >aguan,
$ A s'urit* guard #& a nar)* )a. s!#" -itnssd
t! vnt and -as a)( t# n#t t! "(at num)r #&
t! "titi#nr, %! 'ar -as vntua((* tra'd t# an
7(isa Ang G#, -i& #& t! a''usd,
$ %! "#(i' -r in&#rmd t!at t! "titi#nr !ad a
ma( at t! )a. s!#" -!r !is 'rdit 'ard -as
usd t# "a* &#r t! transa'ti#n, P#(i' -r a)( t#
idnti&* t! 'ard #-nr as t! a''usd G# and -!n
!is "i'tur -as s!#-n t# t! s'urit* guard -!#
"#sitiv(* idnti&id !im as t! su""#sd assai(ant,
P#(i' t!n (aun'!d a man!unt &#r G#,
$ +u(* 8, 1221 N G# "rsntd !ims(& in t! San +uan
"#(i' stati#n -it! !is t-# (a-*rs in t#- t# vri&*
r"#rts t!at ! -as )ing !untd d#-n )* t! "#(i',
1, %! "#(i' dtaind G# and a C1>P?AIN% &#r
FRKS%RA%7; 41>ICI;7 -as &i(d against !im,
2, Asst, Pr#v, Pr#s'ut#r @i((a Igna'i# in&#rmd G#,
in t! "rsn' #& !is (a-*rs, #& !is rig!t t# avai(
#& "r(iminar* invstigati#n )ut in s# d#ing, G# !ad
t# -aiv t! "r#visi#ns in Art, 125, RPC, G#
r&usd,
$ +u(* 2, 1221 N >aguan did as a rsu(t #& !is
guns!#t -#unds )&#r an INF1R>A%I1N '#u(d )
&i(d,
$ +u(* 11, 1221C
3, %! "r#s'ut#r &i(d an INF1R>A%I1N &#r
murdr, instad #& an in&#rmati#n &#r &rustratd
!#mi'id, %! "r#s'ut#r statd t!at n#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n -as '#ndu'td )'aus
G# r&usd t# -aiv "r#visi#ns #& Art, 125, RPC,
4, G#0s '#uns( &i(d an 1>NIBKS >1%I1N F1R
I>>7;IA%7 R7?7AS7 AN; PR1P7R PR7?I>INAR6
IN@7S%IGA%I1N -it! t! a((gati#ns t!at an i((ga(
-arrant(ss arrst !ad )n &&'td and t!at n#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n !ad )n '#ndu'td and
"ra*d t!at G# ) r(asd #n )ai(,
$ +u(* 12, 1221C
5, G# &i(d an urgnt 7J$PAR%7 >1%I1N F1R
SP7CIA? RAFF?7 in #rdr t# :"dit a'ti#n #n t!
)ai( r'#mmndati#n, %! 'as! )#nd -as
a""r#vd and G# -as r(asd &r#m /ai(,
$ +u(* 16, 1221C
6, Pr#s'ut#r &i(d a >1%I1N F1R ?7A@7 %1
C1N;KC% PR7?I>INAR6 IN@7S%IGA%I1N and
"ra*d t!at t! '#urt "r#'dings ) sus"ndd
m#mntari(*,
9, %! tria( '#urt grantd ?7A@7 t# '#ndu't
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and 'an'((d t!
arraignmnt s'!du(d #n August 15, 1221,
$ +u(* 12, 1221C
8, G# '#ntndd t!r#ug! a P7%I%I1N F1R
C7R%I1RARI, PR14IBI%I1N AN; >AN;A>KS t!at
t! in&#rmati#n -as nu(( and v#id )'aus n#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n !ad )n '#ndu'td,
$ +u(* 23, 1221 N G# surrndrd t# t! "#(i' and t!
/udg st t! arraignmnt #n August 23,
$ August 23, 1221C
2, Rs"#ndnt /udg issud a '#mmitmnt #rdr
&#r G#, K"#n arraignmnt, a "(a #& n#t gui(t* -as
ntrd )'aus G# r&usd t# ntr a "(a,
10, G# &i(d a P7%I%I1N F1R 4AB7AS C1RPKS and
t! CA issud t! -rit, %! "titi#n &#r !a)as
'#r"us -as '#ns#(idatd -it! t! "titi#n &#r
'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus,
$ S"tm)r 12, 1221 N %! tria( startd and t!
"r#s'uti#n "rsntd its &irst -itnss, %!is -as
&#((#-d )* t!r m#r -itnsss #n 1't#)r 3,
1221,
$ S"tm)r 23, 1221 N %! CA dismissd t!
"titi#n &#r !a)as '#r"us and t! "titi#n &#r
'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus #n t!
&#((#-ing gr#unds, am#ng #t!rsC
a= @a(idit* #& t! -arrant(ss arrst )'aus t!
'rim !ad )n A&rs!(* '#mmittd,B 4 -as
"#sitiv(* idnti&id )* t! -itnss and !is idntit*
!ad )n sta)(is!d -!n ! 'am t# t! "#(i'
stati#n,
)= 5aivr #& t! rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n
-!n ! did n#t inv#. it "r#"r(* and -aivr #&
an* irrgu(arit* in !is arrst -!n a''usd "#std
)ai(,
'= @a(idit* #& t! in&#rmati#n against t! a''usd
"r'(udd t! grant #& t! "titi#n &#r !a)as
'#r"us
Petitioners Claim; G# '#ntnds t!at t! 'rim !ad
n#t )n A/ust '#mmittdB )'aus #& t! 6$da*
dis"arit*,
$ N#n #& t! "#(i' #&&i'rs -!# arrstd !im !ad
an* A"rs#na( .n#-(dgB #& t! 'rim,
Respondents Comments; G# !ad )n va(id(*
arrstd )'aus t! 'rim !ad )n '#mmittd 6
da*s )&#r ! -as arrstd,
$ Inv#.ing Jmali vs. Ramos -!r t! C#urt u"!(d
t!at a -arrant(ss arrst -as va(id 14 da*s a&tr t!
'rim -as '#mmittd,
$ %! "r#s'ut#r "r#'dd undr t! rr#n#us
su""#siti#n t!at S'ti#n 9 #& Ru( 112 -as a""(i'a)(
and r3uird "titi#nr t# -aiv t! "r#visi#ns #&
Arti'( 125 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d as a '#nditi#n
&#r 'arr*ing #ut a "r(iminar* invstigati#n, G# -as
ntit(d t# a "r(iminar* invstigati#n and t!at rig!t
s!#u(d !av )n a''#rdd !im -it!#ut an*
'#nditi#ns,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! -arrant(ss arrst -as (a-&u(
2, 51N t! a''usd G# !ad -aivd !is rig!t t#
(!"D
1, N1, t! -arrant(ss arrst -as n#t (a-&u(
Ratio Ru( 112, S', 9 stats t!at a '#m"(aint &#r
in&#rmati#n 'an ) &i(d sans "r(iminar*
invstigati#n -!n a "rs#n !as )n (a-&u((*
arrstd -it!#ut a -arrant :'"t t!an an a&&idavit
s!#u(d ) :'utd )* t! "rs#n -!# -as
rs"#nsi)( &#r t! arrst, But t! "rs#n arrstd
'an as. &#r "r(iminar* invstigati#n )* t! "r#"r
#&&i'r )&#r t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n 'an )
&i(d, In t!is 'as, t! "rs#n arrstd must -aiv
t! "r#visi#ns #& A125, RPC -it! t! assistan' #&
'#uns( <a (a-*r #r an#t!r "rs#n #& !is '!#i' i& a
(a-*r is n#t avai(a)(=, 4 ma* a(s# a""(* &#r )ai(
ds"it t! -aivr and t! invstigati#n must
trminat -it!in 15 da*s,
Reasoning
$ Jmil vs. Ramos #n(* a""(is t# '#ntinuing 'rims s#
it d#s n#t a""(* in t! 'as at )ar, >urdr is n#t a
'#ntinuing 'rim )'aus it !a""ns in #n "(a' at
a "arti'u(ar "#int in tim and nds t!r as -((,
$ %! -arrant(ss arrst d#s n#t &#((#- t!
r3uisits in Ru( 113, S', 5 )'ausC
U%! AarrstB t##. "(a' 6 da*s a&tr >aguan -as
s!#t -!ras t! R#C "r#vid t!at t! 'rim
s!#u(d !av )n /ust '#mmittd, is a)#ut t# )
'#mmittd #r is )ing '#mmittd,
UN#n #& t! arrsting #&&i'rs !ad "rs#na(
.n#-(dg #& t! &a'ts indi'ating t!at G# -as t!
gunman as r3uird in t! R#C, %! in&#rmati#n
t!at t! "#(i' !ad -as drivd &r#m *-itnss
a''#unts,
$ 5!n G# -a(.d int# t! "#(i' stati#n 6 da*s a&tr
>aguan -as s!#t, ! did n#t surrndr <s# as n#t t#
im"(* t!at ! '#mmittd t! 'rim= n#r -as !
arrstd )ut ! "(a'd !ims(& in t! dis"#sa( #& t!
"#(i' aut!#ritis,
2, N1, G# !ad n#t -aivd !is rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
Ratio %! ru( is t!at t! rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#n is -aivd -!n t! a''usd &ai(s t#
inv#. it )&#r #r at t! tim #& ntring a "(a at
arraignmnt,
Reasoning
$ %! rig!t t# !av a "r(iminar* invstigati#n
'#ndu'td )&#r )ing )#und #vr t# tria( &#r a
'rimina( #&&ns and !n' &#rma((* at ris. #&
in'ar'rati#n #r s#m #t!r "na(t*, is n#t a mr
&#rma( #r t'!ni'a( rig!t; it is a su)stantiv rig!t,
$ %! natur #& t! 'rim dmandd t!at a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n ) '#ndu'td, G# did as.
&#r a "r(iminar* invstigati#n &r#m t! start, 1n t!
da* t! in&#rmati#n &#r murdr -as &i(d, ! a(s#
&i(d an 1>NIBKS >1%I1N &#r I>>7;IA%7 R7?7AS7
and PR7?I>INAR6 IN@7S%IGA%I1N, %! C#urt is n#t
rad* t# ign#r t!at a't )* G# and '#nsidr it as a
-aivr )asd sim"(* #n t! '#ntnti#n #& t! S#(Gn
t!at t! m#ti#n s!#u(d !av )n &i(d -it! t! tria(
'#urt and n#t t! "r#s'ut#r,
$ A''#rding t# Crespo vs. (ogulC %! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n '#ndu'td )* t! &is'a( &#r t! "ur"#s
#& dtrmining -!t!r a "rima &a'i 'as :ists
-arranting t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! a''usd is
trminatd u"#n t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n in t!
"r#"r '#urt, S!#u(d t! &is'a( &ind it "r#"r t#
'#ndu't a rinvstigati#n #& t! 'as, at su'! stag,
t! "rmissi#n #& t! C#urt must ) s'urd, A&tr
su'! rinvstigati#n t! &inding and
r'#mmndati#ns #& t! &is'a( s!#u(d ) su)mittd
t# t! C#urt &#r a""r#"riat a'ti#n,
$ 4#-vr, in t! 'as at )ar, G#0s #mni)us m#ti#n
as.d &#r a PR7?I>INAR6 IN@7S%IGA%I1N n#t
R7IN@7S%IGA%I1N as dis'ussd in Crespo vs. (ogul.
%! Pr#s'ut#r a(s# &i(d a >1%I1N &#r ?7A@7 %1
C1N;KC% PR7?I>INAR6 IN@7S%IGA%I1N s# t!
#mni)us m#ti#n #& G# -as, in &&'t, &i(d in t! tria(
'#urt, G# did as. &#r a "r(iminar* invstigati#n #n
t! vr* da* t!at t! in&#rmati#n -as &i(d -it!#ut
su'! "r(iminar* invstigati#n, and t!at t! tria(
'#urt -as 5 da*s (atr a""risd #& t! dsir #& t!
"titi#nr &#r su'! "r(iminar* invstigati#n,
$ %!r -as n# -aivr #& t! rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#n )'aus G# !ad vig#r#us(* insistd #n
!is rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n )&#r !is
arraignmnt, At t! tim #& !is arraignmnt,
"titi#nr -as a(rad* )&#r t! C#urt #& A""a(s #n
'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus "r'is(*
as.ing &#r a "r(iminar* invstigati#n )&#r )ing
&#r'd t# stand tria(,
$ G#0s a't #& "#sting )ai( 'ann#t ) dmd t# ) a
-aivr #& !is rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n, G#
as.d &#r r(as #n r'#gni8an' #r #n )ai( and &#r
"r(iminar* invstigati#n in #n #mni)us m#ti#n, 4
!ad t!us '(aimd !is rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#n )&#r rs"#ndnt +udg a""r#vd t!
'as! )#nd "#std )* "titi#nr and #rdrd !is
r(as,
O!iter
$ 4#-vr, '#ntrar* t# "titi#nrQs '#ntnti#n, t!
&ai(ur t# a''#rd "r(iminar* invstigati#n, -!i(
'#nstituting a dnia( #& t! a""r#"riat and &u((
masur #& t! statut#r* "r#'ss #& 'rimina( /usti',
did n#t im"air t! va(idit* #& t! in&#rmati#n &#r
murdr n#r a&&'t t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! tria( '#urt,
$ In t! 'as at )ar, a tria( &#r mrits !ad a(rad*
'#mmn'd and t! "r#s'uti#n !ad a(rad*
"rsntd 4 -itnsss,
U %!is, !#-vr, sti(( ntit(s t! a''usd t#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n, %ria( #n t! mrits
s!#u(d ) sus"ndd #r !(d in a)*an' and a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n s!#u(d a''#rdd t#
"titi#nr, vn i& vntua((*, t! "r#s'ut#r ma*
#r ma* n#t &ind "r#)a)( 'aus, %! "#int is t!at
G# -as n#t a''#rdd !is "r#"r rig!ts,
U As &#r )ai(, G# is sti(( ntit(d t# ) r(asd #n
)ai( as a mattr #& rig!t, S!#u(d t! vidn'
against t! a''usd ) str#ng, t! )ai( 'an t!n )
'an'((d,
U %# !#(d t!at t! rig!ts #& G# -r #)(itratd )*
t! "rsntati#n #& vidn' in t! "r#'dings in
t! tria( '#urt -#u(d ) t# (gitimi8 t!
d"rivati#n #& du "r#'ss,
Dispositive ACC1R;ING?6, t! C#urt Rs#(vd t#
GRAN% t! Ptiti#n &#r Rvi- #n Crti#rari, %!
1rdr #& t! tria( '#urt datd 19 +u(* 1221 is !r)*
S7% ASI;7 and NK??IFI7;, and t! ;'isi#n #& t!
C#urt #& A""a(s datd 23 S"tm)r 1221 !r)*
R7@7RS7;,
$ %! 1&&i' #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r is !r)*
1R;7R7; t# '#ndu't &#rt!-it! a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #& t! '!arg #& murdr against
"titi#nr G#, and t# '#m"(t su'! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n -it!in a "ri#d #& &i&tn <15= da*s &r#m
'#mmn'mnt t!r#&, %! tria( #n t! mrits #&
t! 'rimina( 'as in t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt s!a(( )
SKSP7N;7; t# a-ait t! '#n'(usi#n #& t!
, >antim, "titi#nr is !r)* 1R;7R7; r(asd
&#rt!-it! u"#n "#sting #& a 'as! )ai( )#nd #& 1n
4undrd %!#usand Ps#s <P100,000,00=, %!is
r(as s!a(( ) -it!#ut "r/udi' t# issu, s!#u(d
t! an* (a-&u( #rdr t!at t! tria( '#urt 1&&i' #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r m#v &#r 'an'((ati#n #& a(( at
t! '#n'(usi#n #& t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
CR%/ FconcurringG
$ %!r -as n# -aivr #& t! rig!t t# "r(iminar*
invstigati#n vn i& G# &r(* "arti'i"atd in !is tria(
and !is '#uns( vn 'r#ss$:amind t! "r#s'uti#n
-itnsss,
$ G# !ad &r#m t! start dmandd a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and t!at !is '#uns( !ad r(u'tant(*
"arti'i"atd in t! tria( #n(* )'aus t! '#urt
t!ratnd t# r"(a' !im -it! a '#uns( d #&i'i# i&
! did n#t, %! "titi#nr -as virtua((* '#m"((d t#
g# t# tria(, Su'! '#m"u(si#n and t! un/usti&id
dnia( #& a '(ar statut#r* rig!t #& t! "titi#nr
vitiatd t! "r#'dings as vi#(ativ #& "r#'dura(
du "r#'ss,
$ It a""ars t!at t! tria( '#urt !as )n m#vd )* a
dsir t# 'atr t# "u)(i' #"ini#n t# t! dtrimnt #&
t! im"artia( administrati#n #& /usti', %! "titi#nr
as "#rtra*d )* t! mdia is n#t :a't(* a "#"u(ar
"rs#n, Nvrt!(ss, t! tria( '#urt s!#u(d n#t !av
)n in&(un'd )* t!is irr(vant '#nsidrati#n,
rmm)ring instad t!at its #n(* guid -as t!
mandat #& t! (a-,
+%#I!RR!/ FconcurringG
$ %! nd &#r a tria( '#urt t# &#((#- t! Ru(s and t#
) &air, im"artia(, and "rsistnt in gtting t! tru
&a'ts #& a 'as is "rsnt in a(( 'ass )ut it is
"arti'u(ar(* im"#rtant i& t! a''usd is indignt;
m#r s#, i& ! is #n #& t!#s un&#rtunats -!# sm
t# s"nd m#r tim )!ind )ars t!an #utsid,
+RIMO,A9%I$O Fdissen7ingG
$ A&tr 4 -itnsss !av a(rad* tsti&id, am#ng
t!m an *-itnss -!# idnti&id t! a''usd as
t! gunman and a s'urit* guard -!# idnti&id t!
"(at num)r #& t! gunmanQs 'ar, t!r is n# nd
t# '#ndu't a "r(iminar* invstigati#n t! s#(
"ur"#s #& -!i'! -#u(d ) t# as'rtain i& t!r is
su&&i'int gr#und t# )(iv t!at a 'rim -as
'#mmittd <-!i'! t! "titi#nr d#s n#t dis"ut=
and t!at ! <t! "titi#nr= is "r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#&
<-!i'! t! "r#s'ut#r, )* &i(ing t! in&#rmati#n
against !im, "rsuma)(* )(ivd t# ) s#=,
$ %!is 'as did n#t su&&r &r#m a (a'. #& "rvi#us
invstigati#n, ;i(ignt "#(i' -#r., -it! am"( mdia
'#vrag, (d t# t! idnti&i'ati#n #& t! sus"'t
-!#, 9 da*s a&tr t! s!##ting, a""ard at t! San
+uan "#(i' stati#n t# vri&* n-s r"#rts t!at ! -as
t! #)/'t #& a "#(i' man!unt, %!r -itnsss
idnti&id !im t# ) t! assai(ant,
$ It s!#u(d ) rmm)rd t!at as im"#rtant as is t!
rig!t #& t! a''usd t# a "r(iminar* invstigati#n, it
is n#t a '#nstituti#na( rig!t, Its a)sn' is n#t a
gr#und t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n, It d#s n#t a&&'t
t! '#urtQs /urisdi'ti#n, n#r im"air t! va(idit* #& t!
in&#rmati#n, n#r '#nstitut an in&ringmnt #& t!
rig!t #& t! a''usd t# '#n&r#nt -itnsss,
$ %! "titi#nrQs m#ti#n &#r a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n is n#t m#r im"#rtant t!an !is
a""(i'ati#n &#r r(as #n )ai(, /ust as t! '#ndu't #&
su'! "r(iminar* invstigati#n is n#t m#r im"#rtant
t!an t! !aring #& t! a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai(, %!
'#urtQs !aring #& t! a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai( s!#u(d n#t
) su)#rdinatd t# t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n #&
t! '!arg, %! !aring s!#u(d n#t ) sus"ndd,
)ut s!#u(d ) a((#-d t# "r#'d )'aus t! "artis
-i(( !av an #""#rtunit* t# s!#- n#t #n(*C <a=
-!t!r #r n#t t!r is "r#)a)( 'aus t# )(iv
t!at t! "titi#nr .i((d 7(d#n >aguan, )ut m#r
im"#rtant(* <)= -!t!r #r n#t t! vidn' #& !is
gui(t is str#ng, %! /udgQs dtrminati#n t!at t!
vidn' #& !is gui(t is str#ng -#u(d natura((*
&#r'(#s t! nd &#r a "r(iminar* invstigati#n t#
as'rtain t! "r#)a)i(it* #& !is gui(t,
$ G# -as indd arrstd )* t! "#(i', Arrst is t!
ta.ing #& a "rs#n int# 'ust#d* in #rdr t!at ! ma*
) )#und t# ans-r &#r t! '#mmissi#n #& an
#&&ns, An arrst is mad )* an a'tua( rstraint #&
t! "rs#n t# ) arrstd, #r )* !is su)missi#n t# t!
'ust#d* #& t! "rs#n ma.ing t! arrst
DOROMA" 'A$DI+A$BA)A$
<OMB%D'MA$ and 'P!CIA"
PRO'!C%#OR>
199 SCRA 1282
GRIN1$AOKIN1; S"tm)r 9, 1282
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Crti#rari
&AC#'
$ 1't#)r 1289, t! S"'ia( Pr#s'uti#n 1&&i'r
'#ndu'td a "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t! '!arg
against "titi#nr, Ouintin ;#r#ma(, a &#rmr
'#mmissi#nr #& t! Prsidntia( C#mmissi#n #n
G##d G#vrnmnt &#r vi#(ati#n #& t! Anti$Gra&t and
C#rru"t Pra'ti's A't in '#nn'ti#n -it! !is
s!ar!#(dings and "#siti#n as "rsidnt and dir't#r
#& t! ;#r#ma( Intrnati#na( %rading C#r"#rati#n
-!i'! su)mittd )ids t# su""(* 3ui"mnt t# t!
;7CS and t! Nati#na( >an"#-r and 6#ut! C#un'i(,
$ +anuar* 25, 1288, S"'ia( Pr#s'uti#n 1&&i'r &i(d
in t! Sandigan)a*an an in&#rmati#n against
"titi#nr,
$ %! "titi#nr &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and
"r#!i)iti#n in t! SC 3usti#ning t! /urisdi'ti#n #&
t! %an#d)a*an t# &i( t! in&#rmati#n -it!#ut t!
a""r#va( #& t! 1m)udsman a&tr t! &&'tivit* #&
t! 1289 C#nstituti#n,
$ +un 30, 1288, t! SC annu((d t! in&#rmati#n
$ K"#n t! annu(mnt #& t! in&#rmati#n against t!
"titi#nr, t! S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#r s#ug!t '(aran'
&r#m t! 1m)udsman t# r&i( it
$ %! 1m)udsman grantd '(aran' )ut advisd
t!at s#m '!angs ) mad in t! in&#rmati#n
"rvi#us(* &i(d
$ A n- in&#rmati#n -as &i(d in t! Sandigan)a*an
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n
&#r )ing inva(id )'aus t!r !ad )n n#
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and d&'tiv )'aus t!
&a'ts a((gd d# n#t '#nstitut t! #&&ns '!argd,
$ %! Sandigan)a*an dnid t! m#ti#n t# 3uas!
$ %! S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#r &i(d a m#ti#n t# sus"nd
a''usd "ndnt (it, 1vr t! #)/'ti#n #& t!
a''usd t! Sandigan)a*an #rdrd !is sus"nsi#n
"ndnt (it &r#m !is "#siti#n as PCGG
C#mmissi#nr and &r#m an* #t!r #&&i' ! ma* )
!#(ding,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! Sandigan)a*an '#mmittd grav a)us
#& dis'rti#n in dn*ing "titi#nr0s m#ti#n t# 3uas!
t! in&#rmati#n
2, 51N t! Sandigan)a*an '#mmittd grav a)us
#& dis'rti#n in sus"nding t! "titi#nr &r#m #&&i'
ds"it t! Prsidnt0s !aving "rvi#us(* a""r#vd
!is ind&init (av #& a)sn' unti( &ina( d'isi#n in
t! 'as
(!"D
1, 67S
$ A n- "r(iminar* invstigati#n #& t! '!arg
against t! "titi#nr is in #rdr n#t #n(* )'aus
t! &irst -as a nu((it* )ut a(s# )'aus t! a''usd
dmands it as !is rig!t, >#r#vr, t! '!arg
against !im !ad )n '!angd as dir'td )* t!
1m)udsman, %! "titi#nr0s rig!t t# a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #& t! n- '!arg is s'urd t# !im )*
Ru( 112 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur,
%!at rig!t #& t! a''usd is su)stantia( and its dnia(
#vr !is #""#siti#n is a "r/udi'ia( rr#r in t!at it
su)/'ts t! a''usd t# (#ss #& (i&, (i)rt*, #r
"r#"rt* -it!#ut du "r#'ss #& (a-, Sin' t! rig!t
)(#ngs t# t! a''usd, ! a(#n ma* -aiv it, I& !
dmands it, t! Stat ma* n#t -it!!#(d it, 4#-vr,
as t! a)sn' #& a "r(iminar* invstigati#n is n#t a
gr#und t# 3uas! t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, t!
"r#'dings u"#n su'! in&#rmati#n in t!
Sandigan)a*an s!#u(d ) !(d in a)*an' and t!
'as s!#u(d ) rmandd t# t! #&&i' #& t!
1m)udsman &#r !im #r t! S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#r t#
'#ndu't a "r(iminar* invstigati#n,
2, N1
$ Sin' t! "titi#nr is an in'um)nt "u)(i' #&&i'ia(
'!argd in a va(id in&#rmati#n -it! an #&&ns
"unis!a)( undr t! C#nstituti#n and t! (a-s, t!
(a-0s '#mmand t!at ! As!a(( ) sus"ndd &r#m
#&&i'B "ndnt (it must ) #)*d, 4is a""r#vd
(av #& a)sn' s!#u(d n#t ) a )ar t# !is
"rvntiv sus"nsi#n &#r, as indi'atd )* t!
S#(i'it#r Gnra(, and a""r#vd (av, -!t!r it )
&#r a &i:d #& ind&init "ri#d ma* ) 'an'((d #r
s!#rtnd at -i(( )* t! in'um)nt, 4#-vr, sin'
t! "rvntiv sus"nsi#n !as :'dd t!
ras#na)( ma:imum "ri#d #& nint* da*s "r#vidd
in S'ti#n 42 #& t! Civi( Srvi' ;'r #& t!
P!i(i""ins, it s!#u(d n#- ) (i&td,
Disposi7ie Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n is
grantd,
A""ADO DIOH$O
232 SCRA 122
B7??1SI??1; >a* 5, 1224
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n -it! "ra*r &#r a
tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nrs ;i#sdad# +#s A((ad# and R#)rt# ?,
>nd#8a, a(umni #& t! C#((g #& ?a-, Knivrsit* #&
t! P!i(i""ins, ar "artnrs #& t! ?a- Firm #&
Sa(#nga, 4rnand8 and A((ad#, In t! "ra'ti' #&
t!ir "r#&ssi#n, and #n t! )asis #& an a((gd
:tra/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n #& a s'urit* guard <Km)a(=,
t!* !av )n a''usd #& t! !in#us 'rim #&
.idna""ing -it! murdr #& a Grman nati#na( namd
@an %-st )* t! Prsidntia( Anti$Crim C#mmissi#n
<PACC= and #rdrd arrstd -it!#ut )ai( )*
rs"#ndnt /udg,
$ Ptiti#nrs &i(d t!is "titi#n and "rin'i"a((*
'#ntndd t!at rs"#ndnt /udg a'td -it! grav
a)us #& dis'rti#n and in :'ss #& /urisdi'ti#n in
R-!imsi'a((* !#(ding t!at t!r is "r#)a)( 'aus
against "titi#nrs -it!#ut dtrmining t!
admissi)i(it* #& t! vidn' against "titi#nrs and
-it!#ut vn stating t! )asis #& !is &indings,R and in
Rr(*ing #n t! Rs#(uti#n #& t! Pan( and t!ir
'rti&i'ati#n t!at "r#)a)( 'aus :ists -!n t!
'rti&i'ati#n is &(a-d,R Ptiti#nrs maintain t!at t!
r'#rds #& t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n -!i'!
rs"#ndnt /udg s#((* r(id u"#n &ai(d t#
sta)(is! "r#)a)( 'aus against t!m t# /usti&* t!
issuan' #& t! -arrant #& arrst, Ptiti#nrs (i.-is
assai( t! "r#s'ut#rsQ R'(ar sign #& )ias and
"artia(it*,R
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, t! 1&&i' #& t! S#(i'it#r
Gnra( argus t!at t! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)(
'aus is a &un'ti#n #& t! /udg -!# is mr(*
r3uird t# "rs#na((* a""r'iat 'rtain &a'ts t#
'#nvin' !im t!at t! a''usd "r#)a)(* '#mmittd
t! 'rim '!argd,
I''%!
51N t! rs"#ndnt /udg '#mmittd grav a)us
#& dis'rti#n in t! "r(iminar* in3uir* -!i'!
dtrmins "r#)a)( 'aus &#r t! issuan' #& a
-arrant #& arrst
(!"D
$ In t! 1rdr #& rs"#ndnt /udg, it is :"rss(*
statd t!at RDtE!is '#urt a&tr 'ar&u( va(uati#n #&
t! vidn' #n r'#rd, )(ivs and ru(s t!at
"r#)a)( 'aus :ists; and t!r&#r, a -arrant #&
arrst s!#u(d ) issud,R 4#-vr, - ar una)( t#
s !#- rs"#ndnt /udg arrivd at su'! ru(ing, 5
!av "ainsta.ing(* :amind t! r'#rds and -
'ann#t &ind an* su""#rt &#r !is '#n'(usi#n, 1n t!
'#ntrar*, - dis'rn a num)r #& ras#ns -!* -
'#nsidr t! vidn' su)mittd t# ) insu&&i'int &#r
a &inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus against "titi#nrs,
$ %! PACC r(is !avi(* #n t! s-#rn statmnt #&
S'urit* Guard Km)a( -!# su""#sd(* '#n&ssd !is
"arti'i"ati#n in t! a((gd .idna""ing and murdr #&
@an %-st, F#r #n, t!r is sri#us d#u)t #n @an
%-stQs r"#rtd dat! sin' t! corpus delicti !as
n#t )n sta)(is!d, n#r !av !is rmains )n
r'#vrd, Km)a( '(aims t!at @an %-st -as
'#m"(t(* )urnd int# as!s -it! t! us #&
gas#(in and ru))r tirs &r#m ar#und tn #Q'(#'. in
t! vning t# si: #Q'(#'. t! n:t m#rning, %!is is
!ig!(* im"r#)a)(, i& n#t ridi'u(#us, A !uman )#d*
'ann#t ) "u(vri8d int# as!s )* sim"(* )urning it
-it! t! us #& gas#(in and ru))r tirs in an #"n
&i(d, 7vn 'rmat#ria us ntir(* '(#sd
in'inrat#rs -!r t! '#r"s is su)/'td t# intns
!at, %!ra&tr, t! rmains undrg# a "r#'ss
-!r t! )#ns ar '#m"(t(* gr#und t# dust,
$ Strang(*, i& n#t a-.-ard(*, a&tr @an %-stQs
r"#rtd a)du'ti#n -!i'! 'u(minatd in !is
d'imati#n )* 'rmati#n, !is '#uns( '#ntinud t#
r"rsnt !im )&#r /udi'ia( and 3uasi$/udi'ia(
"r#'dings, 4n', vn Asst, S#(i'it#r Gnra(
7st#sta )(ivs t!at '#uns( #& @an %-st d#u)td
t! (attrQs dat!,
$ @ri(*, rs"#ndnt /udg '#mmittd grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in issuing t! -arrant &#r t! arrst #&
"titi#nrs it a""aring t!at ! did n#t "rs#na((*
:amin t! vidn' n#r did ! 'a(( &#r t!
'#m"(ainant and !is -itnsss in t! &a' #& t!ir
in'rdi)( a''#unts, Instad, ! mr(* r(id #n t!
'rti&i'ati#n #& t! "r#s'ut#rs t!at "r#)a)( 'aus
:istd, F#r, #t!r-is, ! -#u(d !av &#und #ut t!at
t! vidn' t!us &ar "rsntd -as uttr(*
insu&&i'int t# -arrant t! arrst #& "titi#nrs,
$ In !oliven v. (akasiar, - said t!at t! /udg <a=
s!a(( "rs#na((* va(uat t! r"#rt and t!
su""#rting d#'umnts su)mittd )* t! &is'a(
rgarding t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus and, #n
t! )asis t!r#&, issu a -arrant #& arrst; #r, <)= i&
#n t! )asis t!r#& ! &inds n# "r#)a)( 'aus, ma*
disrgard t! &is'a(Qs r"#rt and r3uir t!
su)missi#n #& su""#rting a&&idavits #& -itnsss t#
aid !im in arriving at a '#n'(usi#n #n t! :istn' #&
"r#)a)( 'aus,
$ In People v. *nting, - m"!asi8d t! im"#rtant
&aturs #& t! '#nstituti#na( mandatC <a= %!
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus is a &un'ti#n #& t!
/udg; it is n#t &#r t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( #r "r#s'ut#r
t# as'rtain, 1n(* t! /udg and t! /udg a(#n
ma.s t!is dtrminati#n; <)= %! "r(iminar* in3uir*
mad )* a "r#s'ut#r d#s n#t )ind t! /udg, It
mr(* assists !im in ma.ing t! dtrminati#n #&
"r#)a)( 'aus, %! /udg d#s n#t !av t# &#((#-
-!at t! "r#s'ut#r "rsnts t# !im, B* its(&, t!
"r#s'ut#rQs 'rti&i'ati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus is
in&&'tua(, It is t! r"#rt, t! a&&idavits, t!
trans'ri"t #& stn#gra"!i' n#ts <i& an*=, and a(( #t!r
su""#rting d#'umnts )!ind t! "r#s'ut#rQs
'rti&i'ati#n -!i'! ar matria( in assisting t! /udg
in !is dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus; and, <'=
+udgs and "r#s'ut#rs a(i. s!#u(d distinguis! t!
"r(iminar* in3uir* -!i'! dtrmins "r#)a)( 'aus
&#r t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst &r#m t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n "r#"r -!i'! as'rtains
-!t!r t! #&&ndr s!#u(d ) !(d &#r tria( #r
r(asd, 7vn i& t! t-# in3uiris ) '#ndu'td in
t! '#urs #& #n and t! sam "r#'ding, t!r
s!#u(d ) n# '#n&usi#n a)#ut t!ir #)/'tivs, %!
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus &#r t! -arrant is
mad )* t! /udg, %! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
"r#"r -!t!r #r n#t t!r is ras#na)( gr#und t#
)(iv t!at t! a''usd is gui(t* #& t! #&&ns
'!argd and t!r&#r, -!t!r #r n#t ! s!#u(d )
su)/'td t# t! :"ns, rig#rs and m)arrassmnt
#& tria( is a &un'ti#n #& t! "r#s'ut#r,
) A>>ADA DACTR*@# * f upon the filing of the
information in court& the trial judge& after reviewing
the information and the document attached thereto&
finds that no probable cause e+ists& he must either
call for the complainant and the witnesses
themselves or simpl' dismiss the case. There is no
reason to hold the accused for trial and further
e+pose him to an open and public accusation of the
crime when no probable cause e+ists .
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd
ROB!R#' CA
254 SCRA 309
;A@I;7, +R; >ar'! 5, 1226
&AC#'
$ Svra( t!#usand !#(drs #& A342B P"si 'r#-ns in
'#nn'ti#n -it! t! Num)r Fvr Pr#m#ti#n &i(d
-it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r #& Ou8#n Cit*
'#m"(aints against t! "titi#nr #&&i'ia(s #& P7PSI,
$ %! "titi#nrs &i(d -it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit*
Pr#s'ut#r a m#ti#n &#r t! r'#nsidrati#n #& t!
+#int Rs#(uti#n and -it! t! ;1+ a Ptiti#n &#r
Rvi-, %! "titi#nrs a(s# >#ti#ns t# Sus"nd
Pr#'dings and t# !#(d in A)*an' Issuan' #&
5arrants #& Arrst #n t! gr#und t!at t!* !ad &i(d
t! a&#rsaid Ptiti#n &#r Rvi-,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg Asun'i#n issud t! '!a((ngd
#rdr <1= dn*ing t! "titi#nrs0 >#ti#n t# Sus"nd
Pr#'dings and t# 4#(d In A)*an' Issuan' #&
5arrants #& Arrst and t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r0s >#ti#n
t# ;&r Arraignmnt and <2= dir'ting t! issuan'
#& t! -arrants #& arrst Aa&tr and stting t!
arraignmnt #n 28 +un 1223,
$ %! "titi#nrs &i(d -it! t! C#urt #& A""a(s a
s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r certiorari and "r#!i)iti#n -it!
a""(i'ati#n &#r a tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr, %!*
'#ntndd t!rin t!at rs"#ndnt +udg Asun'i#n
!ad a'td -it!#ut #r in :'ss #& /urisdi'ti#n #r -it!
grav a)us #& dis'rti#n in issuing t!
a&#rmnti#nd #rdr,
$ %! C#urt #& A""a(s t!n issud a rs#(uti#n
dn*ing t! a""(i'ati#n &#r a -rit #& "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n,
I''%!
51N "u)(i' rs"#ndnt +udg Asun'i#n
'#mmittd grav a)us #& dis'rti#n in #rdring
t! issuan' #& -arrants #& arrst -it!#ut
:amining t! r'#rds #& t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
(!"D
67S,
$ S'ti#n 2, Arti'( III #& t! "rsnt C#nstituti#n
"r#vids t!at n# sar'! -arrant #r -arrant #& arrst
s!a(( issu :'"t u"#n "r#)a)( 'aus t# )
dtrmind "rs#na((* )* t! /udg a&tr
:aminati#n undr #at! #r a&&irmati#n #& t!
'#m"(ainant and t! -itnsss ! ma* "r#du',
$ %! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus is a &un'ti#n #&
t! +udg, It is n#t &#r t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( #r
Pr#s'ut#r n#r t! 7('ti#n Su"rvis#r t# as'rtain,
Anl' the Kudge and the Kudge alone makes this
determination.
$ %! "r(iminar* in3uir* mad )* a Pr#s'ut#r d#s
n#t )ind t! +udg, It mr(* assists !im t# ma. t!
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus, %! +udg d#s n#t
!av t# &#((#- -!at t! Pr#s'ut#r "rsnts t# !im,
B* its(&, t! Pr#s'ut#r0s 'rti&i'ati#n #& "r#)a)(
'aus is in&&'tua(, It is t! r"#rt, t! a&&idavits, t!
trans'ri"ts #& stn#gra"!i' n#ts <i& an*=, and a((
#t!r su""#rting d#'umnts )!ind t! Pr#s'ut#r0s
'rti&i'ati#n -!i'! ar matria( in assisting t! +udg
t# ma. !is dtrminati#n,
$ %! ta'!ings #& t! 'ass #& !oliven
C
& *nting
:
& >im
E
&
Allado& and /ebb r/'t t! "r#"#siti#n t!at t!
invstigating "r#s'ut#r0s 'rti&i'ati#n in an
in&#rmati#n #r !is rs#(uti#n -!i'! is mad t! )asis
3
%! +udg d#s n#t !av t# "rs#na((* :amin t! '#m"(ainant and
!is -itnsss, %! Pr#s'ut#r 'an "r&#rm t! sam &un'ti#ns as a
'#mmissi#nr &#r t! ta.ing #& t! vidn', 4#-vr, t!r s!#u(d )
a report and necessar' documents supporting the 1iscal,s bare
certification. All of these should be before the Kudge.
4
%! su""#rting d#'umnts ma* '#nsist #&, vi".& At! a&&idavits, t!
trans'ri"ts #& stn#gra"!i' n#ts <i& an*=, and a(( #t!r su""#rting
d#'umnts )!ind t! Pr#s'ut#r0s 'rti&i'ati#n -!i'! ar matria( in
assisting t! +udg t# ma. his dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus
5
%! issuan' #& t! -arrants #& arrst )* a /udg s#((* #n t! )asis
#& t! "r#s'ut#r0s 'rti&i'ati#n in t! in&#rmati#n t!at t!r :istd
"r#)a)( 'aus, -it!#ut !aving )&#r !im an* #t!r )asis &#r !is
"rs#na( dtrminati#n #& t! :istn' #& a "r#)a)( 'aus, is nu((
and v#id,
&#r t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n, #r )#t!, -#u(d su&&i'
in t! /udi'ia( dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus &#r
t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst,
$ In t! "rsnt 'as, n#t!ing a''#m"anid t!
in&#rmati#n u"#n its &i(ing -it! t! tria( '#urt, C(ar(*,
-!n rs"#ndnt +udg Asun'i#n issud t! assai(d
#rdr dir'ting, am#ng #t!r t!ings, t! issuan' #&
-arrants #& arrst, ! !ad #n(* t! in&#rmati#n,
amndd in&#rmati#n, and +#int Rs#(uti#n as )ass
t!r#&, 4 did n#t !av t! r'#rds #r vidn'
su""#rting t! "r#s'ut#r0s &inding #& "r#)a)(
'aus, And strang(* n#ug!, ! mad n# s"'i&i'
&inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus; ! mr(* dir'td t!
issuan' #& -arrants #& arrst, It ma*, !#-vr, )
argud t!at t! dir'tiv "rsu""#ss a &inding #&
"r#)a)( 'aus, But t!n '#m"(ian' -it! a
'#nstituti#na( r3uirmnt &#r t! "r#t'ti#n #&
individua( (i)rt* 'ann#t ) (&t t# "rsu""#siti#n,
'#n/'tur, #r vn '#nvin'ing (#gi',
P!OP"! CA <C!RBO>
<R"u)(i' v CA in "ag 5 #& t! #ut(in=
301 SCRA 495
PANGANIBAN- +anuar* 21, 1222
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Rvi-
&AC#'
$ Privat Rs"#ndnt +#nat!an Cr)# s!#t, at
"#int)(an. rang, R#sa(inda ;* in t! "rsn' and
at t! #&&i' #& !is &at!r "rivat rs"#ndnt Bi((*
Cr)#,
$ An in&#rmati#n &#r murdr -as &i(d against
+#nat!an Cr)#,
$ %! daug!tr #& t! vi'tim :'utd an a&&idavit$
'#m"(aint '!arging "rivat rs"#ndnt Bi((* Cr)# #&
'#ns"ira'* in t! .i((ing,
$ A''#rding(*, t! "r#s'uti#n &i(d an amndd
in&#rmati#n in'(uding Bi((* Cr)# in t! murdr 'as,
A -arrant &#r !is arrst -as (atr issud,
$ Bi((* Cr)# &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! -arrant #& arrst
arguing t!at t! sam -as issud -it!#ut "r#)a)(
'aus,
$ %! rs"#ndnt /udg issud an #rdr dismissing
t! 'as against Bi((* Cr)# and r'a((ing t! -arrant
&#r !is arrst,
$ %! C#urt #& A""a(s d)un.d t! "titi#nr0s
assrti#n t!at t! tria( /udg '#mmittd grav a)us
#& dis'rti#n and t!at t! vidn' "rsntd t!us
&ar did n#t su)stantiat t! '!arg,, 4n' t!is
"titi#n,
I''%!
51N t! CA rrd in &inding t!at n# "r#)a)( 'aus
:ists t# mrit t! &i(ing #& '!args against "rivat
rs"#ndnt Bi((* Cr)#
(!"D
67S
$ %! "titi#n is mrit#ri#us,
$ %! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus during
"r(iminar* invstigati#n is a &un'ti#n t!at )(#ngs t#
t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, It is an e+ecutive &un'ti#n,
$ %! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r !as t! 3uasi$/udi'ia(
aut!#rit* t# dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t a 'rimina( 'as
must ) &i(d in '#urt,
$ %! primar' objective #& a "r(iminar* invstigati#n
is t# &r rs"#ndnt &r#m t! in'#nvnin',
:"ns, ign#min*, and strss #& d&nding
!ims(&M!rs(& in t! '#urs #& a &#rma( tria(, unti(
t! ras#na)( "r#)a)i(it* #& !is #r !r gui(t in a
m#r #r (ss summar* "r#'ding )* a '#m"tnt
#&&i' dsignatd )* (a- &#r t!at "ur"#s,
6
$ S'#ndari(*, su'! summar* "r#'ding a(s#
"r#t'ts t! stat &r#m t! )urdn #& t!
unn'ssar* :"ns #& an &&#rt in "r#s'uting
a((gd #&&nss and in !#(ding tria(s arising &r#m
&a(s, &riv#(#us, #r gr#und(ss '!args,
9
$ %! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# !#(d a
"rs#n &#r tria( must ) distinguis!d &r#m t!
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst, -!i'! is a judicial &un'ti#n,
$ A /udg 'ann#t ) '#m"((d t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst i& ! #r s! dms t!at t!r is n# "r#)a)(
'aus &#r d#ing s#,
$ C#rr#((ari(*, t! /udg s!#u(d n#t #vrrid t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r0s dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# !#(d
an a''usd &#r tria(, #n t! gr#und t!at t! vidn'
"rsntd t# su)stantiat t! issuan' #& an arrst
-arrant -as insu&&i'int, as in t! "rsnt 'as,
$ %!r&#r, i& t! in&#rmati#n is va(id #n its &a', and
t!r is n# s!#-ing #& mani&st rr#r, grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n and "r/udi' #n t! "art #& t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r, t! tria( '#urt s!#u(d rs"'t su'!
dtrminati#n,
Dispositive Rvrsd,
CA'#I""O @I""A"%/
6
?dsma v, CA, 298 SCRA 659, S"t, 5, 1229,
7
*d.
191 SCRA 32
NAR@ASA; >ar'! 8, 1282
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ In +u(* 1291, a '#m"(aint and a +#int A&&idavit -r
&i(d dir't(* )* Rnat# >#nts and +#s d Si(va
against >anu( ?a'#ni'#, %! '#m"(aint '!argd t!
(attr -it! sta&a in t! am#unt #& P1S, Pr(iminar*
invstigati#n <n#- in 3usti#n= -as '#ndu'td )*
rs"#ndnt +udg #& t! Cir'uit Crimina( C#urt, and
t!ra&tr issud a -arrant #& arrst, 4 #rdrd
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( t# &i( t! '#rrs"#nding in&#rmati#n
against t! rs"#ndnt )&#r t! '#urt #&
'#m"tnt /urisdi'ti#n -it!in 24 !#urs &r#m r'i"t
#& said #rdr,
$ Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( &ai(d t# &i( t! in&#rmati#n
r3uird -it!in t! tim a""#intd, #r at an* tim
t!ra&tr, C#ns3unt(*, ! -as dir'td )* 4is
4#n#r t# :"(ain -it!in 10 da*s R-!* ! s!#u(d n#t
) "unis!d &#r '#ntm"t #& '#urt &#r d(a*ing t!
s"d* administrati#n #& /usti' &#r dis#)*ing a
(a-&u( #rdr #& t! C#urt,R Fis'a( &i(d a >FR, )ut -as
dnid, 4n', t!is "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and
"r#!i)iti#n -as "rsntd )* "titi#nr Fis'a(,
s.ing annu(mnt #& t! a&#rsaid #rdrs,
I''%!'
1,51N rs"#ndnt /udg !ad n# /urisdi'ti#n t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#ns, )'aus t! (a-
'rating Cir'uit Crimina( C#urts, R,A, 5192, did n#t
'#n&r #n said '#urts t! "#-r t# '#ndu't
"r(iminar* invstigati#ns
2, 51N /udg rrd in '#m"((ing &is'a( undr
san'ti#n #& '#ntm"t, t# &i( an in&#rmati#n in '#urt
-it!#ut '#ndu'ting !is #-n "r(iminar* invstigati#n
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio; %! '#ndu't #& a "r(iminar* invstigati#n is
n#t a /udi'ia( &un'ti#n )ut "art #& t! &is'a(0s /#), a
&un'ti#n #& t! :'utiv, 5!rvr t!r ar
n#ug! &is'a(s #r "r#s'ut#rs t# '#ndu't "r(iminar*
invstigati#ns, '#urts ar '#uns(d t# (av t!is /#)
-!i'! is ssntia((* :'utiv t# t!m, and t! &a't
t!at a 'rtain "#-r is grantd d#s n#t n'ssari(*
man t!at it s!#u(d ) indis'riminat(* :r'isd,
Reasoning; DaE S', 39 #& BP, 122 ritratd t!
rm#va( &r#m +udgs #& >tr#"#(itan %ria( C#urts in
t! Nati#na( Ca"ita( Rgi#n #& t! aut!#rit* t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#ns and S' 2 #& Ru(
112 #& 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur n# (#ngr
aut!#ri8s R%C +udgs t# '#ndu't PIs, D)E %!
assignmnt #& PI &un'ti#n t# /udgs #& in&ri#r '#urts
and t# a vr* (imitd :tnt t# '#urts #& &irst instan'
-as di'tatd )* n'ssit* and "ra'ti'a(
'#nsidrati#ns, and t! '#ns3unt "#(i'*, -as t!at
-!rvr t!r -r n#ug! &is'a(s #r "r#s'ut#rs t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#ns, '#urts -r t#
(av t!at /#) -!i'! is ssntia((* :'utiv t# t!m,
It &#((#-s t!at t! '#n'(usi#ns drivd )* a /udg
&r#m !is #-n invstigati#n 'ann#t ) su"ri#r t# and
'#n'(usiv(* )inding #n t! &is'a( #r "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r, in -!#m t!at &un'ti#n is "rin'i"a((* and
m#r (#gi'a((* (#dgd,
2, 67S
%! "#-r t# '#ndu't PI is (#dgd in t! &is'a(, It is
grav a)us #& dis'rti#n #n a /udg t# s. t#
&#r'(#s t! &is'a(Qs "rr#gativ t# '#ndu't !is #-n
"r(iminar* invstigati#n t# dtrmin &#r !ims(& t!
:istn' #r n#n$:istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus, and t#
r3uir !im t# s!#- 'aus &#r n#t &i(ing t!
in&#rmati#n -it!in 24 !#urs, #n t! s#( )asis #& t!
+udgQs '#n'(usi#ns, %! &is'a( !as t! dut* t# satis&*
!ims(& #& t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus, and '#u(d
n#t s!ir. #r ) mad t# vad it )* an unras#ning
and indis'riminat r(ian' #n t! /udgQs
invstigati#n,
Dispositive? Ptiti#n GRAN%7;, C!a((ngd 1rdrs
annu((d and st asid,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
CR%/ FconcurringG
$ %! &is'a( "rvai(s #vr t! /udg #n(* in t!
dtrminati#n #& t! :istn' #& a "rima &a'i 'as
t# /usti&* t! &i(ing #& a '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, %!is
tas. is :'utiv,
$ But t! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# /usti&*
t! issuan' #& a sar'! -arrant #r a -arrant #&
arrst is t! '#nstituti#na( "rr#gativ #& t! /udg
and ma* n#t ) -it!dra-n &r#m !im #r vn #n(*
(imitd )* statut #r R1C, %!is tas. is /udi'ia(, %!
&indings #& &is'a( in t! PI d# n#t '#ntr#( #r &#r'(#s
t! :r'is #& t! "#-r '#n&rrd "rs#na((* #n t!
/udg undr S', 2 t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts, %!at "#-r is
!is a(#n,
BA"+O' 'A$DI+A$BA)A$
DSKPRA, PAG7 34E
RODI" +ARCIA
104 SCRA 362
F7RNAN;1; >a* 13, 1281
$A#%R!
5rit #& Crti#rari
&AC#'
$C#uns( &#r R*na(d# R#di( -!# -as '!argd -it!
murdr, as.s t# r'a(( -itnsss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n
t# na)( su'! '#uns( t# 'r#ss$:amin t!m, #n, t#
3u#t !is -#rds, R'(ari&i'at#r* and am"(i&i'at#r*
mattrsR -!i'! -as dnid )* >uni'i"a( +udg
Sgund# >, Gar'ia #& Sta, Cru8, >arindu3u,
$5!at is "ra*d &#r is n#t #n(* t!at su'! #rdr
dn*ing '#uns(Qs r3ust t# r'a(( g#vrnmnt
-itnsss ) st asid and nu((i&id, )ut a(s# t!at )ai(
) grantd "titi#nr, a "titi#n t# t!at &&'t !aving
)n dnid -it! a su)s3unt m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n sti(( und'idd,
$Rs"#ndnts -r r3uird t# '#mmnt and t!
C#urt (i.-is issud a tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr,
Su'! a '#mmnt -as su)mittd #n )!a(& #&
rs"#ndnts )* t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( s.ing t!
dismissa( #& t! "titi#n #n t! gr#und t!at 78e
rig87 7o cross,eCamine in a preliminary
ines7iga7ion is no7 a rig87 gran7ed an accused
and 78a7 78e eCercise of discre7ion Ay
responden7 *udge considering 78e eidence of
record sufficed 7o ;us7ify denial of 78e
applica7ion for Aail.
$An :aminati#n #& t! r'#rd, as -(( as t!
"rtinnt d#'trins, ma.s vidnt t!at t!
;urisdic7ional issue posed arises from 78e
failure 7o accord pe7i7ioner a 8earing on 8is
applica7ion for Aail,
$A rs#(uti#n #& t!at 3usti#n in t! sns #&
rs"#ndnt +udg a&&#rding "titi#nr !is da* in '#urt
is 3ua((* d'isiv #& t! #t!r issu, -!t!r #r n#t
'#uns( &#r "titi#nr '#u(d r'a(( -itnsss &#r t!
"r#s'uti#n &#r t! "ur"#s #& as.ing '(ari&i'at#r*
3usti#ns, %!at ! '#u(d vr* -(( d# -!n t!*
tsti&* t# "r#v vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng, %nder
78e presen7 s7a7e of 78e law5 i7 canno7 Ae said
78a7 78e rig87 7o cross,eCamine is guaran7eed
an accused a7 78e s7age of preliminary
ines7iga7ion.
I''%!
51N '#uns( &#r "titi#nr '#u(d r'a(( -itnsss &#r
t! "r#s'uti#n &#r t! "ur"#s #& as.ing '(ari&i'at#r*
3usti#ns <t!at ! '#u(d vr* -(( d# -!n t!*
tsti&* t# "r#v vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng=
(!"D
67S, C#uns( '#u(d r'a(( t! -itnsss,
$ %! +udg issued t! dnia( &#r )ai( on 78e Aasis
of 78e mo7ion of pe7i7ioner 78a7 8e Ae gran7ed
suc8 rig87 and 78e opposi7ion filed Ay 78e &irs7
Assis7an7 Proincial &iscal wi78ou7 conduc7ing
any 8earing on suc8 mo7ion. Clearly5 8e ac7ed
on 78e mis7aIen Aelief 78a7 78e presen7a7ion of
eidence Ay 78e prosecu7ion for 78e purpose of
78e issuance of 78e warran7 of arres75 78e
preliminary eCamina7ion proper5 suffices for
78e denial of 78e plea for Aail. In t! (atst 'as
#n t! su)/'t, P#"( v, S#(a, d'idd #n >ar'! 19,
1281, t!is C#urt r(*ing #n P#"( v, San ;ig#,
nu((i&id an #rdr #& a muni'i"a( /udg namd
rs"#ndnt in t!at 'as as ! grantd )ai( t# t!
a''usd -it!#ut !aring t! "r#s'uti#n, #8e
presen7 case is muc8 s7rongerN i7 is 78e
accused 8imself5 78e eCplici7 Aeneficiary of 78e
cons7i7u7ional rig875 w8o was no7 8eard.
$ %!r -as misa""r!nsi#n #n t! "art #&
rs"#ndnt +udg #& t! im"#rt #& t! ru(ing in
1'am"# v, Brna) 'iting t!at A#8e regular 7rial
is5 7o a limi7ed eC7en7 a7 leas75 an7icipa7ed.
08ile 78e guil7 or innocence of 78e accused is
no7 7o Ae de7ermined5 78e Duan7i7y and
c8arac7er of 78e proofs on 78is poin7 are5 for
78e special purpose in 8and5 necessarily
considered. 1''asi#na((* mu'! tim is t!us
'#nsumd, and t! '#urtQs attnti#n is
'#rrs"#nding(* divrtd &r#m #t!r )usinss, But
t!s #)/'ti#ns 'ann#t avai( against a "#sitiv
'#nstituti#na( '#mmand; i& t! C#nstituti#n r3uirs
t! '#urt t# dtrmin &#r its(& -!t!r #r n#t t!
"r##& is vidnt #r "rsum"ti#n grat in a givn 'as,
a(( '#nsidrati#ns #& :"din'* #r '#nvnin',
!#-vr "#tnt t!* mig!t ) at t! '#mm#n (a-,
must giv -a*,QR %!is is s# )'aus 78e procedure
7o Ae followed in 78e 8earing on an applica7ion
for Aail5 w8ile summary in c8arac7er5 is no7 7o
Ae a mere s8am or pre7ense. I7 mus7 no7 Ae an
eCercise in fu7ili7y. #8e accused is no7 7o Ae
denied 8is day in cour7.
$ 5!i( it '#u(d ) said t!at 78a7 78e refusal of 78e
*us7ice of 78e Peace 7o allow 78e defense 7o
cross,eCamine 78e prosecu7ionLs wi7nesses
presen7ed prior 7o pe7i7ionerLs arres75 canno7
Ae u7ili:ed as argumen7 for 78e con7en7ion 78a7
78e prosecu7ion s8ould no7 8ae Aeen allowed
7o cross,eCamine 78e defense wi7nesses and
78a7 an accused is no7 en7i7led 7o cross,
eCamine 78e wi7nesses presen7ed agains7 8im
in 78e preliminary ines7iga7ion Aefore 8is
arres75 78is Aeing a ma77er 78a7 depends on 78e
sound discre7ion of 78e *udge or ines7iga7ing
officer concerned <P#"( v, Rami(#, [;3uit# v,
Ar((an#, Bust#s v, ?u'r#= i7 could s7ill Ae argued
78a7 78e ;udge is no7 a minis7erial officer
reduced 7o recording w8a7 7aIes place and
w8a7 wi7nesses say in 78e eCamina7ion. AAoe
all5 8is is 78e grea7 responsiAili7y of
safeguarding 78e accused from groundless or
indic7ie prosecu7ion. I& t! /usti' #& t! "a'
is t# as'rtain, as ! must, -!t!r a 'rim !as )n
'#mmittd and, i& s#, -!t!r t!r is "r#)a)(
'aus t!at t! a''usd '#mmittd it, !is aut!#rit*
'ann#t ) '#n&ind as in a straig!t /a'.t t# t!
sti&&nss #& mdiva( and #utm#dd t'!ni'a(itis #&
"ra'ti', It t!us a""ars '(ar(* t!at in t! :r'is
#& !is dis'rti#n rs"#ndnt +udg '#u(d !av
grantd t! r3ust and t!us av#idd t! n'ssit*
#& a "titi#n #& t!is '!ara'tr !aving t# ) &i(d, #8e
in7eres7 of a more speedy and a more efficien7
adminis7ra7ion of ;us7ice would Ae Aes7 sered
if 78ere is a grea7er awareness on 78e par7 of
;udges 78a7 in addi7ion 7o safeguarding 78e
eCpress rig87s of an accused person5 a ma77er
manda7ed Ay 78e Cons7i7u7ion or 78e Rules of
Cour75 78ey s8ould liIewise eCercise 78eir
discre7ion in suc8 a way 78a7 78e purpose of a
preliminary ines7iga7ion5 78e aoidance of
groundless or indic7ie prosecu7ions5 could Ae
a77ained in as fair and oA;ec7ie manner as
possiAle.
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! -rit #& 'rti#rari is
grantd, %! #rdr #& rs"#ndnt +udg dn*ing )ai(
is st asid, 4, #r -!#vr is n#- t! >uni'i"a(
+udg #& Santa Cru8, >arindu3u, must st &#rt!-it!
t! !aring #n t! a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai( #& "titi#nr,
t# ) '#ndu'td in a''#rdan' -it! t! r3uirmnts
#& t! C#nstituti#n, t! Ru(s #& C#urt, and t!is
#"ini#n, N# '#sts,
PA$+A$DAMA$ CA'AR
152 SCRA 522
NAR@ASA; A"ri( 14, 1288
&AC#'
$ 1n +u(* 29, 1285, a s!##ting in'idnt #''urrd in
Panta#, >asiu, ?ana# d( Sur, -!i'! (&t at (ast &iv
"rs#ns dad and t-# #t!rs -#undd, 5!at in &a't
trans"ird is sti(( un'(ar, A''#rding t# #n vrsi#n,
armd mn !ad atta'.d a rsidn' in Panta#,
>asiu, -it! )#t! atta'.rs and d&ndrs su&&ring
'asua(tis, An#t!r vrsi#n !as it t!at a gr#u" t!at
-as #n its -a* t# an#t!r "(a', ?a(a)uan, a(s# in
>asiu, !ad )n am)us!d
$ %! n:t da*, a (a-*r <Att*, Batuam"ar= #& #n #&
t! -id#-s &i(d a (ttr$'#m"(aint -it! t! &is'a(,
as.ing &#r a A&u(( )(ast "r(iminar* invstigati#nB, %!
(ttr advrtd t# t! "#ssi)i(it* #& inn#'nt "rs#ns
)ing im"(i'atd )* t! "artis inv#(vd #n )#t!
sids n#n #& -!#m -as, !#-vr, idnti&id and
"r#misd t!at su""#rting a&&idavits -#u(d s!#rt(* )
&i(d, Immdiat(* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( addrssd a
R1st ind#rsmntR t# t! rs"#ndnt +udg,
transmitting Att*, Batuam"arQs (ttr and r3usting
t!at Ra(( 'ass t!at ma* ) &i(d r(ativ ,, <t# t!
in'idnt= t!at !a""nd in t! a&trn##n #& +u(* 29,
1285,R ) &#r-ardd t# !is #&&i', -!i'! R!as &irst
ta.n '#gni8an' #& said 'ass,
$ 1n August 10, 1285, a 'rimina( '#m"(aint &#r
mu(ti"( murdr -as &i(d, 1n t! sam da*,
rs"#ndnt +udg :amind "rs#na((* t! 3
-itnsss, %!ra&tr, t! +udg a""r#vd t!
'#m"(aint and issud a -arrant #& arrst against t!
14 "titi#nrs <-!# -r namd )* t! -itnsss=
and 50 R+#!n ;#s,
$ 1n Aug 14, 1285, an :$"art m#ti#n -as &i(d )*
Att*, Batuam"ar s.ing r'a(( #& t! -arrant #&
arrst and su)s3unt !#(ding #& a Rt!#r#ug!
invstigati#nR #n t! gr#und t!at t! +udgQs initia(
invstigati#n !ad )n R!ast* and mani&st(*
!a"!a8ardR -it! Rn# sar'!ing 3usti#nsR !aving
)n "r#"#undd, %! rs"#ndnt +udg dnid t!
m#ti#n &#r R(a'. #& )asis;R !n' t! "rsnt "titi#n,
I''%!
51N t! rs"#ndnt +udg !ad t! "#-r t# issu
t! -arrant #& arrst -it!#ut '#m"(ting t! ntir
"rs'ri)d "r#'dur &#r "r(iminar* invstigati#n
(!"D
67S,
$ 5!at t! Ru( "r#vids is t!at n# '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n &#r an #&&ns '#gni8a)( )* t! Rgi#na(
%ria( C#urt ma* ) &i(d -it!#ut '#m"(ting t!at
"r#'dur, S', 6 #& Ru( 112 '(ar(* aut!#ri8s t!
>%C t# issu a -arrant vn )&#r #"ning t!
s'#nd "!as,
$ %!is -as 3ua((* tru undr t! &#rmr ru(s, -!r
t! first phase of the investigation was e+pressl'
denominated 6preliminar' e+amination6 to
distinguish it from the second phase& or preliminar'
investigation proper
$ S' 3 #& ru( 112 '#nsists #& 2 "!assC
$ %! &irst "!as '#nsists #& an e+)parte in3uir* int#
t! su&&i'in'* #& t! '#m"(aint and t! a&&idavits
and #t!r d#'umnts #&&rd in su""#rt t!r#&, And
it nds -it! t! dtrminati#n )* t! +udg it!rC
<1= t!at t!r is n# gr#und t# '#ntinu -it! t!
in3uir*, in -!i'! 'as ! dismisss t! '#m"(aint
and transmits t! #rdr #& dismissa(, t#gt!r -it!
t! r'#rds #& t! 'as, t# t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a(; #r <2=
t!at t! '#m"(aint and t! su""#rting d#'umnts
s!#- su&&i'int 'aus t# '#ntinu -it! t! in3uir*
and t!is us!rs in t! s'#nd "!as,
$ %!is s'#nd "!as is dsignd t# giv t!
rs"#ndnt n#ti' #& t! '#m"(aint, a''ss t# t!
'#m"(ainantQs vidn' and an #""#rtunit* t# su)mit
'#untr$a&&idavits and su""#rting d#'umnts, At t!is
stag a(s#, t! +udg ma* '#ndu't a !aring and
"r#"#und t# t! "artis and t!ir -itnsss
3usti#ns #n mattrs t!at, in !is vi-, nd t# )
'(ari&id, %! s'#nd "!as '#n'(uds -it! t! +udg
rndring !is rs#(uti#n, it!r &#r dismissa( #& t!
'#m"(aint #r !#(ding t! rs"#ndnt &#r tria(, -!i'!
s!a(( ) transmittd, t#gt!r -it! t! r'#rd, t# t!
"r#vin'ia( &is'a( &#r a""r#"riat a'ti#n,
$ %! argumnt, t!r&#r, must ) r/'td t!at t!
rs"#ndnt +udg a'td -it! grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in issuing t! -arrant #& arrst against
"titi#nrs -it!#ut &irst '#m"(ting t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n in a''#rdan' -it! t! "rs'ri)d
"r#'dur, %! ru( is and !as a(-a*s )n t!at su'!
issuan' nd #n(* a-ait a &inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus,
n#t t! '#m"(ti#n #& t! ntir "r#'dur #&
$ A(s# -it!#ut a""r'ia)( mrit is "titi#nrsQ #t!r
argumnt t!at t!r -as s'ar'(* tim t# dtrmin
"r#)a)( 'aus against si:t*$&#ur "rs#ns <t!
&#urtn "titi#nrs and &i&t* R;#sR= -it!in a mattr
#& !#urs #n a Saturda* -!n muni'i"a( tria( '#urts
ar #"n #n(* &r#m 8C00 a,m, t# 1C00 ",m, N#t!ing in
t! r'#rd )&#r t!is C#urt )(is #r dis'rdits t!#s
a&&irmati#ns -!i'! !av, )sids, t! )n&it #& t!
(ga( "rsum"ti#n t!at #&&i'ia( dut* !as )n
rgu(ar(* "r&#rmd,
$ Ins#&ar, !#-vr, as said -arrant is issud against
&i&t* <50= R+#!n ;#sR n#t #n #& -!#m t! -itnsss
t# t! '#m"(aint '#u(d #r -#u(d Idnti&*, it is #& t!
natur #& a gnra( -arrant, #n #& a '(ass #& -rits
(#ng "r#s'ri)d as un'#nstituti#na( and #n'
anat!mati8d as Rt#ta((* su)vrsiv #& t! (i)rt* #&
t! su)/'t,R C(ar(* vi#(ativ #& t! '#nstituti#na(
in/un'ti#n t!at -arrants #& arrst s!#u(d "arti'u(ar(*
ds'ri) t! "rs#n #r "rs#ns t# ) si8d, t!
-arrant must, as rgards its unidnti&id su)/'ts, )
v#idd,
Dispositive 5arrants against "titi#nrs u"!(d;
-arrants against +#!n ;#s dnid
'AM%"D! 'A"@A$I
165 SCRA 934
GRIX1$AOKIN1C S"tm)r 26, 1288
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! R%C
&AC#'
$ >uni'i"a( +udg Samu(d '#ndu'td a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n u"#n a '#m"(aint &#r r#))r*, A&tr
ma.ing a "r(iminar* invstigati#n )asd #n t!
a&&idavits #& t! '#m"(ainant and !r -itnsss and
'#untr$a&&idavits #& t! rs"#ndnt and !is
-itnsss, +udg Samu(d transmittd t! r'#rds #&
t! 'as t# Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( Sa(vani -it! !is &inding
t!at Rt!r is prima facie vidn' #& r#))r* as
'!arg in t! '#m"(aintR, %! &is'a( rturnd t!
r'#rds #n t! gr#und t!at +udg Samu(d &ai(d t#
in'(ud t! -arrant #& arrst against t! a''usd as
"r#vidd in S' 5, Ru( 112 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n
Crimina( Pr#'dur, +udg Samu(d snt )a'. t!
r'#rds t# Fis'a( Sa(vani, 4 "#intd #ut t!at undr
S' 6, Ru( 112, ! ma* issu a -arrant #& arrst i&
! is satis&id Rt!at a "r#)a)( 'aus :ists and t!at
t!r is a n'ssit* #& "(a'ing t! rs"#ndnt undr
immdiat 'ust#d* in #rdr n#t t# &rustrat t! nds
#& /usti', R im"(*ing t!at, a(t!#ug! ! &#und t!at a
"r#)a)( 'aus :istd, ! did n#t )(iv t!at t!
a''usd s!#u(d ) immdiat(* "(a'd undr
'ust#d*, 4n', ! r&usd t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst,
$ A s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n #& mandamus -as &i(d in t!
R%C )* Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( Sa(vani against +udg
Samu(d t# '#m"( t! (attr t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst, %! R%C dismissd t! "titi#n )ut
nvrt!(ss #rdrd +udg Samu(d t# issu a
-arrant #& arrst, and t# transmit t! -arrant t# t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( &#r a""r#"riat a'ti#n, 4 &urt!r
advisd t! >uni'i"a( +udg Rt!at !n'&#rt! !
ad!rs t# t! sam ru( in simi(ar 'ass -!r !
'#ndu'ts a "r(iminar* invstigati#n -it! a &inding #&
a prima facie #r "r#)a)( 'aus,R Kn'#nvin'd, +udg
Samu(d a""a(d t# t!is C#urt,
I''%!
51N a /udg ma* ) '#m"((d t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst u"#n a &inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus
(!"D
N1
Ratio 3 '#nditi#ns must '#n'ur &#r t! issuan' #&
t! -arrant #& arrst, %! invstigating /udg mustC
<a= !av :amind in -riting and undr #at! t!
'#m"(ainant and !is -itnsss )* sar'!ing
3usti#ns and ans-rs;
<)= ) satis&id t!at a "r#)a)( 'aus :ists; and
<'= t!at t!r is a nd t# "(a' t! rs"#ndnt
undr immdiat 'ust#d* in #rdr n#t t# &rustrat t!
nds #& /usti',
Reasoning %! mandat#r* "r#visi#n t!at t!
invstigating /udg Rmust issu a -arrant #& arrstR i&
! &inds "r#)a)( 'aus t!at t! rs"#ndnt
'#mmittd t! 'rim '!argd, &#und in a(( "rvi#us
ru(s #& 'rimina( "r#'dur, &r#m Gnra( 1rdrs N#,
58 d#-n t# Ru( 112 #& t! 1264 Rvisd Ru(s #&
C#urt, is a)snt in S'ti#n 1 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n
Crimina( Pr#'dur, It is n#t #)(igat#r*, )ut mr(*
dis'rti#nar*, u"#n t! invstigating /udg t# issu a
-arrant &#r t! arrst #& t! a''usd, &#r t!
dtrminati#n #& -!t!r a "r#)a)( 'aus :ists
and -!t!r it is n'ssar* t# arrst t! a''usd in
#rdr n#t t# &rustrat t! nds #& /usti', is (&t t# !is
s#und /udgmnt #r dis'rti#n, In t!is "arti'u(ar 'as,
sin' t! r#))r* '!arg -as t! #&&s!##t #& a
)#undar* dis"ut )t-n t-# "r#"rt* #-nrs, t!
invstigating /udg did n#t )(iv t!r -as an*
dangr #& t! a''usd a)s'#nding )&#r t! &i(ing #&
t! in&#rmati#n against !im )* t! &is'a(, !n', !
&#und n# nd t# "(a' !im undr immdiat
'ust#d*,
Dispositive %! a""a(d d'isi#n is S7% ASI;7,
#A$DOC R!'%"#A$
DSKPRA, PAG7 43E
"IM &!"I=
124 SCRA 222
GK%I7RR7L; F)ruar* 12, 1221
$A#%R!
Rvi- &#r 'rti#rari,
&AC#'
$ >ar'! 19, 1282C at t! vi'init* #& t! air"#rt r#ad #&
t! >as)at ;#msti' Air"#rt <>as)at, >as)at=,
C#ngrssman >#iss 7s"in#sa, Sr, and !is s'urit*
s'#rts, nam(* Pr#vin'ia( Guards Ant#ni# C#rts,
Gas"ar Amar#, and Artmi# Funts -r atta'.d
and .i((d )* a (#n assassin, ;ant Si)(ant, an#t!r
s'urit* s'#rt #& C#ngrssman 7s"in#sa, Sr,
survivd t! assassinati#n "(#t, a(t!#ug!, ! !ims(&
su&&rd a guns!#t -#und,
$ F#r t! "ur"#s #& "r(iminar* invstigati#n, t!
dsignatd invstigat#r, 4arr* 1, %antiad#, %Sg
<?gas"i= &i(d an amndd '#m"(aint -it! t!
>uni'i"a( %ria( C#urt #& >as)at a''using, am#ng
#t!rs, @i'nt ?im, Sr,, >a*#r Susana ?im #&
>as)at, +#((* %, Frnand8, F(#rn'i# %, Frnand8,
+r,, N#ni(#n A, Baga(i!#g, >a*#r Nst#r C, ?im and
>a*#r Ant#ni# S!# #& t! 'rim #& mu(ti"( murdr
and &rustratd murdr in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! air"#rt
in'idnt,
$ +u(* 31, 1282C a&tr t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
'#urt r(asd an #rdr stating a&tr t!at a "r#)a)(
'aus !as )n sta)(is!d &#r t! issuan' #& a
-arrant #& arrst #& namd a''usd in t! amndd
'#m"(aint,
$ August 22, 1282C r'#rds #& t! 'as -r
transmittd t# Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r #& >as)at,
Rs"#ndnt A'ting Fis'a( Ant#ni# C, A(&an -as
dsignatd t# rvi- t! 'as, 1n S"tm)r 22,
1282, Fis'a( A(&an issud a Rs#(uti#n -!i'!
a&&irmd t! &inding #& a "rima &a'i 'as against t!
"titi#nrs )ut di&&rd in t! dsignati#n #& t!
'rim <! said it s!#u(d ) >KR;7R &#r a'! 'as,
-it! sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris=, Fis'a( A(&an &i(d -it!
t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& >as)at, &#ur <4= s"arat
in&#rmati#ns #& murdr against t! t-(v <12=
a''usd -it! a r'#mmndati#n #& n# )ai(,
$ Rs"#ndnts ?ims &i(d a vri&id "titi#n &#r a
'!ang #& vnu, C#urt grantd t! "titi#n, %!
'as -as ra&&(d t# +udg Nmsi# F(i:,
$ ?ims t!n "ra*d &#r t! &#((#-ingC
1, An #rdr ) issud r3uiring t! transmitta( #&
t! initia( r'#rds #& t! "r(iminar* in3uir* #r
invstigati#n '#ndu'td )* t! >uni'i"a( +udg
Barsaga #& >as)at &#r t! )st n(ig!tnmnt #&
t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt in its "rs#na( dtrminati#n
#& t! :istn' #& a "r#)a)( 'aus #r "rima &a'i
vidn' as -(( as its dtrminati#n #& t!
:istn' #& gui(t, "ursuant t# t! mandat#r*
mandat #& t! '#nstituti#n t!at n# -arrant s!a((
issu un(ss t! issuing magistrat s!a(( !av
!ims(& )n "rs#na((* '#nvin'd #& su'! "r#)a)(
'aus,
2, >#vants ) givn am"( #""#rtunit* t# &i(
t!ir m#ti#n &#r "r(iminar* invstigati#n as a
mattr #& rig!t;
$ In an#t!r mani&stati#n, t! ?ims ritratd t!at
t! '#urt '#ndu't a !aring t# dtrmin i& t!r
ra((* :ists a "rima &a'i 'as against t!m in t!
(ig!t #& d#'umnts -!i'! ar r'antati#ns #& s#m
-itnsss in t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n, %!
rs"#ndnt '#urt issud an #rdr dn*ing &#r (a'. #&
mrit,
I''%!
51N a /udg ma* issu a -arrant #& arrst -it!#ut
)ai( )* sim"(* r(*ing #n t! "r#s'uti#nQs
'rti&i'ati#n and r'#mmndati#n t!at a "r#)a)(
'aus :ists,
(!"D
N1
Ratio A +udg is n#t "r'(udd &r#m r(*ing #n t!
vidn' ar(ir gat!rd )* rs"#nsi)( #&&i'rs,
%! :tnt #& t! r(ian' d"nds #n t!
'ir'umstan's #& a'! 'as and is su)/'t t# t!
+udgQs s#und dis'rti#n, 4#-vr, t! +udg a)uss
t!at dis'rti#n -!n !aving n# vidn' )&#r !im,
! issus a -arrant #& arrst,
Reasoning
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg '#mmittd a grav rr#r -!n
! r(id s#((* #n t! Pr#s'ut#rQs 'rti&i'ati#n and
issud t! 3usti#nd 1rdr datd +u(* 5, 1220
-it!#ut !aving )&#r !im an* #t!r )asis &#r !is
"rs#na( dtrminati#n #& t! :istn' #& a
"r#)a)( 'aus, I& a +udg r(is s#((* #n t!
'rti&i'ati#n #& t! Pr#s'ut#r as in t!is 'as -!r
a(( t! r'#rds #& t! invstigati#n ar in >as)at, !
#r s! !as n#t "rs#na((* dtrmind "r#)a)(
'aus, %! dtrminati#n is mad )* t! Pr#vin'ia(
Pr#s'ut#r, %! '#nstituti#na( r3uirmnt !as n#t
)n satis&id, %! +udg '#mmits a grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n,
$ %! r'#rds #& t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n
'#ndu'td )* t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& >as)at and
rvi-d )* t! rs"#ndnt Fis'a( -r sti(( in
>as)at -!n t! rs"#ndnt Fis'a( issud t!
-arrants #& arrst against t! "titi#nrs, %!r -as
n# )asis &#r t! rs"#ndnt +udg t# ma. !is #-n
"rs#na( dtrminati#n rgarding t! :istn' #& a
"r#)a)( 'aus &#r t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst
as mandatd )* t! C#nstituti#n, 4 '#u(d n#t
"#ssi)(* !av .n#-n -!at trans"ird in >as)at as
! !ad n#t!ing )ut a 'rti&i'ati#n
$ Ar7. III5 'ec. 2. <Cons7i7u7ion>
%! rig!t #& t! "#"( t# ) s'ur in t!ir
"rs#ns, !#uss, "a"rs and &&'ts against
unras#na)( sar'!s and si8urs #& -!atvr
natur and &#r an* "ur"#s s!a(( ) invi#(a)(, and
no searc8 warran7 or warran7 of arres7 s8all
issue eCcep7 upon proAaAle cause 7o Ae
de7ermined personally Ay 78e ;udge a&tr
and "arti'u(ar(* ds'ri)ing t! "(a' t# ) sar'!d
and t! "rs#ns #r t!ings t# ) si8d,
$ 5!at t! C#nstituti#n undrs'#rs is t! :'(usiv
and "rs#na( rs"#nsi)i(it* #& t! issuing /udg t#
satis&* !ims(& #& t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus, In
d#ing s#, t! /udg is n#t r3uird t# "rs#na((*
:amin t! '#m"(ainant and !is -itnsss,
F#((#-ing sta)(is!d d#'trin and "r#'durs, !
s!a((C
<1= "rs#na((* va(uat t! r"#rt and t!
su""#rting d#'umnts su)mittd )* t! &is'a(
rgarding t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus and,
#n t! )asis t!r#&, issu a -arrant #& arrst; #r
<2= i& #n t! )asis t!r#& ! &inds n# "r#)a)(
'aus, ! ma* disrgard t! &is'a(Qs r"#rt and
r3uir t! su)missi#n #& su""#rting a&&idavits #&
-itnsss t# aid !im in arriving at a '#n'(usi#n
as t# t! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus,
$ S#und "#(i'* di'tats t!is "r#'dur, #t!r-is
/udgs -#u(d ) undu(* (adn -it! t! "r(iminar*
:aminati#ns and invstigati#n #& 'rimina(
'#m"(aints instad #& '#n'ntrating #n !aring and
d'iding 'ass &i(d )&#r t!ir '#urts,
$ %! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus &#r t!
-arrant #& arrst is mad )* t! +udg, %!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n "r#"r $ -!t!r #r n#t
t!r is ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t!
a''usd is gui(t* #& t! #&&ns '!argd and,
t!r&#r, -!t!r #r n#t ! s!#u(d ) su)/'td t#
t! :"ns, rig#rs and m)arrassmnt #& tria( $ is
t! &un'ti#n #& t! Pr#s'ut#r,
$ %! "#-r t# ma. a "r(iminar* :aminati#n &#r
t! "ur"#s #& dtrmining -!t!r "r#)a)( 'aus
:ists t# /usti&* t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst <#r
sar'! -arrant= !as )n and rmains vstd in
vr* /udg )* t! "r#visi#ns in t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts in
t! 1235, t! 1293 and t! "rsnt D1289E
C#nstituti#ns s'uring t! "#"( against
unras#na)( sar'!s and si8urs, t!r)* "(a'ing
it )*#nd t! '#m"tn' #& mr C#urt Ru( #r
Statut t# rv#.,
$ %! "r#)(m (is -it! -arrants #& arrst s"'ia((*
in mtr#"#(itan #r !ig!(* ur)an aras, I& a +udg !as
t# "rs#na((* 3usti#n a'! '#m"(ainant and -itnss
#r g# #vr t! r'#rds #& t! Pr#s'ut#rQs
invstigati#n "ag )* "ag and -#rd &#r -#rd )&#r
! a'ts #n a'! #& a )ig "i( #& a""(i'ati#ns &#r arrst
-arrants #n !is ds., ! #r s! ma* !av n# m#r
tim &#r !is #r !r m#r im"#rtant /udi'ia( &un'ti#ns,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is grantd,
'#O$!(I"" DIOH$O
20 SCRA 383
C1NC7PCI1N; +un 12, 1269
$A#%R!
1rigina( a'ti#n in t! SC, Crti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n,
mandamus, in/un'ti#n,
$Ptiti#nrsC 4arr* S, St#n!i((, R#)rt P, Br##.s, +#!n
+, Br##.s and Sar( B'.; a''usd in 'rtain
d"#rtati#n 'ass
$Rs"#ndnts$"r#s'ut#rsC ;1+ S' +#s 5, ;i#.n#,
NBI A'ting ;ir't#r +#s ?u.)an, S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#rs
Pdr# ;, Cn8#n, 7&rn I, P(ana and >anu( @i((ara(,
+r, and >ani(a Cit* Asst, Fis'a( >anss G, R*s
$R"#ndnts$/udgsC +udg Amad# R#an #& t!
>uni'i"a( <n#- Cit*= C#urt #& >ani(a, +udg R#man
Cansin# #& t! >uni'i"a( <n#- Cit*= C#urt #& >ani(a,
+udg 4rm#gns Ca(uag #& CFI Ri8a( Ou8#n Cit*
Bran'!, +udg 7u(#gi# >n'ias #& CFI Ri8a(, Pasig
Bran'!, and +udg ;amian +imn8 #& t! >uni'i"a(
<n#- Cit*= C#urt #& Ou8#n Cit*,
&AC#'
$K"#n a""(i'ati#n #& t! rs"#ndnts$"r#s'ut#rs,
rs"#ndnts$/udgs issud a t#ta( #& 42 sar'!
-arrants against "titi#nrs andM#r t! '#r"#rati#ns
#& -!i'! t!* -r #&&i'rs, dir'td t# t! an*
"a' #&&i'r, t# sar'! t! "rs#ns a)#v$namd
andM#r t! "rmiss #& t!ir #&&i's, -ar!#uss
andM#r rsidn's, and t# si8 and ta. "#ssssi#n
#& Lbooks of accounts& financial records& vouchers&
correspondence& receipts& ledgers& journals&
portfolios& credit journals& t'pewriters& and other
documents and;or papers showing all business
transactions including disbursements receipts&
balance sheets and profit and loss statements and
Bobbins 0cigarette wrappers4M as Rt! su)/'t #& t!
#&&ns; st#(n #r m)88(d and "r#'ds #r &ruits
#& t! #&&ns,R #r Rusd #r intndd t# ) usd as
t! mans #& '#mmitting t! #&&nsR #& Rvi#(ati#n #&
Cntra( Ban. ?a-s, %ari&& and Cust#ms ?a-s, Intrna(
Rvnu <C#d= and t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,R
Petitioners claim t!at t! a&#rmnti#nd sar'!
-arrants ar nu(( and v#id, as '#ntravning t!
C#nstituti#n and t! Ru(s #& C#urt; t!at t!
sar'!s and si8urs mad in "ursuan' t!r#& ar
i((ga(; and t!at vidn's #)taind t!rin ar
'#ns3unt(* inadmissi)(,
Respondents=prosecutors comments <1= t!at
t! '#ntstd sar'! -arrants ar va(id and !av
)n issud in a''#rdan' -it! (a-; <2= t!at t!
d&'ts #& said -arrants, i& an*, -r 'urd )*
"titi#nrsQ '#nsnt; and <3= t!at, in an* vnt, t!
&&'ts si8d ar admissi)( in vidn' against
!rin "titi#nrs, rgard(ss #& t! a((gd i((ga(it*
#& t! a&#rmnti#nd sar'!s and si8urs,
Procedure;
$>ar'! 22, 1262C SC issud t! -rit #& "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n "ra*d &#r in t! "titi#n,
$+un 22, 1262C t! -rit -as "artia((* (i&td #r
diss#(vd, ins#&ar as t! "a"rs, d#'umnts and
t!ings si8d &r#m t! #&&i's #& t! '#r"#rati#ns
a)#v mnti#nd ar '#n'rnd; )ut, t! in/un'ti#n
-as maintaind as rgards t! "a"rs, d#'umnts
and t!ings &#und and si8d in t! rsidn's #&
"titi#nrs,
$O#!? %! "#nn'ia s"(its t! d#'umnts, "a"rs,
and t!ings si8d undr t! a((gd aut!#rit* #& t!
-arrants in 3usti#n int# t-# <2= ma/#r gr#u"sC <a=
t!#s &#und and si8d in t! #&&i's #& t!
a&#rmnti#nd '#r"#rati#ns, and <)= t!#s &#und
and si8d in t! rsidn's #& "titi#nrs,
I''%!'
1, As rgards t! &irst gr#u", 51N "titi#nrs !av a
'aus #& a'ti#n
2, As rgards t! s'#nd gr#u", 51N t! sar'!
-arrants in 3usti#n, and t! sar'!s and si8urs
mad undr t! aut!#rit* t!r#&, ar va(id <and,
51N said d#'umnts, "a"rs and t!ings ma* )
usd in vidn' against "titi#nrs=
(!"D
1, N1N7,
$%! (ga(it* #& a si8ur 'an ) '#ntstd onl' )*
t! "art* -!#s rig!ts !av )n im"aird t!r)*,
and t!at t! #)/'ti#n t# an un(a-&u( sar'! and
si8ur is purel' personal and 'ann#t ) avai(d #&
)* t!ird "artis, $Ptiti#nrs ma* n#t va(id(* #)/'t t#
t! us in vidn' against t!m #& t! d#'umnts,
"a"rs and t!ings si8d &r#m t! #&&i's and
"rmiss #& t! '#r"#rati#ns, sin' t! rig!t t# #)/'t
t# t! admissi#n #& said "a"rs in vidn' )(#ngs
e+clusivel' t# t! '#r"#rati#ns, t# -!#m t! si8d
&&'ts )(#ng, and ma* n#t ) inv#.d )* t!
'#r"#rat #&&i'rs in "r#'dings against t!m in
t!ir individua( 'a"a'it*,
2, N1,
$1235 C#nstituti#n <Art, III, S', 1, "ar, 3= "r#vids
<a= t!at n# -arrant s!a(( issu )ut upon probable
'aus, t# ) dtrmind )* t! /udg in t! mannr
st &#rt! in said "r#visi#n; and <)= t!at t! -arrant
s!a(( particularl' ds'ri) t! t!ings t# ) si8d,
$Sar'! -arrants, issud u"#n a""(i'ati#ns stating
t!at t! natura( and /uridi'a( "rs#n t!rin namd
!ad '#mmittd #&&nss as a)stra't as Rvi#(ati#n #&
Cntra( Ban. ?a-s, %ari&& and Cust#ms ?a-s, Intrna(
Rvnu <C#d= and Rvisd Pna( C#dR d# n#t
satis&* t! '#nstituti#na( r3uirmnts )'aus n#
specific #&&ns !ad )n a((gd in said
a""(i'ati#ns, It -as impossible &#r t! /udgs -!#
issud t! -arrants t# !av &#und t! :istn' #&
"r#)a)( 'aus, -!i'! "rsu""#ss t! intr#du'ti#n
#& '#m"tnt "r##& t!at t! "art* against -!#m it is
s#ug!t !as "r&#rmd particular a'ts, #r '#mmittd
specific #missi#ns in vi#(ati#n #& a givn "na(
"r#visi#n,
$Gnra( sar'! -arrants ar #ut(a-d )'aus t!*
"(a' t! san'tit* #& t! d#mi'i( and t! "riva'* #&
'#mmuni'ati#n and '#rrs"#ndn' at t! mr'* #&
t! -!ims, 'a"ri' #r "assi#n #& "a' #&&i'rs,
$%# "rvnt t! issuan' #& gnra( sar'! -arrants,
SC amndd S', 3 #& Ru( 122 #& t! &#rmr Ru(s
#& C#urt )* "r#viding in t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt
t!at Rn# sar'! -arrant s!a(( issu &#r m#r t!an #n
s"'i&i' #&&ns,R
$Sar'! -arrants aut!#ri8ing t! si8ur #& )##.s #&
a''#unts and r'#rds "rtaining t# all business
transactions #& "titi#nrs !rin, rgard(ss #&
-!t!r t! transa'ti#ns -r legal #r illegal
'#ntravn t! :"(i'it '#mmand #& t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts
t!at t! t!ings t# ) si8d s!#u(d ) particularl'
ds'ri)d and d&at its ma/#r #)/'tiv #&
(iminating general -arrants,
$SC rs#(vd t# ad#"t t! d#'trin in (app v Ahio
<1261= and t# &ina((* a)and#n t! 1248 ru(ing in
(oncado vs. People.s Court, 80 P!i(, 1,
02The latter case 0citing /igmore4 held that illegall' sei"ed
evidence is admissible& as long as it is relevant& but without
prejudice to the criminal liabilit' of the peace officers who
made the sei"ure& for violation of domicile or under an'
other provision of the Penal Code. Kustices Perfecto&
Beng"on& Briones ? Paras dissented from the majorit'
opinion. NmargeN24
)%! :'(usi#nar* ru( is the onl' practical means of
enforcing the constitutional injunction against
unras#na)( sar'!s and si8urs,
$%! n#n$:'(usi#nar* ru( is '#ntrar*, n#t #n(* t# t!
(ttr, )ut a(s#, t# t! s"irit #& t! '#nstituti#na(
in/un'ti#n against unras#na)( sar'!s and
si8urs, I& t!r is '#m"tnt vidn' t# sta)(is!
"r#)a)( 'aus #& t! '#mmissi#n #& a givn 'rim
)* t! "art* against -!#m t! -arrant is intndd,
t!n t!r is n# ras#n -!* t! a""(i'ant s!#u(d n#t
'#m"(* -it! t! r3uirmnts #& t! &undamnta(
(a-, I& ! !as n# su'! vidn', t!n it is not
possible &#r t! +udg t# &ind t!at t!r is "r#)a)(
'aus, and, !n', n# /usti&i'ati#n &#r t! issuan' #&
t! -arrant, %! #n(* "#ssi)( :"(anati#n <n#t
/usti&i'ati#n= &#r its issuan' is t! n'ssit* #&
fishing vidn' #& t! '#mmissi#n #& a 'rim, But,
t!n, t!is &is!ing :"diti#n is indi'ativ #& t!
a)sn' #& vidn' t# sta)(is! a "r#)a)( 'aus,
1oreign references cited to support this contention
1, +udg ?arnd 4andC A1n(* in 'as t! "r#s'uti#n
-!i'! its(& '#ntr#(s t! si8ing #&&i'ia(s, .n#-s t!at
it cannot profit b' their wrong will that wrong be
repressed.M
D. /eeks v J! <1214=C A%! &&#rts #& t! '#urts and
t!ir #&&i'ia(s t# )ring t! gui(t* t# "unis!mnt,
"rais-#rt!* as t!* ar, ar n#t t# ) aidd )* t!
sa'ri&i' #& t!#s grat "rin'i"(s sta)(is!d )*
*ars #& ndav#r and su&&ring -!i'! !av rsu(td
in t!ir m)#dimnt in t! &undamnta( (a- #& t!
(and,B
C. (app v Ahio <1261=C Aa(( vidn' #)taind )*
sar'!s and si8urs in vi#(ati#n #& t! C#nstituti#n
is, )* t!at sam aut!#rit*, inadmissi)( in a Stat
'#urt,
V5it!#ut t!at ru( t! &rd#m &r#m stat invasi#ns
#& "riva'* -#u(d ) s# "!mra( and s# nat(*
svrd &r#m its '#n'"tua( n:us -it! t! &rd#m
&r#m a(( )rutis! mans #& '#r'ing vidn' as n#t t#
"rmit t!is C#urtQs !ig! rgard as a &rd#m Aim"(i'it
in t! '#n'"t #& #rdrd (i)rt*,B
V%! :'(usi#n #& t! vidn' -!i'! an a''usd !ad
)n &#r'd t# giv )* ras#n #& t! un(a-&u( si8ur
is t! m#st im"#rtant '#nstituti#na( "rivi(g,
V%! "ur"#s #& t! :'(usi#nar* ru( t# Ris t# dtr
$$ t# '#m"( rs"'t &#r t! '#nstituti#na( guarant* in
t! #n(* &&'tiv(* avai(a)( -a* $$ )* rm#ving t!
in'ntiv t# disrgard it,R
V5 'an n# (#ngr "rmit t!at rig!t t# rmain an
m"t* "r#mis, t# ) rv#'a)( at t! -!im #& an*
"#(i' #&&i'r -!#, in t! nam #& (a- n&#r'mnt
its(&, '!##ss t# sus"nd its n/#*mnt, 1ur
d'isi#n, &#undd #n ras#n and trut!, givs t# t!
individua( n# m#r t!an t!at -!i'! t! C#nstituti#n
guarants !im t# t! "#(i' #&&i'r n# (ss t!an t!at
t# -!i'! !#nst (a- n&#r'mnt is ntit(d, and, t#
t! '#urts, t!at /udi'ia( intgrit* s# n'ssar* in t!
tru administrati#n #& /usti',
O!iter
$In t!ir >FR, "titi#nrs &urt!r a((gd "#ssssi#n
#& and '#ntr#( #vr t! r'#rds, "a"rs and &&'ts
&#und in t! #&&i's #& t! '#r"#rati#n, and t!
a((gd R"rs#na(R natur t!r#&,
$SC dis"#sd #& t!m )* sa*ing t!at t!is n- t!#r*
-as advan'd, not in t!ir "titi#n #r amndd
"titi#n, )ut in t! >R, At an* rat, it is )st t# (av
t! mattr #"n &#r dtrminati#n in a""r#"riat
'ass in t! &utur,
Dispositive 5rits grantd in "art and dnid in "art;
>R dnid,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
CA'#RO Fconcurring and dissen7ingG
$Ras#ning t!at t! "titi#nrs !av n#t in t!ir
"(adings satis&a't#ri(* dm#nstratd t!at t!* !av
(ga( standing t# m#v &#r t! su""rssi#n #& t!
d#'umnts, "a"rs and &&'ts si8d in t! "(a's
#t!r t!an t! t!r rsidn's advrtd t# a)#v,
t! #"ini#n -rittn )* t! C!i& +usti' refrains &r#m
e+pressl' d'(aring as nu(( and v#id t! su'!
-arrants srvd at su'! #t!r "(a's and as i((ga(
t! sar'!s and si8urs mad t!rin, and (avs
Rt! mattr #"n &#r dtrminati#n in a""r#"riat
'ass in t! &utur,R
$It is -it! t!is "#siti#n t!at +usti' Castr# is n#t in
a''#rd,
$4 sa*s t!at All t! sar'! -arrants, -it!#ut
:'"ti#n, in t!is 'as ar admittd(* gnra(,
)(an.t and r#ving -arrants and ar t!r&#r
admittd(* and indis"uta)(* #ut(a-d )* t!
C#nstituti#n; and t! sar'!s and si8urs mad
-r t!r&#r un(a-&u(,
$4 argus t!at assuming t!at t! "titi#nrs !av
n# (ga( standing t# as. &#r t! su""rssi#n #& t!
"a"rs, t!ings and &&'ts si8d &r#m "(a's #t!r
t!an t!ir rsidn's, t!is 'ann#t in an* mannr
a&&'t, a(tr #r #t!r-is m#di&* t! intrinsi' nu((it*
#& t! sar'! -arrants and t! intrinsi' i((ga(it* #&
t! sar'!s and si8urs mad t!rundr,
5!t!r #r n#t t! "titi#nrs "#ssss (ga( standing
t! said -arrants ar v#id and rmain v#id, and t!
sar'!s and si8urs -r i((ga( and rmain i((ga(,
$4 insists t!at, u"#n t! "(adings su)mittd t# SC,
t! "titi#nrs !av t! r3uisit (ga( standing t#
m#v &#r t! su""rssi#n and rturn #& t!
d#'umnts, "a"rs and &&'ts t!at -r si8d &r#m
"(a's #t!r t!an t!ir &ami(* rsidn's,
$Sin' #ur '#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n #n sar'!s and
si8urs -as drivd a(m#st verbatim &r#m t!
F#urt! Amndmnt t# t! Knitd Stats C#nstituti#n,
in t! man* *ars #& /udi'ia( '#nstru'ti#n and
intr"rtati#n #& t! said '#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n, #ur
'#urts !av invaria)(* rgardd as d#'trina( t!
"r#n#un'mnt mad #n t! F#urt! Amndmnt )*
&dra( '#urts, s"'ia((* t! Fdra( Su"rm C#urt
and t! Fdra( Cir'uit C#urts #& A""a(s,
$%! K,S, d#'trins and "rtinnt 'ass #n standing
t# m#v &#r t! su""rssi#n #r rturn #& d#'umnts,
"a"rs and &&'ts -!i'! ar t! &ruits #& an un(a-&u(
sar'! and si8ur, ma* ) summari8d as &#((#-sC
<a= #-nrs!i" #& d#'umnts, "a"rs and &&'ts givs
Rstanding;R
<)= #-nrs!i" andM#r '#ntr#( #r "#ssssi#n N a'tua( #r
'#nstru'tiv $$ #& "rmiss sar'!d givs
RstandingR; and
<'= t! Raggrivd "rs#nR d#'trin -!r t! sar'!
-arrant and t! s-#rn a""(i'ati#n &#r sar'! -arrant
ar R"rimari(*R dir'td s#((* and :'(usiv(*
against t! Raggrivd "rs#n,R givs Rstanding,R
$An :aminati#n #& t! sar'! -arrants in t!is 'as
-i(( radi(* s!#- t!at, :'"ting t!r, a(( -r
dir'td against t! "titi#nrs "rs#na((*, In s#m
#& t!m, t! "titi#nrs -r namd "rs#na((*,
&#((#-d )* t! dsignati#n, Rt! Prsidnt andM#r
Gnra( >anagrR #& t! "arti'u(ar '#r"#rati#n, %!
t!r -arrants :'"td namd t!r '#r"#rat
d&ndants, But t!
R#&&i'M!#usM-ar!#usM"rmissR mnti#nd in t!
said t!r -arrants -r a(s# t! sam as t!#s
d'(ard t# ) #-nd )* #r undr t! '#ntr#( #& t!
"titi#nrs in a(( t! #t!r sar'! -arrants,
$%!us, t! "titi#nrs !av &u(( standing t# m#v &#r
t! 3uas!ing #& a(( t! -arrants rgard(ss -!t!r
t!s -r dir'td against rsidn's in t! narr#-
sns #& t! -#rd, as (#ng as t! d#'umnts -r
"rs#na( "a"rs #& t! "titi#nrs #r <t# t! :tnt
t!at t!* -r '#r"#rat "a"rs= -r !(d )* t!m
in a "rs#na( 'a"a'it* #r undr t!ir "rs#na(
'#ntr#(,
$SC, at a(( vnts, s!#u(d #rdr t! rturn t# t!
"titi#nrs a(( personal and private "a"rs and
&&'ts si8d, n# mattr -!r t!s -r si8d,
-!t!r &r#m t!ir rsidn's #r '#r"#rat #&&i's #r
an* #t!r "(a' #r "(a's, %! uncontradicted s-#rn
statmnts #& t! "titi#nrs in t!ir, vari#us
"(adings su)mittd t# t!is C#urt indis"uta)(* s!#-
t!at am#ngst t! t!ings si8d &r#m t! '#r"#rat
#&&i's and #t!r "(a's -r personal and private
"a"rs and &&'ts )(#nging t# t! "titi#nrs,
$I& t!r s!#u(d ) an* 'atg#ri8ati#n #& t!
d#'umnts, "a"rs and t!ings -!i'! -!r t!
#)/'ts #& t! un(a-&u( sar'!s and si8urs, I
su)mit t!at t! gr#u"ing s!#u(d )C <a= personal #r
private "a"rs #& t! "titi#nrs, and <)= "ur(*
corporate "a"rs )(#nging t# '#r"#rati#ns,
"%$A P"A/A
26 SCRA 310
LA?;I@AR; N#vm)r 22, 1268
&AC#'
$ A 'rimina( a'ti#n -as '#mmn'd )* %$Sgt,
Candid# Pat#sa, PC invstigat#r against Sim#n ?una,
)* &i(ing -it! rs"#ndnt >uni'i"a( +udg ?#rn8# >,
P(a8a, #& t! >uni'i"a( C#urt #& %andag, '!arging t!
"titi#nr, -it! t! 'rim #& murdr,
- Supporting the complaint were sworn statements of
the witnesses for the prosecution, in the form of
questions and answers taken by T-Sgt. Patosa, and
subscribed and sworn to before the respondent Judge at
the time of the filing of the complaint.
$ %! rs"#ndnt +udg :amind t! "r#s'uti#n
-itnsss )* rading t# t!m Ra(( #vr again t!
3usti#ns and ans-rsR in t!ir statmnts in
-riting, and t! -itnsss$a&&iants d'(ard )&#r
said +udg t!at t! 3usti#ns -r "r#"#undd )* %$
Sgt, Candid# Pat#sa, and t!at t! ans-rs -r
mad )* t!m,
$ %! a&&iants signd t!ir rs"'tiv a&&idavits in t!
"rsn' #& t! rs"#ndnt +udg, -!# a(s# signd
a&tr t! usua( "r#'dur #& administring t! #at!,
$ C#nsidring t! ans-rs #& t! a&&iants t# t!,
3usti#ns '#ntaind in t!ir s-#rn statmnts,
t#gt!r -it! t! "#stm#rtm and aut#"s* r"#rt #n
t! dad )#d* #& t! vi'tim +aim ;ia8 Ng, t!
'rti&i'at #& dat!, t! s.t'! s!#-ing t! "#siti#n
#& t! vi'tim and t! a''usd, t! rs"#ndnt +udg
#"in t!at t!r -as ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv
t!at t! 'rim #& murdr !ad )n '#mmittd and
t! amusd -as "r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#&,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg issud t! #rdr and -arrant #&
arrst, s"'i&*ing t!rin t!at n# )ai( s!#u(d )
a''"td &#r t! "r#visi#na( r(as #& t! a''usd,
$ K"#n m#ti#n #& "titi#nr u"#n t! gr#und t!at t!
vidn' #& gui(t -as n#t str#ng, rs"#ndnt +udg
issud an #rdr, granting )ai(,; -!i'! #rdr, !#-vr,
rs"#ndnt +udg (atr rv#.d, and "titi#nr -as
dnid )ai(,
$ %! 'as -as su)s3unt(* rmandd t# t! CFI #&
Suriga# d( Sur, a&tr "titi#nr &i(d a -aivr #& !is
rig!t t# "r(iminar* invstigati#n,
$ Rs"#ndnt Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( &i(d an in&#rmati#n
'!arging "titi#nr -it! t! 'rim #& murdr, %!
"titi#nr -as dtaind in t! "r#vin'ia( /ai(,
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a "titi#n &#r a -rit #& !a)as '#r"us
-it! t! CFI #& Suriga# d( Sur, '(aiming t!at ! -as
)ing d"rivd #& (i)rt* -it!#ut du "r#'ss #& (a-,
#n t! gr#und t!at t! im"ris#nmnt and dtnti#n
-as t! rsu(t #& a -arrant #& arrst issud )*
rs"#ndnt +udg in vi#(ati#n #& R"u)(i' A't N#,
3828, and "ra*ing &#r t! annu(mnt #& t! #rdr &#r
!is arrst and !is dis'!arg &r#m '#n&inmnt,
$ Rs"#ndnts &i(d t!ir ans-r, a((ging t!at
R"u)(i' A't N#r, 3828 !ad )n su)stantia((*
'#m"(id -it!; t!at a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, and n#t a
"titi#n &#r !a)as '#r"us -as t! "r#"r rmd*,
and t!at "titi#nrQs a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai( '#nstitutd a
-aivr #& t! rig!t t# 3usti#n t! va(idit* #& t!
arrst,
$ %! CFI #& Suriga# d( Sur ru(d t!at rs"#ndnt
>uni'i"a( +udg !ad su)stantia((* '#m"(id -it!
R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828, and '#ns3unt(* dnid t!
a""(i'ati#n &#r t! -rit #& !a)as '#r"us, and
dismissd t! 'as,
$ 4n' t! a""a(,
Petitioners Claim R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828 im"#ss
#n a muni'i"a( /udg, )&#r ! 'an issu a -arrant
#& arrst, t-# s"'i&i' dutis, t# -itC <1= "rs#na((*
:amin t! '#m"(ainant and -itnsss -it!
Rsar'!ing 3usti#ns and ans-rs,R -!i'! mans
t!at t! /udg must 'r#ss$:amin t!m in 'as t!ir
a&&idavits ar "rsntd; and <2= said :aminati#n
must ) rdu'd t# -riting and &#rm "art #& t!
r'#rds #& t! 'as, %! r'#rd #& t! instant 'as,
d#s n#t s!#- t!at said :aminati#n -as "r&#rmd
)* rs"#ndnt +udg n#t-it!standing !is tstim#n*
t# t! &&'t t!at ! ad#"td t! 3usti#ns
"r#"#undd t# a'! #& t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss )*
%$Sgt, Pat#sa, And assuming t!at t! ad#"ti#n #& t!
3usti#ns mad )* %$Sgt, Pat#sa '#nstitutd
su)stantia( '#m"(ian' -it! t! r3uirmnt t!at t!
/udg s!#u(d :amin t! -itnsss )* as.ing
sar'!ing 3usti#ns, sti(( t! s'#nd r3uirmnt,
t!at #& rdu'ing t# -riting t! said "r#'dur #&
ad#"ti#n, !as n#t )n '#m"i(d -it!; and s#,
R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828 -as sti(( vi#(atd, and t!
issuan' #& t! -arrant #& arrst -as in vi#(ati#n #&
said A't and t! C#nstituti#n and '#nstitutd dnia(
#& du "r#'ss,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in giving a)s#(ut
'rdn' t# t! tstim#n* #& rs"#ndnt >uni'i"a(
+udg,
2, 51N t! r3uirmnts #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828
-as satis&id,
3, 51N t! issuan' #& t! -arrant #& arrst -as a
vi#(ati#n #& t! C#nstituti#n and #& "r#'dura( du
"r#'ss,
4, 51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in dn*ing t! -rit #&
!a)as '#r"us,
(!"D
1, N1
$ As a gnra( ru(, t! (#-r '#urtQs &indings, as t#
t! 'rdi)i(it* #& -itnsss -i(( n#t ) intr&rd -it!
)* a""((at '#urts, Sin' "titi#nr a""a(d
dir't(* t# t!is C#urt ! must, rais #n(* 3usti#ns #&
(a- and ! !as t!r)* -aivd t! rig!t t# rais an*
3usti#n #& &a't, and t! &indings #& &a'ts #& t! tria(
'#urt, undr t! ru(s and "r'dnts, must )
dmd &ina( and )inding u"#n t!is C#urt,
2, 67S,
$ As "r#vidd in R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828 B&#r a
muni'i"a( /udg ma* issu a -arrant #& arrst, t!
&#((#-ing '#nditi#ns must &irst ) &u(&i((dC <1= !
must :amin t! -itnsss "rs#na((*; <2= t!
:aminati#n must ) undr #at!; <3= t!
:aminati#n must ) rdu'd t# -riting in t! &#rm
#& sar'!ing 3usti#ns and ans-rs,
$ %! &irst '#nditi#n -as &u(&i((d, %! tria( '#urt &#und
as a &a't t!at Rt! rs"#ndnt /udg "rs#na((*
:amind t! -itnsss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n; t!at
rs"#ndnt /udg ad#"td as !is #-n "rs#na(
:aminati#n t! 3usti#ns as.d )* %$Sgt, Pat#sa as
a""aring in t! -rittn statmnts, -!i'! ! rad
#vr again t# t! -itnsss t#gt!r -it! t!
ans-rs givn t!rin, as.ing t! -itnsss -!t!r
said ans-rs -r t!irs, and -!t!r t! sam
ans-rs -r tru, t# -!i'! t! -itnsss ans-rd
in t! a&&irmativ, R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828 d#s n#t
"r#!i)it t! muni'i"a( +udg &r#m ad#"ting t!
3usti#ns as.d )* a "rvi#us invstigat#r,
$ %! s'#nd '#nditi#n -as a(s# &u(&i((d, %! tria(
'#urt &#und t!at t! '#m"(aint -as Rsu""#rtd )*
statmnts #& t! -itnsss undr #at!,R %! r'#rd
a(s# s!#-s t!r -r d#'umnts t# !av )n
su)s'ri)d and s-#rn t# )&#r rs"#ndnt +udg,
$ %! t!ird '#nditi#n -as (i.-is &u(&i((d, %!
:aminati#n #& t! -itnsss -as -rittn d#-n, in
t! &#rm #& sar'!ing 3usti#ns and ans-rs, %!
trm Asar'!ing 3usti#ns and ans-rsR mans #n(*,
ta.ing int# '#nsidrati#n t! "ur"#s #& t!
"r(iminar* :aminati#n -!i'! is t# dtrmin
R-!t!r t!r is a ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at
an #&&ns !as )n '#mmittd and t! a''usd is
"r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#& s# t!at a -arrant #& arrst
ma* ) issud and t! a''usd !(d &#r tria(,R su'!
3usti#ns as !av tndn'* t# s!#- t! '#mmissi#n
#& a 'rim and t! "r"trat#r t!r#&, 5!at -#u(d
) sar'!ing 3usti#ns -#u(d d"nd #n -!at is
s#ug!t t# ) in3uird int#, su'! asC t! natur #& t!
#&&ns, t! dat, tim, and "(a' #& its '#mmissi#n,
t! "#ssi)( m#tivs &#r its '#mmissi#n; t! su)/'t,
!is ag, du'ati#n, status, &inan'ia( and s#'ia(
'ir'umstan's, !is attitud t#-ard t! invstigati#n,
s#'ia( attituds, #""#rtunitis t# '#mmit t! #&&ns;
t! vi'tim, !is ag, status, &ami(* rs"#nsi)i(itis,
&inan'ia( and s#'ia( 'ir'umstan's, '!ara'tristi's,
t', %! "#ints t!at ar t! su)/'t #& in3uir* ma*
di&&r &r#m 'as t# 'as,
$ %! 3usti#ns, t!r&#r, must t# a grat dgr
d"nd u"#n t! +udg ma.ing t! invstigati#n, At
an* rat, t! '#urt a 3u# &#und t!at rs"#ndnt
+udg -as Rsatis&id t!at t! 3usti#ns and ans-rs
'#ntaind in t! s-#rn statmnts ta.n )* %$Sgt,
Pat#sa "arta. #& t! natur #& !is sar'!ing
3usti#ns and ans-rs as r3uird )* (a-,R s# t!
rs"#ndnt +udg ad#"td t!m,
3, N1
$ %! C#nstituti#n, in S'ti#n 1 <3=, Arti'( III,
"r#vids t!at n# -arrant s!a(( issu )ut u"#n
"r#)a)( 'aus, t# ) dtrmind )* t! /udg a&tr
$ %! '#nstituti#na( r3uirmnt #& :aminati#n #&
-itnsss undr #at! -as, as s!#-n a)#v, &u(&i((d,
%! :istn' #& "r#)a)( 'aus d"ndd t# a (arg
dgr u"#n t! &inding #r #"ini#n #& t! /udg
'#ndu'ting t! :aminati#n, Rs"#ndnt +udg &#und
t!at t!r -as a "r#)a)( 'aus, as statd in !is
#rdr #& arrst,
$ Pr(iminar* :aminati#n is n#t an ssntia( "art #&
du "r#'ss #& (a-, Pr(iminar* :aminati#n ma* )
'#ndu'td )* t! muni'i"a( /udg, "ri#r t# t!
issuan' #& t! -arrant #& arrst, it!r in t!
"rsn', #r in t! a)sn', #& t! a''usd,
$ %! r'#rd s!#-s t!at !rin "titi#nr -aivd t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n )&#r rs"#ndnt
>uni'i"a( +udg, and instad, ! ri(d a "titi#n &#r
)ai(, %!is '#ndu't #& "titi#nr indi'ats t!at ! !ad
-aivd !is #)/'ti#n t# -!atvr d&'t, i& an*, in t!
"r(iminar* :aminati#n '#ndu'td )* rs"#ndnt
+udg "ri#r t# t! issuan' #& t! -arrant #& arrst,
4, N1
$ S'ti#n 4 #& Ru( 102 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt "r#vids
in "art, as &#((#-sC
RS', 4 5!n -rit n#t a((#-d #r dis'!arg
aut!#ri8d, I& it a""ars t!at t! "rs#n a((gd t# )
rstraind #& !is (i)rt* is in t! 'ust#d* #& an #&&i'r
undr "r#'ss issud )* a '#urt #r /udg ,,, and t!at
t! '#urt #r /udg !ad /urisdi'ti#n t# issu t!
"r#'ss ,,, #r ma. t! #rdr, t! -rit s!a(( n#t )
a((#-d ,,, R
$ A(( t! '#nditi#ns, in t! a&#r$3u#td S'ti#n 4, st
&#rt! t# dn* t! -rit, ar "rsnt in t! instant
'as,
$ Ptiti#nr is dtaind and is in t! 'ust#d* #& t!
rs"#ndnt Pr#vin'ia( 5ardn )* virtu #& t! #rdr
#& arrst and t! #rdr #& rs"#ndnt +udg, t#
'#n&in "titi#nr in t! "r#vin'ia( /ai(, It is n#t
dis"utd )* "titi#nr t!at rs"#ndnt +udg !ad
/urisdi'ti#n t# issu t! -arrant #& arrst and t!
#rdr #& '#mmitmnt undr t! "r#visi#ns #& S'ti#n
49, R"u)(i' A't N#, 402, as amndd )* R"u)(i'
A't N#, 1201, a(t!#ug! "titi#nr did 3usti#n t!
va(idit* #& t! -arrant #& arrst &#r a((gd(* !aving
)n issud in vi#(ati#n #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 3828
-!i'! -as &#und t# ) untna)(,
$ %! rmd* avai(a)( t# t! "titi#nr !rin,
undr t! 'ir'umstan's statd in t!is #"ini#n, is n#t
a "titi#n &#r a -rit #& !a)as '#r"us )ut a "titi#n t#
3uas! t! -arrant #& arrst #r a "titi#n &#r a
rinvstigati#n #& t! 'as )* t! rs"#ndnt
>uni'i"a( +udg #r )* t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a(,
$ %! C#urt strssd t!at -!at !as )n statd in t!
#"ini#n -as n#t intndd t# san'ti#n t! rturn t#
t! &#rmr "ra'ti' #& muni'i"a( /udgs #& sim"(*
r(*ing u"#n a&&idavits #r s-#rn statmnts t!at ar
mad t# a''#m"an* t! '#m"(aints t!at ar &i(d
)&#r t!m, in dtrmining -!t!r t!r is a
"r#)a)( 'aus &#r t! issuan' #& a -arrant #&
arrst, $
$ %!at "ra'ti' is "r'is(* -!at is s#ug!t t# )
v#idd )* t! amndmnt #& S'ti#n 89 <'= #&
R"u)(i' A't 226 <+udi'iar* A't #& 1248= -!i'!
r3uirs t!at )&#r a muni'i"a( /udg issus a
-arrant #& arrst ! s!#u(d &irst satis&* !ims(& t!at
t!r is a "r#)a)( 'aus )* :amining t!
-itnsss "rs#na((*, and t!at t! :aminati#n must
) undr #at! and rdu'd t# -riting in t! &#rm #&
sar'!ing 3usti#ns and ans-rs,
$ It is #)vi#us t!at t! "ur"#s #& t!is amndmnt is
t# "rvnt t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst against
a "rs#n )asd sim"(* u"#n a&&idavits #& -itnsss
-!# mad, and s-#r t#, t!ir statmnts )&#r a
"rs#n #r "rs#ns #t!r t!an t! /udg )&#r -!#m
t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint is &i(d,
Dispositive %! d'isi#n #& t! tria( '#urt a""a(d
&r#m, -as a&&irmd, C#sts against "titi#nr$
a""((ant,
CA'#I""O CA <RO'ARIO>
196 SCRA 521
F7RNAN; August 21, 1282
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ >a* 2, 1265C Partis &igurd in a v!i'u(ar a''idnt
-!i'! 'ausd in/uris t# t!ir "rs#ns and damag t#
t!ir rs"'tiv v!i'(s, %!* !ad '#n&(i'ting
vrsi#ns #& t! a''idnt,
$ +un 30C Ptiti#nrs institutd a 'ivi( 'as &#r t!
r'#vr* #& damags &#r t! in/uris sustaind and
&#r t! damag t# t! v!i'( in CFI >ani(a,
$ S"tm)r 22C 5!i( t!is 'as -as "nding, t!
Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( &i(d an in&#rmati#n against R#sari#,
"rivat rs"#ndnt, &#r d#u)( "!*si'a( in/uris;
d#u)( (ss sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris; and damag t#
"r#"rt* t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn', in CFI Krdanta,
$ R#sari# -as "r#s'utd and '#nvi'td )* t! tria(
'#urt in t! 'rimina( 'as, CA a'3uittd !im &r#m t!
'rim '!argd #n t! gr#und t!at !is gui(t !as n#t
)n "r#vd )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t,
$ A"ri( 3, 1292C Rs"#ndnts &i(d a RR3ust &#r
Admissi#nR in t! 'ivi( 'as, r3usting "titi#nrs t#
admit t! trut!&u(nss #& t! &a'ts st &#rt! as -(( as
t! '#rr'tnss and gnuinnss #& t! d#'umnts
atta'!d,
$ >a* 5,1292C Ptiti#nrs &i((d a R>ani&stati#nR,
admitting t! a((gati#ns in t! RR3ust &#r
Admissi#nR -it! s#m 3ua(i&i'ati#ns, ?atr, )#t!
"artis su)mittd t!ir rs"'tiv mm#randa,
$ ;'m)r 28, 1292C 1n t! )asis #& t! tstim#nis
and vidn' su)mittd )* t! "titi#nrs, as -(( as
t! r'#rds #& t! 'rimina( 'as atta'!d in t!
RR3ust &#r Admissi#nR #& t! "rivat rs"#ndnts,
CFI >ani(a rndrd a d'isi#n, dismissing t!
'#m"(aint #& t! "titi#nrs against "rivat
rs"#ndnts as -(( as t! '#untr'(aim #& "rivat
rs"#ndnts against t! "titi#nrs,
$ F)ruar* 13, 1298C CA a&&irmd
Petitioners :ersion Brna) Casti((# -as driving
!is /" #n t! n#rt!)#und (an #& t! >'Art!ur
4ig!-a* -it! !is -i&, &at!r, and '!i(d at t! rat #&
25 ."!, +ust "ast San Ni'#(as )ridg, ! n#ti'd, &r#m
a distan' #& 120 mtrs m#r #r (ss, a s"ding
#n'#ming 'ar a(#ng t! sam (an ! -as driving,
#vrta.ing a 'arg# tru'. a!ad #& it,
$ 4 s-it'!d #n !is !ad(ig!ts t# signa( t! 'ar t#
rturn t# its #-n rig!t (an as t! -a* -as n#t '(ar
&#r it t# #vrta. t! tru'., %! signa( -as
disrgardd, as t! 'ar "r#'dd #n its dir'ti#n,
$ %# vad t! '#((isi#n, ! s-rvd !is /" t# t!
rig!t t#-ards t! s!#u(dr and a""(id #n t!
)ra.s, (aving !is &t #n it, vn, immdiat(* a&tr
t! im"a't, %! 'ar rstd #n t! s!#u(dr #& t!
rig!t (an, %! /"Qs rar (&t -!( -as #n t! r#ad,
(aving s!#rt tir mar.s )!ind it; -!i( t! 'ar (&t
(#ng tir mar.s, s"'ia((* its (&t rar -!(,
Respodents :ersion +uanit# R#sari# -!# -as
driving t! 'ar, -it! !is -i& and daug!tr, -r
a(#ng >a'Art!ur 4ig!-a* g#ing s#ut!-ards, %!*
sa- a!ad #& t!m a )ig !avi(* (#add 'arg# tru'.,
%! tru'. -as m#ving vr* s(#-(* )'aus #& its
!av* (#ad s# t!at R#sari# d'idd t# #vrta. it,
But )&#r d#ing s#, ! &irst sa- t# it t!at t! r#ad
-as '(ar and as additi#na( "r'auti#nar* masur,
! )(- !is !#rn svra( tims at t! tim ! -as
#vrta.ing t! tru'.,
$ As t! 'ar -as a)#ut t# #vrta. t! s(#- m#ving
'arg# tru'., t! 'arQs &r#nt (&t tir suddn(* )urst
du t# "rssur 'ausing t! 'ar t# s-rv t# t! (&t
and natura((* ma.ing string and '#ntr#( di&&i'u(t,
$ B'aus #& t! tndn'* #& t! 'ar t# vr t#-ards
t! (&t du t# t! )(#-n #ut tir, t! drivr strd
t! 'ar t#-ards t! dir'ti#n -!r ! '#u(d &ind a
sa& "(a' t# "ar. and &i: t! tir, 4 &ina((* )r#ug!t
t! 'ar t# a !a(t at t! (&t s!#u(dr #& t! r#ad,
$ +ust as ! -as a)#ut t# gt #&& t# &i: t! &(at tir, t!
'ar -as suddn(* )um"d )* t! /" -!i'! 'am
&r#m t! #""#sit dir'ti#n
I''%!
51N "titi#nrs -r d"rivd #& du "r#'ss
)'aus t!ir 'ivi( a'ti#n -as d'idd #n t! )asis #&
"rivat rs"#ndnt +uanita R#sari#Qs a'3uitta( in t!
'rimina( 'as &#r r'.(ss im"rudn'
(!"D
N1
Ratio Findings #& &a't #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s ar
'#n'(usiv #n t! "artis and #n t! Su"rm C#urt,
un(ss <1= t! '#n'(usi#n is a &inding gr#undd
ntir(* #n s"'u(ati#ns, surmiss and '#n/'turs;
<2= t! in&rn' mad is mani&st(* mista.n; <3=
t!r is grav a)us #& dis'rti#n; <4= t! /udgmnt
is )asd #n misa""r!nsi#n #& &a'ts; <5= t! C#urt
#& A""a(s -nt )*#nd t! issus #& t! 'as and
its &indings ar '#ntrar* t# t! admissi#n #& )#t!
a""((ant and a""((; <6= t! &indings #& &a'ts #&
t! C#urt #& A""a(s ar '#ntrar* t# t!#s #& t! tria(
'#urt; <9= said &indings #& &a'ts ar '#n'(usi#ns
-it!#ut 'itati#n #& s"'i&i' vidn' #n -!i'! t!*
ar )asd; <8= t! &a'ts st &#rt! in t! "titi#n as
-(( as in t! "titi#nrQs main and r"(* )ri&s ar
n#t dis"utd )* t! rs"#ndnt; and <2= -!n t!
&inding #& &a'ts #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s is "rmisd
#n t! a)sn' #& vidn' and is '#ntradi'td )*
vidn' #n r'#rd,
Reasoning
$ %! su)/'t a'ti#n &#r damags, )ing 'ivi( in
natur, is s"arat and distin't &r#m t! 'rimina(
as"'t, n'ssitating #n(* a "r"#ndran' #&
vidn',
$ A 3uasi$d(i't #r culpa a$uiliana is a s"arat (ga(
instituti#n undr t! Civi( C#d, -it! a su)stantiv(*
a(( its #-n, and individua(it* t!at is ntir(* a"art and
ind"ndnt &r#m a d(i't #r 'rim, A distin'ti#n
:ists )t-n t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m a 'rim
and t! rs"#nsi)i(it* &#r 3uasi$d(i'ts #r culpa :tra$
'#ntra'tua(, %! sam ng(ign' 'ausing damags
ma* "r#du' 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m a 'rim undr
t! Pna( C#d, #r 'rat an a'ti#n &#r 3uasid(i't#s
#r culpa :tra$'#ntra'tua( undr t! Civi( C#d,
%!r&#r, t! a'3uitta( #r '#nvi'ti#n in t! 'rimina(
'as is ntir(* irr(vant in t! 'ivi( 'as,
$ But t!is ru( is n#t -it!#ut :'"ti#n, %!us, S'ti#n
2 <'= #& Ru( 111 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt "r#vidsC
7:tin'ti#n #& t! "na( a'ti#n d#s n#t 'arr* -it! it
:tin'ti#n #& t! 'ivi(, un(ss t! :tin'ti#n
"r#'ds &r#m a d'(arati#n &r#m a &ina( /udgmnt
t!at t! &a't &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi( a'ti#n mig!t aris
did n#t :ist,
$ In a "rvi#us 'as, CA$G,R, N#, 09684$CR, People v.
Rosario, t! CA a&tr a "ainsta.ing ana(*sis #&, <a=
t! tstim#nia( vidn'; <)= t! r(ativ "#siti#ns #&
t! t-# v!i'(s as d"i'td in t! s.t'!s; <'= t!
distan' #& a'! #& t! t-# v!i'(s &r#m t!
'mntd dg #& t! r#ad; <d= t! "#int #& im"a't;
<= t! visi)( tir mar.s, and <&= t! :tnt #& t!
damag 'ausd u"#n a'! #& t! t-# v!i'(s, ru(d
t!at it -as t! drivr #& t! /" and n#t t! a''usd
drivr #& t! 'ar -!# -as ng(ignt and a''#rding(*
a'3uittd t! (attr,
$ Ng(ign', )ing t! s#ur' and &#undati#n #&
a'ti#ns #& 3uasi$d(i't, is t! )asis &#r t! r'#vr* #&
damags, In t! 'as at )ar, t! CA &#und t!at
'#((isi#n -as n#t du t# t! ng(ign' #& R#sari# )ut
rat!r it -as Casti((#Qs #-n a't #& driving t! /" t#
t! s!#u(dr #& t! r#ad -!r t! 'ar -as, -!i'!
-as a'tua((* t! "r#:imat 'aus #& t! '#((isi#n,
5it! t!is &inding, t! CA :#nratd R#sari# &r#m
'ivi( (ia)i(it* #n t! gr#und t!at t! a((gd
ng(ign' did n#t :ist,
$ ;uring t! tria( #& t! 'as )&#r t! CFI,
rs"#ndnts -r n#t "rsnt )'aus t!* -r
a)r#ad, %!ir '#uns( intr#du'd as "art #& t!ir
vidn', t! r'#rds in t! 'rimina( 'as, in
a''#rdan' -it! S'ti#n 41, Ru( 130 #& t! Ru(s #&
C#urt, %!s r'#rds, m#st(* '#m"#sd #& trans'ri"ts
#& t! !aring in t! 'rimina( 'as, -r atta'!d t#
t!ir RR3ust &#r Admissi#nR and -r su)stantia((*
admittd )* "titi#nrs, Ptiti#nrs raisd, as #n #&
t!ir #)/'ti#ns, t! "r#"rit* and '#rr'tnss #&
admitting and ad#"ting t!s trans'ri"ts as "art #&
t! r'#rd in t! 'ivi( 'as, A''#rding t# t!m, t!is is
a vi#(ati#n #& S'ti#n 41, Ru( 130, #n t! gr#und
t!at "titi#nrs -r n#t givn t! #""#rtunit* t#
'r#ss$:amin, 5 disagr, A 'ar&u( rading #& t!
trans'ri"ts -#u(d rva( t!at '#uns( &#r "titi#nrs
a'tiv(* "arti'i"atd during t! "r#'dings #& t!
'rimina( 'as, 4 raisd vari#us #)/'ti#ns, in t!
'#urs #& t! tria(, Ptiti#nrs, t!r&#r, t!ru
'#uns( !ad t! #""#rtunit* t# 'r#ss$:amin t!
-itnsss,
CA""A$#A @I""A$%!@A
99 SCRA 399
F7RNAN;1; +un 20, 1299
$A#%R!
1rigina( "titi#ns in t! Su"rm C#urt, 'rti#rari
-it! "r(iminar* in/un'ti#n
&AC#'
$ +udg @i((anuva #& ;agu"an r&usd t# grant t!
m#ti#ns t# 3uas! t-# '#m"(aints &#r #ra( d&amati#n
against Ca((anta,
$ Ca((anta0s '#uns( argud t!at t!r -as an issu
-it! rgard t# t! va(idit* #& @i((anuva0s issuan' #&
t! -arrants #& arrst #n t! gr#und t!at it s!#u(d
!av )n t! Cit* Fis'a( -!# '#ndu'td t!
$ A&tr t! -arrants -r issud <-it! )ai( "ggd at
P600=, Ca((anta "#std t! r3uird )ai( )#nds and
-as grantd !r "r#visi#na( (i)rt*,
$ %! Cit* Fis'a( !ad mani&std !is intnt t#
"r#s'ut t! 'as,
$ F)ruar* 25, 1265 N A&tr t! C#urt !ad '#ndu'td
"r(iminar* invstigati#n and !ad a'3uird
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as, t! C#urt r&rrd t! 'as
t# t! Fis'a(,
$ >ar'! 4, 1265 N %! arraignmnt -as "#st"#nd
)'aus t! Fis'a( -as sti(( d#ing !is invstigati#n,
$ In t! "r#'dings #& A"ri( 20, 1265, t! Fis'a(
ntrd !is a""aran' &#r t! g#vrnmnt and
mani&std t!at ! -as rad* &#r tria(,
I''%!
51N Ca((anta 'an '#ntst t! va(idit* #& !is arrst
(!"D
N1
Ratio P#sting #& a )ai( )#nd '#nstituts -aivr #&
an* irrgu(arit* attnding t! arrst #& a "rs#n and
st#"s !im &r#m dis'ussing t! va(idit* #& !is arrst,
Reasoning
$ In t! 'as #& >una vs. Pla"a, t! C#urt !(d t!at
-!r "titi#nr !as &i(d an a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai( and
-aivd t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n "r#"r, !
-aivd !is #)/'ti#n t# -!atvr d&'t, i& an*, in t!
"r(iminar* :aminati#n '#ndu'td, "ri#r t# t!
issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst,
$ %!is d#'trin !as )n u"!(d in a num)r #& 'ass
in'(uding People vs. Alandar& Oacarias vs. Cru"&
Bermejo vs. Barrios& People vs. >a Caste& (an"ano vs
<illa and People vs. Abnga'an -!i'! statd t!at
-!r t! a''usd !as &i(d )ai( and -aivd t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n "r#"r, ! !as -aivd
-!atvr d&'t, i& an*, in t! "r(iminar*
:aminati#n '#ndu'td "ri#r t# t! issuan' #& t!
-arrant #& arrst,
$ %! 'it* &is'a( !ad )n 3uit a'tiv in t!
invstigati#n and in t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! a''usd,
It -as ! -!# mani&std !is radinss t# a""ar in
t! tria(,
O!iter
$ 5it! rgard t# t! issu #& -!t!r #r n#t t! #n(*
"rs#n vstd -it! aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't a
"r(iminar* invstigati#n is t! 'it* &is'a(, t! C!artr
#& t! Cit* #& ;agu"an "r#vids t!at At! Cit* C#urt
#& ;agu"an Cit* ma* a(s# '#ndu't "r(iminar*
invstigati#n &#r &#r an* #&&ns, -it!#ut rgard t#
t! (imits #& "unis!mnt and ma* r(as #r '#mmit
an* "rs#n '!argd -it! su'! #&&ns t# s'ur !is
a""aran' )&#r t! "r#"r '#urt,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t!s "titi#ns &#r
'rti#rari ar dismissd, %! rstraining #rdr issud
)* t!is C#urt is (i&td and st asid, C#sts against
"titi#nr,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
A9%I$O FconcurringG
$ S', 99 #& t! ;agu"an Cit* '!artr :"rss(*
m"#-rs its 'it* '#urt <&#rmr(* muni'i"a( '#urt= t#
'#ndu't "r(iminar* invstigati#n &#r an* #&&ns,
-it!#ut rgard t# t! (imits #& "unis!mnt,
$ 7vr* /usti' #& t! "a', muni'i"a( /udg
<maning 'it* /udg=, 'it* #r "r#vin'ia( &is'a(, s!a((
!av aut!#rit* t# '#ndu't "r(iminar* :aminati#n #r
invstigati#n in a''#rdan' -it! t!s ru(s #& a((
#&&nss a((gd t# !av )n '#mmittd -it!in !is
muni'i"a(it*, 'it* #r "r#vin', '#gni8a)( )* t!
C#urt #& First Instan' <S', 89 #& t! +udi'iar* ?a-
and S', 2, Ru( 112=,
RODRI+%!/ @I""AMI!"
65 P!i( 230
I>P7RIA?; ;7C 23, 1239
&AC#'
$@i't#r @i((ami(, s"'ia( agnt &#r t! Anti$Ksur*
B#ard, mad t-# a&&idavits &#r t! "ur"#s #&
#)taining sar'! -arrants against R#drigu8 and
7vang(ista, %! t:t #& )#t! a&&idavits rads as
&#((#-sC R@i't#r ;, @i((ami(G !aving ta.n t! #at!
"rs'ri)d )* (a-, a""ars and statsC t!at ! !as
and t!r is /ust and "r#)a)( 'aus t# )(iv and
! d#s )(iv t!at t! )##.s, (ists, '!its, r'i"ts,
d#'umnts, and #t!r "a"rs r(ating t# t!
a'tivitis #& +uan 7vang(ista, as usurr, ar )ing
."t and '#n'a(d in t! !#us #& said +uan
7vang(ista situatd at ?u'na, %a*a)as, a(( #& -!i'!
is '#ntrar* t# t! statut #& (a-,R
$%! /usti' #& t! "a' #& t! "r#vin'ia( 'a"ita(
issud t! t-# sar'! -arrants against t!
"titi#nrs 0see original for the wording of the
warrant4
$@i((ami(, -it! #t!r agnts and a '#nsta)u(ar*
s#(dir, :'utd t! -arrants, -nt t# t!
rsidn's #& t! "titi#nrs, sar'!d t!m and
si8d d#'umnts and "a"rs )(#nging t#
"titi#nrs, @i((ami( issud a r'i"t t# a'! #& t!
"titi#nrs, -it!#ut s"'i&*ing t! d#'umnts and
"a"rs si8d )* !im, -!i'! -r ta.n t# !is #&&i'
in >ani(a, ."ing t!m t!r unti( ! -as #rdrd
)* t! CFI t# d"#sit t!m in t! #&&i' #& t! '(r. #&
'#urt,
$Ptiti#nrs &i(d a "titi#n "ra*ing t!at t! sar'!
-arrants ) d'(ard nu(( and v#id and i((ga(; t!at
@i((ami( ) "unis!d &#r '#ntm"t #& '#urt &#r
!aving '#ndu'td t! sar'!s and &#r !aving si8d
t! d#'umnts and "a"rs -it!#ut issuing dtai(d
r'i"ts and &#r n#t !aving turnd t!m #vr t# t!
'#urt, and t!at said d#'umnts and "a"rs )
#rdrd rturnd t# t! "titi#nrs,
$t! CFI &#und @i((ami( gui(t* #& '#ntm"t #& '#urt
and &ind !im P10, %! '#urt d'(ard t! sar'!
-arrants and t! si8ur #& t! d#'umnts and
"a"rs @A?I;, aut!#ri8ing t! agnts #& t! Anti$
Ksur* B#ard t# :amin t!m and rtain t!#s t!at
ar n'ssar* and matria( t# -!atvr 'rimina(
a'ti#n t!* ma* -is! t# )ring against t! "titi#nrs,
$Petitioners a""a(d, %!* '#ntnd t!at t! sar'!
-arrants issud )* t! '#urt ar i((ga( )'aus t!*
!av )n )asd #n t! a&&idavits #& s"'ia( agnt
@i((ami( -!rin ! a&&irmd and statd 78a7 8e
8ad no personal Inowledge of 78e fac7s 78a7
were 7o sere as Aasis for 78e issuance of 78e
searc8 warran7s5 Au7 merely confined 8imself
7o asser7ing 78a7 8e Aelieed and 78ere was
proAaAle cause 7o Aeliee 78a7 78e documen7s
and papers were rela7ed 7o 78e ac7ii7ies of 78e
pe7i7ioners as usurers. As !as )n sn, t!
s"'ia( agntQs a&&irmati#n in t!is rs"'t '#nsistd
mr(* in t! &#((#-ingC Rt!at ! !as and t!r is /ust
and "r#)a)( 'aus t# )(iv and ! d#s )(iv
t!at t! )##.s <t'= r(ating t# t! a'tivitis #& , , , as
usurr, ar )ing ."t and '#n'a(d in t! !#us, , ,
a(( #& -!i'! is '#ntrar* t# t! statut #& (a-,R
I''%!
51N t! sar'! -arrant and t! si8ur -r i((ga(
(!"D
67S
$Ras#n 1C it a""ars t!at t! a&&idavits, -!i'!
srvd as t! :'(usiv )asis #& t! sar'! -arrants,
ar insu&&i'int and &ata((* d&'tiv )* ras#n #& t!
mannr in -!i'! t! #at!s -r mad and,
t!r&#r, it is !r)* !(d t!at t! sar'! -arrants
in 3usti#n and t! su)s3unt si8ur #& t!
d#'umnts and "a"rs ar i((ga( and d# n#t in an*
-a* -arrant t! d"rivati#n t# -!i'! t! "titi#nrs
-r su)/'td,
,#8e oa78 reDuired mus7 refer 7o 78e 7ru78 of
78e fac7s wi78in 78e personal Inowledge of 78e
pe7i7ioner or 8is wi7nesses5 Aecause 78e
purpose 78ereof is 7o conince 78e commi77ing
magis7ra7e5 no7 78e indiidual maIing 78e
affidai7 and seeIing 78e issuance of 78e
warran75 of 78e eCis7ence of proAaAle cause.
#8e 7rue 7es7 of sufficiency of an affidai7 7o
warran7 issuance of a searc8 warran7 is
w8e78er i7 8as Aeen drawn in suc8 a manner
78a7 per;ury could Ae c8arged 78ereon and
affian7 Ae 8eld liaAle for damages caused.
$S' 1, "ar 3, #& Art III, C#nstituti#nC R%! rig!t #& t!
"#"( t# ) s'ur in t!ir "rs#ns, !#uss, "a"rs,
and &&'ts against unras#na)( sar'!s and
si8urs s!a(( n#t ) vi#(atd, and n# -arrants s!a((
issu )ut u"#n "r#)a)( 'aus, t# ) dtrmind )*
t! /udg a&tr :aminati#n undr #at! #r a&&irmati#n
#& t! '#m"(ainant and t! -itnsss ! ma*
"r#du', and "arti'u(ar(* ds'ri)ing t! "(a' t# )
sar'!d, and t! "rs#ns #r t!ings t# ) si8d,R
S' 29 #& Gnra( 1rdrs N#, 58C RA sar'! -arrant
s!a(( n#t issu :'"t &#r "r#)a)( 'aus and u"#n
a""(i'ati#n su""#rtd )* #at! "arti'u(ar(* ds'ri)ing
t! "(a' t# ) sar'!d and t! "rs#n #r t!ing t#
) si8d,R
$ B#t! "r#visi#ns r3uir t!at t!r ) n#t #n(*
"r#)a)( 'aus )&#r t! issuan' #& a sar'!
-arrant )ut t!at t! sar'! -arrant must ) )asd
u"#n an a""(i'ati#n su""#rtd )* #at! #& t!
a""(i'ant and t! -itnsss ! ma* "r#du', In its
)r#adst sns, an #at! in'(uds an* &#rm #&
attstati#n )* -!i'! a "art* signi&is t!at ! is
)#und in '#ns'in' t# "r&#rm an a't &ait!&u((* and
trut!&u((*,
$Ras#n 2C At t! !aring #& t! 'as, it -as s!#-n
t!at t! d#'umnts and "a"rs !ad ra((* )n
si8d t# na)( t! Anti$Ksur* B#ard t# '#ndu't an
invstigati#n and (atr us a(( #r s#m #& t!m as
vidn' against t! "titi#nrs in t! 'rimina( 'ass
t!at ma* ) )r#ug!t against t!m, #8e sei:ure of
AooIs and documen7s Ay means of a searc8
warran75 for 78e purpose of using 78em as
eidence in a criminal case agains7 78e person
in w8ose possession 78ey were found5 is
uncons7i7u7ional Aecause i7 maIes 78e warran7
unreasonaAle5 and i7 is eDuialen7 7o a
iola7ion of 78e cons7i7u7ional proision
pro8iAi7ing 78e compulsion of an accused 7o
7es7ify agains7 8imself %!r&#r, it a""aring
t!at t! d#'umnts and "a"rs -r si8d &#r t!
"ur"#s #& &is!ing &#r vidn' t# ) usd against
t! "titi#nrs in t! 'rimina( "r#'dings &#r
vi#(ati#n #& t! Anti$Ksur* ?a- -!i'! mig!t )
institutd against t!m, t!is '#urt !#(ds t!at t!
sar'! -arrants issud ar i((ga( and t!at t!
d#'umnts and "a"rs s!#u(d ) rturnd t# t!m,
$ ;&initi#n and rati#na( #& search "arrant;
A sar'! -arrant is an #rdr in -riting, issud in t!
nam #& t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""in Is(ands, signd
)* a /udg #r a /usti' #& t! "a', and dir'td t# a
"a' #&&i'r, '#mmanding !im t# sar'! &#r
"rs#na( "r#"rt* and )ring it )&#r t! '#urt,
1& a(( t! rig!ts #& a 'iti8n, &- ar #& gratr
im"#rtan' #r m#r ssntia( t# !is "a' and
!a""inss t!an t! rig!t #& "rs#na( s'urit*, and
t!at inv#(vs t! :m"ti#n #& !is "rivat a&&airs,
)##.s, and "a"rs &r#m t! ins"'ti#n and s'rutin*
#& #t!rs, 5!i( t! "#-r t# sar'! and si8 is
n'ssar* t# t! "u)(i' -(&ar, sti(( it must )
:r'isd and t! (a- n&#r'd -it!#ut transgrssing
t! '#nstituti#na( rig!ts #& 'iti8ns, &#r t!
n&#r'mnt #& n# statut is #& su&&i'int im"#rtan'
t# /usti&* indi&&rn' t# t! )asi' "rin'i"(s #&
g#vrnmnt,
B%R+O' 'R C(I!& O& '#A&&
133 SCRA 800
7SC1?IN; ;'m)r 26, 1284
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus -it!
"r(iminar* mandat#r* and "r#!i)it#r* in/un'ti#n
&AC#'
$ ;'m)r 9, 1282 +udg 7rnani Cru8$Pa_# CFI Ri8a(
DOu8#n Cit*E, issud t-# sar'! -arrants undr
-!i'! t! "rmiss .n#-n as N#, 12, R#ad 3, Pr#/'t
6, Ou8#n Cit*, )usinss addrss #& >tr#"#(itan >ai(
n-s"a"r, and 984 Knits C T ;, R>S Bui(ding,
Ou8#n Avnu, Ou8#n Cit*, )usinss addrss #&
t! R5 F#rumR n-s"a"r -r sar'!d,
$ #&&i' and "rinting ma'!ins, 3ui"mnt,
"ara"!rna(ia, m#t#r v!i'(s and #t!r arti'(s usd
in t! "rinting, "u)(i'ati#n and distri)uti#n #& t!
said n-s"a"rs, as -(( as numr#us "a"rs,
d#'umnts, )##.s and #t!r -rittn (itratur
a((gd t# ) in t! "#ssssi#n and '#ntr#( #&
"titi#nr +#s Burg#s, +r, "u)(is!r$dit#r #& t! R5
F#rumR n-s"a"r, -r si8d,
$ %! 3usti#nd sar'! -arrants -r issud )*
rs"#ndnt /udg u"#n a""(i'ati#n #& C#(, R#(and# N,
A)adi((a, Int((ign' 1&&i'r #& t! P,C, >tr#'#m,
%! a""(i'ati#n -as a''#m"anid )* t! +#int
A&&idavit #& A(/andr# >, Gutirr8 and Pdr# K,
%ang#, mm)rs #& t! >tr#'#m Int((ign' and
S'urit* Gr#u" undr C#(, A)adi((a -!i'! '#ndu'td
a survi((an' #& t! "rmiss "ri#r t# t! &i(ing #&
t! a""(i'ati#n &#r t! sar'! -arrants #n ;'m)r
9, 1282,
$ Rs"#ndnts avr t!at t! 'as s!#u(d )
dismissd #n t! gr#und t!at "titi#nrs !ad '#m
t# SC -it!#ut !aving "rvi#us(* s#ug!t t! 3uas!a(
#& t! sar'! -arrants )&#r t! issuing /udg, But
t!is "r#'dura( &(a- n#t-it!standing, SC t##.
'#gni8an' #& t!is "titi#n in vi- #& t! sri#usnss
and urgn'* #& t! '#nstituti#na( issus raisd, n#t
t# mnti#n t! "u)(i' intrst gnratd )* t!
sar'!,
$ Rs"#ndnts (i.-is urg dismissa( #& t! "titi#n
#n gr#und #& (a'!s, sin' said sar'! -arrants -r
issud #n ;'m)r 9, 1282, )ut t! instant "titi#n
im"ugning t! sam -as &i(d #n(* #n +un 16, 1283,
4#-vr, SC &#und t!at t! :tra/udi'ia( &&#rts
:rtd )* "titi#nrs 3uit vidnt(* ngat t!
"rsum"ti#n t!at t!* !ad a)and#nd t!ir rig!t t#
t! "#ssssi#n #& t! si8d "r#"rt*, t!r)*
r&uting t! '!arg #& (a'!s against t!m,
Petitioners< Claims
U Ptiti#nrs &au(t rs"#ndnt /udg &#r !is a((gd
&ai(ur t# '#ndu't an :aminati#n undr #at! #r
a&&irmati#n #& t! a""(i'ant and !is -itnsss, as
mandatd )* t! '#nstituti#n as -(( as S', 4, Ru(
126 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, 4#-vr, SC &#und t!at as
"titi#nrs t!ms(vs '#n'dd during t! !aring
#n August 2, 1283, t!at an :aminati#n !ad indd
)n '#ndu'td )* rs"#ndnt /udg #& C#(, A)adi((a
and !is -itnsss, t!is issu is m##t and a'admi',
U Sar'! 5arrants N#, 20$82DaE and N#, 20$82D)E
-r usd t# sar'! t-# distin't "(a'sC N#, 12, R#ad
3, Pr#/'t 6, Ou8#n Cit* and 984 Knits C T ;, R>S
Bui(ding, Ou8#n Avnu, Ou8#n Cit*, 1)/'ti#n is
intr"#sd t# t! :'uti#n #& Sar'! 5arrant N#,
20$82D)E at t! (attr addrss #n t! gr#und t!at t!
t-# sar'! -arrants "in"#intd #n(* #n "(a' -!r
"titi#nr +#s Burg#s, +r, -as a((gd(* ."ing and
'#n'a(ing t! arti'(s (istd t!rin, i,,, N#, 12,
R#ad 3, Pr#/'t 6, Ou8#n Cit*,
U a(t!#ug! t! -arrants -r dir'td against +#s
Burg#s, +r, a(#n, arti'(s )(#nging t# !is '#$
"titi#nrs +#s Burg#s, Sr,, Ba*ani S#rian# and t! +,
Burg#s >dia Srvi's, In', -r si8d,
U ra( "r#"rtis -r si8d undr t! dis"utd
-arrants,
U t!at d#'umnts r(id #n )* rs"#ndnts '#u(d n#t
!av "r#vidd su&&i'int )asis &#r t! &inding #& a
"r#)a)( 'aus u"#n -!i'! a -arrant ma* va(id(*
issu in a''#rdan' -it! S'ti#n 3, Arti'( I@ #& t!
1293 C#nstituti#n
I''%!'
51N t! t-# sar'! -arrants arC
1, d&'tiv &#r stating #n(* #n and t! sam "(a'
t# ) sar'!d
2, nu(( and v#id &#r in'(uding "r#"rtis n#t #-nd )*
t! "rs#n namd in t! -arrants
3, nu(( and v#id &#r in'(uding ra( "r#"rtis
4, nu(( and v#id &#r )ing vi#(ativ #& t! '#nstituti#n,
t!us n'r#a'!ing #n "titi#nrsQ &undamnta( rig!ts
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! d&'t "#intd #ut is a t*"#gra"!i'a( rr#r, %-#
sar'! -arrants -r a""(id &#r and issud )'aus
t! "ur"#s and intnt -r t# sar'! t-# distin't
"rmiss, %! addrsss #& t! "(a's s#ug!t t# )
sar'!d -r s"'i&i'a((* st &#rt! in t!
a""(i'ati#n, and sin' it -as C#(, A)adi((a !ims(&
-!# !add t! tam -!i'! :'utd t! sar'!
-arrants, t! am)iguit* t!at mig!t !av arisn )*
ras#n #& t! t*"#gra"!i'a( rr#r is m#r a""arnt
t!an ra(,
$ In t! dtrminati#n #& -!t!r a sar'! -arrant
ds'ri)s t! "rmiss t# ) sar'!d -it! su&&i'int
"arti'u(arit*, it !as )n !(d Rt!at t! :'uting
#&&i'rQs "ri#r .n#-(dg as t# t! "(a' intndd in
t! -arrant is r(vant, %!is -#u(d sm t# )
s"'ia((* tru -!r t! :'uting #&&i'r is t!
a&&iant #n -!#s a&&idavit t! -arrant !ad issud,
and -!n ! .n#-s t!at t! /udg -!# issud t!
-arrant intndd t! )ui(ding ds'ri)d in t!
a&&idavit, And it !as a(s# )n said t!at t! :'uting
#&&i'r ma* (##. t# t! a&&idavit in t! #&&i'ia( '#urt
&i( t# rs#(v an am)iguit* in t! -arrant as t# t!
"(a' t# ) sar'!d,R
2, N1
$ S'ti#n 2, Ru( 126 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt,
numrats t! "rs#na( "r#"rtis t!at ma* )
si8d undr a sar'! -arrant, %! ru( d#s n#t
r3uir t!at t! "r#"rt* t# ) si8d s!#u(d )
#-nd )* t! "rs#n against -!#m t! sar'!
-arrant is dir'td, It ma* #r ma* n#t ) #-nd )*
!im, 1-nrs!i", t!r&#r, is #& n# '#ns3un', and
it is su&&i'int t!at t! "rs#n against -!#m t!
-arrant is dir'td !as '#ntr#( #r "#ssssi#n #& t!
"r#"rt* s#ug!t t# ) si8d,
3, N1
$ Kndr Arti'( 415D5E #& t! Civi( C#d , Rma'!inr*,
r'"ta)(s, instrumnts #r im"(mnts intndd )*
t! #-nr #& t! tnmnt &#r an industr* #r -#r.s
-!i'! ma* ) 'arrid #n in a )ui(ding #r #n a "i' #&
(and and -!i'! tnd dir't(* t# mt t! nds #&
t! said industr* #r -#r.sR ar '#nsidrd
imm#va)( "r#"rt*, Ptiti#nrs d# n#t '(aim t# )
t! #-nrs #& t! (and andM#r )ui(ding #n -!i'! t!
ma'!inris -r "(a'd, %!is )ing t! 'as, t!
ma'!inris in 3usti#n, -!i( in &a't )#(td t# t!
gr#und rmain m#va)( "r#"rt* sus'"ti)( t#
si8ur undr a sar'! -arrant,
4, 67S
$ Pr#)a)( 'aus &#r a sar'! is d&ind as su'! &a'ts
and 'ir'umstan's -!i'! -#u(d (ad a ras#na)(*
dis'rt and "rudnt man t# )(iv t!at an #&&ns
!as )n '#mmittd and t!at t! #)/'ts s#ug!t in
'#nn'ti#n -it! t! #&&ns ar in t! "(a' s#ug!t
t# ) sar'!d, And -!n t! sar'! -arrant a""(id
&#r is dir'td against a n-s"a"r "u)(is!r #r
dit#r in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! "u)(i'ati#n #&
su)vrsiv matria(s, as in t! 'as at )ar, t!
a""(i'ati#n andM#r its su""#rting a&&idavits must
'#ntain a s"'i&i'ati#n, stating -it! "arti'u(arit* t!
a((gd su)vrsiv matria( ! !as "u)(is!d #r is
intnding t# "u)(is!, >r gnra(i8ati#n -i(( n#t
su&&i',
$ In mandating t!at Rn# -arrant s!a(( issu :'"t
u"#n "r#)a)( 'aus t# ) dtrmind )* t!
/udg, , , , a&tr :aminati#n undr #at! #r
a&&irmati#n #& t! '#m"(ainant and t! -itnsss !
ma* "r#du'B t! C#nstituti#n r3uirs n# (ss t!an
"rs#na( .n#-(dg )* t! '#m"(ainant #r !is
-itnsss #& t! &a'ts u"#n -!i'! t! issuan' #& a
sar'! -arrant ma* ) /usti&id, In A(var8 v, CFI, SC
ru(d t!at Rt! #at! r3uird must r&r t# t! trut!
#& t! &a'ts -it!in t! "rs#na( .n#-(dg #& t!
"titi#nr #r !is -itnsss, )'aus t! "ur"#s
t!r#& is t# '#nvin' t! '#mmitting magistrat, n#t
t! individua( ma.ing t! a&&idavit and s.ing t!
issuan' #& t! -arrant, #& t! :istn' #& "r#)a)(
'aus,R
$ t! sar'! -arrants ar in t! natur #& gnra(
-arrants,
$ As a '#ns3un' #& t! sar'! and si8ur, t!
"rmiss -r "ad(#'.d and sa(d, -it! t!
&urt!r rsu(t t!at t! "rinting and "u)(i'ati#n #& said
n-s"a"rs -r dis'#ntinud, Su'! '(#sur is in t!
natur #& "rvi#us rstraint #r 'ns#rs!i" a)!#rrnt
t# t! &rd#m #& t! "rss guarantd undr t!
&undamnta( (a-, and '#nstituts a virtua( dnia( #&
"titi#nrsQ &rd#m t# :"rss t!ms(vs in "rint,
Dispositive Sar'! 5arrants N#s, 20$82DaE and 20$
82D)E issud )* rs"#ndnt /udg #n ;'m)r 9,
1282 ar null and oid. A(( arti'(s si8d
t!rundr ar #rdrd r(asd t# "titi#nrs,
P!OP"! B%R+O'
144 SCRA 1
GK%I7RR7L; S"t,4, 1286
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m R%C d'isi#n '#nvi'ting Ru)n Burg#s #&
t! 'rim #& I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms in
Furt!ran' #& Su)vrsi#n
&AC#'
$ Pr#s'uti#n vrsi#nC K"#n #)taining in&#rmati#n
&r#m #n Csar >asam(#., -!# "rs#na((* and
v#(untari(* surrndrd t# t! ;ava# d( Sur "#(i'
4O stating t!at a''usd Ru)n Burg#s &#r'i)(*
r'ruitd !im t# /#in t! NPA -it! t! us #& a
&irarm against !is (i&, a tam -as dis"at'!d t!
&#((#-ing da* t# arrst Burg#s, %!r#ug! t! !(" #&
Pdr# Burg#s, t! )r#t!r #& a''usd, t! tam -as
a)( t# (#'at Ru)n Burg#s, -!# -as "(#-ing !is
&i(d at t! tim,
$ 5!n as.d a)#ut t! &irarm, t! a''usd dnid
"#ssssi#n #& it, )ut a&tr 3usti#ning t! a''usd0s
-i&, t! "#(i' -r a)( t# (#'at and rtriv t!
said &irarm, a ,38 'a(i)r S T 5, )urid in t!
gr#und )(#- t!ir !#us, %! "#(i', a&tr a''usd
"#intd t!m t# t! (#'ati#n, -r a(s# a)( t#
rtriv a((gd su)vrsiv d#'umnts <a n#t)##.
and a "am"!(t= !iddn undrgr#und a &- mtrs
a-a* &r#m t! !#us,
$ %# "r#v a''usd0s su)vrsiv a'tivitis, >asam(#.
tsti&id t!at a''usd 'am t# !is !#us and t#(d !im
t# /#in t! NPA #r !is &ami(* -i(( ) .i((d a(#ng -it!
!im, %! t!rat t# !is (i& and &ami(* &#r'd
>asam(#. t# /#in t! NPA, 4 (atr attndd an NPA
sminar -!r Burg#s, t! &irst s"a.r, said vr*
distin't(* t!at ! is an NPA t#gt!r -it! !is
'#m"ani#ns, t# assur t! unit* #& t! 'ivi(ian, %!at
! n'#uragd t! gr#u" t# #vrt!r#- t!
g#vrnmnt, %# "r#v i((ga( "#ssssi#n, a "rs#n in
'!arg #& &irarms and :"(#sivs #& t! PC 4O in
;ava# tsti&id t!at a''usd -as n#t am#ng t! (ist
#& &irarm !#(drs
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, a''usd$a""((ants '(aims t!at
! -as ta.n t# t! PC )arra'.s and -!n ! dnid
#-nrs!i" #& t! gun, ! -as )atn, t#rturd,
mau(d and su)/'td t# "!*si'a( ag#n*, 4 -as
&#r'd t# admit "#ssssi#n #r #-nrs!i" #& t! gun,
2 -itnsss as -(( as Ru)n0s -i& Kr)ana, -r
"rsntd )* t! d&ns in su""#rt #& t! a''usd0s
dnia( #& t! '!arg against !im, Kr)ana '(aimd
t!at it -as >asam(#. -!# (&t t! &irarm t!r,
$ %! R%C a&tr '#nsidring t! vidn's "rsntd
)* )#t! "r#s'uti#n and d&ns '#nvi'td a''usd
Ru)n Burg#s gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t!
'rim #& i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms in &urt!ran'
#& su)vrsi#n, %! R%C /usti&id t! -arrant(ss
arrst as &a((ing undr #n #& t! 'ir'umstan's
-!n arrsts ma* ) va(id(* mad -it!#ut a -arrant,
undr Ru( 113 S',6 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, It statd
t!at vn i& t!r -as n# -arrant &#r t! arrst #&
Burg#s, t! &a't t!at At! aut!#ritis r'ivd an
urgnt r"#rt #& a''usdQs inv#(vmnt in su)vrsiv
a'tivitis &r#m a r(ia)( s#ur' <r"#rt #& Csar
>asam(#.= t! 'ir'umstan's #& !is arrst, vn
-it!#ut /udi'ia( -arrant, is (a-&u((* -it!in t! am)it
#& S', 6<a= #& Ru( 113 and a""(i'a)( /uris"rudn'
#n t! mattr,B I& t! arrst is va(id, t! '#ns3unt
sar'! and si8ur #& t! &irarm and t! a((gd
su)vrsiv d#'umnts -#u(d )'#m an in'idnt t#
a (a-&u( arrst as "r#vidd )* Ru( 126, S', 12, LA
person charged with an offense ma' be searched for
dangerous weapons or an'thing which ma' be used
as proof of the commission of the offense.M
I''%!'
1, 51N t! arrst -as (a-&u( and 51N t! sar'! #&
!is !#us and t! su)s3unt '#n&is'ati#n #& a
&irarm and d#'umnts '#ndu'td in a (a-&u(
mannr,
2, 51N t!r is n#ug! vidn' t# "r#v !is gui(t
)*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t,
(!"D
1, N1
Art.*** !ec.D of the Constitution safeguards against
wanton and unreasonable invasion of the privac'
and libert' of a citi"en as to his person& papers and
effects. In t!is 'as, t! arrst -as mad -it!#ut
-arrant and sin' it d#s n#t &a(( -it!in t!
:'"ti#ns #& arrsts t!at 'an ) mad -it!#ut a
-arrant, it is un(a-&u( and t!r&#r, t! &ruit #& t!
"#is#n#us tr d#'trin a""(is,
Reasoning Kndr S',6 <a= #& Ru( 113, t! #&&i'r
arrsting a "rs#n -!# !as /ust '#mmittd, is
'#mmitting, #r is a)#ut t# '#mmit an #&&ns must
!av personal knowledge #& t!at &a't, %! #&&ns
must a(s# ) '#mmittd in !is "rsn' #r -it!in !is
vi-, %!r is n# su'! "rs#na( .n#-(dg in t!is
'as, 5!atvr .n#-(dg -as "#ssssd )* t!
arrsting #&&i'rs, it 'am in its ntirt* &r#m t!
in&#rmati#n &urnis!d )* Csar >asam(#., %!
(#'ati#n #& t! &irarm -as givn )* Burg#s0 -i&, At
t! tim #& arrst, Burg#s -as n#t in a'tua(
"#ssssi#n #& an* &irarm #r su)vrsiv d#'umnt,
Nit!r -as ! '#mmitting an* a't -!i'! '#u(d )
ds'ri)d as su)vrsiv, 4 -as, in &a't, "(#-ing !is
&i(d at t! tim,
$ %! S#(Gn )(ivs t!at t! arrst ma* sti(( )
'#nsidrd (a-&u( undr S',6<)= using t! tst #&
ras#na)(nss, %! S#(Gn su)mits t!at t! in&#
givn )* >asam(#. -as su&&i'int t# indu' a
ras#na)( gr#und t!at a 'rim !as )n '#mmittd
and t!at t! a''usd is "r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#&, In
arrsts -it!#ut a -arrant undr S',6<)=, !#-vr, it
is n#t n#ug! t!at t!r is ras#na)( gr#und t#
)(iv t!at t! "rs#n t# ) arrstd !as '#mmittd
a 'rim, A 'rim must in &a't #r a'tua((* !av )n
'#mmittd &irst, %!at a 'rim !as a'tua((* )n
'#mmittd is an ssntia( "r'#nditi#n, It is n#t
n#ug! t# sus"'t t!at a 'rim ma* !av )n
'#mmittd, %! &a't #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns
must ) undis"utd, %! tst #& ras#na)( gr#und
a""(is #n(* t# t! idntit* #& t! "r"trat#r, In t!is
'as, t! a''usd -as arrstd #n t! s#( )asis #&
>asam(#.Qs vr)a( r"#rt, >asam(#. (d t!
aut!#ritis t# sus"'t t!at t! a''usd !ad
'#mmittd a 'rim, %!* -r sti(( &is!ing &#r
vidn' #& a 'rim n#t *t as'rtaind, %!
su)s3unt r'#vr* #& t! su)/'t &irarm #n t!
)asis #& in&#rmati#n &r#m t! (i"s #& a &rig!tnd -i&
'ann#t ma. t! arrst (a-&u(, I& an arrst -it!#ut
-arrant is un(a-&u( at t! m#mnt it is mad,
gnra((* n#t!ing t!at !a""nd #r is dis'#vrd
a&tr-ards 'an ma. it (a-&u(, %! &ruit #& a "#is#nd
tr is n'ssari(* a(s# taintd, >#r im"#rtant, 5
&ind n# '#m"((ing ras#n &#r t! !ast -it! -!i'!
t! arrsting #&&i'rs s#ug!t t# arrst t! a''usd,
5 &ai( t# s -!* t!* &ai(d t# &irst g# t!r#ug! t!
"r#'ss #& #)taining a -arrant #& arrst, i& indd
t!* !ad ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t!
a''usd !ad tru(* '#mmittd a 'rim, %!r is n#
s!#-ing t!at t!r -as a ra( a""r!nsi#n t!at t!
a''usd -as #n t! vrg #& &(ig!t #r s'a",
?i.-is, t!r is n# s!#-ing t!at t! -!ra)#uts
#& t! a''usd -r un.n#-n,
$ %! )asis &#r t! a'ti#n ta.n )* t! arrsting
#&&i'r -as t! vr)a( r"#rt mad )* >asam(#. -!#
-as n#t r3uird t# su)s'ri) !is a((gati#ns undr
#at!, %!r -as n# '#m"u(si#n &#r !im t# stat
trut!&u((* !is '!args undr "ain #& 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n, C#ns3unt(*, t! nd t# g# t!r#ug!
t! "r#'ss #& s'uring a sar'! -arrant and a
-arrant #& arrst )'#ms vn m#r '(ar, %!
arrst #& t! a''usd -!i( ! -as "(#-ing !is &i(d is
i((ga(, %! arrst )ing un(a-&u(, t! sar'! and
si8ur -!i'! trans"ird a&tr-ards '#u(d n#t
(i.-is ) dmd (ga( as )ing mr in'idnts t#
a va(id arrst, Nit!r 'an it ) "rsumd t!at t!r
-as a -aivr, #r t!at '#nsnt -as givn )* t!
a''usd t# ) sar'!d sim"(* )'aus ! &ai(d t#
#)/'t, %# '#nstitut a -aivr, it must a""ar &irst
t!at t! rig!t :ists; s'#nd(*, t!at t! "rs#n
inv#(vd !ad .n#-(dg, a'tua( #r '#nstru'tiv, #&
t! :istn' #& su'! a rig!t; and (ast(*, t!at said
"rs#n !ad an a'tua( intnti#n t# r(in3uis! t! rig!t,
%! &a't t!at t! a''usd &ai(d t# #)/'t t# t! ntr*
int# !is !#us d#s n#t am#unt t# a "rmissi#n t#
ma. a sar'! t!rin,
2, N1,
Sin' t! :tra$/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n, t! &irarm, and
t! a((gd su)vrsiv d#'umnts ar inadmissi)(
in vidn', t! #n(* rmaining "r##& t# sustain t!
'!arg is t! tstim#n* #& >asam(#., -!i'! is
inad3uat t# '#nvi't Burg#s )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t,
Reasoning A(t!#ug! it is tru t!at t! tria( '#urt
&#und >asam(#.0s tstim#n* 'rdi)( and '#nvin'ing,
t! SC is n#t n'ssari(* )#und )* t! 'rdi)i(it*
-!i'! t! tria( '#urt atta'!s t# a "arti'u(ar -itnss,
As statd in P#"( v Ca)rra <100 SCRA 424=C /hen
it comes to $uestion of credibilit' the findings of the
trial court are entitled to great respect upon appeal
for the obvious reason that it was able to observe
the demeanor& actuations and deportment of the
witnesses during the trial. But /e have also said that
this rule is not absolute for otherwise there would be
no reversals of convictions upon appeal. /e must
reject the findings of the trial court where the record
discloses circumstances of weight and substance
which were not properl' appreciated b' the trial
court. In t! instant 'as, >asam(#.0s tstim#n* -as
t#ta((* un'#rr#)#ratd, C#nsidring t!at >asam(#.
surrndrd t# t! mi(itar*, 'rtain(* !is &at
d"ndd #n !#- agr(* ! '##"ratd -it! t!
aut!#ritis, 1t!r-is, ! -#u(d a(s# ) '!argd
-it! su)vrsi#n, >asam(#. ma* ) '#nsidrd as an
intrstd -itnss, 4is tstim#n* 'ann#t ) said t#
) &r &r#m t! #""#rtunit* and tm"tati#n t# )
:aggratd and vn &a)ri'atd &#r it -as intndd
t# s'ur !is &rd#m, >#r#vr, ds"it t! &a't
t!at t!r -r #t!r "rs#ns "rsnt during t!
a((gd NPA sminar -!# '#u(d !av '#rr#)#ratd
>asam(#.Qs tstim#n* t!at t! a''usd usd t! gun
in &urt!ran' #& su)vrsiv a'tivitis #r a'tua((*
ngagd in su)vrsiv a'ts, t! "r#s'uti#n nvr
"rsntd an* #t!r -itnss,
Dispositive +udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n is R7@7RS7;
and S7% ASI;7, A''usd Burg#s is ACOKI%%7; #n
gr#unds #& ras#na)( d#u)t,
A"I( CA'#RO
151 SCRA 292
CRKL; +un 23, 1289
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus -it!
"r(iminar* in/un'ti#n and rstraining #rdr
&AC#'
$ 1n N#vm)r 25, 1284, a '#ntingnt #& m#r t!an
t-# !undrd P!i(i""in marins and (mnts #& t!
!#m d&ns &#r's raidd t! '#m"#und #''u"id
)* t! "titi#nrs at G#v, A(var8 strt, Lam)#anga
Cit*, in sar'! #& (##s &irarms, ammuniti#n and
#t!r :"(#sivs,
$ %! mi(itar* #"rati#n -as '#mm#n(* .n#-n and
dradd as a R8#na,R -!i'! -as (i. t! &ard
"ra'ti' #& t! .m"itai during t! +a"ans
1''u"ati#n #& r#unding u" t! "#"( in a (#'a(it*,
arrsting t! "rs#ns &ingrd )* a !##dd in&#rmr,
and :'uting t!m #utrig!t <a(t!#ug! t! (ast "art
is n#t in'(udd in t! m#drn r&inmnt=,
$ %! initia( ra'ti#n #& t! "#"( insid t!
'#m"#und -as t# rsist t! invasi#n -it! a )urst #&
gun&ir, %! s#(dirs rturnd &ir and a )(##d*
s!##t$#ut nsud, rsu(ting in a num)r #&
'asua(tis,
$ 16 ma( #''u"ants -r arrstd, (atr t# ) &ingr$
"rintd, "ara&&in$tstd and "!#t#gra"!d #vr t!ir
#)/'ti#n, %! mi(itar* a(s# invnt#rid and
'#n&is'atd nin >16 ri&(s, #n >14 ri&(, nin ri&(
grnads, and svra( r#unds #& ammuniti#n &#und in
t! "rmiss,
$ 1n ;'m)r 21, 1284, t! "titi#nrs 'am t# t!is
C#urt, %!ir "ur"#s -as t# r'#vr t! arti'(s
si8d &r#m t!m, t# "rvnt t!s &r#m )ing usd
as vidn' against t!m, and t# '!a((ng t!ir
&ingr$"rinting, "!#t#gra"!ing and "ara&&in$tsting as
vi#(ativ #& t!ir rig!t against s(&$in'riminati#n,
$ %! "titi#nrs dmand t! rturn #& t! arms and
ammuniti#n #n t! gr#und t!at t!* -r ta.n
-it!#ut a sar'! -arrant as r3uird )* t! Bi(( #&
Rig!ts, %!is is '#n&irmd )* t! said r"#rt and in
&a't admittd )* t! rs"#ndnts, R)ut -it!
av#idan',
I''%!
51N t! sar'! #& "titi#nrs0 "rmiss -as i((ga(,
(!"D
67S,
Ratio 7vn i& -r assumd &#r t! sa. #&
argumnt t!at t!* -r gui(t*, t!* -#u(d n#t !av
)n an* (ss ntit(d t# t! "r#t'ti#n #& t!
C#nstituti#n, -!i'! '#vrs )#t! t! inn#'nt and t!
gui(t*,
Reasoning
Article *<& !ection C& of the 78PC ConstitutionC %!
rig!t #& t! "#"( t# ) s'ur in t!ir "rs#ns,
!#uss, "a"rs, and &&'ts against unras#na)(
sar'!s and si8urs #& -!atvr natur and &#r
an* "ur"#s s!a(( n#t ) vi#(atd, and n# sar'!
-arrant #r -arrant #& arrst s!a(( issu :'"t u"#n
"r#)a)( 'aus t# ) dtrmind )* t! /udg, #r
su'! #t!r rs"#nsi)( #&&i'r as ma* ) aut!#ri8d
)* (a-, a&tr :aminati#n undr #at! #r a&&irmati#n
#& t! '#m"(ainant and t! -itnsss ! ma*
"r#du', and "arti'u(ar(* ds'ri)ing t! "(a' t# )
sar'!d, and t! "rs#ns #r t!ings t# ) si8d,
Article *<& !ection :0D4 An* vidn' #)taind in
vi#(ati#n #& t!is #r t! "r'ding s'ti#n s!a(( )
inadmissi)( &#r an* "ur"#s in an* "r#'ding,
$%! rs"#ndnts, -!i( admitting t! a)sn' #& t!
r3uird su'! -arrant, s#ug!t t# /usti&* t!ir a't #n
t! gr#und t!at t!* -r a'ting undr su"ri#r
#rdrs, %!r -as a(s# t! suggsti#n t!at t!
masur -as n'ssar* )'aus #& t! aggravati#n
#& t! "a' and #rdr "r#)(m gnratd )* t!
assassinati#n #& >a*#r Csar C(ima'#,
$ Su"ri#r #rdrsR 'ann#t, #& '#urs, '#untrmand
t! C#nstituti#n, %! &a't t!at t! "titi#nrs -r
sus"'td #& t! C(ima'# .i((ing did n#t :'us t!
'#nstituti#na( s!#rt$'uts t! rs"#ndnts t##.,
$ Lam)#anga Cit* at t! tim in 3usti#n 'rtain(*
did n#t :'us t! n#n$#)srvan' #& t!
'#nstituti#na( guarant* against unras#na)(
sar'!s and si8urs, %!r -as n# stat #&
!#sti(itis in t! ara t# /usti&*, assuming it '#u(d, t!
r"rssi#ns '#mmittd t!rin against t!
"titi#nrs,
$ %! r'#rd d#s n#t dis'(#s t!at t! "titi#nrs
-r -antd 'rimina(s #r &ugitivs &r#m /usti', At
t! tim #& t! R8#na,R t!* -r mr(* sus"'td
#& t! ma*#rQs s(a*ing and !ad n#t in &a't vn )n
invstigatd &#r it, As mr sus"'ts, t!* -r
"rsumd inn#'nt and n#t gui(t* as summari(*
"r#n#un'd )* t! mi(itar*,
$ (a'.ing t! s!i(d #& inn#'n', t! gui(t* nd t!
arm#r #& t! C#nstituti#n, t# "r#t't t!m, n#t &r#m
a dsrvd sntn', )ut &r#m ar)itrar* "unis!mnt,
7vr* "rs#n is ntit(d t# du "r#'ss, It is n#
:aggrati#n t!at t! )asst 'rimina(, rangd
against t! rst #& t! "#"( -!# -#u(d '#ndmn
!im #utrig!t, is sti((, undr t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts, a
ma/#rit* #& #n,
$ %! rs"#ndnts 'ann#t vn "(ad t! urgn'* #&
t! raid )'aus it -as in &a't n#t urgnt, %!* .n-
-!r t! "titi#nrs -r, %!* !ad vr*
#""#rtunit* t# gt a sar'! -arrant )&#r ma.ing
t! raid, I& t!* -r -#rrid t!at t! -a"#ns insid
t! '#m"#und -#u(d ) s"iritd a-a*, t!* '#u(d
!av surr#undd t! "rmiss in t! mantim, as a
"rvntiv masur,
$ Conceding 78a7 78e searc8 was 7ruly
warran7less5 mig87 no7 78e searc8 and sei:ure
Ae none78eless considered alid Aecause i7 was
inciden7al 7o a legal arres7O Sur(* n#t, I& a(( t!
(a- n&#r'mnt aut!#ritis !av t# d# is &#r' t!ir
-a* int# an* !#us and t!n "i'. u" an*t!ing t!*
s t!r #n t! gr#und t!at t! #''u"ants ar
rsisting arrst, t!n - mig!t as -(( d(t t! Bi((
#& Rig!ts as a &uss* rdundan'*,
$ If 78e arres7 was made under Rule 11-5
'ec7ion 15 of 78e Rules of Cour7 in connec7ion
wi78 a crime aAou7 7o Ae commi77ed5 Aeing
commi77ed5 or ;us7 commi77ed5 w8a7 was 78a7
crimeO %!r is n# a((gati#n in t! r'#rd #& su'! a
/usti&i'ati#n, Parnt!ti'a((*, it ma* ) #)srvd t!at
undr t! Rvisd Ru( 113, S'ti#n 5<)=, t! #&&i'r
ma.ing t! arrst must !av "rs#na( .n#-(dg #&
t! gr#und t!r&#r,
$ It &#((#-s t!at as t! sar'! #& t! "titi#nrsQ
"rmiss -as vi#(ativ #& t! C#nstituti#n, a(( t!
&irarms and ammuniti#n ta.n &r#m t! raidd
'#m"#und ar inadmissi)( in vidn' in an* #& t!
"r#'dings against t! "titi#nrs, %!s arti'(s
ar R&ruits #& t! "#is#n#us tr,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! sar'! #& t!
"titi#nrsQ "rmiss #n N#vm)r 25, 1284, is
!r)* d'(ard I??7GA? and a(( t! arti'(s si8d
as a rsu(t t!r#& ar inadmissi)( in vidn'
against t! "titi#nrs in an* "r#'dings, 4#-vr,
t! said arti'(s s!a(( rmain in 'ust#dia (gis
"nding t! #ut'#m #& t! 'rimina( 'ass t!at !av
)n #r ma* (atr ) &i(d against t! "titi#nrs,
PO'ADA' CA <P!OP"!>
188 SCRA 288
GANCA6C1; August 2, 1220
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi-
&AC#'
, Pat, Krsi'i# Knga) and Pat, Km)ra Km"ar, )#t!
mm)rs #& t! Intgratd Nati#na( P#(i' <INP= #&
t! ;ava# >tr#dis'#m assignd -it! t!
Int((ign' %as. F#r', -r '#ndu'ting a
survi((an' a(#ng >aga((ans Strt, ;ava# Cit* #n
1't#)r 16, 1286 at a)#ut 10C00 #Q'(#'. in t!
m#rning, %!* s"#ttd "titi#nr 'arr*ing a R)uriR
)ag and t!* n#ti'd !im t# ) a'ting sus"i'i#us(*
-!i( t!* -r -it!in t! "rmiss #& t! Ri8a(
>m#ria( C#((gs
%!* a""r#a'!d t! "titi#nr and idnti&id
t!ms(vs as mm)rs #& t! INP, Ptiti#nr
attm"td t# &( )ut !is attm"t t# gt a-a* -as
t!-artd )* t! t-# n#t-it!standing !is rsistan',
%!* t!n '!'.d t! R)uriR )ag #& t! "titi#nr
-!r t!* &#und #n <1= 'a(i)r ,38 Smit! T 5ss#n
rv#(vr -it! Sria( N#, 990126 t-# <2= r#unds #&
(iv ammuniti#n &#r a ,38 'a(i)r gun a sm#. <tar
gas= grnad,

and t-# <2= (iv ammuniti#ns &#r a ,22
'a(i)r gun, %!* )r#ug!t t! "titi#nr t# t! "#(i'
stati#n &#r &urt!r invstigati#n, In t! '#urs #& t!
sam, t! "titi#nr -as as.d t# s!#- t!
n'ssar* (i'ns #r aut!#rit* t# "#ssss &irarms
and ammuniti#ns &#und in !is "#ssssi#n )ut !
&ai(d t# d# s#,
$ 4 -as t!n ta.n t# t! ;ava# >tr#dis'#m #&&i'
and t! "r#!i)itd arti'(s r'#vrd &r#m !im -r
ind#rsd t# >MSgt, ;id#* t! #&&i'r t!n #n dut*, 4
-as "r#s'utd &#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms and
ammuniti#ns in t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& ;ava#
Cit* -!rin a&tr a "(a #& n#t gui(t* and tria( #n t!
mrits a d'isi#n -as rndrd #n 1't#)r 8, 1289
&inding "titi#nr gui(t* #& t! #&&ns, <It a""aring
t!at t! a''usd -as )(#- ig!tn <18= *ars #(d
at t! tim #& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns <Art, 68,
"ar, 2=, ! -as sntn'd t# an indtrminat
"na(t* ranging &r#m %7N <10= 67ARS and 1N7 <1=
;A6 #& prision ma'or t# %57?@7 <12= 6ars, FI@7 <5=
m#nt!s and 7(vn <11= da*s #& Reclusion Temporal,
and t# "a* t! '#sts, %! &irarm, ammuniti#ns and
sm#. grnad ar &#r&itd in &av#r #& t!
g#vrnmnt and t! Bran'! C(r. #& C#urt is !r)*
dir'td t# turn #vr said itms t# t! C!i&, ;ava#
>tr#dis'#m, ;ava# Cit*,=
$ %! "titi#nr intr"#sd an a""a( t# t! C#urt #&
A""a(s -!rin in du '#urs a d'isi#n -as
rndrd #n F)ruar* 23, 1282 a&&irming t!
a""a(d d'isi#n -it! '#sts against t! "titi#nr,
4n', t!is "titi#n &#r rvi-, t! main t!rust #&
-!i'! is t!at t!r )ing n# (a-&u( arrst #r sar'!
and si8ur, t! itms -!i'! -r '#n&is'atd &r#m
t! "#ssssi#n #& t! "titi#nr ar inadmissi)( in
vidn' against !im,
I''%!
51N t! -arrant(ss sar'! im"#sd #n t!
"titi#nr is va(id
(!"D
N1
Ratio
$ %! argumnt #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( t!at -!n t!
t-# "#(i'mn a""r#a'!d t! "titi#nr, ! -as
a'tua((* '#mmitting #r !ad /ust '#mmittd t!
#&&ns #& i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms and
ammuniti#ns in t! "rsn' #& t! "#(i' #&&i'rs
and '#ns3unt(* t! sar'! and si8ur #& t!
'#ntra)and -as in'idnta( t# t! (a-&u( arrst in
a''#rdan' -it! S'ti#n 12, Ru( 126 #& t! 1285
Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur is untna)(, At t! tim
t! "a' #&&i'rs in t!is 'as idnti&id t!ms(vs
and a""r!ndd t! "titi#nr as ! attm"td t#
&( t!* did n#t .n#- t!at ! !ad '#mmittd, #r -as
a'tua((* '#mmitting t! #&&ns #& i((ga( "#ssssi#n
#& &irarms and ammuniti#ns, %!* /ust sus"'td
t!at ! -as !iding s#mt!ing in t! )uri )ag, %!*
did n#- .n#- -!at its '#ntnts -r, %! said
'ir'umstan's did n#t /usti&* an arrst -it!#ut a
-arrant,
4#-vr, t!r ar man* instan's -!r a -arrant
and si8ur 'an ) &&'td -it!#ut n'ssari(*
)ing "r'dd )* an arrst, &#rm#st #& -!i'! is t!
Rst#" and sar'!R -it!#ut a sar'! -arrant at
mi(itar* #r "#(i' '!'."#ints, t! '#nstituti#na(it* #r
va(idit* #& -!i'! !as )n u"!(d )* t!is C#urt in
<almonte vs. de <illa 0to $uote @ot all searches and
sei"ures are prohibited. Those which are reasonable
are not forbidden. A reasonable search is not to be
determined b' an' fi+ed formula but is to be
resolved according to the facts of each case. /here&
for e+ample& the officer merel' draws aside the
curtain of a vacant vehicle which is parked on the
public fair grounds& or simpl' looks into a vehicle or
flashes a light therein& these do not constitute
unreasonable search. True& the manning of
checkpoints b' the militar' is susceptible of abuse b'
the men in uniform in the same manner that all
governmental power is susceptible of abuse. But& at
the cost of occasional inconvenience& discomfort and
even irritation to the citi"en& the checkpoints during
these abnormal times& when conducted within
reasonable limits& are part of the price we pa' for an
orderl' societ' and a peaceful communit'.
Checkpoints ma' also be regarded as measures to
thwart plots to destabili"e the government in the
interest of public securit'. *n this connection& the
Court ma' take judicial notice of the shift to urban
centers and their suburbs of the insurgenc'
movement& so clearl' reflected in the increased
killings in cities of police and militar' men b' @PA
6sparrow units&6 not to mention the abundance of
unlicensed firearms and the alarming rise in
lawlessness and violence in such urban centers& not
all of which are reported in media& most likel'
brought about b' deteriorating economic
conditions 3 which all sum up to what one can rightl'
consider& at the ver' least& as abnormal times.4
$ In t!is 'as, t! -arrant(ss sar'! and si8ur is
m#r ras#na)( '#nsidring t!at un(i. in t!
&#rmr, it -as &&'td #n t! )asis #& a "r#)a)(
'aus, %! "r#)a)( 'aus is t!at -!n t!
"titi#nr a'td sus"i'i#us(* and attm"td t# &(
-it! t! )uri )ag t!r -as a "r#)a)( 'aus t!at !
-as '#n'a(ing s#mt!ing i((ga( in t! )ag and it
-as t! rig!t and dut* #& t! "#(i' #&&i'rs t#
ins"'t t! sam, It is t## mu'! indd t# r3uir
t! "#(i' #&&i'rs t# sar'! t! )ag in t!
"#ssssi#n #& t! "titi#nr #n(* a&tr t!* s!a(( !av
#)taind a sar'! -arrant &#r t! "ur"#s, Su'! an
:r'is ma* "r#v t# ) us(ss, &uti( and mu'!
t## (at,
$ In People vs. C1* of Ri"al, t! C#urt !(d as &#((#-sC
, , , In t! #rdinar* 'ass -!r -arrant is
indis"nsa)(* n'ssar*, t! m'!ani's "rs'ri)d
)* t! C#nstituti#n and ritratd in t! Ru(s #&
C#urt must ) &#((#-d and satis&id, But 5 nd
n#t argu t!at t!r ar :'"ti#ns, %!us in t!
:tra#rdinar* vnts -!r -arrant is n#t n'ssar*
t# &&'t a va(id sar'! #r si8ur, #r -!n t! (attr
'ann#t ) "r&#rmd :'"t -it!#ut -arrant, -!at
'#nstituts a ras#na)( #r unras#na)( sar'! #r
si8ur )'#ms "ur(* a /udi'ia( 3usti#n,
dtrmina)( &r#m t! uni3unss #& t!
'ir'umstan's inv#(vd, in'(uding t! "ur"#s #& t!
sar'! #r si8ur, t! "rsn' #r a)sn' #&
"r#)a)( 'aus, t! mannr in -!i'! t! sar'! and
si8ur -as mad, t! "(a' #r t!ing sar'!d and
t! '!ara'tr #& t! arti'(s "r#'urd, C(ar(*, t!
sar'! in t! 'as at )ar 'an ) sustaind undr t!
:'"ti#ns !rt#&#r dis'ussd, and !n', t!
'#nstituti#na( guarant against unras#na)(
sar'!s and si8urs !as n#t )n vi#(atd,
Dispositive %! "titi#n is dnid
A""ADO DIOH$O
Dsu"ra, "ag 48E
MA"A"OA$ CA <&I$!/A>
232 SCRA 242
R7GA?A;1; >a* 6, 1224
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n certiorari #& a d'isi#n #& CA,
&AC#'
$ 1st ?t, A)sa(#n @, Sa()#r# #& t! CAPC1> N#rt!rn
S't#r <n#- Cntra( S't#r= &i(d -it! t! Rgi#na(
%ria( C#urt #& Sa(##.an Cit* an a""(i'ati#n &#r sar'!
-arrant, %! sar'! -arrant -as s#ug!t &#r in
'#nn'ti#n -it! an a((gd vi#(ati#n #& P,;, 1866
<I((ga( P#ssssi#n #& Firarms and Ammuniti#ns=
"r"tratd at N#, 25 N-"#rt St,, '#rnr >ar()#r#
St,, Fairvi-, 9%!/O$ CI#). 1n >ar'! 23, 1220,
responden7 R#C *udge of HA"OOHA$ CI#)
issud Sar'! 5arrant N#, 25$20,
$ 1n t! sam da*, at ar#und 2C30 ",m,, mm)rs #&
t! CAPC1>, armd -it! su)/'t sar'! -arrant,
"r#'dd t# t! situs #& t! #&&ns a((udd t#,
-!r a (a)#r sminar #& t! 7'umni'a( Institut &#r
?a)#r 7du'ati#n and Rsar'! <7I?7R= -as t!n
ta.ing "(a', A''#rding t# CAPC1>Qs QInvnt#r* #&
Pr#"rt* Si8d,Q &irarms, :"(#siv matria(s and
su)vrsiv d#'umnts, am#ng #t!rs, -r si8d
and ta.n during t! sar'!, And a(( t! si:t*$#n
<61= "rs#ns &#und -it!in t! "rmiss sar'!d
-r )r#ug!t t# Cam" Saringa(, Ou8#n Cit* )ut
m#st #& t!m -r (atr r(asd, -it! t! :'"ti#n
#& t! !rin "titi#nrs, 7I?7R Instru't#rs, -!# -r
indi'td &#r vi#(ati#n #& P,;, 1866 in Crimina( Cas
N#, O$20$11959 )&#r Bran'! 88 #& t! Rgi#na(
%ria( C#urt #& Ou8#n Cit*, "rsidd #vr )*
rs"#ndnt +udg %irs# ;,C, @(as'#,
$ 1n +u(* 10, 1220, "titi#nrs "rsntd a Q>#ti#n &#r
C#ns#(idati#n, Ouas!a( #& Sar'! 5arrant and F#r
t! Su""rssi#n #& A(( I((ga((* A'3uird 7vidn'Q
)&#r t! Ou8#n Cit* '#urt; and a QSu""(mnta(
>#ti#n t# t! >#ti#n &#r C#ns#(idati#n, Ouas!a( #&
Sar'! 5arrant and 7:'(usi#n #& vidn' I((ga((*
1)taindQ,
$ 1n S"tm)r 21, 1220, t! rs"#ndnt Ou8#n
Cit* +udg issud t! '!a((ngd #rdr, '#ns#(idating
su)/'t 'ass )ut dn*ing t! "ra*r &#r t! 3uas!a(
#& t! sar'! -arrant undr atta'., t! va(idit* #&
-!i'! -arrant -as u"!(d; #"ining t!at t! sam
&a((s undr t! 'atg#r* #& 5rits and Pr#'sss,
-it!in t! '#ntm"(ati#n #& "aragra"!s 3<)= #& t!
Intrim Ru(s and Guid(ins, and 'an ) srv n#t
#n(* -it!in t! trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n #& t! issuing
'#urt )ut an*-!r in t! /udi'ia( rgi#n #& t!
issuing '#urt <Nati#na( Ca"ita( +udi'ia( Rgi#n=,
$ Rs"#ndnt C#urt #& A""a(s rndrd /udgmnt,
in &&'t a&&irming t!at #& t! tria( '#urt, )* dn*ing
du '#urs t# t! "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and (i&ting t!
tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr it !ad issud #n
N#vm)r 22, 1220 in '#nn'ti#n t!r-it!, %!is
/udgmnt #& rs"#ndnt '#urt is n#- im"ugnd in
and s#ug!t t# ) rvrsd t!r#ug! t! "rsnt
r'#urs )&#r us,
I''%!
51N a '#urt ma* ta. '#gni8an' #& an a""(i'ati#n
&#r a sar'! -arrant in '#nn'ti#n -it! an #&&ns
'#mmittd #utsid its trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n and t#
issu a -arrant t# '#ndu't a sar'! #n a "(a'
(i.-is #utsid its trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n,
(!"D
67S
$ N# (a- #r ru( im"#ss su'! a (imitati#n #n sar'!
-arrants, in t! sam mannr t!at n# su'!
rstri'ti#n is "r#vidd &#r -arrants #& arrst, %!
argumnts #& "titi#nrs ar n#t in&ra)( )*
n'ssar* im"(i'ati#n &r#m t! statut#r* "r#visi#ns
-!i'! ar "rsumd t# ) '#m"(t and :"rssiv
#& t! intndmnt #& t! &ramrs, A '#ntrar*
intr"rtati#n #n -!atvr "rt:t s!#u(d n#t )
'#untnan'd,
$ A )it #& (ga( !ist#r* #n !is '#ntstati#n -i(( )
!("&u(, %! /urisdi'ti#na( ru( !rt#&#r -as t!at
-rits and "r#'ss #& t! s#$'a((d in&ri#r '#urts
'#u(d ) n&#r'd #utsid t! "r#vin' #n(* -it! t!
a""r#va( #& t! &#rmr '#urt #& &irst instan', Kndr
t! +udi'iar* R#rgani8ati#n A't, t! n&#r'mnt #&
su'! -rits and "r#'sss n# (#ngr nds t!
a""r#va( #& t! rgi#na( tria( '#urt, 1n t! #t!r
!and, -!i(, &#rmr(*, -rits and "r#'sss #& t!
t!n '#urts #& &irst instan' -r n&#r'a)(
t!r#ug!#ut t! P!i(i""ins, undr t! Intrim #r
%ransiti#na( Ru(s and Guid(ins, 'rtain s"'i&id
-rits issud )* a rgi#na( tria( '#urt ar n#-
n&#r'a)( #n(* -it!in its /udi'ia( rgi#n,
, PRAC#ICA" CO$'ID!RA#IO$' %! C#urt 'ann#t
) )(ind t# t! &a't t!at it is :trm(* di&&i'u(t, as it
undnia)(* is, t# dt't #r (i'it in&#rmati#n
rgarding t! :istn' and (#'ati#n #& i((ga((*
"#ssssd #r "r#!i)itd arti'(s, %! C#urt is
a''#rding(* '#nvin'd t!at it s!#u(d n#t ma. t!
r3uisits &#r t! a""r!nsi#n #& t! 'u("rits and
t! '#n&is'ati#n #& su'! i((i'it itms, #n' dt'td,
m#r #nr#us i& n#t im"#ssi)( )* im"#sing &urt!r
ni'tis #& "r#'dur #r su)stantiv ru(s #&
/urisdi'ti#n t!r#ug! d'isi#na( di'ta, F#r t!at mattr,
- ar una-ar #& an* instan' -!rin a sar'!
-arrant -as stru'. d#-n #n #)/'ti#ns )asd #n
trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n,
$ 5 d# n#t )(iv t!at t! n&#r'mnt #& a sar'!
-arrant issud )* a '#urt #utsid t! trrit#ria(
/urisdi'ti#n -!rin t! "(a' t# ) sar'!d is
(#'atd -#u(d 'rat a '#nstituti#na( 3usti#n, N#r
ar - s-a*d )* t! "r#&ssd a""r!nsi#n t!at
t! (a- n&#r'mnt aut!#ritis ma* rs#rt t# -!at
'#u(d ) a "rmutati#n #& &#rum s!#""ing, )* &i(ing
an a""(i'ati#n &#r t! -arrant -it! a R&rind(*R '#urt,
It nd mr(* ) r'a((d t!at a sar'! -arrant is
#n(* a "r#'ss, n#t an a'ti#n, Furt!rm#r, t!
'#nstituti#na( mandat is trans(atd int# s"'i&i'a((*
numratd sa&guards in Ru( 126 #& t! 1285
Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur &#r t! issuan' #& a
sar'! -arrant, and a(( t!s !av t# ) #)srvd
rgard(ss #& -!atvr '#urt in -!i'!vr rgi#n is
im"#rtund &#r #r a'tua((* issus a sar'! -arrant,
Said r3uirmnts, t#gt!r -it! t! tn$da* (i&tim
#& t! -arrant -#u(d dis'#urag rs#rt t# a '#urt in
an#t!r /udi'ia( rgi#n, n#t #n(* )'aus #& t!
distan' )ut a(s# t! '#ntingn'is #& trav( and t!
dangr inv#(vd, un(ss t!r ar ra((* '#m"((ing
ras#ns &#r t! aut!#ritis t# d# s#, Bsids, it d#s
sm #dd t!at su'! '#nstituti#na( "r#tsts !av n#t
)n mad against -arrants #& arrst -!i'! ar
n&#r'a)( ind&init(* and an*-!r a(t!#ug! t!*
inv#(v, n#t #n(* "r#"rt* and "riva'*, )ut "rs#ns
and (i)rt*,
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, it is a mattr #& /udi'ia(
.n#-(dg t!at t! aut!#ritis !av t# '#ntnd n#-
and t!n -it! (#'a( and nati#na( 'rimina( s*ndi'ats
#& '#nsidra)( "#-r and in&(un', "#(iti'a( #r
&inan'ia( in natur, and s# "rvasiv as t# rndr
&##(!ard* an* attm"t t# #)tain a sar'! -arrant in
t! vr* (#'a( undr t!ir s"!r #& '#ntr#(, N#r
s!#u(d - #vr(##. t! &a't t!at t# d# s# -i((
n'ssitat t! trans"#rtati#n #& a""(i'antQs
-itnsss t# and t!ir :aminati#n in said "(a's,
-it! t! attndant ris., dangr and :"ns, A(s#, a
&urt!r -(($&#undd "r'auti#n, #)vi#us(* )#rn #&
:"rin' and vri&ia)( data, is arti'u(atd )* t!
'#urt a 3u#, as 3u#td )* rs"#ndnt '#urtC
R%!is '#urt is #& t! &urt!r )(i& t!at t! "#ssi)(
(a.ag #& in&#rmati#n -!i'! is #& utm#st
im"#rtan' in t! issuan' #& a sar'! -arrant is
s'urd <against= -!r t! issuing magistrat
-it!in t! rgi#n d#s n#t !#(d '#urt sssi#ns in
t! 'it* #r muni'i"a(it*, -it!in t! rgi#n, -!r
t! "(a' t# ) sar'!d is (#'atd,R
$ %! &#rg#ing situati#ns ma* a(s# !av #)taind
and -r ta.n int# a''#unt in t! &#rign /udi'ia(
"r#n#un'mnt t!at, in t! a)sn' #& statut#r*
rstri'ti#ns, a /usti' #& t! "a' in #n distri't #&
t! '#unt* ma* issu a sar'! -arrant t# ) srvd
in an#t!r distri't #& t! '#unt* and mad rturna)(
)&#r t! /usti' #& sti(( an#t!r distri't #r an#t!r
'#urt !aving /urisdi'ti#n t# da( -it! t! mattrs
inv#(vd, In t! "rsnt stat #& #ur (a- #n t!
mattr, - &ind n# su'! statut#r* rstri'ti#ns )#t!
-it! rs"'t t# t! '#urt -!i'! 'an issu t! sar'!
-arrant and t! n&#r'mnt t!r#& an*-!r in
t! P!i(i""ins,
, $O$!#(!"!''5 #O P%# DO%B#' #O R!'#5 #(!
'%PR!M! CO%R# "AID DO0$ #(! &O""O0I$+
PO"IC) +%ID!"I$!'N
1, %! C#urt -!rin t! 'rimina( 'as is "nding
s!a(( !av "rimar* /urisdi'ti#n t# issu sar'!
-arrants n'ssitatd )* and &#r "ur"#ss #& said
'as, An a""(i'ati#n &#r a sar'! -arrant ma* )
&i(d -it! an#t!r '#urt #n(* undr :trm and
'#m"((ing 'ir'umstan's t!at t! a""(i'ant must
"r#v t# t! satis&a'ti#n #& t! (attr '#urt -!i'!
ma* #r ma* n#t giv du '#urs t# t! a""(i'ati#n
d"nding #n t! va(idit* #& t! /usti&i'ati#n #&&rd
&#r n#t &i(ing t! sam in t! '#urt -it! "rimar*
/urisdi'ti#n t!r#vr,
2, 5!n t! (attr '#urt issus t! sar'! -arrant, a
m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! sam ma* ) &i(d in and s!a((
) rs#(vd )* said '#urt, -it!#ut "r/udi' t# an*
"r#"r r'#urs t# t! a""r#"riat !ig!r '#urt )*
t! "art* aggrivd )* t! rs#(uti#n #& t! issuing
'#urt, A(( gr#unds and #)/'ti#ns t!n avai(a)(,
:istnt #r .n#-n s!a(( ) raisd in t! #rigina( #r
su)s3unt "r#'dings &#r t! 3uas!a( #& t!
-arrant, #t!r-is t!* s!a(( ) dmd -aivd,
3, 5!r n# m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! sar'! -arrant
-as &i(d in #r rs#(vd )* t! issuing '#urt, t!
intrstd "art* ma* m#v in t! '#urt -!r t!
'rimina( 'as is "nding &#r t! su""rssi#n as
vidn' #& t! "rs#na( "r#"rt* si8d undr t!
-arrant i& t! sam is #&&rd t!rin &#r said
"ur"#s, Sin' t-# s"arat '#urts -it! di&&rnt
"arti'i"ati#ns ar inv#(vd in t!is situati#n, a m#ti#n
t# 3uas! a sar'! -arrant and a m#ti#n t# su""rss
vidn' ar a(trnativ and n#t 'umu(ativ
rmdis, In #rdr t# "rvnt &#rum s!#""ing, a
m#ti#n t# 3uas! s!a(( '#ns3unt(* ) g#vrnd )*
t! #mni)us m#ti#n ru(, "r#vidd, !#-vr, t!at
#)/'ti#ns n#t avai(a)(, :istnt #r .n#-n during
t! "r#'dings &#r t! 3uas!a( #& t! -arrant ma*
) raisd in t! !aring #& t! m#ti#n t# su""rss,
%! rs#(uti#n #& t! '#urt #n t! m#ti#n t# su""rss
s!a(( (i.-is ) su)/'t t# an* "r#"r rmd* in t!
a""r#"riat !ig!r '#urt,
4, 5!r t! '#urt -!i'! issud t! sar'! -arrant
dnis t! m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! sam and is n#t
#t!r-is "rvntd &r#m &urt!r "r#'ding
t!r#n, a(( "rs#na( "r#"rt* si8d undr t!
-arrant s!a(( &#rt!-it! ) transmittd )* it t# t!
'#urt -!rin t! 'rimina( 'as is "nding, -it! t!
n'ssar* sa&guards and d#'umntati#n t!r&#r,
5, %!s guid(ins s!a(( (i.-is ) #)srvd -!r
t! sam 'rimina( #&&ns is '!argd in di&&rnt
in&#rmati#ns #r '#m"(aints and &i(d in t-# #r m#r
'#urts -it! '#n'urrnt #rigina( /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
'rimina( a'ti#n, 5!n t! issu #& -!i'! '#urt -i(( tr*
t! 'as s!a(( !av )n rs#(vd, su'! '#urt s!a((
) '#nsidrd as vstd -it! "rimar* /urisdi'ti#n t#
a't #n a""(i'ati#ns &#r sar'! -arrants in'idnt t#
t! 'rimina( 'as,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, #n t! &#rg#ing
"rmiss, t! instant "titi#n is ;7NI7; and t!
assai(d /udgmnt #& rs"#ndnt C#urt #& A""a(s in
CA$G,R, SP N#, 23533 is !r)* AFFIR>7;,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
DA@ID! Fconcurring and dissen7ingG
$ %! a)sn' #& an* :"rss statut#r* "r#visi#n
"r#!i)iting a '#urt &r#m issuing a sar'! -arrant in
'#nn'ti#n -it! a 'rim '#mmittd #utsid its
trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n s!#u(d n#t ) '#nstrud as a
grant #& )(an.t aut!#rit* t# an* '#urt #& /usti' in
t! '#untr* t# issu a sar'! -arrant in '#nn'ti#n
-it! a 'rim '#mmittd #utsid its trrit#ria(
/urisdi'ti#n, %! ma/#rit* vi- suggsts #r im"(is
t!at a muni'i"a( tria( '#urt in %a-i$%a-i, Basi(an, #r
Batans 'an va(id(* ntrtain an a""(i'ati#n &#r a
sar'! -arrant and issu #n in '#nn'ti#n -it! a
'rim '#mmittd in >ani(a, 7(s-is statd, a((
'#urts in t! P!i(i""ins, in'(uding t! muni'i"a( tria(
'#urts, 'an va(id(* issu a sar'! -arrant in
'#nn'ti#n -it! a 'rim '#mmittd an*-!r in t!
P!i(i""ins, Sim"(* "ut, a(( '#urts #& /usti' in t!
P!i(i""ins !av, &#r "ur"#ss #& issuing a sar'!
-arrant, /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! ntir ar'!i"(ag#,
$ I 'ann#t su)s'ri) t# t!is vi- sin', in t! &irst
"(a', a sar'! -arrant is )ut an in'idnt t# a main
'as and inv#(vs t! :r'is #& an an'i((ar*
/urisdi'ti#n t!r&#r, t! aut!#rit* t# issu it must
n'ssari(* ) '#$:tnsiv -it! t! '#urtQs
trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n, %# !#(d #t!r-is -#u(d ) t#
add an :'"ti#n t# t! statut#r* "r#visi#ns d&ining
t! trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n #& t! vari#us '#urts #& t!
'#untr*, -!i'! -#u(d am#unt t# /udi'ia( (gis(ati#n,
%! trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n #& t! '#urts is dtrmind
)* (a-, and a rading #& Batas Pam)ansa B(g, 122
dis'(#ss t!at t! trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n #& rgi#na(
tria( '#urts, mtr#"#(itan tria( '#urts, muni'i"a( tria(
'#urts and muni'i"a( 'ir'uit tria( '#urts ar '#n&ind
t# s"'i&i' trrit#ris, In t! s'#nd "(a', t!
ma/#rit* vi- ma* (gitimi8 a)uss t!at -#u(d
rsu(t in t! vi#(ati#n t! 'ivi( rig!ts #& an a''usd #r
t! in&(i'ti#n u"#n !im #& undu and un-arrantd
)urdns and in'#nvnin' as -!n, &#r instan', an
a''usd -!# is a rsidnt #& Bas'#, Batans, !as t#
&i( a m#ti#n t# 3uas! a sar'! -arrant issud )* t!
>tr#"#(itan %ria( C#urt #& >ani(a in '#nn'ti#n -it!
an #&&ns ! a((gd(* '#mmittd in It)a*at,
Batans,
$ N#r 'an St#n!i(( vs, ;i#.n# <20 SCRA 383= ) an
aut!#ritativ '#n&irmati#n #& t! un(imitd #r
unrstri'td "#-r #& an* '#urt t# issu sar'!
-arrants in '#nn'ti#n -it! 'rims '#mmittd
#utsid its trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n, 5!i( it ma* ) tru
t!at t! &#rt*$t-# sar'! -arrants inv#(vd t!rin
-r issud )* svra( +udgs $$$$ s"'i&i'a((* +udgs
<a= Amad# R#an #& t! Cit* C#urt #& >ani(a, <)=
R#man Cansin# #& t! Cit* C#urt #& >ani(a, <'=
4rm#gns Ca(uag #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #&
Ri8a( <Ou8#n Cit* Bran'!=, <d= 7u(#gi# >n'ias #&
t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& Ri8a( <Pasig Bran'!=,
and <= ;amian +imn8 #& t! Cit* C#urt #& Ou8#n
Cit* <F##tn#t 2, "ag 389= $$$$ t!r is n# d&init
s!#-ing t!at t! &#rt*$t-# sar'! -arrants -r &#r
t! sar'!s and si8urs #& "r#"rtis #utsid t!
trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n #& t!ir rs"'tiv '#urts, %!
-arrants -r issud against t! "titi#nrs and
'#r"#rati#ns #& -!i'! t!* -r #&&i'rs and s#m #&
t! '#r"#rati#ns numratd in F##tn#t 9 !av
addrssd in >ani(a and >a.ati, <"", 388$82=, Ri8a(
<-!i'! in'(uds >a.ati= and Ou8#n Cit* )#t!
)(#ngd t# t! Svnt! +udi'ia( ;istri't, %!at
n#)#d* '!a((ngd #n /urisdi'ti#na( gr#und t!
issuan' #& t!s sar'! -arrants is n# argumnt in
&av#r #& t! un(imitd "#-r #& a '#urt t# issu
sar'! -arrants,
$ I !av sri#us misgivings #n t! ma/#rit* d'isi#n
#n t! mattr -!r an#t!r '#urt ma*, )'aus #&
:trm and '#m"((ing 'ir'umstan's, issu a
sar'! -arrant in '#nn'ti#n -it! a 'rimina( 'as
"nding in an a""r#"riat '#urt, %# i((ustrat t!is
:'"ti#n, t! >uni'i"a( %ria( C#urt #& Arga#, C)u,
ma* va(id(* issu a -arrant &#r t! sar'! #& a !#us
in ;ava# Cit* and t! si8ur #& an* "r#"rt* t!rin
t!at ma* !av )n usd in '#mmitting an #&&ns in
>ani(a a(rad* t! su)/'t #& an in&#rmati#n &i(d
-it! t! >tr#"#(itan %ria( C#urt #& >ani(a, I su)mit
t!at t! :'"ti#n vi#(ats t! stt(d "rin'i"( t!at
vn in 'ass #& '#n'urrnt /urisdi'ti#n, t! &irst
'#urt -!i'! a'3uirs /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as
a'3uirs it t# t! :'(usi#n #& t! #t!r, <P#"( vs,
Frnand#, 23 SCRA 869, 890 D1268E=, %!is )ing s#,
it is -it! m#r ras#n t!at a '#urt -!i'! d#s n#t
!av '#n'urrnt /urisdi'ti#n -it! t! &irst -!i'! !ad
ta.n '#gni8an' #& t! 'as d#s n#t a(s# !av t!
aut!#rit* t# issu -rits #r "r#'sss, in'(uding
sar'! -arrants, in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! "nding
'as, >#r#vr, sin' t! issuan' #& a sar'!
-arrants is an in'idnt t# a main 'as #r is an
:r'is #& t! an'i((ar* /urisdi'ti#n #& a '#urt, t!
'#urt -!r t! main 'as is &i(d !as :'(usiv
/urisdi'ti#n #vr a(( in'idnts t!rt# and in t!
issuan' #& a(( -rits and "r#'sss in '#nn'ti#n
t!r-it!, Furt!rm#r, instad #& srving t! nds
#& /usti', t! :'"ti#n ma* "r#vid r##m &#r
un-arrantd a)us #& t! /udi'ia( "r#'ss, -ra.
/udi'ia( !av#' and "r#'dura( '#m"(:itis -!i'!
&&'tiv (a- n&#r'mnt a""arnt(* 'ann#t /usti&*, I
'ann#t '#n'iv #& an* :trm and '#m"((ing
'ir'umstan' -!i'! t! '#urt t!at &irst a'3uird
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as 'ann#t ad3uat(* mt
-it!in its )r#ad "#-rs and aut!#rit*,
$ In t! (ig!t #& t! &#rg#ing, and a&tr r$:amining
m* #rigina( vi- in t!is 'as, I rs"'t&u((* su)mit
t!atC
1, An* '#urt -it!in -!#s trrit#ria( /urisdi'ti#n a
'rim -as '#mmittd ma* va(id(* ntrtain an
a""(i'ati#n &#r and issu a sar'! -arrant in
'#nn'ti#n -it! said 'rim, 4#-vr, in t! Nati#na(
Ca"ita( +udi'ia( Rgi#n, Administrativ Cir'u(ars N#,
13 #& 1 1't#)r 1285, and N#, 12 #& 4 August 1289
must ) #)srvd,
2, A&tr t! 'rimina( '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d
-it! t! a""r#"riat '#urt, sar'! -arrants in
'#nn'ti#n -it! t! 'rim '!argd ma* #n(* )
issud )* said '#urt,
P!OP"! CA < C!RBO>
301 SCRA 495
PANGANIBAN; +anuar* 21, 1222
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Rvi- undr Ru( 45,
&AC#'
$ R#sa(inda ;* -as s!#t at "#int)(an. rang )*
+#nat!an Cr)# in t! "rsn' and at t! #&&i' #&
!is &at!r, Bi((* Cr)#
$ 7(sa B, Gum)an <*-itnss= idnti&id +#nat!an
Cr)# as t! assai(ant,
$ %! 3rd >uni'i"a( Cir'uit %ria( C#urt #& Na)unturan$
>a-a), ;ava#, a&tr a "r(iminar* invstigati#n,
&#und Rsu&&i'int gr#und t# ngndr a -(($&#undd
)(i&R t!at t! 'rim #& murdr !as )n '#mmittd
)* "rivat rs"#ndnt +#nat!an Cr)# and rs#(vd
t# &#r-ard t! ntir r'#rds #& t! 'as t# t!
"r#vin'ia( "r#s'ut#r at %agum, ;ava#,
$ A&tr an in&#rmati#n &#r murdr -as &i(d against
+#nat!an Cr)#, "titi#nr A(*nn P(8tt ;*,
daug!tr #& t! vi'tim R#sa(inda ;*, :'utd an
a&&idavit$'#m"(aint '!arging "rivat rs"#ndnt Bi((*
Cr)# #& '#ns"ira'* in t! .i((ing , su""#rtd )* a
su""(mnta( a&&idavit #& 7(sa B, Gum)an, a((ging
t!at t! s!##ting -as d#n in t! #&&i' and in t!
"rsn' #& Bi((* Cr)# -!# a&tr t! s!##ting did
n#t!ing <did n#t a""(* &irst aid n#r )ring t! vi'tim t#
t! !#s"ita(= A&tr a rinvstigati#n t! "r#s'uti#n
&i(d an amndd in&#rmati#n in'(uding Bi((* Cr)# in
t! murdr 'as, A -arrant &#r !is arrst -as (atr
issud,
$ Privat rs"#ndnt Bi((* Cr)# t!n &i(d a m#ti#n
t# 3uas! -arrant #& arrst arguing t!at t! sam -as
issud -it!#ut "r#)a)( 'aus,
Rs"#ndnt +udg issud t! &irst assai(d #rdr
dismissing t! 'as against Bi((* Cr)# &#r (a'. #&
"r#)a)( 'aus and r'a((ing t! -arrant &#r !is
arrst and #rdrd t! -it!dra-a( #& t! amndd
in&#rmati#n and t! &i(ing #& a n- #n '!arging
+#nat!an Cr)# #n(*,
$ Privat Pr#s'ut#r &i(d a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
-!i'! -as dnid )* t! rs"#ndnt /udg,
$ %! C#urt #& A""a(s !(d t!at +udg 7ugni# @a((s
did n#t '#mmit grav a)us #& dis'rti#n in r'a((ing
t! -arrant #& arrst issud against Privat
Rs"#ndnt Bi((* Cr)# and su)s3unt(* dismissing
t! In&#rmati#n &#r murdr &i(d against t! "rivat
rs"#ndnt, )'aus t! vidn' "rsntd t!us &ar
did n#t su)stantiat su'! '!arg,
I''%!
51N t! %ria( C#urt !ad t! aut!#rit* t# rvrs t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#rQs &inding #& "r#)a)( 'aus t#
"r#s'ut a''usd and t!us dismiss t! 'as &i(d )*
t! (attr #n t! )asis #& a m#ti#n t# 3uas! -arrant
#& arrst
(!"D
N1
Ratio #8e de7ermina7ion of proAaAle cause
during a preliminary ines7iga7ion is a func7ion
78a7 Aelongs 7o 78e puAlic prosecu7or. I7 is an
eCecu7ie func7ion5 78e correc7ness of 78e
eCercise of w8ic8 is ma77er 78a7 78e 7rial cour7
i7self does no7 and may no7 Ae compelled 7o
pass upon.
$ I& t! in&#rmati#n is va(id #n its &a' and t!r is n#
s!#-ing #& mani&st rr#r, grav a)us #& dis'rti#n
#r "r/udi' #n t! "art #& t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r,
'#urts s!#u(d n#t dismiss it &#r Q-ant #& vidn',Q
)'aus vidntiar* mattrs s!#u(d ) "rsntd
and !ard during t! tria(, %! &un'ti#ns and dutis
#& )#t! t! tria( '#urt and t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r in
Rt! "r#"r s'!m #& t!ingsR in #ur 'rimina( /usti'
s*stm s!#u(d ) '(ar(* undrst##d,
Reasoning?
4$ecutive Determination o Pro!a!le Cause
$ %! S"arat <C#n'urring= 1"ini#n #& &#rmr C!i&
+usti' Andrs R, Narvasa in R#)rts v, C#urt #&
A""a(s C
:::t! C#urt is )ing as.d t# :amin and assss
su'! vidn' as !as t!us &ar )n su)mittd )* t!
"artis and, #n t! )asis t!r#&, ma. a '#n'(usi#n
as t# -!t!r #r n#t it su&&i's Rt# ngndr a -((
&#undd )(i& t!at a 'rim !as )n '#mmittd and
t!at t! rs"#ndnt is "r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#& and
s!#u(d ) !(d &#r tria(,R
$ It is a &un'ti#n t!at t!is C#urt s!#u(d n#t ) 'a((d
u"#n t# "r&#rm, It is a &un'ti#n t!at "r#"r(*
"rtains t# t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r,, #n t!at, as &ar as
'rims '#gni8a)( )* a Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt ar
'#n'rnd, and n#t-it!standing t!at it inv#(vs an
ad/udi'ativ "r#'ss #& a s#rt, :'(usiv(* "rtains,
)* (a-, t# said :'utiv #&&i'r, t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r, It is m#r#vr a &un'ti#n t!at in t!
sta)(is!d s'!m #& t!ings, is su""#sd t# )
"r&#rmd at t! vr* gnsis #&, indd, "r&at#ri(*
t#, t! &#rma( '#mmn'mnt #& a 'rimina( a'ti#n,
%! "r#'dings )&#r a "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, it ma*
-(( ) strssd, ar ssntia((* "r(iminar*,
"r&at#r* and 'ann#t (ad t# a &ina(, d&init and
aut!#ritativ ad/udgmnt #& t! gui(t #r inn#'n' #&
t! "rs#ns '!argd -it! a &(#n* #r 'rim, 5!t!r
#r n#t t!at &un'ti#n !as )n '#rr't(* dis'!argd )*
t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r is a mattr t!at t! tria( '#urt
its(& d#s n#t and ma* n#t ) '#m"((d t# "ass
u"#n, It is n#t &#r instan' "rmittd &#r an a''usd,
u"#n t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n against !im )* t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, t# "rm"t tria( )* &i(ing a m#ti#n
-it! t! %ria( C#urt "ra*ing &#r t! 3uas! #r
dismissa( #& t! indi'tmnt #n t! gr#und t!at t!
vidn' u"#n -!i'! t! sam is )asd is
inad3uat, N#r is it "rmittd, #n t! anti"#da(
t!#r* t!at t! vidn' is in trut! inad3uat, &#r
t! '#m"(aining "art* t# "rsnt a "titi#n )&#r
t! C#urt "ra*ing t!at t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r )
'#m"((d t# &i( t! '#rrs"#nding in&#rmati#n
against t! a''usd,
::: ::: :::
$ Indd, t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r !as )r#ad dis'rti#n
t# dtrmin -!t!r "r#)a)( 'aus :ists and t#
'!arg t!#s -!#m ! #r s! )(ivs t# !av
'#mmittd t! 'rim as d&ind )* (a-, 1t!r-is
statd, su'! #&&i'ia( !as t! 3uasi$/udi'ia( aut!#rit* t#
dtrmin -!t!r #r n#t a 'rimina( 'as (ist ) &i(d
in '#urt,
$ Crs"# v, >#gu(C
It is a 'ardina( "rin'i"( t!at a(( 'rimina( a'ti#ns
it!r '#mmn'd )* '#m"(aint #r )* in&#rmati#n
s!a(( ) "r#s'utd undr t! dir'ti#n and '#ntr#(
#& t! &is'a(, %! instituti#n #& a 'rimina( a'ti#n
d"nds u"#n t! s#und dis'rti#n #& t! &is'a(, 4
ma* #r ma* n#t &i( t! '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n,
&#((#- #r n#t &#((#- t!at "rsntd )* t! #&&ndd
"art*, a''#rding t# -!t!r t! vidn', in !is
#"ini#n, is su&&i'int #r n#t t# sta)(is! t! gui(t #&
t! a''usd )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, %! ras#n
&#r "(a'ing t! 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n undr t!
dir'ti#n and '#ntr#( #& t! &is'a( is t# "rvnt
ma(i'i#us #r un&#undd "r#s'uti#ns )* "rivat
"rs#ns,
0udicial Determination o Pro!a!le Cause
$ %! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# !#(d a
"rs#n &#r tria( must ) distinguis!d &r#m t!
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# issu a -arrant #&
arrst, -!i'! is a /udi'ia( &un'ti#n, %! /udi'ia(
dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus in t! issuan' #&
arrst -arrants !as )n m"!asi8d in numr#us
'ass,
$ %! ru(ings in S#(ivn, Inting and ?im, Sr, -r
itratd in A((ad# v, ;i#.n#, -!r - :"(aind
again -!at "r#)a)( 'aus mans, Pr#)a)( 'aus
&#r t! issuan' #& a -arrant #& arrst is t!
:istn' #& su'! &a'ts and 'ir'umstan's t!at -#u(d
(ad a ras#na)(* dis'rt and "rudnt "rs#n t#
)(iv t!at an #&&ns !as )n '#mmittd )* t!
"rs#n s#ug!t t# ) arrstd, 4n', t! /udg,
)&#r issuing a -arrant #& arrst, Rmust satis&*
!ims(& t!at )asd #n t! vidn' su)mittd, t!r
is su&&i'int "r##& t!at a 'rim !as )n '#mmittd
and t!at t! "rs#n t# ) arrstd is "r#)a)(* gui(t*
t!r#&,R At t!is stag #& t! 'rimina( "r#'ding, t!
/udg is n#t *t tas.d t# rvi- in dtai( t!
vidn' su)mittd during t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n, It is su&&i'int t!at ! "rs#na((*
va(uats su'! vidn' in dtrmining "r#)a)(
'aus,
$ As !(d in Inting, t! dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)(
'aus )* t! "r#s'ut#r is &#r a "ur"#s di&&rnt
&r#m t!at -!i'! is t# ) mad )* t! /udg, 5!t!r
t!r is ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t!
a''usd is gui(t* #& t! #&&ns '!argd and s!#u(d
) !(d &#r tria( is -!at t! "r#s'ut#r "asss u"#n,
%! /udg, #n t! #t!r !and, dtrmins -!t!r a
-arrant #& arrst s!#u(d ) issud against t!
a''usd, i,,, -!t!r t!r is a n'ssit* &#r "(a'ing
!im undr immdiat 'ust#d* in #rdr n#t t#
&rustrat t! nds #& /usti',
$ @ri(*, a /udg 'ann#t ) '#m"((d t# issu a
-arrant #& arrst i& ! #r s! dms t!at t!r is n#
"r#)a)( 'aus &#r d#ing s#, C#r#((ar* t# t!is
"rin'i"(, t! /udg s!#u(d n#t #vrrid t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#rQs dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus t# !#(d
an a''usd &#r tria( #n t! gr#und t!at t! vidn'
"rsntd t# su)stantiat t! issuan' #& an arrst
-arrant -as insu&&i'int, as in t! "rsnt 'as,
InapplicaAil7y of Allado and 'alonga
$ A((ad# and Sa(#nga '#nstitut :'"ti#ns t# t!
gnra( ru( and ma* ) inv#.d #n(* i& simi(ar
'ir'umstan's ar '(ar(* s!#-n t# :ist, 4#-vr,
t! "rsnt 'as is n#t #n a(( &#urs -it! A((ad# and
Sa(#nga, First, 7(sa Gum)an, t! "rin'i"a( *-itnss
t# t! .i((ing #& R#sa(inda ;*, -as n#t a "arti'i"ati#n
#r '#ns"irat#r in t! '#mmissi#n #& t! said 'rim, In
A((ad# and Sa(#nga, !#-vr, t! main -itnsss
-r t! '#n&ssd "r"trat#rs #& t! 'rims,
-!#s tstim#nis t! '#urt dmd QtaintdQ,
S'#nd, in t! 'as at )ar, t! "rivat rs"#ndnt
-as a''#rdd du "r#'ss, and n# "r'i"itat !ast
#r )ias during t! invstigati#n #& t! 'as 'an )
im"utd t# t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r, 1n t! #t!r !and,
t! C#urt n#td in A((ad# t! Rundu !ast in t!
&i(ing #& t! In&#rmati#n and in t! in#rdinat intrst
#& t! g#vrnmntR in "ursuing t! 'as; and in
Sa(#nga, R , , , t! &ai(ur #& t! "r#s'uti#n t# s!#-
t!at t! "titi#nr -as "r#)a)(* gui(t* #& '#ns"iring
t# '#mmit t! 'rim, t! initia( disrgard #&
"titi#nrQs '#nstituti#nr rig!ts and t! massiv and
damaging "u)(i'it* against !im,R %! ru(ings in t!
t-# a&#rmnti#nd 'ass 'ann#t a""(* t# it,
P!OP"! %'A$A and "OP!/
323 SCRA 954
;A@I;7; +anuar* 28, 2000
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt
'#nvi'ting t! t-# a''usd t#gt!r -it! +u(ian ;,
7s'an# &#r t! vi#(ati#n #& R,A, 6425, as amndd
&AC#'
$ 1n t! 5t! #& A"ri( 1225 and during a C1>7?7C gun
)an, s#m (a- n&#r'rs #& t! >a.ati P#(i' -r
manning a '!'."#int at t! '#rnr #& Snat#r Gi(
Pu*at Av, and t! S#ut! ?u8#n 7:"rss-a*, %!*
-r '!'.ing t! 'ars g#ing t# Pasa* Cit*, st#""ing
t!#s t!* &#und sus"i'i#us, and im"#sing mr(* a
running st#" #n t! #t!rs, At a)#ut "ast midnig!t,
t!* st#""d a Sia Prid 'ar -it! P(at N#, %B4 423,
1n #& t! "#(i'mn sa- a (#ng &irarm #n t! (a"
#& t! "rs#n satd at t! "assngr sat, -!# -as
(atr idnti&id as @irgi(i# Ksana, %!* as.d t!
drivr, idnti&id as 7s'a_#, t# #"n t! d##r, P13
Su)a si8d t! (#ng &irarm, an >$1 KS Car)in,
&r#m Ksana, 5!n 7s'a_#, u"#n #rdr #& t! "#(i',
"ar.d a(#ng Sn, Gi( Pu*at Av,, t! #t!r
"assngrs -r sar'! &#r m#r -a"#ns, %!ir
sar'! *i(dd a ,45 'a(i)r &irarm -!i'! t!*
si8d &r#m 7s'a_#,
$ %! t!r "assngrs -r t!ra&tr )r#ug!t t#
t! "#(i' stati#n B(#'. 5 in t! Sia Prid drivn )*
P13 N#nat#, K"#n ra'!ing t! "r'in't, N#nat#
turnd #vr t! .* t# t! ds. #&&i'r, Sin' SP14
d (#s Sant#s -as sus"i'i#us #& t! v!i'(, !
r3ustd 7s'a_# t# #"n t! trun., 7s'a_# radi(*
agrd and #"nd t! trun. !ims(& using !is .*,
%!* n#ti'd a )(u )ag insid it, -!i'! t!* as.d
7s'a_# t# #"n, %! )ag '#ntaind a "ar'( -ra""d
in ta", -!i'!, u"#n :aminati#n )* Nati#na( Burau
#& Invstigati#n, -as &#und "#sitiv &#r !as!is!,
$ An in&#rmati#n &#r vi#(ati#n #& RA 6425 t!ra&tr
-as &i(d against t!m, %! tria( '#urt &#und t!
t!r a''usd gui(t* #& t! said 'rim,
$ A''usd$a""((ants assai( t! mannr )* -!i'! t!
'!'."#int in 3usti#n -as '#ndu'td, %!* '#ntnd
t!at t! '!'."#int mannd )* (mnts #& t!
>a.ati P#(i' s!#u(d !av )n ann#un'd, %!*
a(s# '#m"(ain #& its !aving )n '#ndu'td in an
ar)itrar* and dis'riminat#r* mannr, A(s#, t!*
3usti#n t! va(idit* #& t! sar'!,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! '!'. "#int -as i((ga(
2, 51N t! sar'! -as va(id
3, 51N t! a''usd ar gui(t* #& vi#(ati#n #& RA 6425
(!"D
1, N1
$ N#t a(( '!'."#ints ar i((ga(, %!#s -!i'! ar
-arrantd )* t! :ign'is #& "u)(i' #rdr and ar
'#ndu'td in a -a* (ast intrusiv t# m#t#rists ar
a((#-d,
Ratio %!is C#urt !as ru(d t!at n#t a(( '!'."#ints
ar i((ga(, %!#s -!i'! ar -arrantd )* t!
:ign'is #& "u)(i' #rdr and ar '#ndu'td in a
-a* (ast intrusiv t# m#t#rists ar a((#-d, F#r,
admittd(*, r#utin '!'."#ints d# intrud, t# a
'rtain :tnt, #n m#t#rists0 rig!t t# R&r "assag
-it!#ut intrru"ti#n,R )ut it 'ann#t ) dnid t!at, as
a ru(, it inv#(vs #n(* a )ri& dtnti#n #& trav(rs
during -!i'! t! v!i'(0s #''u"ants ar r3uird t#
ans-r a )ri& 3usti#n #r t-#, F#r as (#ng as t!
v!i'( is nit!r sar'!d n#r its #''u"ants
su)/'td t# a )#d* sar'!, and t! ins"'ti#n #& t!
v!i'( is (imitd t# a visua( sar'!, said r#utin
'!'.s 'ann#t ) rgardd as vi#(ativ #& an
individua(0s rig!t against unras#na)( sar'!, In
&a't, t!s r#utin '!'.s, -!n '#ndu'td in a &i:d
ara, ar vn (ss intrusiv,
$ %! '!'."#int !rin '#ndu'td -as in "ursuan'
#& t! gun )an n&#r'd )* t! C1>7?7C, %!
C1>7?7C -#u(d ) !ard "ut t# im"(mnt t! )an i&
its d"uti8d agnts -r (imitd t# a visua( sar'!
#& "dstrians, It -#u(d a(s# d&at t! "ur"#s &#r
-!i'! su'! )an -as institutd, %!#s -!# intnd t#
)ring a gun during said "ri#d -#u(d .n#- t!at t!*
#n(* nd a 'ar t# ) a)( t# asi(* "r"trat t!ir
ma(i'i#us dsigns,
$ %! &a'ts addu'd d# n#t '#nstitut a gr#und &#r a
vi#(ati#n #& t! '#nstituti#na( rig!ts #& t! a''usd
against i((ga( sar'! and si8ur, P13 Su)a
admittd t!at t!* -r mr(* st#""ing 'ars t!*
dmd sus"i'i#us, su'! as t!#s -!#s -ind#-s
ar !avi(* tintd /ust t# s i& t! "assngrs
t!r#& -r 'arr*ing guns, At )st t!* -#u(d
mr(* dir't t!ir &(as!(ig!ts insid t! 'ars t!*
-#u(d st#", -it!#ut #"ning t! 'ar0s d##rs #r
su)/'ting its "assngrs t# a )#d* sar'!, %!r is
n#t!ing dis'riminat#r* in t!is as t!is is -!at t!
situati#n dmands,
5 s n# nd &#r '!'."#ints t# ) ann#un'd, as
t! a''usd !av inv#.d, N#t #n(* -#u(d it )
im"ra'ti'a(, it -#u(d a(s# &#r-arn t!#s -!# intnd
t# vi#(at t! )an, 7vn s#, )adgs #& (gitima'* #&
'!'."#ints ma* sti(( ) in&rrd &r#m t!ir &i:d
(#'ati#n and t! rgu(ari8d mannr in -!i'! t!*
ar #"ratd,
2, 67S
$ 7s'an# '#nsntd t# t! sar'! and '#nsntd
-arrant(ss sar'! is #n #& t! :'"ti#ns &r#m t!
-arrant r3uirmnt,
Ratio +uris"rudn' r'#gni8s si: gnra((*
a''"td :'"ti#ns t# t! -arrant r3uirmntC <1=
sar'! in'idnta( t# an arrst; <2= sar'! #& m#ving
v!i'(s; <3= vidn' in "(ain vi-; <4= 'ust#ms
sar'!s; <5= '#nsntd -arrant(ss sar'!; and <6=
st#"$and$&ris. situati#ns,
$ 7vn t!#ug! t!r -as am"( #""#rtunit* t# #)tain
a sar'! -arrant, - 'ann#t inva(idat t! sar'! #&
t! v!i'(, &#r t!r ar indi'ati#ns t!at t! sar'!
d#n #n t! 'ar #& 7s'a_# -as '#nsntd t# )* !im,
3, N1
$ N# &a't -as addu'd t# (in. Ksana and ?#"8 t# t!
!as!is! &#und in t! trun. #& t! 'ar and t!r -as
n# s!#-ing t!at Ksana and ?#"8 .n- #& t!
"rsn' #& !as!is! in t! trun. #& t! 'ar #r t!at
t!* sa- t! sam )&#r it -as si8d,
Ratio ;s"it t! va(idit* #& t! sar'!, - 'ann#t
a&&irm t! '#nvi'ti#n #& Ksana and ?#"8 &#r vi#(ati#n
#& R,A, N#, 6425, as amndd, %! &#((#-ing &a'ts
mi(itat against a &inding #& '#nvi'ti#nC <1= t! 'ar
)(#ngd t# 7s'a_#; <2= t! trun. #& t! 'ar -as n#t
#"nd s##n a&tr it -as st#""d and a&tr t!
a''usd -r sar'!d &#r &irarms; <3= t! 'ar -as
drivn )* a "#(i'man &r#m t! "(a' -!r it -as
st#""d unti( t! "#(i' stati#n; <4= t! 'ar0s trun.
-as #"nd, -it! t! "rmissi#n #& 7s'a_#, -it!#ut
t! "rsn' #& Ksana and ?#"8; and <5= a&tr
arriva( at t! "#(i' stati#n and unti( t! #"ning #&
t! 'ar0s trun., t! 'ar -as in t! "#ssssi#n and
'#ntr#( #& t! "#(i' aut!#ritis, N# &a't -as addu'd
t# (in. Ksana and ?#"8 t# t! !as!is! &#und in t!
trun. #& t! 'ar, %!ir !aving )n -it! 7s'a_# in t!
(attr0s 'ar )&#r t! R&indingR #& t! !as!is!
s#mtim a&tr t! (a"s #& an a""r'ia)( tim and
-it!#ut t!ir "rsn' (&t mu'! t# ) dsird t#
im"(i'at t!m t# t! #&&ns #& s((ing, distri)uting,
#r trans"#rting t! "r#!i)itd drug, In &a't, t!r -as
n# s!#-ing t!at Ksana and ?#"8 .n- #& t!
"rsn' #& !as!is! in t! trun. #& t! 'ar #r t!at
t!* sa- t! sam )&#r it -as si8d,
Dispositive A''usd N a""((ants ar !r)*
a'3uittd,
P!OP"! DORIA
301 SCRA 668
PKN1; +anuar* 22, 1222
&AC#'
$ P!i(i""in Nati#na( P#(i' <PNP= Nar'#ti's C#mmand
<Nar'#m=, r'ivd in&#rmati#n &r#m t-# <2= 'ivi(ian
in&#rmants <CI= t!at #n R+unR -as ngagd in i((ga(
drug a'tivitis in >anda(u*#ng Cit*, %!* d'idd t#
ntra" !im via a )u*$)ust #"rati#n,
$%! "#sur$)u*r, P12 >an(angit st asid 1600
"s#s as mar.d m#n* &#r t! ntra"mnt
#"rati#n, -!i'! -as t!n !andd t# +un u"#n
transa'ti#n, +un rturnd an !#ur (atr )ringing
mari/uana -!r ! and !is ass#'iats su)s3unt(*
arrstd +un )ut did no7 find 78e marIed Aills on
8im, +un said ! (&t t! )i((s t# !is ass#'iat
ANnt!B, +un (d t! "#(i' t# Nnt!0s !#us,
$ %! "#(i' -nt t# Nnt!0s !#us, Standing )* t!
d##r, P13 >an(angit n#ti'd a 'art#n )#: undr t!
dining ta)(, 4 sa- t!at #n #& t! )#:Qs &(a"s -as
#"n and insid t! )#: -as s#mt!ing -ra""d in
"(asti', %! "(asti' -ra""r and its '#ntnts
a""ard simi(ar t# t! mari/uana ar(ir Rs#(dR t#
!im )* R+un,R 4is sus"i'i#n ar#usd, P13 >an(angit
ntrd RNnt!QsR !#us and t##. !#(d #& t! )#:,
4 ".d insid t! )#: and &#und t!at it '#ntaind
tn <10= )ri'.s #& -!at a""ard t# ) drid
mari/uana (avs, %!* a(s# &#und t! mar.d )i((s,
%!* arrstd +un and Nnt! and )r#ug!t t!m t#
!ad3uartrs, It -as #n(* t!n t!at t! "#(i'
(arnd t!at R+unR is F(#rn'i# ;#ria * B#(ad# -!i(
RNnt!R is @i#(ta Gadda# * Catama,
$ %! tria( '#urt &#und t!m gui(t*,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! -arrant(ss arrst #& ;#ria and Gadda#,
t! sar'! #& t! (attr0s "rs#n and !#us, and t!
admissi)i(it* #& t! "i's #& vidn' #)taind
t!r&r#m is va(id
2, 51N t! mari/uana -as si8d va(id(* &#r )ing in
"(ain vi- #& t! "#(i' #&&i'rs
(!"D
1, 67S
$ 5 a(s# !#(d t!at t! -arrant(ss arrst #& a''usd$
a""((ant ;#ria is n#t un(a-&u(, 5arrant(ss arrsts
ar a((#-d in t!r instan's as "r#vidd )* S'ti#n
5 #& Ru( 113 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina(
Pr#'dur, t# -itC
S', 5, Arrst -it!#ut -arrant; -!n (a-&u(, \ A
"a' #&&i'r #r a "rivat "rs#n ma*,
-it!#ut a -arrant, arrst a "rs#nC
<a= /hen& in his presence& the person to be
arrested has committed& is actuall'
committing& or is attempting to commit an
offense-
$ Kndr S'ti#n 5 <a=, as a)#v$3u#td, a "rs#n ma*
) arrstd -it!#ut a -arrant i& ! R!as '#mmittd,
is a'tua((* '#mmitting, #r is attm"ting t# '#mmit an
#&&ns,R
$ In t! 'as, ;#ria -as 'aug!t in t! a't #&
'#mmitting an #&&ns, 5!n an a''usd is
a""r!ndd in &(agrant d(i't# as a rsu(t #& a )u*$
)ust #"rati#n, t! "#(i' ar n#t #n(* aut!#ri8d )ut
dut*$)#und t# arrst !im vn -it!#ut a -arrant,
$ 4#-vr, t! -arrant(ss arrst, sar'! and si8ur
#& Gadda# is inva(id
$ A''usd$a""((ant Gadda# -as n#t 'aug!t rd$
!andd during t! )u*$)ust #"rati#n t# giv
gr#und &#r !r arrst undr S'ti#n 5 <a= #& Ru(
113, S! -as n#t '#mmitting an* 'rim, C#ntrar*
t# t! &inding #& t! tria( '#urt, t!r -as n#
#''asi#n at a(( &#r a""((ant Gadda# t# &( &r#m
t! "#(i'mn t# /usti&* !r arrst in R!#t "ursuit,R
114 In &a't, s! -as g#ing a)#ut !r dai(* '!#rs
-!n t! "#(i'mn "#un'd #n !r,
$ Nit!r '#u(d t! arrst #& a""((ant Gadda# )
/usti&id undr t! s'#nd instan' #& Ru( 113,
RPrs#na( .n#-(dgR #& &a'ts in arrsts -it!#ut
-arrant undr S'ti#n 5 <)= #& Ru( 113 must )
)asd u"#n R"r#)a)( 'ausR -!i'! mans an
Ra'tua( )(i& #r ras#na)( gr#unds #& sus"i'i#n,R
In 'as, t!r -as n# ras#na)( sus"i'i#n
s"'ia((* as s! -as arrstd s#((* #n t! )asis
#& t! a((gd idnti&i'ati#n mad )* !r '#$
a''usd
$ ;#ria did n#t "#int t# a""((ant Gadda# as !is
ass#'iat in t! drug )usinss, )ut as t! "rs#n
-it! -!#m ! (&t t! mar.d )i((s, %!is
idnti&i'ati#n d#s n#t n'ssari(* (ad t# t!
'#n'(usi#n t!at a""((ant Gadda# '#ns"ird -it!
!r '#$a''usd in "us!ing drugs as ;#ria ma*
!av (&t t! m#n* in !r !#us, -it! #r -it!#ut
!r .n#-(dg, -it! #r -it!#ut an* '#ns"ira'*,
Sav &#r a''usd$a""((ant ;#ria Qs -#rd, t!
Nar'#m agnts !ad n# ras#na)( gr#unds t#
)(iv t!at s! -as ngagd in drug "us!ing,
$ As t! arrst -as i((ga(, t! sar'! and si8ur
is n#t in'idnta( t# t! arrst
2, N1
$ %! mari/uana -as n#t in "(ain vi- #& t! "#(i'
#&&i'rs and its si8ur -it!#ut t! r3uisit sar'!
-arrant -as in vi#(ati#n #& t! (a- and t!
C#nstituti#n as t! '#ntnts #& t! )#: -!r t!
mari/uana -as "artia((* !iddn -as n#t radi(*
a""arnt t# P1 >an(angit, #n #& t! arrsting
#&&i'rs,
$ As a gnra( ru(, #)/'ts in "(ain vi- #& arrsting
#&&i'rs ma* ) si8d -it!#ut a sar'! -arrant )ut
must &#((#- t!s r3uisitsC <a= t! (a- n&#r'mnt
#&&i'r in sar'! #& t! vidn' !as a "ri#r
/usti&i'ati#n &#r an intrusi#n #r is in a "#siti#n &r#m
-!i'! ! 'an vi- a "arti'u(ar ara; <)= t! dis'#vr*
#& t! vidn' in "(ain vi- is inadvrtnt; <'= it is
immdiat(* a""arnt t# t! #&&i'r t!at t! itm !
#)srvs ma* ) vidn' #& a 'rim, '#ntra)and #r
#t!r-is su)/'t t# si8ur,
$ 4#-vr, i& it is n#t "(ain vi- #& t! "#(i' #&&i'rs,
it ma* n#t ) si8d -it!#ut a -arrant :'"t i& t!
"a'.ag "r#'(aims its '#ntnts, -!t!r )* its
distin'tiv '#n&igurati#n, its trans"arn'*, #r i& its
'#ntnts ar #)vi#us t# an #)srvr, t!n t!
'#ntnts ar in "(ain vi- and ma* ) si8d,
$ %! &a't t!at t! )#: '#ntaining a)#ut si: <6= .i(#s
#& mari/uana 139 -as &#und in t! !#us #& a''usd$
a""((ant Gadda# d#s n#t /usti&* a &inding t!at s!
!rs(& is gui(t* #& t! 'rim '!argd,
Dispositive t! d'isi#n #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt,
Bran'! 156, Pasig Cit* a'ting as a S"'ia( C#urt in
Crimina( Cas N#, 3309$; is rvrsd and m#di&id
as &#((#-sC
1, A''usd$a""((ant F(#rn'i# ;#ria * B#(ad# is
sntn'd t# su&&r t! "na(t* #& r'(usi#n "r"tua
and t# "a* a &in #& &iv !undrd t!#usand "s#s
<P500,000,00=,
2, A''usd$a""((ant @i#(ta Gadda# * Catama is
a'3uittd,
P!OP"! !"AMPARO
322 SCRA 404
OKISK>BING; >ar'! 31, 2000
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m /udgmnt #& R%C,
&AC#'
$ A'ting #n a r"#rt )* an in&#rmant, "#(i' #&&i'rs
'#ndu'td a )u*$)ust #"rati#n <#& mari/uana= in
Ca(##'an, %!* arrstd t! "rs#n -!# s#(d t!m
t! mari/uana <S"n'r=, )ut t! sam -as a)( t#
s'a", %!nC At! P)u*$)ust0 tam "ursud S"n'r,
-!# ran insid a )unga(#-$t*" !#us, 4aving
tra""d S"n'r insid t! !#us, t! "#(i' #&&i'rs
&ris.d !im and r'#vrd t! mar.d m#n*, %!
#&&i'rs a(s# &#und 7(am"ar# r"a'.ing 5 )ri'.s #&
mari/uana insid t! !#us0s sa(a 7(am"ar# -as t!n
arrstd and G -r ta.n t# a "r'in't G and
d(ivrd t# an in3ust &is'a( &#r &urt!r
invstigati#n,B %! )u*$)ust #"rati#n and arrst
!a""nd #n t! sam da* <12 F) 1225=, -!i( t!
in&#rmati#n &#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& drugs -as &i(d
#n 15 F) 1225,
$ ArraignmntC "(a #& n#t gui(t*,
$ %ria(C "r#s'uti#n "rsntd t! && -itnsssC "#(i'
#&&i'r -!# -as a(s# "#sur$)u*r, an#t!r #&&i'r
-!# t##. "art in )u*$)ust, and NBI '!mist -!#
:amind and '#n&irmd t! '#n&is'atd drugs t# )
mari/uana,
;&ns "rsntd as -itnsss )#ardrs #&
7(am"ar#0s !#us, sa*ing t!at 7(am"ar# A-as at
t!ir !#us -!n s#m)#d* .n#'.d at t!ir d##r,
4is &at!r #"nd t! sam and -as in&#rmd t!at
s#m)#d* -as (##.ing &#r !im, 4 -nt #ut and sa-
S"n'r -it! !and'u&&s and )ing !(d )* an
arrsting #&&i'r, 5!n 7(am"ar# "rsistnt(*
3usti#nd S"n'r as t# -!* ! -as arrstd, t!
arrsting #&&i'rs g#t mad at !im "r#m"ting t!m t#
(i.-is )ring !im t# t! "#(i' stati#n -!r ! -as
dtaind, %! #&&i'rs dmandd P15,000,00 &#r !is
r(as -!i'! ! did n#t giv, 1n t! #t!r !and,
S"n'r gav t! sum and -as r(asd,B
$ R%CC Gui(t*, undr RA 6425, "na(t* #& r'(usi#n
"r"tua and &in #& P2mi((i#n, 7(am"ar# a""a(d,
I''%!C
1, 51N R%C -as '#rr't in t! assssmnt #&
'rdi)i(it* #& -itnsss
2, 51N t! arrst #& 7(am"ar# -as va(id
3, 51N t! "na(t* im"#sd -as '#rr't
(!"DC
1, 67S
RatioC Kn(ss t! tria( '#urt #vr(##.d su)stantia(
&a'ts -!i'! -#u(d a&&'t t! #ut'#m #& t! 'as, -
a''#rd t! utm#st rs"'t t# t!ir &indings #& &a'ts,
ReasoningC
$7(am"ar# '#ntnds t!at it is !ig!(* unusua( &#r
arrsting #&&i'rs t# a't #n an Pin&#rmati#n0 #& an
un.n#-n s#ur' -it!#ut '#n&irming t! vra'it* #&
t! r"#rt, and t!at it is in'rdi)( t!at a "dd(r #&
mari/uana -#u(d ) s# )ra8n as t# a""r#a'! t#ta(
strangrs and #&&r t# s(( t!m mari/uana, 4 insists
t!at ! -as '!argd -it! i((ga( "#ssssi#n #&
mari/uana )'aus ! &ai(d t# "a* t! "#(i' #&&i'rs
P15,000,00 &#r !is r(as,
$ it is -(($stt(d t!at t! assssmnt #& 'rdi)i(it* #&
-itnsss is -it!in t! "r#vin' #& t! tria( '#urt
-!i'! !ad an #""#rtunit* t# #)srv t! -itnsss
and t!ir dman#r during t!ir tstim#nis, As
'#m"ard t# t! )as(ss '(aims #& 7(am"ar#, t!
vrsi#n #& t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss a""ars -#rt!*
#& )(i&, '#ming as it d#s &r#m (a- n&#r'rs -!#
ar "rsumd t# !av rgu(ar(* "r&#rmd t!ir dut*
in t! a)sn' #& "r##& t# t! '#ntrar*,
$in man* 'ass, drug "us!rs did s(( t!ir "r#!i)itd
arti'(s t# "r#s"'tiv 'ust#mrs, ) t!* strangrs
#r n#t, in "rivat as -(( as in "u)(i' "(a's, vn in
t! da*tim, Indd, s#m drug "us!rs a""ar t#
!av )'#m :'ding(* daring, #"n(* d&iant #&
t! (a-, 4n', -!at mattrs is n#t t! :isting
&ami(iarit* )t-n t! )u*r and t! s((r, #r t!
tim and vnu #& t! sa(, )ut t! &a't #&
agrmnt as -(( as t! a't '#nstituting sa( and
d(ivr* #& "r#!i)itd drugs
2, 67S
RatioC %! arrst -as -it!in t! "urvi- #& S'5 <a=,
Ru( 113, Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur, t# -itC
Arrest without warrant& when lawful. N A "a' #&&i'r
#r a "rivat "rs#n ma*, -it!#ut a -arrant, arrst a
"rs#nC
<a= 5!n, in !is "rsn', t! "rs#n t# ) arrstd
!as '#mmittd, is a'tua((* '#mmitting, #r is
attm"ting t# '#mmit an #&&ns;
ReasoningC
$7(am"ar# assai(s t! (ga(it* #& !is arrst &#r &ai(ur
#& t! a""r!nding #&&i'rs t# s'ur a sar'!
-arrant,
$ &#r -arrant(ss arrsts, 2 (mnts must '#n'urC <1=
t! "rs#n t# ) arrstd must :'ut an #vrt a't
indi'ating t! ! !as /ust '#mmittd, is a'tua((*
'#mmitting, #r is attm"ting t# '#mmit a 'rim; and
<2= su'! #vrt a't is d#n in the presence or within
the view #& t! arrsting #&&i'r, %!us, -!n ! -as
sn r"a'.ing t! mari/uana, t! "#(i' #&&i'rs
-r n#t #n(* aut!#ri8d )ut a(s# dut*$)#und t#
arrst !im vn -it!#ut a -arrant,
RC -arrant(ss si8ursC
$4#-vr, n#t )ing a)s#(ut, t! rig!t against
unras#na)( sar'!s and si8urs is su)/'t t#
:'"ti#ns, %!us, &#r :am"(, S',12, Ru( 126,
Ru(s #n CrimPr#, "r#vids t!at a "rs#n (a-&u((*
arrstd ma* ) sar'!d &#r Adangr#us -a"#ns
#r an*t!ing -!i'! ma* ) usd as "r##& #& t!
'#mmissi#n #& an #&&ns, -it!#ut a sar'! -arrant,B
$5 gnra((* a''"td :'"ti#ns t# t! rig!t against
-arrant(ss sar'!s and si8urs !av a(s# )n
/udi'ia((* &#rmu(atd, vi" <1= sar'! in'idnta( t# a
(a-&u( arrst, <2= sar'! #& m#ving v!i'(s, <3=
si8ur in "(ain vi-, <4= 'ust#ms sar'!s, and <5=
-aivr )* t! a''usd t!ms(vs #& t!ir rig!t
against unras#na)( sar'! and si8ur,
$ t!is 'as &a((s s3uar(* undr t! "(ain vi-
d#'trin
People v DoriaC A1)/'ts &a((ing in "(ain vi- #& an
#&&i'r -!# !as a rig!t t# ) in t! "#siti#n t# !av
t!at vi- ar su)/'t t# si8ur vn -it!#ut a
sar'! -arrant and ma* ) intr#du'd in vidn',
%! R"(ain vi-R d#'trin a""(is -!n t! &#((#-ing
r3uisits '#n'urC <a= (a- n&#r'mnt #&&i'r in
sar'! #& t! vidn' !as a "ri#r /usti&i'ati#n &#r an
intrusi#n #r is in a "#siti#n &r#m -!i'! ! 'an vi- a
"arti'u(ar ara; <)= dis'#vr* #& t! vidn' in "(ain
vi- is inadvrtnt; <'= immdiat(* a""arnt t# t!
#&&i'r t!at t! itm ! #)srvs ma* ) vidn' #&
a 'rim, '#ntra)and #r #t!r-is su)/'t t# si8ur,
%! (a- n&#r'mnt #&&i'r must (a-&u((* ma. an
initia( intrusi#n #r "r#"r(* ) in a "#siti#n &r#m
-!i'! ! 'an "arti'u(ar(* vi- t! ara, In t! '#urs
#& su'! (a-&u( intrusi#n, ! 'am inadvrtnt(*
a'r#ss a "i' #& vidn' in'riminating t! a''usd,
%! #)/'t must ) #"n t# * and !and and its
dis'#vr* inadvrtnt,B
$ mm)rs #& t! )u*$)ust tam -r /usti&id in
running a&tr S"n'r <-!n ! s'a"d= and
ntring t! !#us -it!#ut a sar'! -arrant &#r t!*
-r !#t in t! !(s #& a &(ing 'rimina(, 1n'
insid t! !#us, t! "#(i' #&&i'rs '#rnrd
S"n'r and r'#vrd t! )u*$)ust m#n* &r#m
!im, %!* a(s# 'aug!t 7(am"ar# in flagrante delicto
r"a'.ing t! mari/uana )ri'.s -!i'! -r in &u((
vi-
3, 67S
RatioC >in#rit* srvs as a "rivi(gd mitigating
'ir'umstan' t# a 'rim, t!us ntit(ing t! a''usd
t# a rdu'ti#n #& "na(t* #n dgr (#-r t!an t!at
im"#sa)( <)* virtu #& art,13 <2= RPC=
ReasoningC
$ '#ntnds t!at i& &#und gui(t*, t! "rivi(gd
mitigating 'ir'umstan' #& min#rit* s!#u(d )
a""r'iatd in !is &av#r,
% In drug 'ass, t! 3uantit* #& "r#!i)itd drugs
inv#(vd is dtrminativ #& t! im"#sa)( "na(t*,
S'ti#n 20 #& R,A, N#, 6425, as amndd )* S'ti#n
19 #& R,A, N#, 9652, "r#vids t!at -!n t! 3uantit*
#& indian !m" #r mari/uana is 950 grams #r m#r,
as in t!is 'as, t! "na(t* s!a(( ) reclusion
perpetua t# dat! and &in ranging &r#m &iv !undrd
t!#usand "s#s <P500,000,00= t# tn mi((i#n "s#s
<P10,000,000,00=,
$ A""((ant !aving )n )#rn #n +anuar* 2, 1298, -as
#n(* 19 *ars, 1 m#nt!, and 3 da*s #(d, at t! tim
#& t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim #n F)ruar* 12,
1225,
$ )ing a min#r #vr 15 and undr 18 at t! tim #&
t! '#mmissi#n, ! is ntit(d t# a rdu'd "na(t*
du t# t! "rivi(gd mitigating 'ir'umstan'
% %!us, "na(t* s!#u(d ) rdu'd t# r'(usi#n
tm"#ra(, N# &in is im"#sa)( in t!is 'as, &#r it is
im"#sd as a '#n/un'tiv "na(t* #n(* i& t! "na(t*
is reclusion perpetua t# dat!,
Dispositive Ptiti#n AFFIR>7; -it! m#di&i'ati#n,
P!OP"! MA$!'
303 SCRA 231
PAR;1; F)ruar* 19, 1222
$A#%R!
An a""a( ta.n )* a''usd Srg#n >ans and Rami(
>ans &r#m t! /udgmnt #& R%C I(#i(# Cit*,
'#nvi'ting t!m #& murdr and sntn'ing t!m t#
a'! Rsu&&r t! "na(t* #& r'(usi#n "r"tua -it!
t! a''ss#r* "na(tis as "r#vidd in Arti'( 41 #&
t! Rvisd Pna( C#dR and Rt# indmni&* t! &ami(*
#& t!ir vi'tim in t! am#unt #& P50,000,00 "(us
P21,250,00 as :"nss &#r t! )uria(, -a. and
#t!r r(atd mattr and t# "a* t! '#sts,B
&AC#'
$ +u(* 12, 1221, Pr#vin'ia( Pr#s'ut#r #& I(#i(# Pr#vin'
&i(d -it! R%C I(#i(# Cit*, an INF1R>A%I1N '!arging
t! a''usd -it! >KR;7RC
R%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 23rd #& +un, 1221, in t!
>uni'i"a(it* #& Badiangan, Pr#vin' #& I(#i(#,
P!i(i""ins, and -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is
4#n#ra)( '#urt, t! a)#v$namd a''usd,
'#ns"iring, '#n&drating and mutua((* !("ing #n
an#t!r t# )ttr ra(i8 t!ir "ur"#s armd -it! a
.ni& and a ,38 'a(i)r rv#(vr rs"'tiv(*, -it!
tra'!r* andM#r vidnt "rmditati#n, did t!n and
t!r -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((*, and &(#ni#us(* assau(t,
atta'., sta) and s!#t Ni'an#r %am#rit -it! t! .ni&
and ,38 'a(i)r rv#(vr -it! -!i'! t!* -r t!n
"r#vidd, in&(i'ting u"#n t! said Ni'an#r %am#rit
sta) -#unds and gun s!#t -#unds #n t! di&&rnt
"arts #& !is )#d* -!i'! 'ausd !is dat!
immdiat(* t!ra&tr,R
$ "r#s'uti#n r'#mmndd N1 BAI? &#r t!
"r#visi#na( (i)rt* #& t! a''usd,
$ +u(* 22, 1221 $ %C issud a 5ARRAN% 1F ARR7S%
against t! a''usd
$ 1't#)r 18, 1221 N %C #rdrd t! 'as ARC4I@7;
&#r &ai(ur t# (#'at t! t-# a''usd
$ +un 24, 1222 $ Srg#n and Rami( >ans -r
ARR7S%7; in R#m)(#n, R#m)(#n
$ S"tm)r 19, 1222 $ K"#n ARRAIGN>7N%, )#t!
a''usd "(add N1% GKI?%6 t# t! in&#rmati#n
$ August 25, 1222 $ a''usd &i(d a P7%I%I1N F1R
BAI? -!i'! -as #""#sd )* t! "r#s'uti#n, %C did
n#t !ar t! "titi#n &#r )ai(, Nit!r did t! a''usd
inv#. t! rig!t t# )ai( at an* stag #& t! tria(,
$ +anuar* 13, 1225 $ %C '#nvi'td t! a''usd #&
murdr
$ F)ruar* 10, 1225 $ )#t! a''usd a""a(d t# SC
-!r a''usd 3usti#nd %C0s &ai(ur
<a= t# !ar t! "titi#n &#r )ai(
<)= t# '#nsidr d&ns #& r(ativ in &av#r #& Rami(
>ans and
<'= t# ta. n#t t!at Srg#n >ans -as a mr
vi'tim #& %am#ritQs un(a-&u( aggrssi#n
5ccording to the prosecution
U +un 23, 1221 N 5 in t! a&trn##n, A?AN
Cat3uista -it! NICAN1R %am#rit and +1S7 Cu)ita,
-nt t# s a )as.t)a(( gam at t! )aranga*
"(a8a, 5!n t! gam -as #vr, A(an a""r#a'!d
and invitd Ni'an#r t# g# !#m; at t!at tim, ! -as
sti(( satd, A''usd RA>I? >ans a""r#a'!d
Ni'an#r and "#intd a 38 'a(i)r rv#(vr at !im,
sa*ing RIt is a )ad (u'. *#u did n#t .i(( m during t!
&ista in Baranga* Ca)a*ugan, N#- I -i(( ) t! #n
t# .i(( *#u,R Ni'an#r ran t# A(an and usd !im as a
s!i(d &r#m Rami(, At t!at "#int, A(an !ard a t!ud
and as ! (##.d )a'., ! sa- a''usd S7RG1N
>ans -it! a g#r* .ni& and ! a(s# sa- Ni'an#r
running a-a*, -it! )(##d #n !is )a'., Rami( >ans
"ursud Ni'an#r and s!#t !im !itting !im at t!
)a'., /ust a)#v t! -aist(in, B#t! a''usd
'#ntinud t# '!as Ni'an#r -!# ran t#-ards t!
"rmiss #& t! !#us #& A;ING A)(ad#, Rami( >ans
&ird t-# m#r s!#ts, It '#u(d n#t ) dtrmind
-!t!r t!#s s!#ts !it Ni'an#r as ! and t!
a''usd -r a(rad* insid t! "rmiss #& t!
&n' #& Ading, +#s -!# -as nar Ni'an#r -!n t!
t-# a''usd '!asd !im did n#t rndr assistan' t#
!im, A&tr A(an !ard t! t-# s!#ts, ! and +#s ran
!#m, A(an t#(d !is &at!r and un'( t!at Srg#n
sta))d Ni'an#r and t!at Rami( s!#t !im, A(an, !is
&at!r, un'(, +#s and t! m#t!r #& Ni'an#r t!n
-nt t# -!r t! )#d* #& Ni'an#r -as in t!
d#-n!i(( "#rti#n #& t! "rmiss #& t! !#us #&
Ading, Ni'an#r -as (*ing #n !is )a'., -it! 2 -#unds
#n t! )rast, 1 guns!#t -#und and 1 sta) -#und,
5ccording to the accused&Ramil'
U +un 23, 1221 N in t! a&trn##n, ! -as at !#m
'##.ing, At ar#und 5C00 t# 5C30, ! !ard s!#uts
'#ming &r#m t! dir'ti#n #& t! )aranga* )as.t)a((
'#urt, -!i'! -as a)#ut tn <10= mtrs a-a* &r#m
!is !#us, 4 -nt t# t! -ind#- t# '!'. -!at it
-as, 4 sa- !is *#ungr )r#t!r Srg#n (*ing #n t!
'#n'rt "avmnt and svra( "rs#ns -r
ganging u" #n !im, t!r #& -!#m ! idnti&id as
Ni'an#r, A(an and +#s, %!* ."t #n )#:ing and
.i'.ing !is )r#t!r "r#m"ting !im t# '#m t# t!
(attrQs aid, 1n !is -a* #ut, ! sa- a gun #n t#" #&
t! ta)( and )r#ug!t it -it! !im t# t! )as.t)a((
'#urt,
U 5!i( #n !is -a* t# t! )as.t)a(( '#urt, Rami(
&ird a -arning s!#t t# "rvnt Ni'an#r &r#m
sta))ing !is )r#t!r Srg#n, Ni'an#r "rsistd in t!
"ursuit #& Srg#n, -it! a .ni& in !is !and, Srg#n
-as a)#ut t!r mtrs a!ad #& Ni'an#r -!# -as
a)#ut tn mtrs a!ad #& t! "ursuing Rami(, Rami(
&ird an#t!r s!#t t!at !it Ni'an#r -!#,, &(( t# t!
gr#und, >an-!i(, Srg#n managd t# &(, Rami(
a(s# &(d t# t! dir'ti#n #& t! sugar'an &i(d as
s##n as ! &ird t! s'#nd s!#t )'aus ! sa- t!
gr#u" #& A(an a""r#a'!ing,, armd -it! guns ,12
Rami( and !is )r#t!r Srg#n -nt int# !iding and
#n(* sur&a'd a *ar (atr -!n t!* -r arrstd in
R#m)(#n,
, "r#s'uti#n0s st #& &a'ts -as &av#rd )* t! '#urt
I''%!
51N "titi#nr !as a rig!t t# )ai(
(!"D
N1
Ratio 5!n an a''usd is '!argd -it! a 'a"ita(
#&&ns, #r an #&&ns "unis!a)( )* r'(usi#n
"r"tua, #r (i& im"ris#nmnt #r dat!, and
vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng, )ai( must ) dnid, as it
is nit!r a mattr #& rig!t n#r #& dis'rti#n
Reasoning
$ In #&&nss "unis!a)( )* r'(usi#n "r"tua, (i&
im"ris#nmnt #r dat!, t! a''usd !as n# rig!t t#
)ai( -!n vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng, %! '#urt must
!ar a "titi#n &#r )ai( t# dtrmin -!t!r t!
vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng )&#r d'iding t# grant #r
dn* )ai( t# t! a''usd, 5!i( t! a''usd 'an
a""(* &#r )ai( and !av t! '#urt !ar !is a""(i'ati#n
summari(* and "r#m"t(*, su'! rig!t ma* ) -aivd
:"rss(* #r im"(id(*, In t!is 'as, t! tria( '#urt
"r#'dd t# tr* t! 'as -it!#ut rs#(ving t!
"titi#n &#r )ai( t!at a""((ants &i(d, 4#-vr, t!
(attr did n#t 'a(( t! attnti#n #& t! tria( '#urt t#
t!ir unrs#(vd a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai(, It -as #n(* in
t! a""a( t!at t!* raisd t!is issu, %!us, &#r
&ai(ur t# )ring t# t! attnti#n #& t! tria( C#urt at
t! ar(ist #""#rtun tim, a""((ants ar dmd
t# !av -aivd t!ir rig!t t# )ai(,
$ d&ns #& r(ativC FAI?7; %1 PR1SP7R )'aus
1= un(a-&u( aggrssi#n, t! ssntia( (mnt t#
d&ns #& r(ativ is a)snt )'aus i& it -r tru
t!at Srg#n -as )ing atta'.d, ! -#u(d !av
su&&rd in/uris,
2= i& indd ! a'td in d&ns #& !is *#ungr
)r#t!r Srg#n -!# -as t!n undr atta'., ! -#u(d
n#t !ar)#r an* &ar in "rsnting !ims(& t# t!
"r#"r aut!#ritis,
$ vn t!#ug! "r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# s!#- vidnt
"rmditati#n, tria( '#urt '#rr't(* '#nsidrd
tra'!r* as 3ua(i&*ing t! .i((ing #& t! vi'tim t#
murdr,
Dispositive - AFFIR> t! /udgmnt #& t! tria(
'#urt '#nvi'ting a''usd$a""((ants Srg#n >ans
and Rami( >ans #& murdr and sntn'ing a'! #&
t!m t# su&&r t! "na(t* #& r'(usi#n "r"tua -it!
t! a''ss#r* "na(tis #& t! (a- and t# indmni&*
t! !irs #& t! d'asd Ni'an#r %am#rit in t!
am#unt #& P50,000,00, "(us P21,250,00, as a'tua(
damags,
P!OP"! CABRA"
303 SCRA 361
R1>7R1; F)ruar* 18, 1222

$A#%R!
S"'ia( Civi( A'ti#n
&AC#'
$ R#dri'. 1diamar -as '!argd -it! t! ra" #& 15
*ar #(d C'i(( Buna&, In a )id t# s'ur
tm"#rar* (i)rt*, t! a''usd &i(d a m#ti#n &#r )ai(
-!i'! -as #""#sd )* t! "titi#nr,
$ %! (#-r '#urt gratd t! m#ti#n #n t! gr#und
t!at ds"it t! 'rim a((gd t# !av )n
'#mmittd is "unis!a)( )* r'(usi#n "r"tua, t!
vidn' t!us &ar "rsntd is n#t str#ng n#ug! t#
-arrant dnia( #& t! )ai(, %! /udg in '#n'(uding
t!us 'itd t! &a't t!at t! gir( -nt -it! t!
#&&ndr v#(untari(* and did n#t rsist during t!
'#mmissi#n #& t! ra", In additi#n, t! /udg 3u#td
t! mdi'# (ga( r"#rt as n#t '#n'(usi#n t!at ra"
-as in &a't '#mmittd '#nsidrati#n t!at t!
(a'rati#ns #n t! vi'tim ma* !av )n -.s #r
m#nt!s #(d -!n t! mdi'a( :aminati#n -as
"r&#rmd si: da*s a&tr t! #&&ns #''urrd,
$ %! CA a&&irmd t! d'isi#n sa*ing t!at t!r -as
n# a)us #& dis'rti#n in t!is 'as, A%!r is grav
a)us #& dis'rti#n -!r t! "#-r is :r'isd in
an ar)itrar* #r ds"#ti' mannr )* ras#n #&
"assi#n, "r/udi', #r "rs#na( !#sti(it* am#unting t#
an vasi#n #& "#sitiv dut* #r t# a virtua( r&usa( t#
"r&#rm t! dut* n/#ind #r t# a't at a(( in
'#ntm"(ati#n #& t! (a-,B %! P#"( &i(d t!
a""a( #n t! gr#und t!at -!i( t! /udg !ad
dis'rti#n #n t! grant #& )ai(, ! !ad a)usd t!is
dis'rti#n,
I''%!
$ 51N t! C#urt #& A""a(s a'td -it! grav a)us
ds"it a s!#-ing )* t! "r#s'ut#r t!at t!r is
str#ng vidn' "r#ving rs"#ndnt0s gui(t &#r t!
'rim '!argd,
(!"D
67S
$ %! SC !(d t!at t! CA and t! (#-r '#urt &ai(d
t# mnti#n and in'(ud s#m &a'ts -!i'! ar
signi&i'ant &a't#rs and 'ir'umstan's -!i'! ar
str#ng, '(ar, and '#nvin'ing, C#nsidrati#n #& t!
said &a't#rs and 'ir'umstan's -#u(d !av rsu(td
in t! dnia( #& )ai(,
Reasoning
$ 5rticle III( Section ,9 o the 2ill o Rights
provides;
>5ll persons( e$cept those charged "ith
oenses punisha!le !y reclusion perpetua
"hen evidence o guilt is strong( shall !eore
conviction( !e !aila!le !y suicient sureties(
or !e released on recogni1ance as may !e
provided !y la"# the right to !ail shall not !e
impaired even "hen the privilege o the "rit
o ha!eas corpus is suspended# 4$cessive
!ail shall not !e re-uired#?
$ S'ti#n 9 Ru( 4 #& t! Ru(s #& '#urt "r#vidsC
AN# "rs#n '!argd -it! a 'a"ita( #&&ns, #r an
#&&ns "unis!a)( )* r'(usi#n "r"tua #r (i&
im"ris#nmnt, -!n t! vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng,
s!a(( ) admittd t# )ai( rgard(ss #& t! stag #&
'rimina( "r#s'uti#n,B
$ In t! 'as at )ar, )ai( is dis'rti#nar* and n#t a
mattr #& rig!t '#nsidring t!at t! "unis!mnt &#r
t! #&&ns is r'(usi#n "r"tua, t! grant #& t!
)ai( is d"ndnt #n t! vidn' #& t! gui(t -!i'!
s!#u(d -!i'! s!#u(d ) str#ng t# /usti&* dnia(, t!is
dtrminati#n is a mattr #& /udi'ia( dis'rti#n,
$ B* /udi'ia( dis'rti#n, t! (a- mandats t!
dtrminati#n #& -!t!r "r##& is vidnt #r t!
"rsum"ti#n #& gui(t is str#ng, Pr##& vidnt #r
vidnt "r##& is t!is '#nn'ti#n, !as )n !(d t#
man '(ar, str#ng vidn' -!i'! (ads a -((
guardd dis"assi#nat /udgmnt t# t! '#n'(usi#n
t!at an #&&ns !as )n '#mmittd as '!argd, t!at
t! a''usd is t! gui(t* agnt, and t!at ! -i((
"r#)a)(* ) "unis!d 'a"ita((* i& t! (a- is
administrd, Prsum"ti#n grat :ists -!n t!
'ir'umstan's tsti&id t# ar su'! t!at t! in&rn'
#& gui(t natura((* t# ) dra-n t!r&r#m is str#ng,
'(ar, and '#nvin'ing t# an un)iasd /udgmnt and
:'(uds a(( ras#na)( "r#)a)i(it* #& an* #t!r
'#n'(usi#n, In #t!r -#rds, t! tst is n#t -!t!r
t! vidn' sta)(is!s gui(t )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t )ut rat!r -!t!r it s!#-s vidnt gui(t #r a
grat "rsum"ti#n #& gui(t,
$ In t! 'as #& an a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai(, t! dutis #&
t! /udg ar as &#((#-sC
1, N#ti&* t! "r#s'ut#r #& t! !aring #& t!
a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai( #r r3uir !im t# su)mit !is
r'#mmndati#n;
2, C#ndu't a !aring #& t! a""(i'ati#n &#r )ai(
rgard(ss #& -!t!r #r n#t t! "r#s'uti#n r&uss
t# "rsnt vidn' t# s!#- t!at t! gui(t #& t!
a''usd is str#ng &#r t! "ur"#s #& na)(ing t!
'#urt t# :r'is its dis'rti#n
3, ;'id -!t!r t! vidn' #& gui(t #& t!
a''usd is str#ng )asd #n t! summar* #& vidn'
#& t! "r#s'uti#n
4, I& t! gui(t #& t! a''usd is n#t str#ng,
dis'!arg t! a''usd u"#n t! a""r#va( #& t! )ai(
)#nd, 1t!r-is t! "titi#n s!#u(d ) dnid,
$ Basd #n t! dutis, t! '#urt0s #rdr granting #r
dn*ing )ai( must '#ntain a summar* #& t!
vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n, A summar* is d&ind
as a '#m"r!nsiv and usua((* )ri& a)stra't #r
digst #& a tst #r statmnt, 47NC7, %47 SK>>AR6
S41K?; N7C7SSARI?6 B7 A C1>P?7%7 C1>PI?A%I1N
1R R7S%A%7>7N% 1F A?? %47 PI7C7S 1F 7@I;7NC7
PR7S7N%7; ;KRING %47 47ARING PR1P7R, %!
?#-r '#urt 'ann#t :r'is /udi'ia( dis'rti#n as t#
-!at "i's #& vidn' s!#u(d ) in'(udd in t!
summar*, 1t!r-is, t! sam -i(( ) '#nsidrd
d&'tiv in &#rm and su)stan' -!i'! 'ann#t )
sustaind #r ) givn a sm)(an' #& va(idit*,
Dispositive Grant #& )ai( is d'(ard v#id, %! '#urt
s!#u(d issu a -arrant #& arrst #& 1diamar i& !is )ai(
)#nd !as )n a""r#vd,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
@I#%+ Fdissen7ingG
$ %! :tra#rdinar* rmdis undr Ru( 65 #& t!
ru(s #& C#urt ar n#t #"n -!n t! 3usti#n is
-!t!r t! tria( /udg !as rrd in t! :r'is #&
s#und dis'rti#n, %!s s"'ia( r(i&s ar avai(a)(
#n(* -!n t! /udg !as '#mmittd grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n am#unting t# (a'. #r :'ss #& /urisdi'ti#n
in !is d'isi#n #r #rdr su'! as )* ar)itrari(* ign#ring
t! vidn' #r '#m"(t(* a'ting #n )ias and -!im,
"A@ID!' CA <PI'O$ and P!OP"!>
324 SCRA 321
>7N;1LA; F)ruar* 1, 2000
&AC#'
$ ?avids -as arrstd &#r '!i(d a)us undr R,A,
9610, 4is arrst -as mad -it!#ut a -arrant as a
rsu(t #& an ntra"mnt '#ndu'td )* t! "#(i',
$ Parnts #& '#m"(ainant ?#r(i San >igu( r"#rtd
t# t! "#(i' t!at t!ir daug!tr, t!n 16 *ars #(d,
!ad )n '#nta'td )* "titi#nr &#r an assignati#n
t!at nig!t at "titi#nr0s r##m at t! >tr#"#(itan
4#t(, %!is -as n#t t! &irst tim t! "#(i' r'ivd
r"#rts #& "titi#nr0s a'tivitis, An ntra"mnt
#"rati#n -as t!r&#r st in m#ti#n, %! "#(i' sa-
!im -it! ?#r(i, -!# -as -aring #n(* a s!irt and an
undr-ar, -!ru"#n t!* arrstd !im, Basd #n
t! s-#rn statmnt #& '#m"(ainant and t!
a&&idavits #& t! arrsting #&&i'rs, -!i'! -r
su)mittd at t! in3ust, an in&#rmati#n &#r vi#(ati#n
#& Art, III, ^5<)= #& R,A, 9610 -as &i(d,
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d an R1mni)us >#ti#n <1= F#r +udi'ia(
;trminati#n #& Pr#)a)( Caus; <2= F#r t!
Immdiat R(as #& t! A''usd Kn(a-&u((*
;taind #n an Kn(a-&u( 5arrant(ss Arrst; and <3=
In t! 7vnt #& Advrs Rs#(uti#n #& t! A)#v
In'idnt, 4rin A''usd ) A((#-d t# Bai( as a
>attr #& Rig!t undr t! ?a- #n 5!i'! 4 is
C!argd,R
$ Nin m#r in&#rmati#ns &#r '!i(d a)us -r &i(d
against "titi#nr )* t! sam '#m"(ainant, ?#r(i
San >igu(, and )* t!r #t!r min#r '!i(drn, >ar*
Ann %ardsi((a, +nni&r Catarman, and Anna(*n
%a(ingting, In a(( t! 'ass, it -as a((gd t!at, #n
vari#us dats mnti#nd in t! in&#rmati#ns,
"titi#nr !ad s:ua( intr'#urs -it! '#m"(ainants
-!# !ad )n R:"(#itd in "r#stituti#n and , , ,
givn m#n* D)* "titi#nrE as "a*mnt &#r t! said
Da'ts #&E s:ua( intr'#urs,R
$ N# )ai( -as r'#mmndd, N#nt!(ss, "titi#nr
&i(d s"arat a""(i'ati#ns &#r )ai( in t! nin 'ass,
$ %ria( '#urt grantd t! rig!t t# "#st )ai( in t!
am#unt #& P80,000,00 &#r a'! 'as #r a t#ta( #&
P800,000,00 &#r a(( t! 'ass undr t! &#((#-ing
'#nditi#nsC
a= %! a''usd s!a(( n#t ) ntit(d t# a -aivr #&
a""aran' during t! tria( #& t!s 'ass, 4 s!a((
and must a(-a*s ) "rsnt at t! !arings #& t!s
'ass;
)= In t! vnt t!at ! s!a(( n#t ) a)( t# d# s#, !is
)ai( )#nds s!a(( ) aut#mati'a((* 'an'((d and
&#r&itd, -arrants &#r !is arrst s!a(( ) immdiat(*
issud and t! 'ass s!a(( "r#'d t# tria( in
a)sntia;
'= %! !#(d$d"artur 1rdr #& t!is C#urt datd A"ri(
10, 1229 stands; and
d= A""r#va( #& t! )ai( )#nds s!a(( ) mad #n(*
a&tr t! arraignmnt t# na)( t!is C#urt t#
immdiat(* a'3uir /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! a''usd;
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#ns
against !im, Pnding rs#(uti#n #& !is m#ti#n, !
as.d t! tria( '#urt t# sus"nd t! arraignmnt
s'!du(d, 4 t!n &i(d a m#ti#n in -!i'! ! "ra*d
t!at t! am#unts #& )ai( )#nds ) rdu'd t#
P40,000,00 &#r a'! 'as and t!at t! sam ) d#n
"ri#r t# !is arraignmnt,
$ %ria( '#urt dnid "titi#nr0s m#ti#ns t# rdu'
)ai( )#nds, t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#ns, and t#
sus"nd arraignmnt,
$ Ptiti#nr -as arraignd during -!i'! ! "(add
n#t gui(t* t# t! '!args against !im and t!n
#rdrd !im r(asd u"#n "#sting )ai( )#nds in t!
t#ta( am#unt #& P800,000,00, su)/'t t# t!
'#nditi#ns and t! R!#(d$d"arturR #rdr, %! "r$
tria( '#n&rn' -as st,
$ Ptiti#nr &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari in CA,
assai(ing t! tria( '#urt0s #rdrs,
$ 5!i( t! 'as -as "nding in t! C#urt #& A""a(s,
t-# m#r in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d against "titi#nr,
)ringing t! t#ta( num)r #& 'ass against !im t# 12,
-!i'! -r a(( '#ns#(idatd,
$ CAC a= %! a''usd s!a(( n#t ) ntit(d t# a -aivr
#& a""aran' during t! tria( #& t!s 'ass, 4
s!a(( and must a(-a*s ) "rsnt at t! !arings #&
t!s 'ass;
)= In t! vnt t!at ! s!a(( n#t ) a)( t# d# s#, !is
)ai( )#nds s!a(( ) aut#mati'a((* 'an'((d and
&#r&itd, -arrants &#r !is arrst s!a(( ) immdiat(*
issud and t! 'ass s!a(( "r#'d t# tria( in
a)sntia;E
$ CA inva(idatd t! &irst t-# '#nditi#ns im"#sd in
t! >a* 16, 1229 #rdr &#r t! grant #& )ai( t#
"titi#nr )ut ru(d t!at t! issu '#n'rning t!
va(idit* #& t! '#nditi#n ma.ing arraignmnt a
"rr3uisit &#r t! a""r#va( #& "titi#nr0s )ai(
)#nds t# ) m##t and a'admi', It n#td Rt!at
"titi#nr !as "#std t! 'as! )#nds; t!at -!n
arraignd, r"rsntd )* (a-*rs, ! "(add n#t
gui(t* t# a'! #&&ns; and t!at ! !as a(rad* )n
r(asd &r#m dtnti#n,R CA t!#ug!t t!at t!
a&#rsaid '#nditi#ns in t! >a* 16, 1229 #rdr -r
'#ntrar* t# Art, III, ^14<2= #& t! C#nstituti#n -!i'!
"r#vids t!at RDaE&tr arraignmnt, tria( ma* "r#'d
n#t-it!standing t! a)sn' #& t! a''usd "r#vidd
t!at ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id and !is &ai(ur t#
a""ar is un/usti&ia)(,R
$ 5it! rs"'t t# t! dnia( #& "titi#nr0s m#ti#n t#
3uas! t! in&#rmati#ns against !im, CA !(d t!at
"titi#nr '#u(d n#t 3usti#n t! sam in a "titi#n
&#r 'rti#rari )&#r it, )ut -!at ! must d# -as t# g#
t# tria( and t# ritrat t! gr#unds #& !is m#ti#n t#
3uas! #n a""a( s!#u(d t! d'isi#n ) advrs t#
!im,
I''%!
51N CA rrd in n#t dtrmining t! va(idit* #& t!
'#nditi#ns im"#sd in t! tria( '#urt0s #rdr #& >a*
16, 1229 &#r t! grant #& )ai(,,
(!"D
67S
$ CA s!#u(d !av dtrmind t! va(idit* #& t!
'#nditi#ns im"#sd in t! tria( '#urt0s #rdr #& >a*
16, 1229 &#r t! grant #& )ai( )'aus "titi#nr0s
'#ntnti#n is t!at !is arraignmnt -as !(d in
"ursuan' #& t!s '#nditi#ns &#r )ai(,
$ Bai( s!#u(d ) grantd )&#r arraignmnt,
#t!r-is t! a''usd ma* ) "r'(udd &r#m &i(ing
a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, F#r i& t! in&#rmati#n is 3uas!d
and t! 'as is dismissd, t!r -#u(d t!n ) n#
nd &#r t! arraignmnt #& t! a''usd, In t!
s'#nd "(a', t! tria( '#urt '#u(d nsur t!
"rsn' #& "titi#nr at t! arraignmnt "r'is(*
)* granting )ai( and #rdring !is "rsn' at an*
stag #& t! "r#'dings, su'! as arraignmnt,
Kndr Ru( 114, ^2<)= #& t! Ru(s #n Crimina(
Pr#'dur, #n #& t! '#nditi#ns #& )ai( is t!at Rt!
a''usd s!a(( a""ar )&#r t! "r#"r '#urt
-!nvr s# r3uird )* t! '#urt #r t!s Ru(s,R
-!i( undr Ru( 116, ^1<)= t! "rsn' #& t!
a''usd at t! arraignmnt is r3uird,
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, t# '#nditi#n t! grant #& )ai( t#
an a''usd #n !is arraignmnt -#u(d ) t# "(a' !im
in a "#siti#n -!r ! !as t# '!##s )t-n <1=
&i(ing a m#ti#n t# 3uas! and t!us d(a* !is r(as #n
)ai( )'aus unti( !is m#ti#n t# 3uas! 'an )
rs#(vd, !is arraignmnt 'ann#t ) !(d, and <2=
&#rg#ing t! &i(ing #& a m#ti#n t# 3uas! s# t!at !
'an ) arraignd at #n' and t!ra&tr ) r(asd
#n )ai(, %!s s'nari#s 'rtain(* undrmin t!
a''usd0s '#nstituti#na( rig!t n#t t# ) "ut #n tria(
:'"t u"#n va(id '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n su&&i'int
t# '!arg !im -it! a 'rim and !is rig!t t# )ai(,
DKndr Art, III, ^5 #& R,A, 9610, t! #&&nss -it!
-!i'! "titi#nr is '!argd ar "unis!a)( )*
r'(usi#n tm"#ra( in its mdium "ri#d t# r'(usi#n
"r"tua,E
$ It is t! '#nditi#n in t! >a* 16, 1229 #rdr #& t!
tria( '#urt t!at 6approval of the bail bonds shall be
made onl' after arraignment&6 -!i'! CA s!#u(d
instad !av d'(ard v#id, %! '#nditi#n im"#sd in
t! tria( '#urt0s #rdr #& >a* 16, 1229 t!at t!
a''usd 'ann#t -aiv !is a""aran' at t! tria( )ut
t!at ! must ) "rsnt at t! !arings #& t! 'as
is va(id and is in a''#rdan' -it! Ru( 114, F#r
an#t!r '#nditi#n #& )ai( undr Ru( 114, ^2<'= is t!at
R%! &ai(ur #& t! a''usd t# a""ar at t! tria(
-it!#ut /usti&i'ati#n ds"it du n#ti' t# !im #r !is
)#ndsman s!a(( ) dmd an :"rss -aivr #& !is
rig!t t# ) "rsnt #n t! dat s"'i&id in t!
n#ti', In su'! 'as, tria( s!a(( "r#'d in a)sntia,R
$ Art, III, ^14<2= #& t! C#nstituti#n aut!#ri8ing tria(s
in a)sntia a((#-s t! a''usd t# ) a)snt at t!
tria( )ut n#t at 'rtain stags #& t! "r#'dings, t#
-itC <a= at arraignmnt and "(a, -!t!r #&
inn#'n' #r #& gui(t,2 DRu( 116, ^1<)=E <)= during
tria( -!nvr n'ssar* &#r idnti&i'ati#n "ur"#ss,
and <'= at t! "r#mu(gati#n #& sntn', un(ss it is
&#r a (ig!t #&&ns, in -!i'! 'as t! a''usd ma*
a""ar )* '#uns( #r r"rsntativ,11 DRu( 120,
^6,E At su'! stags #& t! "r#'dings, !is "rsn'
is r3uird and 'ann#t ) -aivd,
$ A(t!#ug! t!is '#nditi#n is inva(id, it d#s n#t &#((#-
t!at t! arraignmnt #& "titi#nr #n >a* 23, 1229
-as a(s# inva(id, C#ntrar* t# "titi#nr0s '#ntnti#n,
t! arraignmnt did n#t manat &r#m t! inva(id
'#nditi#n t!at Ra""r#va( #& t! )ai( )#nds s!a(( )
mad #n(* a&tr t! arraignmnt,R 7vn -it!#ut su'!
a '#nditi#n, t! arraignmnt #& "titi#nr '#u(d n#t
) #mittd, In sum, a(t!#ug! t! '#nditi#n &#r t!
grant #& )ai( t# "titi#nr is inva(id, !is arraignmnt
and t! su)s3unt "r#'dings against !im ar
va(id,
$ Ptiti#nr '#n'ds t!at t! ru( is t!at t! rmd*
#& an a''usd -!#s m#ti#n t# 3uas! is dnid is n#t
t# &i( a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari )ut t# "r#'d t# tria(
-it!#ut "r/udi' t# !is rig!t t# ritrat t! gr#unds
inv#.d in !is m#ti#n t# 3uas! during tria( #n t!
mrits #r #n a""a( i& an advrs /udgmnt is
rndrd against !im, 4#-vr, ! argus t!at t!is
'as s!#u(d ) tratd as an :'"ti#n, 4 '#ntnds
t!at t! C#urt #& A""a(s s!#u(d n#t !av vadd t!
issu #& -!t!r ! s!#u(d ) '!argd undr svra(
in&#rmati#ns '#rrs"#nding t# t! num)r #& a'ts #&
'!i(d a)us a((gd(* '#mmittd )* !im against a'!
#& t! '#m"(ainants,
Dispositive %! d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s is
S7% ASI;7 and an#t!r #n is R7N;7R7; d'(aring
t! #rdrs datd >a* 16, 1229 and >a* 23, 1229 #&
t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt, Bran'! 109, Ou8#n Cit* t#
) va(id, -it! t! :'"ti#n #& '#nditi#n <d= in t!
s'#nd "aragra"! #& t! #rdr #& >a* 16, 1229
<ma.ing arraignmnt a "rr3uisit t# t! grant #&
)ai( t# "titi#nr=, -!i'! is !r)* d'(ard v#id,
P!OP"! MARH *IM!$!/
G,R, N#, 148591
PANGANIBAN; S"tm)r 24, 2002
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari "ra*ing &#r t! (i&ting #& t! )ai(
1rdr, t! 'an'((ati#n #& t! )#nd, and t! ta.ing #&
+imn8 int# (ga( 'ust#d*
&AC#'
$ %! KS g#v0t t!r#ug! di"(#mati' '!ann(s snt t#
t! P!i(, g#v0t a n#t r3usting t! :traditi#n #&
>ar. B, +imn8, a(s# .n#-n as >ari# Bata'an
Crs"#, K"#n r'i"t #& t! N#ts and d#'umnts,
t! s'rtar* #& &#rign a&&airs <SFA= transmittd
t!m t# t! s'rtar* #& /usti' <S1+= &#r a""r#"riat
a'ti#n, "ursuant t# S'ti#n 5 #& t! 7:traditi#n ?a-,

$ K"#n (arning #& t! r3ust &#r !is :traditi#n,
+imn8 s#ug!t and -as grantd a %R1 )* t! R%C #&
>ani(a, -!i'! "r#!i)itd t! ;1+ &r#m &i(ing -it! t!
R%C a "titi#n &#r !is :traditi#n, %! %R1 -as
assai(d )*t t! S', #& +usti', Initia((*, t! '#urt
dismissd t! "titi#n )ut a&tr a'ting u"#n t!
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n, it rvrsd its ar(ir
d'isi#n, It !(d t!at +imn8 -as )r&t #& t! rig!t
t# n#ti' and !aring during t! va(uati#n stag #&
t! :traditi#n "r#'ss,
$ Finding n# m#r (ga( #)sta'(, t! KS g#v0t,
r"rsntd )* t! P!i(i""in ;1+, &i(d -it! t! R%C
t! a""r#"riat Ptiti#n &#r 7:traditi#n, %! Ptiti#n
a((gd t!at +imn8 -as t! su)/'t #& an arrst
-arrant issud )* t! KS ;istri't C#urt &#r t!
S#ut!rn ;istri't #& F(#rida #n A"ri( 15, 1222, %!
-arrant !ad )n issud in '#nn'ti#n -it! t!
&#((#-ing '!argsC <1= '#ns"ira'* t# d&raud t!
Knitd Stats and t# '#mmit 'rtain #&&nss; <2= ta:
vasi#n; <3= -ir &raud <4= &a(s statmnts, and <5=
i((ga( 'am"aign '#ntri)uti#ns,
$ In #rdr t# "rvnt t! &(ig!t #& +imn8, t! Ptiti#n
"ra*d &#r t! issuan' #& an #rdr &#r !is
Jimmedia7e arres7J "ursuant t# S'ti#n 6 #& P; N#,
1062
$ B&#r t! R%C '#u(d a't #n t! Ptiti#n,
Rs"#ndnt +imn8 &i(d )&#r it an RKrgnt
>ani&stati#nM7:$Part >#ti#n,R-!i'! "ra*d t!at
a""(i'ati#n &#r an arrst -arrant ) st &#r !aring,
R%C grants t! m#ti#n #& +imn8, In t!at !aring,
! mani&std its rsrvati#ns #n t! "r#'dur
ad#"td )* t! tria( '#urt a((#-ing t! a''usd in an
:traditi#n 'as t# ) !ard "ri#r t# t! issuan' #&
a -arrant #& arrst, A&tr t! !aring, t! '#urt a
3u# r3uird t! "artis t# su)mit t!ir rs"'tiv
mm#randa, In !is >m#randum, +imn8 s#ug!t an
a(trnativ "ra*rC t!at in 'as a -arrant s!#u(d
issu, ! ) a((#-d t# "#st )ai( in t! am#unt #&
P100,000, %! a(trnativ "ra*r #& +imn8 -as
a(s# st &#r !aring, %!ra&tr, t! '#urt )(#-
issud its 3usti#nd +u(* 3, 2001 1rdr, dir'ting
t! issuan' #& a -arrant &#r !is arrst and &i:ing )ai(
&#r !is tm"#rar* (i)rt* at #n mi((i#n "s#s in 'as!,
A&tr ! !ad surrndrd !is "ass"#rt and "#std t!
r3uird 'as! )#nd, +imn8 -as grantd "r#visi#na(
(i)rt*,

4n', t!is Ptiti#n,
I''%!
51N ! is ntit(d t# )ai( and t# "r#visi#na( (i)rt*
-!i( t! :traditi#n "r#'dings ar "nding
(!"D
N1
Ratio# After being taken into custod'& potential
e+traditees ma' appl' for bail. !ince the applicants
have a histor' of absconding& the' have the burden
of showing that 0a4 there is no flight risk and no
danger to the communit'- and 0b4 there e+ist special&
humanitarian or compelling circumstances. The
grounds used b' the highest court in the re$uesting
state for the grant of bail therein ma' be considered&
under the principle of reciprocit' as a special
circumstance. *n e+tradition cases& bail is not a
matter of right- it is subject to judicial discretion in
the conte+t of the peculiar facts of each case.
Article ***& !ection 7C of the Constitution& is worded
as follows
Art. ***& !ec. 7C. All persons& e+cept those charged
with offenses punishable b' reclusion perpetua
when evidence of guilt is strong& shall& before
conviction& be bailable b' sufficient sureties& or be
released on recogni"ance as ma' be provided b'
law. The right to bail shall not be impaired even
when the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus is
suspended. #+cessive bail shall not be re$uired.6
$ t! '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# )ai( R&(#-s &r#m t!
"rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' in &av#r #& vr* a''usd
-!# s!#u(d n#t ) su)/'td t# t! (#ss #& &rd#m
as t!ra&tr ! -#u(d ) ntit(d t# a'3uitta(, un(ss
!is gui(t ) "r#vd )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t,R

It
&#((#-s t!at t! '#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n #n )ai( -i((
n#t a""(* t# a 'as (i. :traditi#n, -!r t!
"rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' is n#t at issu,
$ %!at t! #&&nss &#r -!i'! +imn8 is s#ug!t t# )
:traditd ar )ai(a)( in t! Knitd Stats is n#t an
argumnt t# grant !im #n in t! "rsnt 'as, %#
strss, :traditi#n "r#'dings ar s"arat and
distin't &r#m t! tria( &#r t! #&&nss &#r -!i'! ! is
'!argd, 4 s!#u(d a""(* &#r )ai( )&#r t! '#urts
tr*ing t! 'rimina( 'ass against !im, n#t )&#r t!
:traditi#n '#urt,
$ A(s#, - 'ann#t a((#- #ur '#untr* t# ) a !avn &#r
&ugitivs, '#-ards and -a.(ings -!#, instad #&
&a'ing t! '#ns3un's #& t!ir a'ti#ns, '!##s t#
run and !id, 4n', it -#u(d n#t ) g##d "#(i'* t#
in'ras t! ris. #& vi#(ating #ur trat* #)(igati#ns i&,
t!r#ug! #vr"r#t'ti#n #r :'ssiv(* (i)ra(
tratmnt, "rs#ns s#ug!t t# ) :traditd ar a)(
t# vad arrst #r s'a" &r#m #ur 'ust#d*, In t!
a)sn' #& an* "r#visi#n $$ in t! C#nstituti#n, t!
(a- #r t! trat* $$ :"rss(* guaranting t! rig!t
t# )ai( in :traditi#n "r#'dings, ad#"ting t!
"ra'ti' #& n#t granting t!m )ai(, as a gnra( ru(,
-#u(d ) a st" t#-ards dtrring &ugitivs &r#m
'#ming t# t! P!i(i""ins t# !id &r#m #r vad t!ir
"r#s'ut#rs, Q
) The denial of bail as a matter of course in
e+tradition cases falls into place with and gives life
to Article 7:

of the Treat'& since this practice would
encourage the accused to voluntaril' surrender to
the re$uesting state to cut short their detention
here. >ikewise& their detention pending the resolution
of e+tradition proceedings would fall into place with
the emphasis of the #+tradition >aw on the summar'
nature of e+tradition cases and the need for their
speed' disposition.
Dispositive t! Ptiti#n is GRAN%7;, %! )ai( )#nd
"#std )* "rivat rs"#ndnt is CANC7??7;, %!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& >ani(a is dir'td t# '#ndu't
t! :traditi#n "r#'dings )&#r it, -it! a((
d(i)rat s"d "ursuant t# t! s"irit and t! (ttr
#& #ur 7:traditi#n %rat* -it! t! Knitd Stats as
-(( as #ur 7:traditi#n ?a-,
P!OP"! &I#/+!RA"D
505 SCRA 593
AKS%RIA$>AR%IN7L; 1't#)r 29, 2006
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Rvi- #n Crti#rari assai(ing t!
rs#(uti#n #& CA -!i'! grantd t! >#ti#n &#r )ai( #&
a''usd$a""((ant and !rin rs"#ndnt @i't#r
Sit! Fit8gra(d,

&AC#'
$ An in&#rmati#n -as &i(d in t! R%C '!arging
Fit8gra(d, an Austra(ian 'iti8n, -it! t! vi#(ati#n #&
Art,III S' 5, "ar <a=, su)"ar <5= #& RA 9610
8
stating
t!at, AGsaid Fit8gra(d, a'tuatd )* (ust, and )* t!
us #& drugs -i((&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(*
indu'd '#m"(ainant AAAAB, a min#r, 13 *ars #&
ag, t# ngag in "r#stituti#n )* t!n and t!r
s!#-ring said AAAAB -it! gi&ts, '(#t!s and &##d
and t!ra&tr !aving 'arna( .n#-(dg #& !r in
vi#(ati#n #& t! a&#rsaid (a- and t# !r damag and
"r/udi',B
$ R%C rndrd a d'isi#n &inding rs"#ndnt Gui(t*
#& S' 5, "ar <a=, su)"ar <5= #& RA 9610 and
sntn'd t# an indtrminat trm #& "risi#n ma*#r
min <86 1;= t# "risi#n tm"#ra( ma: <196 4> 1;=,
K"#n '#m"(ti#n #& !is sntn', ! s!a(( )
d"#rtd immdiat(* and &#rvr )arrd &r#m ntr*
t# t! P!i(i""ins, 4 -as a'3uittd #n t! 'as #&
ra", 1n t! )asis #& t! vidn' addu'd, t!
'#urt '#nsidrd t! vi- t!at t! t! 'ir'umstan's
#& t! a''usd indi'at a "r#)a)i(it* #& &(ig!t and t!at
t!r is undu ris. t!at t! a''usd ma* '#mmit a
simi(ar #&&ns, i& r(asd #n )ai( "nding a""a(,
$ 1n a""a(, CA a&&irmd t! '#nvi'ti#n, m#di&*ing
t! "na(t* t# im"ris#nmnt #& "risi#n tm"#ra( <146
8> 1;= t# r'(usi#n "r"tua <206 1;=
$ Fit8gra(d &i(d &#r a >#ti#n &#r a N- %ria( and a
su""(mnta( a""a( t# t! m#ti#n #n t! gr#und
t!at n- matria( #& vidn' n#t "rvi#us(*
avai(a)( !as sur&a'd, CA grantd t! m#ti#n &#r
n- tria(, %! #rigina( r'#rds #& t! 'as -r
rmandd t# t! R%C, -!i'! -as a(s# dir'td t#
r'iv n- vidn', %! m#ti#n t# trans&r t!
rs"#ndnt t# t! Nati#na( Pnitntiar* -as dnid,
$ %! "#"( &i( a >FR, -!i( Fit8gra(d &i(d a
>#ti#n t# &i: )ai( -it! >ani&stati#n, B#t! m#ti#ns
-r dnid )* CA, %! )ai( a""(i'ati#n -as dnid
"ursuant t# S',9 Ru( 114 R1C, %! ma:imum
"na(t* im"#sa)( in a''#rdan' -it! RA 9610 is
r'(usi#n "r"tua and t! vidn' #& gui(t is
str#ng,
$ %! "#"( &i(d a "titi#n &r# rvi- #n 'rti#rari, It
-as dismissd -!i'! )'am &ina( and :'ut#r*,
$ Fit8gra(d &i(d -it! CA a >#ti#n &#r 7ar(*
%ransmitta( #& t! R'#rds and &#r t! R$
7:aminati#n #& t! Pna(t* Im"#sd and a >#ti#n &#r
Bai(, CA issud t! assai(d rs#(uti#n granting )ai(,
It statd t!at a(t!#ug! t! vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng,
Fit8gra(d is #& #(d ag and n#t in t! )st #& !a(t!,
Bai( -as grantd "rmisd n#t #n t! gr#unds statd
in t! m#ti#n &#r )ai(, )ut #n su)stantia( /usti' and
'#nsidring n- tria( -as grantd in t! 'as,
8
S"'ia( Pr#t'ti#n #& C!i(drn against C!i(d A)us, 7:"(#itati#n and
;is'riminati#n A't
$ R%C #rdrd Fit8gra(d0s tm"#rar* r(as u"#n
&i(ing a 'as! )#nd #& P100 000,00,
Petitioners Claim
U P#"( &i(d t!is "titi#n t# annu( t! CA Rs#(uti#n
arguing t!at t! CA rrd in granting t! >#ti#n &#r
Bai( ds"it t! 'rim '!argd -as "unis!a)( )*
r'(usi#n "r"tua and t! vidn' #& gui(t is
str#ng,
Plaintis Claim
U t! grant &#r n- trai( ngatd t! "rvi#us
&indings #& t! :istn' #& str#ng vidn' #& gui(t,
%! /usti&i'ati#n &#r "r#visi#na( r(as is #n
!umanitarian gr#unds, 'iting !is dtri#rating !a(t!
and #(d ag,
I''%!'
1, 51N CA !ad /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! m#ti#n t# "#st
)ai( a&tr issuing t! rs#(uti#n granting n- tria(
2, 51N CA rrd in a((#-ing )ai(
(!"D
1, <t! ru(ing #n t!is mattr is (imitd t# t!is s"'i&i'
'as= 5!n t! SC grants n- tria(, it va'ats t!
/udgmnt #& t! %C '#nvi'ting t! a''usd and
rmands t! 'as t# t! %C &#r r'"ti#n #& n-(*$
dis'#vrd vidn' and "r#mu(gati#n #& a n-
/udgmnt,
$ 4#-vr, -!n CA grants n- tria(,
n#t-it!standing S'1 Ru( 125 R1C "r#viding &#r t!
uni&#rmit* #& t! "r#'dur )t-n t! SC and CA,
CA ma* d'id 3usti#ns #& &a't and #& (a-, 5!n it
grants a n- tria( "ursuant t# S'14 Ru( 124 R1C, it
ma* it!r a= r'iv t! n- vidn' undr S' 12
#r )= r&r t! 'as t# t! '#urt #& #rigin &#r
r'"ti#n #& su'! vidn' undr S' 15, in it!r
'as, it d#s n#t r(in3uis! t# t! %C /urisdi'ti#n #vr
t! 'as, It rtains su&&i'int aut!#rit* t# rs#(v t!
in'idnts in t! 'as and d'id its mrits,
$ 7vn -!n CA rmandd t! 'as t# t! %C, CA
rtaind a""((at /urisdi'ti#n, CA rtaind its
aut!#rit* t# a't #n t! rs"#ndnt0s )ai( a""(i'ati#n,
2, %! rig!t t# )ai( manats &r#m t! rig!t t# )
"rsumd inn#'nt, It is a''#rdd t# a "rs#n in t!
'ust#d* #& (a- -!# ma* )* ras#n #& t!
"rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n' ! n/#*s, ) a((#-d
"r#visi#na( (i)rt* u"#n &i(ing #& a s'urit* t#
guarant !is a""aran' )&#r an* '#urt, as
r3uird undr s"'i&i' '#nditi#ns,
$ Bai( is a mattr #& rig!t t# an a''usd "rs#n in
'ust#d* &#r an #&&ns n#t "unis!a)( )* dat!,
r'(usi#n "r"tua #r (i& im"ris#nmnt, )ut a mattr
#& dis'rti#n #n t! "art #& t! '#urt, '#n'rning #n
&a'ing an a''usati#n &#r an #&&ns "unis!a)( )*
dat!, r'(usi#n "r"tua #r (i& im"ris#nmnt -!n
vidn' #& gui(t is str#ng,
2
$ R%C and CA -r unanim#us in t!ir &indings #& t!
:istn' #& str#ng vidn' #& gui(t, Kndr S' 6<)=
Ru( 121, t! grant #& a n- tria( a((#-s &#r r'"ti#n
#& n-(* dis'#vrd vidn', )ut maintains
vidn' a(rad* "rsntd #r #n r'#rd, In t!
"rsnt 'as, n# n- vidn' !ad )n intr#du'd
ngating t! ar(ir &indings #& t! R%C and CA, Bai(
-as n#t a mattr #& rig!t )ut a mr "rivi(g su)/'t
t# t! dis'rti#n #& CA,
$ 4#-vr, t! CA admittd t!at t! )ai( -as )asd
#n !a(t! ras#ns disrgarding t! su)stantiv and
"r#'dura( r3uirmnts #n )ai(,
$ CA mad n# s"'i&i' &indings t!at t! rs"#ndnt
su&&rd &r#m an ai(mnt #& su'! gravit* t!at !is
'#ntinud '#n&inmnt during tria( -i(( "rmannt(*
im"air !is !a(t! #r "ut !is (i& in dangr,
$ >#r#vr, t!r is &inding #n t! r'#rd #n t!
"#tntia( ris. #& rs"#ndnt '#mmitting a simi(ar
#&&ns,
Dispositive "titi#n is grantd and t! CA
rs#(uti#n annu((d and st asid, %! )ai( )#nd
"#std is 'an'((d, ?t an #rdr #& arrst issu
against t! "rs#n #& t! a''usd,
%' PA"I'OC
4 P!i( 209
+14NS1N; F)ruar* 13, 1205
&AC#'
%! d&ndants -r '!argd -it! t! 'rim #&
r#))r* &#r ntring t! !#us #& #n Rgin#
>aminta, a(( )ing armd -it! talibones t##. and
'arrid 'arrid a-a* t! sum #& 20 "s#s, >:i'an,
and vari#us "i's #& /-(r*, a(( #& t! va(u #& 120
"s#s, >:i'an,
%! said d&ndants -r trid and a'! #& t!
d&ndants, Pau(in# Pa(is#', Fa)ian# ;iadi),
In#'n'i# @a(ri#, and ;#ming# %#rrs, -as
sntn'd t# ) im"ris#nd &#r t! "ri#d #& &iv
*ars #& "rsidi# '#rr''i#na(; and Ru&in# ?avarias,
)'aus t! '#urt &#und t!at ! -as t! (adr #&
t! said )and #& r#))rs, -as sntn'd t# a "ri#d
#& si: *ars #& "rsidi# '#rr''i#na(,
Fr#m t!is sntn' Fa)ian# ;iadi), In#'n'i#
@a(ri#, and Ru&in# ?avarias a""a(d t# t!is '#urt,
%! r'#rd s!#-s t!at at t! )ginning #& t! tria(
Ru&in# ?avarias -as n#t "rsnt and did n#t a""ar
in '#urt unti( a&tr t! &is'a( !ad "rsntd a(( #& t!
9
S' 4 and 5 Ru( 114 R1C, and S' 13 Art III 1289 C#nsti
-itnsss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n; a(( #& t! #t!r
d&ndants -r "rsnt, -r du(* arraignd,
"(add n#t gui(t*, and -r r"rsntd )* a
(a-*r; t!at a&tr t! "r#s'uti#n !ad '(#sd its 'as
against a(( #& t! said d&ndants :'"t Ru&in#
?avarias, t! '#urt dis'#vrd t!at Ru&in# ?avarias
-as #utsid t! '#urt r##m, K"#n dis'#vring t!is
&a't t! '#urt #rdrd t! said d&ndant Ru&in#
?avarias t# a""ar in t! '#urt r##m, and t!n and
t!r r'a((d #n #& t! -itnsss &#r t!
"r#s'uti#n, Rgin# >aminta, and "r#'dd t#
:amin !im -it! r&rn' t# t! "art Ru&in#
?avarias t##. in t! said r#))r* '!argd in t!
'#m"(aint, -it!#ut arraigning t! said Ru&in#
?avarias, rading t# !im t! '#m"(aint, #r in&#rming
!im t!at ! !ad t! rig!t t# ) r"rsntd )* an
att#rn* during t! tria(, in a''#rdan' -it! t!
"r#visi#ns #& s'ti#ns 16, 19, and 18 #& Gnra(
1rdrs, N#, 58,
I''%!
51N t! '#urt did n#t '#m"(* -it! t! "r#visi#ns #&
s'ti#ns 16, 19, and 18 #& Gnra( 1rdr N#, 58
(!"D
67S, Ru&in# ?avarias -as n#t arraignd,
Dispositive %! /udgmnt #& t! '#urt -it!
r&rn' t# Ru&in# ?avarias is rvrsd, and t!
'aus is rmandd t# t! CFI Pangasinan &#r t!
"ur"#s #& a n- tria(, %! '#urt is a&&irmd as t# t!
sntn' #& Fa)ian# ;iadi) and In#'n'i# @a(ri# #n
t! gr#und #& su&&i'in'* #& vidn',
P!OP"! AMBRO'IO
56 P!i( 801
P!OP"! CARIA+A
64 P!i( 1059
C1NC7PCI1N; +un 22, 1239
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! /udgmnt #& t! CFI #& >ani(a
&AC#'
$ A""((ant ;#gra'ias Cariaga -as '#nvi'td #& t!
'rim #& t!&t and sntn'd t# 1 m#nt! and 1 da* #&
arrst# ma*#r and t# indmni&* t! #&&ndd "art* in
t! sum #& P1,50,
$ Cariaga a((gs t!at t! '#urt rrd in !aving &#und
!im gui(t* #& t! 'rim )asd #& t! &a't t!at t!
a""a(d /udgmnt statsC AK"#n arraignmnt, !
ntrd a "(a #& gui(t*,B %! a""((ant -it!#ut
dn*ing t! &a't in its(&, '#ntnds t!at t! r'#rd
d#s n#t s!#- -!n, -!r #r !#- ! -as
arraignd,
I''%!
51N t! statmnt in t! /udgmnt t!at t! a''usd
!as )n arraignd and "(add gui(t* is su&&i'int
(!"D
67S
$ %! statmnt is in '#m"(ian' -it! t! "r#visi#ns
#& s'ti#n 16T25 #& Gn, 1rdr N#, 58, inasmu'! as
it ma* ) "rsumd &r#m said statmnt t!at t! (a-
!as )n #)*d )* 'ausing t! a''usd t# a""ar
)&#r t! '#urt, and it is s!#-n t!r)* t!at ! !as
ra((* )n arraignd, !is "(a ntrd "rs#na((*
)ing t!at #& gui(t*, A(( t!is is n#t a mr '#n'(usi#n
as a""((ant '#ntnds, )'aus t! '#urt is #& t!
#"ini#n t!at gnra((* a '#n'(usi#n is t! avrmnt
#r dnia( #& a &a't ddu'd &r#m s#m vidn', #r
t! avrmnt #r dnia( #& a "#int #& vi- #& (a-
drivd &r#m a (a- #r a "rin'i"( #& (a-, In t!is 'as,
!#-vr, t! '#urt0s avrmnt t!at t! a''usd -as
arraignd and t!at ! "(add gui(t*, is n#t a
ddu'ti#n #r '#ns3un' #& an vidn', (ga(
"r#visi#n #r "rin'i"( #& (a-, )ut a "#sitiv statmnt
#& &a'ts,
$ It d#s n#t ma. a di&&rn' i& t! '#urt, a&tr
!aring t! a''usd "(ad gui(t* u"#n arraignmnt,
statd su'! &a'ts in t! /udgmnt rndrd
immdiat(*, in #"n '#urt and in t! "rsn' #&
t! a''usd, #r 'ausd said arraignmnt and "(a t#
) statd in t! minuts, 5!at is im"#rtant is t!at
t! a''usd ) arraignd and t!at ! ntrs !is "(a,
It is immatria( !#- #r in -!at mannr su'! &a'ts ar
statd, F#r (ga( "ur"#ss, it ma.s n# di&&rn'
-!t!r t!* a""ar in t! minuts #r in t!
/udgmnt its(&,
P!OP"! '!R$A
130 SCRA 550
C1NC7PCI1N, +u(* 25, 1284
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi- t# t! Su"rm C#urt
&AC#'
$In Samar during t! nig!t #& N#vm)r 28, 1290,
Ra&a( Srna and Ant#ni# Ci"rian# t##. a-a* P80
&r#m R#mua(d# @i((#ns and ?#nard# Car(#s, %!
(attr -r "a*ing &#r t! &is! t!at t!* )#ug!t &r#m
a &is!rman -!n t! &#rmr st#( t!ir P80 and #n
t! #''asi#n .i((d t! 2 vi'tims,
$t! 2 -r '!argd -it! R#))r* -it! ;#u)(
4#mi'id, -it! t! aggravating 'ir'umstan's #& us
#& m#t#ri8d )an'a as a mans &#r &(ig!t #r
'#n'a(mnt, "(us r'idivism as rgards Srna sin'
! -as "rvi#us(* '#nvi'td )* &ina( /udgmnt in CFI
#& >ani(a, and -as sntn'd t# an im"ris#nmnt
&r#m 10 t# 19 *ars in 1258,
$u"#n arraignmnt, )#t! "(add gui(t*, inv#.ing t!
mitigating 'ir'umstan' #& "(a #& gui(t, Immdiat(*,
CFI #& Samar &#und t! 2 gui(t*, '#nsidring t!
mitigating 'ir'umstan' #& "(a #& gui(t and t!
aggravating 'ir'umstan' 'itd a)#v, Ci"rian# -as
sntn'd t# R'(usi#n Pr"tua <>C #&&st AC= -!i(
Srna -as sntn'd t# dat! <1>C t# 2AC=,
t!r&#r snt t# SC &#r aut#mati' rvi-,
$t! in&#rmati#n -as rad t# t! a""((ants in 7ng(is!
and trans(atd in Samar dia('t, t!ra&tr, t! 2
"(add gui(t*, A&tr t! "(a, t! Fis'a( as.d t!
"(a #& gui(t* t# ) '#nsidrd mitigating t!n as.d
t! '#urt t# '#nsidr t! 2 aggravating 'ir'umstan'
against Srna, %! '#urt did n#t :"(ain t! im"#rt #&
t! "(a t# t! 2 a''usd, did n#t vn )#t!r t# as.
i& t!* undrst##d t!ir "(a, and /ust im"#sd #n
Srna t! dat! "na(t*,
I''%!
51N t! tria( '#urt rrd in aut#mati'a((* rndring
t! "na(t* #& dat! t# Srna
(!"D
N1,
Ratio# C#nsidring t!at t! a""((ant -as '!argd
-it! an #&&ns "unis!a)( )* dat!, t! tria( '#urt
s!#u(d !av r3uird t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its
vidn' t# "r#v t! :tnt #& !is 'u("a)i(it*, %!
ta.ing #& su'! tstim#n* is t! "rudnt and "r#"r
'#urs t# &#((#- &#r t! "ur"#s #& sta)(is!ing n#t
#n(* t! gui(t )ut a(s# t! "r'is 'u("a)i(it* #& t!
d&ndant,
5!r a "(a #& gui(t* is ntrd )* t! d&ndant, in
'ass -!r t! 'a"ita( "na(t* ma* ) im"#sd, t!
'#urt s!#u(d ma. 'rtain t!at d&ndant &u((*
undrstands t! natur #& t! '!arg "r&rrd
against !im and t! '!ara'tr #& t! "unis!mnt
"r#vidd )* (a- )&#r it is im"#sd, %! tria( '#urt
s!#u(d t!r&#r 'a(( -itnsss &#r t! "ur"#ss #&
sta)(is!ing t! gui(t and dgr #& 'u("a)i(it* #& t!
d&ndant, n#t #n(* t# satis&* t! tria( /udg, )ut a(s#
t# aid t! Su"rm C#urt in dtrmining -!t!r t!
a''usd ra((* and tru(* undrst##d and
'#m"r!ndd t! maning, &u(( signi&i'an' and
'#ns3un's #& !is "(a,
Dispositive# 547R7F1R7, t! /udgmnt undr
aut#mati' rvi- is !r)* S7% ASI;7 and t! 'as
R7>AN;7; t# t! tria( '#urt &#r &urt!r "r#'dings,
S1 1R;7R7;,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
A9%I$O Fdissen7ingG
$Srna s!#u(d ) sntn'd t# r'(usi#n "r"tua
)'ausC <1= r'idivism n#t aggravating, t!
in&#rmati#n n#t a((ging t! "ri#r 'rim &#r -!i'!
Srna -as '#nvi'td; <2= us #& m#t#ri8d )an'a n#t
aggravating, it -as a mans #& &(ig!t and n#t &#r t!
'#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim; <3= tra'!r* gnri'
aggravating )ut #&&st )* "(a #& gui(t; <4= &a't #&
m#r t!an 1 !#mi'id n#t aggravating, n#t
numratd undr Art14, RPC,
$Srna undrst##d !is "(a )'aus t!r -as n#
im"r#vidnt "(a
$d#n0t nd t# rmand, 14 *ars a(rad* "assd
P!OP"! #IO$+'O$
130 SCRA 614
C1NC7PCI1N; +u(* 25, 1284
$A#%R!
>andat#r* rvi- &#r im"#siti#n #& dat! "na(t*
&AC#'
$ %i#ngs#n s'a"d &r#m t! >uni'i"a( +ai( #&
Bu(a(a'a#, 1rinta( >ind#r#, t#gt!r -it! d (a Cru8
and Santiag#, -!r t!* -r detained under the
charge of Attempted %omicide, 5!i( in t! a't #&
s'a"ing, %i#ngs#n .i((d a mm)r #& t! "#(i'
&#r' -!# -as guarding t!m and a PC C#nsta)(
-!# -nt in "ursuit,
$ B* ras#n t!r#&, %i#ngs#n -as t!n '!argd -it!
>urdr, in t-# s"arat in&#rmati#ns, a((ging t!at
t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns -as 3ua(i&id )* t!
'ir'umstan' #& tra'!r*, and aggravatd )* t!
'ir'umstan's #& vidnt "rmditati#n, in '#ntm"t
#& #r -it! insu(t t# t! "u)(i' aut!#ritis, n#'turnit*,
'#mmittd in an unin!a)itd "(a' and -it! a)us #&
su"ri#r strngt!,
$ K"#n arraignmnt, t! said a''usd, assistd )*
'#uns( de oficio, "(add gui(t* t# )#t!
in&#rmati#ns, %! tria( '#urt did n#t rndr /udgmnt
#utrig!t, )ut #rdrd t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its
vidn', a&tr -!i'!, it sntn'd t! said a''usd
t# su&&r t! dat! "na(t* in a'! 'as, and t#
indmni&* t! !irs #& t! vi'tims,
I''%!'
1, 51N a "(a #& gui(t is a(-a*s )inding u"#n t!
a''usd &#r a(( t! '#ntnts #& t! in&#rmati#n
2, 51N t! .i((ing -as 3ua(i&id )* tra'!r*
3, 51N t!r -r aggravating 'ir'umstan's
"rsnt
(!"D
1, N1,
Ratio It ma* ) tru t!at a /udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n #&
gui(t admits a(( t! matria( &a'ts a((gd in t!
in&#rmati#n, in'(uding t! aggravating 'ir'umstan's
(istd t!rin, as statd )* t! tria( /udg, *t -!r
t!r !as )n a !aring and su'! 'ir'umstan's
ar dis"r#vn )* t! vidn', t!* s!#u(d )
disa((#-d in t! /udgmnt,
Reasoning %! n#rm t!at s!#u(d ) &#((#-d -!r
a "(a #& gui(t* is ntrd )* t! d&ndant,
s"'ia((* in 'ass -!r t! 'a"ita( "na(t* ma* )
im"#sd, is t!at t! '#urt s!#u(d ) sur t!at
d&ndant &u((* undrstands t! natur #& t!
'!args "r&rrd against !im and t! '!ara'tr #&
t! "unis!mnt "r#vidd )* (a- )&#r it is im"#sd,
F#r t!is ras#n, t! C#urt r3uirs t!at in vr* 'as
undr a "(a #& gui(t*, -!r t! "na(t* ma* )
dat!, t! tria( '#urt s!#u(d 'a(( -itnsss &#r t!
"ur"#s #& sta)(is!ing t! gui(t and dgr #&
'u("a)i(it* #& t! d&ndant and n#t #n(* t# satis&*
t! tria( /udg )ut t# aid t! Su"rm C#urt in
dtrmining -!t!r a''us undrst##d and
'#m"r!ndd t! maning, &u(( signi&i'an' and
'#ns3un's #& !is "(a, In t! instant 'as, t!
trial judge re$uired the taking of testimon' as to the
circumstances under which the crime was committed
before passing judgment s# t!at t! rsu(ting vrdi't
'ann#t in an* -a* ) )randd as d&i'int,
2, N1,
Reasoning %! 'ir'umstan's 3ua(i&*ing #r
aggravating t! a't #& .i((ing a !uman )ing must )
"r#vd in an vidnt and in'#ntsta)( mannr,
mr "rsum"ti#ns #r ddu'ti#ns &r#m !*"#t!ti'a(
&a'ts n#t )ing su&&i'int t# '#nsidr t!m /usti&id,
$ A''#rding t# t! RPC, Rt!r is tra'!r* -!n t!
#&&ndr '#mmits an* #& t! 'rims against t!
"rs#n, m"(#*ing mans, mt!#ds, #r &#rms in t!
:'uti#n t!r#& -!i'! tnd dir't(* and s"'ia((* t#
insur its :'uti#n, -it!#ut ris. t# !ims(& arising
&r#m t! d&ns -!i'! t! #&&ndd "art* mig!t
ma.,R
$ It d#s n#t a""ar !#- and in -!at "#siti#n t!
vi'tim -as -!n ! -as .i((d s# t!at it 'ann#t )
said &#r 'rtain t!at t! a''usd !ad ad#"td a
m#d #r mans #& atta'. tnding dir't(* t# insur #r
&a'i(itat t! '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns -it!#ut ris.
t# !ims(& arising &r#m t! d&ns #r rta(iati#n
-!i'! t! vi'tim mig!t "ut u",
$ Pat, Gar'ia #& t! Bu(a(a'a# "#(i' &#r' mr(*
d'(ard t!at ! -as in !is !#us, a)#ut 15 mtrs
a-a* &r#m t! muni'i"a( )ui(ding -!n t! a''usd
Rud* %i#ngs#n and !is '#m"ani#ns s'a"d &r#m
"ris#n, and ! did n#t s t! a''usd s!##t Pat,
G(ra, Pat, G(ra -as a(rad* dad -!n t! #t!r
-itnss sa- !im,
$ %ra'!r* is a(s# n#t "rsnt in t! .i((ing #& PC
C#nsta)( sin' t! d'asd -as a'tua((* -arnd
)* an#t!r PC n#t t# rmain standing )ut s. '#vr
)'aus #& t! .n#-n "rsn' #& t! a''usd in t!
vi'init*, )ut t!at t! said d'asd disrgardd t!
-arning,
) Sin' tra'!r*, -!i'! -#u(d 3ua(i&* t! .i((ing #&
Pat, G(ra and PC C#nsta)( Can(a t# >urdr, -as
n#t "rsnt, the crimes ma' onl' be punished as
%omicide,
3, N1,
Reasoning <a= 7vidnt "rmditati#n must ) ru(d
#ut in vi- #& t! a)sn' #& su&&i'int "r##& t!at a
"(an t# .i(( t! vi'tims :istd, t! :'uti#n #&
-!i'! -as "r'dd )* d(i)rat t!#ug!t and
r&('ti#n, <)= %!at t! 'rims -r '#mmittd in
'#ntm"t #& #r -it! insu(t t# t! "u)(i' aut!#ritis
'ann#t ) a""r'iatd sin' t!* ar n#t "rs#ns in
aut!#rit*, )ut mr(* agnts #& a "rs#n in aut!#rit*,
<'= In #rdr t!at '#mmissi#n #& a 'rim in an
unin!a)itd "(a' ma* ) '#nsidrd, it is n'ssar*
t!at t! "(a' #& #''urrn' ) -!r t!r ar n#
!#uss at a((, a '#nsidra)( distan' &r#m t!
vi((ag #r t#-n, #r -!r t! !#uss ar a grat
distan' a"art, <d= A)us #& su"ri#r strngt! must
a(s# ) ru(d #ut sin' t!r is n# dir't vidn'
t!at t! a''usd m"(#*d it, Dispositive Ptiti#n is
a&&irmd -it! t! m#di&i'ati#n t!at t! a''usd Rud*
%i#ngs#n s!#u(d ) sntn'd t# su&&r
im"ris#nmnt #& ig!t <8= *ars and #n <1= da* #&
prision ma'or& as minimum, t# &#urtn <14= *ars
and ig!t <8= m#nt!s #& reclusion temporal& as
ma:imum, &#r a'! !#mi'id '#mmittd )* !im, %!
indmnit* t# ) "aid t# t! !irs #& t! vi'tims is
!r)* in'rasd t# P30,000,00 in a'! 'as,
P!OP"! $AD!RA
324 SCRA 420
>7N;1LA; F)ruar* 2, 2000
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi- #& t! d'isi#n #& t! Rgi#na( %ria(
C#urt #& 1rinta( >ind#r#
&AC#'
$1n A"ri( 28, 1226, 1()* and >ari'ris, assistd )* a
nig!)#r, ?ita >a'a(a(ad, t#(d t!ir m#t!r t!at t!*
!ad )n ra"d )* t!ir &at!r, !rin a''usd$
a""((ant, %!ru"#n, t!* -nt t# t! "#(i'
aut!#ritis #& Nau/an and &i(d a '#m"(aint against
a''usd$a""((ant
$A&tr "r(iminar* :aminati#n, #n +un 6, 1226, &#ur
in&#rmati#ns '!arging a''usd$a""((ant -it! ra"
#n vari#us dats -r &i(d in t! Rgi#na( %ria($
C#urt, Ca(a"an, 1rinta( >ind#r#,
$%! r'#rd s!#-s t!at at !is arraignmnt #n +u(* 23,
1226, a''usd$a""((ant, assistd )* Att*, >an#(# A,
Br#t#n( #& t! Pu)(i' Att#rn*Qs 1&&i', "(add n#t
gui(t* t# t! '!args &i(d against !im,
$4#-vr, #n August 5, 1229, a&tr t! "r#s'uti#n
!ad "rsntd ;r, C*nt!ia S, Fsa()#n, a''usd$
a""((ant "(add gui(t* t# t! 'rim '!argd in a((
t! in&#rmati#ns,
$1n August 12, 1229, t! "r#s'uti#n &#rma((*
#&&rd its d#'umntar* vidn' and rstd its 'as
t!ra&tr,
$A''usd$a""((ant did n#t "rsnt an* vidn' in
!is d&ns,
$1n August 29, 1229, t! tria( '#urt rndrd
/udgmnt &inding a''usd$a""((ant gui(t* #& &#ur
'#unts #& ra" against !is daug!trs,
$Nadra a""a(d
I''%!'
1, 51N t! tria( '#urt rrd -!n it a''"td !is
"(a #& gui(t* t# a 'a"ita( #&&ns -it!#ut ma.ing a
sar'!ing in3uir* t# dtrmin -!t!r !
undrst##d t! '#ns3un's #& !is "(a
2, 51N t! '#nvi'ti#n must ) st asid
(!"D
1, 67S
$ Ru( 116 #& t! Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur
"r#vidsC
'ec. -. Plea of guil7y 7o capi7al offenseN
recep7ion of eidence. 08en 78e accused
pleads guil7y 7o a capi7al offense5 78e Cour7
s8all conduc7 a searc8ing inDuiry in7o 78e
olun7ariness and full compre8ension of 78e
conseDuences of 8is plea and reDuire 78e
prosecu7ion 7o proe 8is guil7 and 78e precise
degree of culpaAili7y. #8e accused may also
presen7 eidence on 8is Ae8alf.
$%nder 78is Rule5 78ree 78ings are en;oined
upon 78e 7rial cour7 w8en a plea of guil7y 7o a
capi7al offense is en7ered? <1> 78e cour7 mus7
conduc7 a searc8ing inDuiry in7o 78e
olun7ariness of 78e plea and 78e accusedLs full
compre8ension of 78e conseDuences 78ereofN
<2> 78e cour7 mus7 reDuire 78e prosecu7ion 7o
presen7 eidence 7o proe 78e guil7 of 78e
accused and 78e precise degree of 8is
culpaAili7yN and5 <-> 78e cour7 mus7 asI 78e
accused if 8e desires 7o presen7 eidence on
8is Ae8alf and allow 8im 7o do so if 8e desires.
$As :"(aind in P#"( v, A(i'and#, a sar'!ing
in3uir* must &#'us #nC <1= t! v#(untarinss #& t!
"(a, and <2= t! &u(( '#m"r!nsi#n #& t!
'#ns3un's #& t! "(a,
$In t! 'as at )ar, t! r'#rd d#s n#t s!#- -!at
:a't(* trans"ird at t! r$arraignmnt #& a''usd$
a""((ant, &#r -!at ras#n ! '!angd !is "(a &r#m
Rn#t gui(t*R t# Rgui(t*,R and -!t!r ! &u((*
undrst##d t! '#ns3un's #& !is gui(t* "(a,
$In its d'isi#n, t! tria( '#urt ds'ri)d t! mannr
in -!i'! t! a''usd "(add gui(t*, t!usC
K"#n arraignmnt, a''usd, assistd )* Att*, >an#(#
A, Br#t#n( #& t! Pu)(i' Att#rn*Qs 1&&i', "(add
n#t gui(t* t# t! 'rim '!argd, 4#-vr, -!n
t!s 'ass -r 'a((d &#r "r$tria( and tria(, '#uns(
&#r t! a''usd mani&std t!at t! a''usd,
ra(i8ing t! &uti(it* #& ntring int# tria( and
'#nsidring t!at ! a'tua((* '#mmittd t! a'ts
'#m"(aind #&, intimatd !is intnti#n t# ntr a "(a
#& gui(t* t# t! a)#v$mnti#nd '!args, %!
a''usd -as t!n as.d )* t!is C#urt i& ! -as
a-ar #& t! '#ns3un's #& a "(a #& gui(t* t# a
'a"ita( #&&nsC t!at &#r t! ra" ! '#mmittd #n
>a* 19, 1222 against !is daug!tr, 1()* Nadra,
-!# -as 2 *ars #(d at t! tim, ! -#u(d )
sntn'd t# r'(usi#n "r"tua and &#r t! t!r
#t!r '#unts #& ra" '#mmittd #n A"ri( 19 and 24,
1225 D)#t! against 1()* NadraE and #n >ar'! 3,
1226 Dagainst >ari'ris Nadra, 11 *ars #(d at t!
timE, ! -#u(d ) sntn'd t# dat! )* (t!a(
in/'ti#n, A&tr !aving )n in&#rmd #& t!is, !
insistd t!at ! is -i((ing t# ntr a "(a #& gui(t* t#
t! 'rims '!argd and is rad* t# &a' t!
'#ns3un's t!r#&,
$#8e warnings gien Ay 78e 7rial cour7 in 78is
case fall s8or7 of 78e reDuiremen7 78a7 i7 mus7
maIe a searc8ing inDuiry 7o de7ermine w8e78er
accused,appellan7 unders7ood fully 78e impor7
of 8is guil7y plea. As 8as Aeen said5 a mere
warning 78a7 78e accused faces 78e supreme
penal7y of dea78 is insufficien7. &or more of7en
78an no75 an accused pleads guil7y upon Aad
adice or Aecause 8e 8opes for a lenien7
7rea7men7 or a lig87er penal7y. #8e 7rial ;udge
mus7 erase suc8 mis7aIen impressions. (e
mus7 Ae comple7ely coninced 78a7 78e guil7y
plea made Ay 78e accused was no7 made under
duress or promise of reward. #8e ;udge mus7
asI 78e accused 78e manner 78e la77er was
arres7ed or de7ained5 and w8e78er 8e was
assis7ed Ay counsel during 78e cus7odial and
preliminary ines7iga7ions. In addi7ion5 78e
defense counsel s8ould also Ae asIed w8e78er
8e conferred wi78 78e accused and comple7ely
eCplained 7o 8im 78e meaning and 78e
conseDuences of a plea of guil7. &ur78ermore5
since 78e age5 educa7ional a77ainmen7 and
socio,economic s7a7us of 78e accused may
reeal insig87s for a proper erdic7 in 78e case5
78e 7rial cour7 mus7 asI Dues7ions concerning
78em.
$In 78is case5 aAsen7 any s8owing 78a7 78ese
Dues7ions were pu7 7o accused,appellan75 a
searc8ing inDuiry canno7 Ae said 7o 8ae Aeen
under7aIen Ay 78e 7rial cour7.
$In P#"( v, Svi((an#, t!is C#urt !(d t!atC
GIn vr* 'as -!r t! a''usd ntrs a "(a #&
gui(t* t# a 'a"ita( #&&ns, s"'ia((* -!r ! is an
ign#rant "rs#n -it! a (itt( #r n# du'ati#n, t!
"r#"r and "rudnt '#urs t# &#((#- is t# ta. su'!
vidn' as ar avai(a)( and n'ssar* in su""#rt
#& t! matria( a((gati#ns #& t! in&#rmati#n,
in'(uding t! aggravating 'ir'umstan's t!rin
numratd, n#t #n(* t# satis&* t! tria( /udg
!ims(& )ut a(s# t# aid t! Su"rm C#urt in
dtrmining -!t!r t! a''usd ra((* and tru(*
undrst##d and '#m"r!ndd t! maning, &u((
signi&i'an' and '#ns3un's #& !is "(a,
$C(ar(*, t! "(a #& gui(t* #& a''usd$a""((ant in
t!is 'as -as mad im"r#vidnt(*,
2, 6s,
$C#nvi'ti#ns )asd #n an im"r#vidnt "(a #& gui(t
ar st asid #n(* i& su'! "(a is t! s#( )asis #&
/udgmnt, I& t! tria( '#urt r(id #n su&&i'int and
'rdi)( vidn' t# '#nvi't t! a''usd, t!
'#nvi'ti#n must ) sustaind, )'aus t!n it is
"rdi'atd n#t mr(* #n t! gui(t* "(a #& t!
a''usd )ut #n vidn' "r#ving !is '#mmissi#n #&
t! #&&ns '!argd,
$%! "r#s'uti#n vidn' '#nsistd #& t!
tstim#nis #& 1()* and >ari'ris Nadra, t! rsu(ts
#& t!ir mdi'a( :aminati#ns, and t! tstim#nis #&
t!ir m#t!r, ;ais*, and t! "!*si'ian -!#
'#ndu'td t! mdi'a( :aminati#n #& t! t-# gir(s,
;r, C*nt!ia Fsa()#n, Cer7ain circums7ances
presen7 in 78is case5 8oweer5 persuade us
78a7 a remand of 78is case is necessary.
$First, a "rusa( #& t! d'isi#n #& t! '#urt rva(s
t!at t! tria( /udg &ai(d t# stat t! &a'tua( and
(ga( ras#ns #n -!i'! ! )asd a''usd$a""((antQs
'#nvi'ti#n, 7:'"t &#r t! narrati#n #& t!
"r#s'uti#nQs vidn' and a )ar r'ita( #& R,A, N#,
9652, amnding Art, 335 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
t!r is n#t!ing (s t# indi'at t! ras#n &#r t!
d'isi#n, %!r is n# va(uati#n #& t! vidn' and
n# ras#n givn -!* t! '#urt &#und t! tstim#nis
#& t! -itnsss 'rdi)(,
$S'#nd, t! 'ava(ir attitud #& a''usd$a""((antQs
'#uns(, Att*, >an#(# A, Br#t#n( #& t! Pu)(i'
Att#rn*Qs 1&&i', 'ann#t g# unn#ti'd, It is
dis'rni)( in <a= !is r&usa( t# 'r#ss :amin 1()*
Nadra; <)= t! mannr in -!i'! ! '#ndu'td
>ari'ris NadraQs 'r#ss :aminati#n; and, <'= !is
&ai(ur n#t #n(* t# "rsnt vidn' &#r t! a''usd
)ut a(s# t# in&#rm t! a''usd #& !is rig!t t# d# s#, i&
! dsirs,
Dispositive %! a""a(d d'isi#n is st asid,
P!OP"! $A@ARRO
95 P!i( 516
B7NGL1N; ;'m)r 4, 1245
&AC#'
$ In&#rmati#n &#r ar)itrar* dtnti#nC
R%!at &r#m +anuar* 29, 1245, and &#r svra( da*s
t!ra&tr, in t! muni'i"a(it* #& Ca(a"an, Pr#vin'
#& >ind#r#, C#mm#n-a(t! #& t! P!i(i""ins, and
-it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt, said
d&ndants +uan Navarr# and Ana'(t# Atin8a,
A'ting Pr#vin'ia( G#vrn#r and Pr#vin'ia( 5ardn,
rs"'tiv(*, )#t! )ing "u)(i' #&&i'ia(s t# -!#m
t! 'ust#d* and rs"#nsi)i(it* #& "ris#nrs -r
ntrustd &#r "r#"r a'ti#n, -it!#ut an* (a-&u( #r
/usti&ia)( 'aus and -it!#ut (ga( gr#unds
t!r&#r, did t!n and t!r -i(&u((*, un(a-&u((* and
&(#ni#us(* dtain 7st)an P, B(#n'i# in t!
Pr#vin'ia( +ai( #& >ind#r# -!i'! '#ntinud &#r m#r
t!an &i&tn da*s )ut (ss t!an si: m#nt!s,R
$ A "r$tria( -as !(d, t! +udg as.ing t! "artis #r
t!ir att#rn*s s#m 3usti#ns, -!i'! t! (attr
ans-rd, -it! t! rsu(t t!at admissi#ns -r mad
t# t! &&'t t!at 7st)an P, B(#n'i# and +uan G,
B(#n'i# II !ad )n dtaind &#r svra( da*s a&tr
+anuar* 29, 1245, in t! "r#vin'ia( /ai( #& >ind#r# )*
#rdr #& t! C#mmanding Gnra(, 5strn @isa*an
%as. F#r', Knitd Stats Arm*, 5!ru"#n,
d&ndantsQ '#uns( (#st n# tim in &i(ing a motion
to -uash, u"#n t! ground t!at t! &a'ts '!argd
did n#t '#nstitut a 'rimina( #&&ns,
$ %! /udg dismissd t! 'ass,
I''%!
51N t! m#ti#n t# 3uas! #n t! gr#und t!at At!
&a'ts '!argd d# n#t '#nstitut and #&&nsB must )
rstri'td t# t! &a'ts '!argd in t! in&#rmati#ns
(!"D
N1
$ %! s'ti#n #& t! ru( "rmitting a m#ti#n t# 3uas!
#n t! gr#und t!at Rt! &a'ts '!argd d# n#t
'#nstitut an #&&nsR #mits r&rn' t# t! &a'ts
dtai(d Rin t! in&#rmati#n,R 1t!r s'ti#ns #& t!
sam ru( -#u(d im"(* t!at t! issu is rstri'td t#
t!#s a((gd in t! in&#rmati#n,
$ Prima facie, t! R&a'ts '!argdR ar t!#s ds'ri)d
in t! '#m"(aint, )ut t!* ma* ) am"(i&id #r
3ua(i&id )* #t!rs a""aring t# ) additi#na(
'ir'umstan's, u"#n admissi#ns mad )* t!
"#"(Qs r"rsntativ, -!i'! admissi#ns '#u(d
an*-a* ) su)mittd )* !im as amndmnts t# t!
sam in&#rmati#n,
$ It -#u(d sm t# ) "ur t'!ni'a(it* t# !#(d t!at in
t! '#nsidrati#n #& t! m#ti#n, t! "artis and t!
/udg -r "r'(udd &r#m '#nsidring &a'ts -!i'!
t! &is'a( admittd t# ) tru, sim"(* )'aus t!*
-r n#t ds'ri)d in t! '#m"(aint, 1& '#urs, it
ma* ) addd t!at u"#n simi(ar m#ti#ns t! '#urt
and t! &is'a( ar n#t r3uird t# g# )*#nd t!
avrmnts #& t! in&#rmati#n, n#r is t! (attr t# )
invig(d int# a "rmatur and ris.* rv(ati#n #& !is
vidn',
$ But t! C#urt ss n# ras#n t# "r#!i)it t! &is'a(
&r#m ma.ing, in a(( 'and#r, admissi#ns #& undnia)(
&a'ts, )'aus t! "rin'i"( 'an nvr ) su&&i'int(*
ritratd t!at su'! #&&i'ia(Qs r#( is t# s t!at
/usti' is d#n; n#t t!at a(( a''usd ar '#nvi'td,
)ut t!at t! gui(t* ar /ust(* "unis!d, ?ss ras#n
'an t!r ) t# "r#!i)it t! '#urt &r#m '#nsidring
t!#s admissi#ns, and d'iding a''#rding(*, in t!
intrst #& a s"d* administrati#n #& /usti',
$ %! B(#n'i#s -r t!us d"rivd #& t!ir (i)rt* )*
#rdr #& t! mi(itar* aut!#ritis, a &- da*s a&tr t!
(i)rati#ns #& >ind#r#, +udi'ia( n#ti' ma* ) ta.n #&
t! &a't, t!at u"#n mi(itar* #''u"ati#n and )&#r
t! sta)(is!mnt #& t! n#rma( "r#'sss #& 'ivi(
g#vrnmnt t! (i)rtis and rig!ts #& 'iti8ns ar
(i.(* t# su&&r tm"#rar* rstri'ti#ns, -!at -it! t!
:ign'is #& mi(itar* stratg*, #r t! '#n&usi#n
usua((* rsu(ting &r#m t! situati#n, 5!i( t!
in&ringmnt #& '#nstituti#na( "r'"ts and "rivi(gs
is n#t t# ) t#(ratd, -ar n'ssitis and
'#ns3un's 'ann#t ) #vr(##.d, At an* rat, n#
ras#ns ar s!#-n -!* t! irrgu(arit*, i& an*,
'#mmittd )* #t!rs, s!#u(d ) visitd u"#n
d&ndants$a""((s, %! a'ts im"utd t# t!m, d#
n#t, #& t!ms(vs, '#nstitut a "unis!a)( #&&ns,
Dispositive A""a(d d'isi#n a&&irmd,
P!OP"! A"A+AO
16 SCRA 892
LA?;I@AR; A"ri( 30, 1266
$A#%R!
%!is is an a""a( )* t! Cit* Fis'a( #& >ani(a &r#m an
#rdr #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& >ani(a
sustaining t! m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n
&AC#'
,Cit* Fis'a( #& >ani(a &i(d an in&#rmati#n against t!
d&ndants$a""((s '!arging t!m #& t! '#m"(:
'rim #& in'riminat#r* ma'!inati#ns t!ru un(a-&u(
arrst, as &#((#-sC
R%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 28t! da* #& F)ruar*, 1261, in
t! Cit* #& >ani(a, P!i(i""ins, t! said a''usd,
)ing t!n mm)rs #& t! >ani(a P#(i'
;"artmnt, '#ns"iring and '#n&drating t#gt!r
and !("ing #n an#t!r, did t!n and t!r -i((&u((*,
un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* in'riminat #r im"ut t#
#n >ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
'rim )* )ri)r* t!ru un(a-&u( arrst, in t! &#((#-ing
mannr, t# -itC t! said a''usd, #n t! a&#rsaid
dat, -it!#ut ras#na)( gr#und t!r&#r and &#r t!
"ur"#s #& d(ivring said >ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s
t# t! "r#"r aut!#ritis, did t!n and t!r -i((&u((*,
un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* arrst said >ar'ia(
A"#(#ni# * Sant#s; t!at a&tr t! said >ar'ia(
A"#(#ni# * Sant#s !ad )n arrstd in t! mannr
a&#rstatd, and -!i( t! (attr -as su""#sd(*
)ing invstigatd )* t! said a''usd, t! said
a''usd did t!n and t!r "(a' #n '#mming( a
mar.d P1,00 )i(( t#gt!r -it! t! m#n* ta.n
&r#m said >ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s, su""#sd(*
givn t# t! (attr )* #n 7mrita Ca(u"as d Arsa,
s# t!at ! <>ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s=, t!n an
m"(#* #& t! ?#'a( Civi( RgistrarQs 1&&i' #&
>ani(a, -#u(d a""ar t# !av agrd t# "r&#rm an
a't n#t '#nstituting a 'rim, in '#nn'ti#n -it! t!
"r&#rman' #& !is <>ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s=
dutis, -!i'! -as t# :"dit t! issuan' #& a )irt!
'rti&i'at, t!r)* dir't(* in'riminating #r im"uting
t# said >ar'ia( A"#(#ni# * Sant#s t! '#mmissi#n #&
t! 'rim #& )ri)r*,R
,d&ndants &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! sa*ing t!at <1=
t! &a'ts '!argd in t! in&#rmati#n d# n#t '#nstitut
an #&&ns <)'aus t! t-# 'rims 'ann#t )
'#m"(:d=; and <2= t! '#urt tr*ing t! 'as !as n#
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! #&&ns '!argd
$CFI grantd m#ti#n t# dismiss agring -it!
d&ndants
$>FR -as dnid
$a""a( )* &is'a( )&#r SC
I''%!
51N t! CFI rrd in granting m#ti#n t# 3uas!
(!"D
67S
, It is vr* a""arnt t!at )* t! us #& t! "!ras
Rt!ru un(a-&u( arrstR in t! in&#rmati#n an ida is
'#nv*d t!at t! un(a-&u( arrst -as rs#rtd t# as
a n'ssar* mans t# "(ant vidn' in t! "rs#n #&
t! #&&ndd "art*, t!r)* in'riminating !im, Fr#m
a rading #& t! in&# t! SC &inds a '(#s '#nn'ti#n
)t-n t! a't #& t! a''usd in &irst un(a-&u((*
arrsting t! #&&ndd "art* and t!n invstigating
!im; and it -as during t!at invstigati#n t!at t!*
"(atd in'riminat#r* vidn' against !im, SC agrs
-it! t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( in !is '#ntnti#n t!at t!
a''usd &irst !ad t# rs#rt t# un(a-&u( arrst in #rdr
t# ) a)( t# "(ant t! P1,00 )i(( am#ng t! m#n*
ta.n &r#m t! #&&ndd "art*, A(s# t! '#urt a 3u#
!as /urisdi'ti#n t# tr* t! a''usd #& t! #&&ns
'!argd in t! in&#rmati#n, %! 'rim #& un(a-&u(
arrst is "unis!a)( -it! arrst# ma*#r #r
im"ris#nmnt #& &r#m #n m#nt! and #n da* t# si:
m#nt!s, and a &in n#t :'ding P500,00; 5 and t!
'rim #& in'riminat#r* ma'!inati#ns is "unis!a)(
-it! arrst# ma*#r, #r im"ris#nmnt #& &r#m #n
m#nt! and #n da* t# si: m#nt!s,
Dispositive %! #rdr a""a(d &r#m is rvrsd
and st asid
"OP!/ CI#) *%D+!
Dsu"ra, "ag 41E
+AMBOA CR%/
162 SCRA 642
PA;I??A; +un 29, 1288
$A#%R!
Piti#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n t# rvi- t!
#rdr #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& >ani(a, Br, 22
&AC#'
Ptiti#nr a((gs t!at ! -as arrstd &#r vagran'*
-it!#ut a -arrant #& arrst, %!ra&tr, ! -as
)r#ug!t t# Pr'in't 2, >ani(a -!r ! -as )##.d
&#r vagran'* and t!n dtaind t!rin t#gt!r -it!
svra( #t!rs, %! n:t da*, &iv dtains,
in'(uding "titi#nr, '#m"(ainant Brna( "#intd t#
"titi#nr and said, At!at #n is a '#m"ani#n,B A&tr
t! idnti&i'ati#n, t! #t!r dtains -r )r#ug!t
)a'. t# t!ir '(( )ut "titi#nr -as #rdrd t# sta*
#n, 5!i( t! '#m"(ainant -as )ing intrr#gatd )*
t! "#(i' invstigat#r, "titi#nr -as t#(d t# sit
d#-n in &r#nt #& !r, Su)s3unt(*, an in&#rmati#n &#r
r#))r* -as &i(d against "titi#nr, 4 -as
arraignd and t!ra&tr !arings -r !(d, %!
"r#s'uti#n &#rma((* #&&rd its vidn' and t!n
rstd its 'as, Ptiti#nr, )* '#uns(, instad #&
"rsnting !is d&ns, mani&std in #"n '#urt t!at
! -as &i(ing a >#ti#n t# A'3uit #r ;murrr t#
7vidn', Ptiti#nr &i(d said m#ti#n #n t! gr#und
t!at t! '#ndu't #& t! (in$u" -it!#ut n#ti' t#, and
in t! a)sn' #&, !is '#uns( vi#(atd !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!ts t# '#uns( and t# du "r#'ss,
%! rs"#ndnt '#urt issud an #rdr dn*ing t!
>#ti#n t# A'3uit, 4n', t! instant "titi#n,
I''%!
51N t! rs"#ndnt /udg a'td in :'ss #&
/urisdi'ti#n and -it! grav a)us #& dis'rti#n in
issuing t! assai(d #rdr
(!"D
N1
I& a d&ndant d#s n#t m#v t# 3uas! t! '#m"(aint
#r in&#rmati#n )&#r "(ading, d&ndant is dmd
t# !av -aivd a(( #)/'ti#ns -!i'! ar gr#unds &#r a
m#ti#n t# 3uas!, :'"t -!r t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n d#s n#t '!arg an #&&ns, #r t! '#urt
is -it!#ut /urisdi'ti#n #& t! sam, 4r, "titi#nr
&i(d a >#ti#n t# A'3uit #n(* a&tr t! t! "r#s'uti#n
"rsntd its vidn' and rstd its 'as, Sin' t!
:'"ti#ns a)#v$statd, ar n#t a""(i'a)(,
"titi#nr is dmd t# !av -aivd #)/'ti#ns
-!i'! ar gr#unds &#r a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, Bsids,
t! gr#unds r(id u"#n )* "titi#nr in !is >#ti#n t#
A'3uit ar n#t am#ng t! gr#unds "r#vidd in S', 2,
Ru( 119 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt &#r 3uas!ing a
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, C#ns3unt(*, t! (#-r
'#urt did n#t rr in dn*ing "titi#nrQs >#ti#n t#
A'3uit,
Dispositive Petition dismissed.
P!OP"! A'%$CIO$
161 SCRA 420
PA;I??A; >a* 24, 1288
$A#%R!
Crti#rari
&AC#'C
$R#(and# A)adi((a, a &#rmr '#(#n( #& t! Armd
F#r's #& t! P!i(i""ins, -as '!argd )&#r t! OC
R%C -it! t! #&&ns #& @i#(ati#n #& P; N#, 1866
DI??7GA? P1SS7SSI1N 1F FIR7AR>S AN;
A>>KNI%I1N= $$%! In&#rmati#n rad t!at !
A-i((&u((*, un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* !ad in !is
"#ssssi#n and undr !is 'ust#d* and '#ntr#(B ri&(s,
"ist#ns, ammuniti#ns and maga8ins <s #rig 'as
&#r t! (ist= A-it!#ut &irst s'uring t! n'ssar*
(i'ns andM#r "rmit &r#m t! (a-&u( aut!#rit*,B
$K"#n m#ti#n #& t! a''usd, Asuncion dismissd
t! In&#rmati#n #n t! gr#und t!at it did n#t a((g
su&&i'int &a'ts t# '#nstitut an #&&ns, sin' t!
"#ssssi#n #& (##s &irarms and :"(#sivs is no7
illegal per se & in vi- #& 7:'utiv 1rdr N#, 109
-!i'! givs !#(drs #r "#ssss#rs #& un(i'nsd
&irarms and ammuniti#n a "ri#d #& siC mon78s
&r#m its &&'tivit*, :tndd t# 31 ;'m)r 1289
)* 71 N#, 222, wi78in w8ic8 7o surrender 78e
same 7o 78e proper au78ori7ies5 wi78ou7
incurring any criminal liaAili7y 78erefor5 eCcep7
if 78e unlicensed firearm or ammuni7ion is
carried ou7side of oneLs residence5 no7 for 78e
purpose of surrendering 78e same5 or used in
78e commission of any o78er offense5 and 78ere
is no allega7ion in said informa7ion 78a7 78e
firearms and ammuni7ion enumera7ed 78erein
were carried ou7side 78e accusedLs residence
or used in 78e commission of some o78er crime.
, In su""#rt t!r#&, t! rs"#ndnt /udg 'itd t!
d'isi#n in People vs. >ope", 92 P!i( 658,
$%! "r#s'uti#n &i(d a >R #& said Rs#(uti#n, )ut
t! m#ti#n -as dnid
$4n', t! "rsnt r'#urs )* t! "r#s'uti#n,
Petitioners Claims
$n#t!ing is '#ntaind in said 71s -!i'! (ga(i8s t!
"#ssssi#n #& &irarms and ammuniti#n -it!#ut a
"rmit;
$t!at said 71s mr(* aut!#ri8d !#(drs #r
"#ssss#rs #& un(i'nsd &irarms and ammuniti#n t#
surrndr t! sam -it!in a s"'i&id &i(ing "ri#d
-it!#ut in'urring 'rimina( (ia)i(it*;
$t!at i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& &irarms and ammuniti#n is
sti(( "na(i8d undr P; N#, 1866 -!i'! -as n#t
r"a(d )* said 71 N1, 109 and 222,
I''%!'
1, 51N +, Asun'i#n rrd in !#(ding t!at t!
"#ssssi#n #& (##s &irarms and :"(#sivs is n#t
i((ga( per se during t! "ri#d '#vrd )* 71 N#s,
109 and 222
2, 51N it -as n#t n'ssar* &#r t! "r#s'uti#n t#
a((g in t! in&#rmati#n t!at t! &irarms and
ammuniti#n, su)/'t mattr #& t!is 'as, -r
)r#ug!t #ut #& t! rsidn' #& t! a''usd #r -r
usd )* !im in t! '#mmissi#n #r an#t!r #&&ns,
sin' t!s 'ir'umstan's ar n#t ssntia(
ingrdints #& t! 'rim #& i((ga( "#ssssi#n #&
&irarms and ammuniti#n
3, 51N undr t! a((gati#n in t! in&#rmati#n,
"r#s'uti#n ma* "r#v t!at t! a''usd arnd t!
&irarms and ammuniti#n #utsid #& !is rsidn'
(!"D
1, 71 N1, 109, as amndd )* 71 N#, 222, is simi(ar
t# RA N#s, 4 and 482, SC did N1% giv it a di&&rnt
maning )'aus t!r is n# )asis &#r su'! a
di&&rn',
2, N1, I% IS N7C7SSAR6 %1 A??7G7 I% IN %47 INF1,
3, N1, %! in&#rmati#n, in this particular charge
against Abadilla, is &ata((* d&'tiv, It -#u(d )
&ata((* d&'tiv against an* #t!r a''usd '!argd
-it! t! sam #&&ns, +, Asun'ti#n, in dismissing t!
in&#rmati#n, '#mmittd no reersiAle error or
grae aAuse of discre7ion.
Ratio <'iting People vs. Austria= t! "rsntati#n #&
vidn' R'ann#t !av t! &&'t #& va(idating a v#id
in&#rmati#n, #r "r#ving an #&&ns -!i'! d#s n#t
(ga((* :ist, ,,, %! in&#rmati#n -as n#t mr(*
d&'tiv )ut it d#s n#t '!arg an* #&&ns at a((,
%'!ni'a((* s"a.ing, t!at in&#rmati#n d#s n#t :ist
in '#ntm"(ati#n #& (a-,R
$A)adi((a is rgardd -it! unusua( as and &a'i(it*
as t! R!it manR #& t! >ar'#s rgim, But t! C#urt
'ann#t ) s-a*d )* a""((ati#ns &#r it !as a dut*,
as a tm"( #& /usti', t# a''#rd t# vr* man -!#
'#ms )&#r it in a""r#"riat "r#'dings t! rig!t
t# du "r#'ss and t! 3ua( "r#t'ti#n #& t! (a-s,
Reasoning
1, It ma* ) tru t!at t!r is n#t!ing in 71 N#s, 109
and 222 t!at :"rss(* (ga(i8s t! un(i'nsd
"#ssssi#n #& &irarms and ammuniti#n, )ut t!is
C#urt, a""(*ing statuts simi(ar t# t! :'utiv
#rdrs in 3usti#n, and -!i'! a(s# "r#vidd &#r a
"ri#d -it!in -!i'! a !#(dr #r "#ssss#r #&
un(i'nsd &irarms and ammuniti#n ma* surrndr
t! sam t# t! "r#"r aut!#ritis -it!#ut in'urring
'rimina( (ia)i(it*, !ad ru(d t!at a 'rimina( (ia)i(it*
-as tm"#rari(* ?IF%7; &#r mr "#ssssi#nQ #&
un(i'nsd &irarms and ammuniti#n during t!
"ri#d '#vrd, a(t!#ug! su'! "rs#n is n#t :m"t
&r#m 'rimina( (ia)i(it* &i(ing -it!in t! "ri#d
"r#vidd, ! 'arris t! &irarm and ammuniti#n
<un(ss it is &#r t! "ur"#s #& surrndring t!
sam= #r ! '#mmits an* #t!r #&&ns -it! t! us
#& su'! un(i'nsd &irarm and ammuniti#n,
)People vs. >ope"Y It -i(( ) sn t!at s' 2 <#& RA
N1 4= :'(udd &r#m t! #"rati#n #& s' 1 u" t#
August 31, 1246, "#ssssi#n #& &irarms and
ammuniti#n s# (#ng as t!* -r n#t usd &#r an*
"ur"#s #t!r t!an s(&$d&ns #r 'arrid &#r an*
"ur"#s #t!r t!an #& surrndring t!m t# t!
"r#"r aut!#ritis, %! G#vrnmnt d#s n#t dis"ut
t!is intr"rtati#n, A(t!#ug! t! (a- d#s n#t
'atg#ri'a((* stat t!at 'rimina( (ia)i(it* -as
tm"#rari(* (i&td &#r mr "#ssssi#n #& &i(ing
&irgms and ammuniti#n, t!at is t! #n(*
'#nstru'ti#n '#m"ati)( -it! t! s"irit and "ur"#ss
#& t! na'tmnt as rva(d )* its '#nt:t,
$People vs. 1elicianoY SC ru(d t!at RA N#, 482
(ga(i8d mr un(i'nsd "#ssssi#n #& &irarms and
ammuniti#n &#r t! (imitd "ri#d s"'i&id in said
(a-, and "unis!d #n(* <1= t! us #& un(i'nsd
&irarm #r ammuniti#n, #r <2= t! 'arr*ing #& su'!
&irarm #r ammuniti#n #n t! "rs#n, :'"t t#
surrndr t!m, %! C#urt saidC
$F(i'ian# ru(ing -as ritratd in People vs.
Tabunares RA N#, 482, in &&'t (ga(i8d mr
un(i'nsd #n -it!in #n *ar &r#m said dat, and
"unis!d #n(* <1= t! us #& a #r ammuniti#n #r <2=
t! 'arriag t!r#& #n t! "rs#n :'"t &#r
"ur"#s #& surrndr, A""((antQs '#nvi'ti#n 'ann#t
stand, sin' it is rstd s#((* #n un(i'nsd
"#ssssi#n #n #r a)#ut N#vm)r 6, 1250,
2, People vs. >ope"Y t! C#urt a(rad* ru(d t!at,
undr RA N#, 4, t! us #r t! 'arr*ing #& &irarms
andM#r ammuniti#n -as an ingrdint, i& n#t t! s#(
ingrdint, #& t! #&&ns; i,, t! vr* a'ts -!i'!
-r "unis!d, su)/'t t# 'rtain '#nditi#ns, and
!n', s!#u(d ) a((gd and "r#vd,
)People vs. AustriaY t! C#urt a(s# ru(d t!at in #rdr
t!at an in&#rmati#n '!arging i((ga( "#ssssi#n #&
&irarm and ammuniti#n, undr RA N#, 482, ma* )
dmd su&&idnt, it must a((g t!at t! a''usd
-as using t! un(i'nsd &irarm #r 'arr*ing it in !is
"rs#n at t! tim ! -as a""r!ndd )* t!
aut!#ritis -it! said &irarm,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is ;7NI7;,
"OP!/ CI#) *%D+!
Dsu"ra, "ag 41E
"A)O'A RODRI+%!/
86 SCRA 300
AOKIN1; N#vm)r 10, 1298
$A#%R!
Crti#rari &r#m #rdr #& CA
&AC#'
$ %!is is a)#ut sus"nsi#n #& ?a*#sa, '#(('t#r #&
'ust#ms, -!# -as '!argd )* 'it* &is'a( in CFI -M
!aving vi#(atd AntiGra&t and C#rru"t Pra'ti's ?a-
<R"u)(i' A't N#, 3012=, In&#rmati#n -as )asd #n
'#m"(aint &i(d )* assistant dir't#r #& ;istri't Anti$
Smugg(ing A'ti#n Cntr, It -as #n #& 5 'ass &i(d
against ?a*#sa, asid &r#m ma(vrsati#n 'as,
$ Gravamn is t!at ! dmandd and r'ivd &r#m
>M@ ?ad* Ang(ita I 2 t# 3 'ass #& )r T s#&t drin.s
as '#nsidrati#n &#r giving "r&rntia( )rt!ing
&a'i(itis,
$ Fis'a(, "ursuant t# s' 13 #& RA N#, 3012, &i(d
m#ti#n &#r ?a*#saQs sus"nsi#n, Rs"#ndnt +udg
grantd m#ti#n, 4 &#und t!at a va(id in&#rmati#n
!ad )n &i(d against ?a*#sa,
$ ?a*#sa &i(d instant "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari, 4
"ra*d t!at sus"nsi#n ) st asid, 4 '#ntndd
t!at t! '#urt did n#t a'3uir /urisdi'ti#n #vr !is
"rs#n )'aus n# -arrant #& arrst !ad as *t )n
issud -!n !aring #n !is sus"nsi#n -as !(d and
t! 'as -as n#t ra&&(d t# rs"#ndnt +udg, t!at
t! C!i& Stat Pr#s'ut#r in a t(gram t# t! &is'a(
dir'td t!at t! r'#rd #& t! 'as ) (vatd &#r
rvi-, and t!at rs"#ndnt +udg grav(* a)usd
!is dis'rti#n,
$ B'aus ?a*#sa d&id sus"nsi#n, (#-r '#urt
ad/udgd !im in '#ntm"t #& '#urt and "na(i8d !im
)* im"ris#nmnt &#r 3 m#s and &in #& P500, ?a*#sa
a""a(d t# CA,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg :"(aind t!at, t# av#id d(a*, !
a'td #n m#ti#n &#r sus"nsi#n )'aus 'as -as
&i(d a&tr ra&&(ing )t-n 2 )ran'!s #& '#urt !ad
)n trminatd, 4 -as s'!du(d t# !#(d sssi#ns
and t! #t!r +udg -as t# )gin #n$m#nt!
va'ati#n, +udg "#intd #ut t!at !is a'ti#n -as
san'ti#nd )* Administrativ 1rdr N#, 6 #& SC -!i'!
m"#-rs 7:'utiv +udg t# a't #n intr(#'ut#r*
mattrs "ri#r t# ra&&(ing,
Cas -as vntua((* ra&&(d t# sa(a #& rs"#ndnt
+udg, ?a*#sa "#std )ai( )#nd, 4 -as arraignd
and r"(a'd as '#(('t#r #& 'ust#ms, 1&&i' #& Stat
Pr#s'ut#rs sustaind &i(ing #& in&#rmati#n against
?a*#sa,
$ ?a*#sa did n#t su)mit mm#randum, Rs"#ndnt
&is'a( a((gd t!at "titi#nr !ad a)and#nd
'#ntnti#n as t# (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n, Fis'a( strssd
t!at 'as !ad )n s'!du(d &#r tria( at instan' #&
"titi#nr and t!at (attr mani&std !is -i((ingnss
t# "r#'d,
I''%!
51N tria( '#urt a'td -it! grav a)us #& dis'rti#n
in #rdring sus"nsi#n
(!"D
N1
$ ?#-r '#urt a'3uird /urisdi'ti#n u"#n &i(ing #&
in&#rmati#n, Ptiti#nr -as n#ti&id #& "r$
sus"nsi#n !aring, 4is '#uns( "arti'i"atd,
R3uirmnts #& du "r#'ss -r #)srvd, Pu)(i'
intrst dmands a s"d* dtrminati#n #& t!at
3usti#n,
$ It is tru t!at "titi#nr -as n#t *t arrstd #r
ta.n int# 'ust#d* -!n "r$sus"nsi#n !aring -as
!(d, 4#-vr, v#(untar* a""aran' t!r#ug!
'#uns( -as su)missi#n t# (#-r '#urtQs /urisdi'ti#n,
<N#t t!at in 'ivi( 'ass, d&ndantQs v#(untar*
a""aran' is 3uiva(nt t# srvi' #& summ#ns,=
$ R5!r a '#urt !as /urisdi'ti#n #& t! #&&ns #r
su)/'t mattr, t! #)/'ti#n t!at it !as n#
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! "rs#n #& t! a''usd ma* )
-aivd, 1n -!# dsirs t# #)/'t t# t! /urisdi'ti#n
#& t! '#urt #vr !is "rs#n must a""ar in '#urt &#r
t!at "ur"#s #n(*, and i& ! raiss #t!r 3usti#ns,
! -aivs t! #)/'ti#n,R ?a*#sa -aivd t!
#)/'ti#n )asd #n (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n #vr !is "rs#n
-!n, as a(rad* n#td, ! a""ard at t! "r$
sus"nsi#n !aring and !is '#uns( 'r#ss$:amind
t! "r#s'uti#n -itnss,
P!OP"! CI#) CO%R# O& MA$I"A
121 SCRA 639
R7?1@A; A"ri( 29, 1283
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n t# rvi- t! #rdr #& t! Cit* C#urt #&
>ani(a, Bran'! JI
&AC#'
$ 1't#)r 19, 1291C %! in'idnt #''urrd,
$ 1't#)r 18, 1291C An in&#rmati#n &#r sri#us
"!*si'a( in/uris t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn' -as &i(d
against Fran'is'# Ga"a* * >a((ars, drivr #& t!
tru'., 1n t! sam da*, t! vi'tim ;i#(it# d (a Cru8
did,
$ 1't#)r 20, 1292C Ga"a* -as arraignd #n t!
'!arg #& sri#us "!*si'a( in/uris t!ru r'.(ss
im"rudn', 4 "(add gui(t*, -as sntn'd t# 1
m#nt! and 1 da* #& arrst# ma*#r, and '#mmn'd
srving sntn',
$ 1't#)r 24, 1292C An in&#rmati#n &#r !#mi'id t!ru
r'.(ss im"rudn' -as &i(d against Ga"a*
$ N#vm)r 19, 1292C t! Cit* C#urt #& >ani(a, u"#n
m#ti#n #& "rivat rs"#ndnt, issud an #rdr
dismissing t! !#mi'id t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn'
'as #n t! gr#und #& d#u)( /#"ard*,
I''%!'
51N a "rs#n -!# !as )n "r#s'utd &#r sri#us
"!*si'a( in/uris t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn' and
'#nvi'td t!r#& ma* ) "r#s'utd su)s3unt(*
&#r !#mi'id t!ru r'.(ss im"rudn' i& t!
#&&ndd "art* dis as a rsu(t #& t! sam in/uris
! !ad su&&rd
(!"D
N1
Ratio 1n -!# !as )n '!argd -it! an #&&ns
'ann#t ) '!argd again -it! t! sam #r idnti'a(
#&&ns t!#ug! t! (attr ) (ssr #r gratr t!an
t! &#rmr, 4#-vr, -!r a&tr t! &irst
"r#s'uti#n a n- &a't su"rvns &#r -!i'! t!
d&ndant is rs"#nsi)(, -!i'! '!angs t!
'!ara'tr #& t! #&&ns and, t#gt!r -it! t! &a'ts
:isting at t! tim, '#nstituts a n- and distin't
#&&ns, t! a''usd 'ann#t ) said t# ) in s'#nd
/#"ard* i& indi'td &#r t! n- #&&ns,
Reasoning
$ Rs"#ndnt '#urt !(d t!at a)#v ru( d#s n#t
a""(* in t!is 'as, It )asd its d'isi#n #n t! ru(ing
in P#"( v Buan, -!i'! !(d t!at Arti'( 365 #& t!
Pna( C#d "unis!s t! ng(ignt stat #& mind and
n#t t! rsu(ting in/ur*, %! tria( '#urt '#n'(udd t!at
#n' "r#s'utd &#r and '#nvi'td #& ng(ign', t!
a''usd 'ann#t again ) "r#s'utd &#r t! sam
ng(ign' a(t!#ug! &#r a di&&rnt rsu(ting in/ur*,
$ In !is mm#randum, t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( mad
mnti#n #& t! &a't t!at #n 1't#)r 21, 1292, t!
Cit* Fis'a( &i(d an Krgnt >#ti#n as.ing t!at t!
R!aring and arraignmnt #& t!is 'as ) !(d in
a)*an' &#r t!r is in&#rmati#n t!at t! vi'tim,
;i#(it# d(a Cru8 did, and t! in&#rmati#n -#u(d
!av t# ) amndd,R
$ B t!at as it ma*, t! &a't rmains t!at t! vi'tim
;i#(it# d(a Cru8 did #n 1't#)r 18 R#n <1= da*
a&tr t! a''idnt and t! arrst #& t! rs"#ndnt
Ga"a*R and t!at #n 1't#)r 20, 1292, t! a''usd
-as arraignd, "(add gui(t* and sntn'd
a''#rding(*, %!us, /#"ard* !ad atta'!d and n# n-
&a't su"rvnd a&tr t! arraignmnt and '#nvi'ti#n
#& t! a''usd,
Dispositive 1rdr #& dismissa( #& (#-r '#urt
a&&irmd,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
+%#I!RR!/ FconcurringG
$ Sn#-ing t! v#(um #& t! 'as(#ad in t! Cit*
C#urt #& >ani(a and t! invita)(* s(#- "a' #& -#r.,
it is m#st sur"rising t!at t! a''usd '#u(d !av
)n arraignd &#r t! '!arg #& sri#us "!*si'a(
in/uris #n(* 3 da*s a&tr t! in'idnt, 2 da*s a&tr
t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n and t! dat! #& t!
vi'tim, %! a''usd d#s n#t a""ar t# !av )n a
dtnti#n "ris#nr n'ssitating !is immdiat
arraignmnt rig!t a&tr t! &i(ing #& t! in&#rmati#n,
%! #n(* snsi)( '#n'(usi#n is t!at t! a''usd -as
!asti(* mad t# "(ad gui(t* t# sri#us "!*si'a(
in/uris t# &#r'(#s a '!arg &#r !#mi'id vn
)&#r it '#u(d ) &i(d, In su'! a 'as, t!r -#u(d
) a tri&(ing -it! t! "r#'sss #& /usti' and a
'#((usiv &&#rt am#unting t# &raud #r d'it t#
d"riv t! Stat #& its aut!#rit* t# "r#s'ut an
a''usd &#r t! '#rr't #&&ns,
$ 4#-vr, r'#rds ar inad3uat t# s!#- t!at t!
arraignmnt, -!i( !ast* and surr#undd )*
sming(* sus"i'i#us 'ir'umstan's, -as taintd )*
&raud, '#((usi#n, #r #t!r &#rm #& '!i'anr* su&&i'int
t# sustain a &inding t!at t! Stat -as dnid du
"r#'ss
$ At an* rat, I '#n'ur in t! a&&irman' #& t! #rdr
#& dismissa( in (in -it! t! man* "r#t'ti#ns t!at
t! C#nstituti#n and t! (a-s giv t# t! a''usd in
'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns,
+A"MA$ 'A$DI+A$BA)A$
144 SCRA 43
%774ANS77; S"tm)r 12, 1286
&AC#'
$ Nin#* A3uin# -as '#(d$)(##dd(* .i((d -!i( undr
s'#rt &r#m !is "(an t!at !ad /ust (andd at t!
>ani(a Intrnati#na( Air"#rt #n August 21, 1283, 4is
)rain -as smas!d )* a )u((t &ird "#int$)(an. int#
t! )a'. #& !is !ad )* a murdr#us assassin,
n#t-it!standing t!at t! air"#rt -as ringd )*
airtig!t s'urit* #& '(#s t# 2,000 s#(dirs and R&r#m
a mi(itar* vi-"#int, it -as t'!ni'a((* im"#ssi)( t#
gt insid su'! a '#rd#n,R %! mi(itar* invstigat#rs
r"#rtd -it!in a s"an #& t!r !#urs t!at t! man
-!# s!#t A3uin# <-!#s idntit* -as t!n su""#sd
t# ) un.n#-n and -as rva(d #n(* da*s (atr as
R#(and# Ga(man, a(t!#ug! ! -as t! "rs#na(
&rind #& a''usd C#(, Artur# Cust#di# -!# "i'.d
!im u" &r#m !is !#us #n August 19, 1283= -as a
'#mmunist$!ird gunman, and t!at t! mi(itar*
s'#rts gunnd !im d#-n in turn,
$ >ar'#s -as '#nstraind t# 'rat a Fa't Finding
B#ard t# invstigat, B#t! ma/#rit* and min#rit*
r"#rts -r #n in r/'ting t! mi(itar* vrsi#n as
"r#"#undd )* t! '!i& invstigat#r, rs"#ndnt
Gn, 1(ivas, t!at R#(and# Ga(man -as t! NPA$!ird
assassin, stating t!at Rt! vidn' s!#-s Dt# t!
'#ntrar*E t!at R#(and# Ga(man !ad n# su)vrsiv
a&&i(iati#ns,R %!* -r in agrmnt t!at R#n(* t!
s#(dirs in t! stair'as -it! Sn, A3uin# '#u(d !av
s!#t !im;R t!at Ga(man, t! mi(itar*Qs R&a(( gu*R -as
Rn#t t! assassin #& Sn, A3uin#R and t!at Rt! S5A%
tr##"rs -!# gunnd d#-n Ga(man and t! s#(dirs
-!# s'#rtd Sn, A3uin# d#-n t! srvi' stairs,
d(i)rat(* and in '#ns"ira'* -it! #n an#t!r,
gav a "r/urd st#r* t# us rgarding t! a((gd
s!##ting )* Ga(man #& Sn, A3uin# and t! m#-ing
d#-n, in turn, #& Ga(man !ims(&;R in s!#rt, t!at
Nin#*Qs assassinati#n -as t! "r#du't #& a mi(itar*
'#ns"ira'*, n#t a '#mmunist "(#t, %! #n(*
di&&rn' )t-n t! t-# r"#rts is t!at t!
ma/#rit* r"#rt &#und a(( t! 26 "rivat rs"#ndnts
!add )* t!n AFP C!i& Gnra( Fa)ian @r
inv#(vd in t! mi(itar* '#ns"ira'* -!i( t!
'!airmanQs min#rit* r"#rt -#u(d :'(ud 12 #& t!m
and (imit as "(#ttrs Rt! 6 "rs#ns -!# -r #n t!
srvi' stairs -!i( Snat#r A3uin# -as ds'ndingR
and RGnra( ?ut!r Cust#di# )'aus t! 'rimina(
"(#t '#u(d n#t !av )n "(annd and im"(mntd
-it!#ut !is intrvnti#n,R
$ As t! a''usd -r trid in t! Sandigan)a*an,
>ar'#s t!r#ug! a(( !is r'#rdd "u)(i' a'ts and
statmnts &r#m t! )ginning disdaind and
r/'td !is #-n B#ardQs &indings and insistd #n t!
mi(itar* vrsi#n #& Ga(man )ing Nin#*Qs assassin,
DN#tC 4is "rivat a'ts in tr*ing t# '#ntr#( t!
#ut'#m #& t! 'as -r t# ) .n#-n mu'! (atr
a&tr ! -as a(rad* d"#sd,E
$ Saturnina Ga(man and R*na(d# Ga(man, m#t!r
and s#n, rs"'tiv(*, #& t! (at R#(and# Ga(man,
and 22 #t!r "titi#nrs, '#m"#sd #& t!r &#rmr
+usti's #& t!is C#urt, &iv in'um)nt and &#rmr
univrsit* "rsidnts, a &#rmr AFP C!i& #& Sta&&,
#utstanding mm)rs #& t! P!i(i""in Bar and s#(id
'iti8ns #& t! '#mmunit*, &i(d t! "rsnt a'ti#n
a((ging t!at rs"#ndnts %an#d)a*an and
Sandigan)a*an '#mmittd sri#us irrgu(aritis
'#nstituting mistria( and rsu(ting in mis'arriag #&
/usti' and gr#ss vi#(ati#n #& t! '#nstituti#na( rig!ts
#& t! "titi#nrs and t! s#vrign "#"( #& t!
P!i(i""ins t# du "r#'ss #& (a-, %!* assrtd t!at
t! %an#d)a*an did n#t r"rsnt t! intrst #& t!
"#"( -!n ! &ai(d t# :rt gnuin and arnst
&&#rts t# "rsnt vita( and im"#rtant tstim#nia( and
d#'umntar* vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n and t!at
t! Sandigan)a*an +usti's -r )iasd, "r/udi'd
and "artia( in &av#r #& t! a''usd, and t!at t!ir
a'ts R'(#udd -it! t! gravst d#u)ts t! sin'rit* #&
g#vrnmnt t# &ind #ut t! trut! a)#ut t! A3uin#
assassinati#n,R Ptiti#nrs "ra*d &#r t! immdiat
issuan' #& a tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr rstraining
t! rs"#ndnt Sandigan)a*an &r#m rndring a
d'isi#n #n t! mrits in t! "nding 'rimina( 'ass
-!i'! it !ad s'!du(d #n N#vm)r 20, 1285 and
t!at /udgmnt ) rndrd d'(aring a mistria( and
nu((i&*ing t! "r#'dings )&#r t! Sandigan)a*an
and #rdring a r$tria( )&#r an im"artia( tri)una( )*
an un)iasd "r#s'ut#r,
$ %! Su"rm C#urt rs#(vd )* nin$t#$t-# v#ts t#
issu t! rstraining #rdr "ra*d &#r, But tn da*s
(atr #n N#vm)r 28, 1285, t! C#urt )* t! sam
nin$t#$t-#$v#t rati# in rvrs, rs#(vd t# dismiss
t! "titi#n and t# (i&t t! tm"#rar* rstraining
#rdr issud tn da*s ar(ir n/#ining t!
Sandigan)a*an &r#m rndring its d'isi#n,
D4mmmG ts.E
$ Ptiti#nrs &i(d a m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n,
a((ging t!at t! dismissa( did n#t indi'at t! (ga(
gr#und &#r su'! a'ti#n and urging t!at t! 'as )
st &#r a &u(( !aring #n t! mrits )'aus i& t!
'!arg #& "artia(it* and )ias against t! rs"#ndnts
and su""rssi#n #& vita( vidn' )* t! "r#s'uti#n
ar "r#vn, t! "titi#nrs -#u(d ) ntit(d t# t!
r(i& dmanddC %! P#"( ar ntit(d t# du
"r#'ss -!i'! r3uirs an im"artia( tri)una( and an
un)iasd "r#s'ut#r, I& t! Stat is d"rivd #& a &air
#""#rtunit* t# "r#s'ut and '#nvi't )'aus 'rtain
matria( vidn' is su""rssd )* t! "r#s'uti#n
and t! tri)una( is n#t im"artia(, t!n t! ntir
"r#'dings -#u(d ) nu(( and v#id, Ptiti#nrs
"ra*d t!at t! Sandigan)a*an ) rstraind &r#m
"r#mu(gating t!ir d'isi#n as s'!du(d an- #n
;'m)r 2, 1285,
$ 1n ;'m)r 5, 1285, t! C#urt r3uird t!
rs"#ndnts t# '#mmnt #n t! m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n )ut issud n# rstraining #rdr, %!us,
#n ;'m)r 2, 1285, as s'!du(d, rs"#ndnt
Sandigan)a*an issud its d'isi#n a'3uitting a(( t!
a''usd #& t! 'rim '!argd, d'(aring t!m
inn#'nt and t#ta((* a)s#(ving t!m #& an* 'ivi(
(ia)i(it*, DN#tC t! -#rd usd )* t! Sandigan)a*an
-as Ainn#'ntB instad #& An#t gui(t*BIE
$ Rs"#ndnts su)mittd t!at -it! t!
Sandigan)a*anQs vrdi't #& a'3uitta(, t! instant 'as
!ad )'#m m##t and a'admi', 1n F)ruar* 4,
1286, t! sam C#urt ma/#rit* dnid "titi#nrsQ
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n &#r (a'. #& mrit, DN#t
t!at 7;SA I !a""nd )&#r t! m#nt! ndd,E
$ 1n >ar'! 20, 1286, "titi#nrs &i(d t!ir m#ti#n t#
admit t!ir second mo7ion for reconsidera7ion,
%! t!rust #& t! s'#nd m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
-as t! start(ing and t!r&#r un.n#-n rv(ati#ns
#& ;"ut* %an#d)a*an >anu( 4rrra as r"#rtd in
t! >ar'! 6, 1286 issu #& t! >ani(a %ims ntit(d
RA3uin# %ria( a S!am,R t!at t! t!n Prsidnt !ad
#rdrd t! rs"#ndnts Sandigan)a*an and
%an#d)a*an Brnard# Frnand8 and t!
"r#s'uti#n "an( !add )* 4rrra t# -!it-as!
t! 'rimina( 'ass against t! 26 rs"#ndnts
a''usd and "r#du' a vrdi't #& a'3uitta(,
$ %an#d)a*an Frnand8 '(aimd ! nvr
su''um)d t# an* a((gd attm"ts t# in&(un' !is
a'tuati#ns in t! "rmiss, !aving instad
su''ss&u((* rsistd "r'ivd attm"ts t# :rt
"rssur t# dr#" t! 'as a&tr "r(iminar*
invstigati#n and a'tua((* #rdrd t! &i(ing and
"r#s'uti#n #& t! t-# murdr 'ass against "rivat$
"art* rs"#ndnts, Rs"#ndnts +usti's #& t!
Sandigan)a*an First ;ivisi#n in t!ir '#(('tiv
'#mmnt #& A"ri( 2, 1286 statd t!at t! tria( #& t!
'rimina( 'ass )* t!m -as va(id and rgu(ar and
d'idd #n t! )asis #& vidn' "rsntd and t!
(a- a""(i'a)(, )ut mani&std t!at Ri& it is tru t!at
t! &#rmr %an#d)a*an and t! ;"ut* %an#d)a*an,
C!i& #& t! Pr#s'uti#n Pan(, -r "rssurd int#
su""rssing vita( vidn' -!i'! -#u(d "r#)a)(*
a(tr t! rsu(t #& t! tria(, Ans-ring Rs"#ndnts
-#u(d n#t intr"#s an* #)/'ti#n t# t! r#"ning
#& t!#s 'ass, i& #n(* t# a((#- /usti' t# ta. its
'#urs,R
$ Rs"#ndnts$a''usd #""#sd t! s'#nd m#ti#n
&#r r'#nsidrati#n and "ra*d &#r its dnia(, %!
a''usd$rs"#ndnts raisd t! issu #& d#u)(
/#"ard*, and inv#.d t!at t! issus !ad )'#m
m##t and a'admi' )'aus #& t! rnditi#n #& t!
Sandigan)a*anQs /udgmnt #& a'3uitta( #& a((
rs"#ndnts$a''usd #n ;'m)r 2, 1285, -it!
'#uns(s &#r rs"#ndnts @r and %igas, as -(( as
1(ivas, &urt!r arguing t!at assuming t!at t!
/udgmnt #& a'3uitta( is v#id &#r an* ras#n, t!
rmd* is a dir't a'ti#n t# annu( t! /udgmnt
-!r t! )urdn #& "r##& &a((s u"#n t! "(ainti&& t#
sta)(is! )* '(ar, '#m"tnt and '#nvin'ing
vidn' t! 'aus #& t! nu((it*,
$ %! Su"rm C#urt a""#intd a t!r$mm)r
'#mmissi#n '#m"#sd #& rtird SC +usti' C#nrad#
@as3u8, '!airman, and rtird IAC +usti's >i(agr#s
Grman and 7duard# Cagui#a as mm)rs, t# !ar
and r'iv vidn', tstim#nia( and d#'umntar*,
#& t! '!args #& '#((usi#n and "rssurs and
r(vant mattrs, u"#n "ri#r n#ti' t# a(( "artis, and
t# su)mit t!ir &indings t# t!is C#urt &#r "r#"r
dis"#siti#n, %! C#mmissi#n su)mittd t! &#((#-ing
r'#mmndati#nC AC#nsidring t! :istn' #&
ad3uat 'rdi)( vidn' s!#-ing t!at t!
"r#s'uti#n in t! A3uin#$Ga(man 'as and t!
+usti's -!# trid and d'idd t! sam a'td undr
t! '#m"u(si#n #& s#m "rssur -!i'! "r#vd t# )
)*#nd t!ir 'a"a'it* t# rsist, and -!i'! n#t #n(*
"rvntd t! "r#s'uti#n t# &u((* vnti(at its
"#siti#n and t# #&&r a(( t! vidn's -!i'! it '#u(d
!av #t!r-is "rsntd, )ut a(s# "rdtrmind
t! &ina( #ut'#m #& t! 'as, t! C#mmissi#n is #&
t! '#nsidrd t!in.ing and )(i&, su)/'t t# t!
)ttr #"ini#n and /udgmnt #& t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt,
t!at t! "r#'dings in t! said 'as !av )n
vitiatd )* (a'. #& du "r#'ss, and !r)*
rs"'t&u((* r'#mmnds t!at t! "ra*r in t!
"titi#n &#r a d'(arati#n #& a mistria( in
Sandigan)a*an Cass N#s, 10010 and 10011 ntit(d
QP#"( vs, ?ut!r Cust#di#, t a(,,Q Ae gran7ed ,R
I''%!'
1, 51N t! "titi#n &#r a d'(arati#n #& a mistria( in
Sandigan)a*an Cass N#s, 10010 and 10011 ntit(d
QP#"( vs, ?ut!r Cust#di#, t a(,,Q ) grantd
2, 51N a rtria( -#u(d '#nstitut d#u)( /#"ard*
(!"D
1, 67S
Reasoning
) %! Su"rm C#urt 'ann#t "rmit su'! a s!am tria(
and vrdi't and travst* #& /usti' t# stand
unr'ti&id, %! '#urts #& t! (and undr its agis ar
'#urts #& (a- and /usti' and 3uit*, %!* -#u(d
!av n# ras#n t# :ist i& t!* -r a((#-d t# )
usd as mr t##(s #& in/usti', d'"ti#n and
du"(i'it* t# su)vrt and su""rss t! trut!, instad
#& r"#sit#ris #& /udi'ia( "#-r -!#s /udgs ar
s-#rn and '#mmittd t# rndr im"artia( /usti' t#
a(( a(i. -!# s. t! n&#r'mnt #r "r#t'ti#n #& a
rig!t #r t! "rvnti#n #r rdrss #& a -r#ng, -it!#ut
&ar #r &av#r and rm#vd &r#m t! "rssurs #&
"#(iti's and "r/udi', >#r s#, in t! 'as at )ar
-!r t! "#"( and t! -#r(d ar ntit(d t# .n#-
t! trut! and t! intgrit* #& #ur /udi'ia( s*stm is at
sta., In (i&, as an a''usd )&#r t! mi(itar*
tri)una( Nin#* !ad "(add in vain t!at as a 'ivi(ian
! -as ntit(d t# du "r#'ss #& (a- and tria( in t!
rgu(ar 'ivi( '#urts )&#r an im"artia( '#urt -it! an
un)iasd "r#s'ut#r, In dat!, Nin#* is t! vi'tim #&
t! Rtra'!r#us and vi'i#us assassinati#nR and t!
r(ativs and s#vrign "#"( as t! aggrivd
"artis "(ad #n' m#r &#r du "r#'ss #& (a- and a
rtria( )&#r an im"artia( '#urt -it! an un)iasd
"r#s'ut#r, %! C#urt is '#nstraind t# d'(ar t!
s!am tria( a m#'. tria( $ t! n#n$tria( #& t! 'ntur* $
and t!at t! "rdtrmind /udgmnt #& a'3uitta(
-as un(a-&u( and v#id a) initi#,
2, N1
Ratio ;#u)( /#"ard* 'ann#t ) inv#.d against
t!is C#urtQs stting asid #& t! tria( '#urtsQ /udgmnt
#& dismissa( #r a'3uitta( -!r t! "r#s'uti#n -!i'!
r"rsnts t! s#vrign "#"( in 'rimina( 'ass is
dnid du "r#'ss, 5!r t! "r#s'uti#n is
d"rivd #& a &air #""#rtunit* t# "r#s'ut and "r#v
its 'as, its rig!t t# du "r#'ss is t!r)* vi#(atd,
%! 'ardina( "r'"t is t!at -!r t!r is a vi#(ati#n
#& )asi' '#nstituti#na( rig!ts, '#urts ar #ustd #&
t!ir /urisdi'ti#n, %!us, t! vi#(ati#n #& t! StatQs
rig!t t# du "r#'ss raiss a sri#us /urisdi'ti#na(
issu -!i'! 'ann#t ) g(#ssd #vr #r disrgardd at
-i((, 5!r t! dnia( #& t! &undamnta( rig!t #& du
"r#'ss is a""arnt, a d'isi#n rndrd in disrgard
#& t!at rig!t is v#id &#r (a'. #& /urisdi'ti#n,
Reasoning
$ ?ga( /#"ard* atta'!s #n(* <a= u"#n a va(id
indi'tmnt, <)= )&#r a '#m"tnt '#urt, <'= a&tr
arraignmnt, <d= a va(id "(a !aving )n ntrd;
and <= t! 'as -as dismissd #r #t!r-is
trminatd -it!#ut t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t!
a''usd, %! (#-r '#urt -as n#t '#m"tnt as it
-as #ustd #& its /urisdi'ti#n -!n it vi#(atd t!
rig!t #& t! "r#s'uti#n t# du "r#'ss, In &&'t, t!
&irst /#"ard* -as nvr trminatd, and t! rmand
#& t! 'rimina( 'as &#r &urt!r !aring andM#r tria(
)&#r t! (#-r '#urts am#unts mr(* t# a
'#ntinuati#n #& t! &irst /#"ard*, and d#s n#t
:"#s t! a''usd t# a s'#nd /#"ard*,
$ >#r s# d#s t! ru( against t! inv#.ing #&
d#u)( /#"ard* !#(d in t! 'ass at )ar -!r as -
!av !(d, t! s!am tria( -as )ut a m#'. tria( -!r
t! aut!#ritarian "rsidnt #rdrd rs"#ndnts
Sandigan)a*an and %an#d)a*an t# rig t! tria( and
'(#s(* m#nit#rd t! ntir "r#'dings t# assur
t! "rdtrmind &ina( #ut'#m #& a'3uitta( and
t#ta( a)s#(uti#n as inn#'nt #& a(( t! rs"#ndnts$
a''usd, N#t-it!standing t! (auda)( &&#rts #&
+usti' 4rrra -!i'! sa- !im nar t! nd
Rda'tivatingR !ims(& &r#m t! 'as, as it -as !is
)(i& t!at its vntua( rs#(uti#n -as a(rad* a
&#rg#n '#n'(usi#n, t!* '#u(d n#t '#" -it! t!
misus and a)us #& t! #vr-!(ming "#-rs #& t!
aut!#ritarian Prsidnt t# -a.n t! 'as #& t!
"r#s'uti#n, t# su""rss its vidn', !arass,
intimidat and t!ratn its -itnsss, s'ur t!ir
r'antati#n #r "rvnt t!m &r#m tsti&*ing, Fu((*
a-ar #& t! "r#s'uti#nQs di&&i'u(tis in (#'ating
-itnsss and #vr'#ming t!ir natura( &ar and
r(u'tan' t# a""ar and tsti&*, rs"#ndnt
Sandigan)a*an maintaind a Rdi88*ing tm"#R #& t!
"r#'dings and ann#un'd its intnti#n t#
trminat t! "r#'dings in a)#ut 6 m#nt!s tim #r
(ss t!an a *ar, "ursuant t# t! s'ri"td s'nari#,
%! "r#s'uti#n '#m"(aind #& Rt! Prsiding
+usti'Qs sming(* !#sti( attitud t#-ards <it=R and
t!ir )ing t! su)/'t #& -arnings, r"rimand and
'#ntm"t "r#'dings as '#m"ard t# t! ni(
situati#n &#r t! d&ns, 4rrra (i.-is
'#m"(aind #& )ing R'a/#(d int# "r#du'ing
-itnsss and "rssd #n ma.ing assuran's t!at i&
givn a 'rtain "ri#d, t!* -i(( ) a)( t# "r#du'
t!ir -itnsss,R 4rrra "(add &#r Ra ras#na)(
"ri#d #& "r"arati#n #& its vidn'R and 'itd #t!r
"nding 'ass )&#r rs"#ndnt '#urt t!at -r
"nding tria( &#r a mu'! (#ngr tim -!r t!
Rdi88*ing tm"#R and R&ast "a'R -r n#t
maintaind )* t! '#urt, >ani&st(*, t! "r#s'uti#n
and t! s#vrign "#"( -r dnid du "r#'ss #&
(a- -it! a "artia( '#urt and )iasd %an#d)a*an
undr t! '#nstant and "rvasiv m#nit#ring and
"rssur :rtd )* t! aut!#ritarian Prsidnt t#
assur t! 'arr*ing #ut #& !is instru'ti#ns, A di'tatd,
'#r'd and s'ri"td vrdi't #& a'3uitta( su'! as t!at
in t! 'as at )ar is a v#id /udgmnt, In (ga(
'#ntm"(ati#n, it is n# /udgmnt at a((, It nit!r
)inds n#r )ars an*#n, Su'! a /udgmnt is Ra (a-(ss
t!ing -!i'! 'an ) tratd as an #ut(a-R, It is a
trri)( and uns"a.a)( a&&r#nt t# t! s#'it* and
t! "#"(, %# "ara"!ras BrandisC I& t!
aut!#ritarian !ad #& t! g#vrnmnt )'#ms t!
(a-)ra.r, ! )rds '#ntm"t &#r t! (a-, !
invits vr* man t# )'#m a (a- unt# !ims(&, !
invits anar'!*,
Dispositive Ptiti#nrsQ s'#nd m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n is grantd, %! rs#(uti#ns #&
N#vm)r 28, 1285 dismissing t! "titi#n and #&
F)ruar* 4, 1286 dn*ing "titi#nrsQ m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n ar !r)* st asid and in (iu
t!r#&, /udgmnt is !r)* rndrd nu((i&*ing t!
"r#'dings in rs"#ndnt Sandigan)a*an and its
/udgmnt #& a'3uitta( in Crimina( Cass N#s, 10010
and 10011 ntit(d RP#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins vs,
Gn, ?ut!r Cust#di#, t a(,R and #rdring a r$tria( #&
t! said 'ass -!i'! s!#u(d ) '#ndu'td -it!
d(i)rat dis"at'! and -it! 'ar&u( rgard &#r t!
r3uirmnts #& du "r#'ss, s# t!at t! trut! ma*
) &ina((* .n#-n and /usti' d#n t# a((,
P!OP"! @. R!"O@A
148 SCRA 222
F7?ICIAN1; >ar'! 6, 1289
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and mandamus, t! P#"(
s. t# st asid t! #rdrs #& t! rs"#ndnt +udg
#& t! CFI #& Batangas in a 'rimina( 'as, 3uas!ing an
in&#rmati#n &#r t!&t &i(d against "rivat rs"#ndnt
>anu( 1"u(n'ia #n t! gr#und #& d#u)( /#"ard*
and dn*ing t! "titi#nrQs m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n,
&AC#'
$ C*RCJ(!TA@C#! 1n 1 F)ruar* 1295, mm)rs #&
t! Batangas Cit* P#(i' t#gt!r -it! "rs#nn( #&
t! Batangas 7('tri' ?ig!t S*stm, 3ui""d -it! a
sar'! -arrant issud )* a 'it* /udg #& Batangas
Cit*, sar'!d and :amind t! "rmiss #& t!
1"u(n'ia Car"na I' P(ant and C#(d St#rag #-nd
and #"ratd )* t! "rivat rs"#ndnt >anu(
1"u(n'ia, %! "#(i' dis'#vrd t!at ('tri' -iring,
dvi's and '#ntra"ti#ns !ad )n insta((d, -it!#ut
t! n'ssar* aut!#rit* &r#m t! 'it* g#vrnmnt,
and Rar'!it'tura((* '#n'a(d insid t! -a((s #& t!
)ui(dingR #-nd )* t! "rivat rs"#ndnt, %!s
('tri' dvi's and '#ntra"ti#ns -r, in t!
a((gati#n #& t! "titi#nr Rdsignd "ur"#s(* t#
(#-r #r d'ras t! radings #& ('tri' 'urrnt
'#nsum"ti#n in t! ('tri' mtr #& t! said ('tri'
Di' and '#(d st#ragE "(ant,R ;uring t! su)s3unt
invstigati#n, >anu( 1"u(n'ia admittd in a -rittn
statmnt t!at ! !ad 'ausd t! insta((ati#n #& t!
('tri'a( dvi's Rin #rdr t# (#-r #r d'ras t!
radings #& !is ('tri' mtr,
$ CA!# 1n 24 N#vm)r 1295, an in&#rmati#n
against >anu( 1"u(n'ia &#r vi#(ati#n #& 1rdinan'
N#, 1, Sris #& 1294, Batangas Cit*, >anu(
1"u(n'ia "(add n#t gui(t*, 1n 2 F)ruar* 1296,
! &i(d a mo7ion 7o dismiss t! in&#rmati#n u"#n
t! grounds t!at t! 'rim t!r '!argd !ad
a(rad* "rs'ri)d and t!at t! 'ivi( indmnit* t!r
s#ug!t t# ) r'#vrd -as )*#nd t! /urisdi'ti#n
#& t! Batangas Cit* C#urt t# a-ard, Batangas Cit*
C#urt grantd t! m#ti#n t# dismiss #n t! gr#und #&
"rs'ri"ti#n, it a""aring t!at t! #&&ns '!argd
-as a (ig!t &(#n* -!i'! "rs'ri)s t-# m#nt!s &r#m
t! tim #& dis'#vr* t!r#&, and it a""aring
&urt!r t!at t! in&#rmati#n -as &i(d )* t! &is'a(
m#r t!an nin m#nt!s a&tr dis'#vr* #& t! #&&ns
'!argd in F)ruar* 1295,
$ F#urtn <14= da*s (atr, an#t!r in&#rmati#n
against >anu( 1"u(n'ia, t!is tim &#r 78ef7 of
elec7ric power undr Arti'( 308 in r(ati#n t#
Arti'( 302, "aragra"! <1=, #& t! Rvisd Pna(
C#d, B&#r ! '#u(d ) arraignd t!r#n, >anu(
1"u(n'ia &i(d a Mo7ion 7o 9uas8, alleging 78a7
8e 8ad Aeen preiously acDui77ed of 78e
offense c8arged in 78e second informa7ion and
78a7 78e filing 78ereof was iola7ie of 8is
cons7i7u7ional rig87 agains7 douAle ;eopardy,
$Rs"#ndnt +udg grantd t! a''usdQs >#ti#n t#
Ouas! and #rdrd t! 'as dismissd, An >1R -as
dnid,
$ 1n 1 ;'m)r 1296, t! "rsnt Ptiti#n &#r
'rti#rari and mandamus -as &i(d in t!is C#urt )*
t! A'ting Cit* Fis'a( #& Batangas Cit* #n )!a(& #&
t! P#"(,
I''%!
51N t! d&ns #& d#u)( /#"ard* a""(is in t!is
'as, <6s=
(!"D
R5TIO; @8ere one offense is c8arged under a
municipal ordinance w8ile 78e o78er is
penali:ed Ay a s7a7u7e5 78e cri7ical inDuiry is 7o
78e identity o the acts -!i'! t! a''usd is said
t# !av '#mmittd and -!i'! ar a((gd t# !av
givn ris t# t! t-# #&&nssC t! '#nstituti#na(
"r#t'ti#n against d#u)( /#"ard* is avai(a)( s#
(#ng as t! a'ts -!i'! '#nstitut #r !av givn ris
t# t! &irst #&&ns undr a muni'i"a( #rdinan' ar
t! sam a'ts -!i'! '#nstitut #r !av givn ris t#
t! #&&ns '!argd undr a statut,
R45SONINA; C#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n #n d#u)(
/#"ard* radsC
N# "rs#n s!a(( ) t-i' "ut in /#"ard* #&
"unis!mnt for the same offense, I& an a't is
"unis!d )* a (a- and an #rdinan', '#nvi'ti#n #r
a'3uitta( undr it!r s!a(( '#nstitut a )ar t#
an#t!r "r#s'uti#n &#r t! sam a't, <Ar7icle I@
<22>5 163- Cons7i7u7ion=
%!is 'as must ) :amind, n#t undr t! trms #&
t! &irst sntn' #& Arti'( I@ <22= #& t! 1293
C#nstituti#n, )ut rat!r under the second sentence
of the same section. %! &irst sntn' #& Arti'( I@
<22= sts &#rt! t! general rule ? t! '#nstituti#na(
"r#t'ti#n against d#u)( /#"ard* is not avai(a)(
-!r t! s'#nd "r#s'uti#n is &#r an #&&ns t!at
is di&&rnt &r#m t! #&&ns '!argd in t! &irst #r
"ri#r "r#s'uti#n, a(t!#ug! )#t! t! &irst and s'#nd
#&&nss ma* ) )asd u"#n t! sam a't #r st #&
a'ts, %! s'#nd sntn' #& Arti'( I@ <22=
m)#dis an eCcep7ion 7o 78e general
proposi7ion? t! '#nstituti#na( "r#t'ti#n, against
d#u)( /#"ard* is avai(a)( a(t!#ug! t! "ri#r
#&&ns '!argd undr an #rdinan' ) di&&rnt
&r#m t! #&&ns '!argd su)s3unt(* undr a
nati#na( statut su'! as t! Rvisd Pna( C#d,
provided t!at )#t! #&&nss s"ring &r#m t! sam a't
#r st #& a'ts,
Put a (itt( di&&rnt(*, w8ere 78e offenses
c8arged are penali:ed ei78er Ay differen7
sec7ions of 78e same s7a7u7e or Ay differen7
s7a7u7es5 78e impor7an7 inDuiry rela7es 7o 78e
identity o oenses charged the constitutional
protection against double jeopard' is available onl'
where an *dentit' is shown to e+ist between the
earlier and the subse$uent offenses charged, In
'#ntrast, w8ere one offense is c8arged under a
municipal ordinance w8ile 78e o78er is
penali:ed Ay a s7a7u7e5 78e cri7ical inDuiry is 7o
78e identity o the acts -!i'! t! a''usd is said
t# !av '#mmittd and -!i'! ar a((gd t# !av
givn ris t# t! t-# #&&nssC t! '#nstituti#na(
"r#t'ti#n against d#u)( /#"ard* is avai(a)( s#
(#ng as t! a'ts -!i'! '#nstitut #r !av givn ris
t# t! &irst #&&ns undr a muni'i"a( #rdinan' ar
t! sam a'ts -!i'! '#nstitut #r !av givn ris t#
t! #&&ns '!argd undr a statut,
%! 3usti#n #& Idntit* #r (a'. #& Idntit* #& #&&nss
is addrssd )* :amining t! ssntia( (mnts #&
a'! #& t! t-# #&&nss '!argd, as su'! (mnts
ar st #ut in t! rs"'tiv (gis(ativ d&initi#ns #&
t! #&&nss inv#(vd, %! 3usti#n #& Idntit* #& t!
a'ts -!i'! ar '(aimd t# !av gnratd (ia)i(it*
)#t! undr a muni'i"a( #rdinan' and a nati#na(
statut must ) addrssd, in t! &irst instan', )*
:amining t! (#'ati#n #& su'! a'ts in tim and
s"a', 5!n t! a'ts #& t! a''usd as st #ut in t!
t-# in&#rmati#ns ar s# r(atd t# a'! #t!r in tim
and s"a' as t# ) ras#na)(* rgardd as !aving
ta.n "(a' #n t! sam #''asi#n and -!r t!#s
a'ts !av )n m#vd )* #n and t! sam, #r a
'#ntinuing, intnt #r v#(untar* dsign #r ng(ign',
su'! a'ts ma* ) a""r#"riat(* '!ara'tri8d as an
intgra( -!#( 'a"a)( #& giving ris t# "na( (ia)i(it*
simu(tan#us(* undr di&&rnt (ga( na'tmnts <a
muni'i"a( #rdinan' and a nati#na( statut=,
DI'PO'I#IO$
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and mandamus is ;7NI7;, ?t
t! 'ivi( a'ti#n &#r r(atd 'ivi( (ia)i(it* ) rmandd
t# t! CFI #& Batangas Cit* &#r &urt!r "r#'dings,
P!OP"! +RO'P!
Dsu"ra, "ag 43E
CA$I/A P!OP"! <A+"ORO>
152 SCRA 16
F7?ICIAN1; >ar'! 18, 1288

$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Pr#!i)iti#n and 'rti#rari dir'td at 1=
t! CFI 1rdr #& N#v, 29, 1292 issud )* Bran'! 23
#& CFI #& >ani(a in Crimina( Cas 46968 and 2= said
'#urt0s 1rdr #& >ar'! 20, 1280 in t! sam 'as
dn*ing Cani8a0s >#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n

&AC#'
$ >ar'! 20, 1294C Assistant Cit* Fis'a( #& >ani(a &i(d
an In&#rmati#n &#r &a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i' d#'umnts
a((gd(* '#mmittd #n N#v, 5, 1268 )* Cani8a,
$ >a* 24, 1294C Cani8a &i(d >#ti#n t# Ouas! sa*ing
t!at a((gati#ns in t! in&#rmati#n did n#t '#nstitut
an #&&ns, and t!at t! in&#rmati#n '#ntaind
avrmnts -!i'!, i& tru, -#u(d '#nstitut a (ga(
:'us #r /usti&i'ati#n
$ tria( '#urt grantd >#ti#n t# Ouas!, dismissd 'as
against Cani8a
$ Fis'a(0s >#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n #& t!is 1rdr
-as dnid
$ +un 13, 1292C a s'#nd In&#rmati#n <d#'.td as
Crimina( Cas 46968= -as &i(d '!arging Cani8a -it!
su)stantia((* t! sam #&&ns as t!at '!argd undr
t! "rvi#us in&#rmati#n
$ Cani8a m#vd t# 3uas! t!is s'#nd in&#rmati#n #n
t! gr#unds t!at 1= t! #&&ns '!argd !ad a(rad*
"rs'ri)d, 2=3uas!a( #& t! &irst In&#rmati#n !ad
)n #n t! mrits, 3=t! a((gati#ns #& t! s'#nd
In&#rmati#n did n#t '#nstitut and #&&ns
$ Rs"#ndnt /udg issud an #rdr dn*ing t!
m#ti#n t# 3uas!
$ 4 a(s# dnid Cani8a0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
I''%!'
1, 51N t! #&&ns '!argd !ad a(rad* "rs'ri)d
2, 51N t! &i(ing #& t! s'#nd In&#rmati#n !as
"(a'd t! a''usd in /#"ard* #& "unis!mnt &#r t!
sam #&&ns a s'#nd tim
(!"D
1, N1
Reasoning
% 5 *ars, 4 m#nt!s, and 16 da*s !ad (a"sd
)t-n N#vm)r 5, 1268 <t! dat #& '#mmissi#n
#& t! a((gd #&&ns= and >ar'! 20 1294 <dat #&
&i(ing t! &irst in&#rmati#n=; 4 *ars, 2 m#nt!s and 12
da*s !ad (a"sd )t-n A"ri( 3, 1295 <dat #&
dnia( )* t! tria( '#urt #& t! Fis'a(0s m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n= and +un 13, 1292 <dat #& &i(ing #&
t! s'#nd in&#rmati#n=, A t#ta( #& 2 *ars, 6 m#nt!s
and 28 da*s !ad )n '#nsumd )* t! tim t!
s'#nd In&#rmati#n -as &i(d in '#urt,
$ Kndr Arti'( 20, in r(ati#n -it! Arti'( 192 #& t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d, t! 'rim #& &a(si&i'ati#n #&
"u)(i' d#'umnt '#mmittd )* a "rivat individua( $
t! #&&ns -it! -!i'! "titi#nr Ca_i8a is "rsnt(*
'!argd $ "rs'ri)s in tn <10= *ars, In t!is rs"'t,
Arti'( 21 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d stats &urt!rC
) Computation of prescription of offenses, ` %!
"ri#d #& "rs'ri"ti#n s!a(( '#mmn' t# run &r#m
t! da* #n -!i'! t! 'rim is dis'#vrd )* t!
#&&ndd "art*, t! aut!#ritis, #r t!ir agnts, and
s!a(( ) intrru"td )* t! &i(ing #& t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n, and shall commence to run again when
such proceedings terminate without the accused
being convicted or ac$uitted& #r ar /usti&ia)(*
st#""d &#r an* ras#n n#t im"uta)( t# !im,
2, N1
Reasoning
% S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 119 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt
2
(ists
t! &#((#-ing r3uisits in #rdr t!at t! d&ns #&
d#u)( /#"ard* ma* ) su''ss&u((* inv#.d )* an
a''usd "rs#nC
a, a valid Complaint or *nformation or other formal
charge sufficient in form and substance to sustain a
conviction-
), a C#urt #& '#m"tnt /urisdi'ti#n;
', t!at t! a''usd !ad "(add t# t! '!arg
against !im;
d, t!at t! a''usd !ad )n '#nvi'td, #r a'3uittd,
#r the case against him dismissed or otherwise
terminated without his e+press consent ; and
, t!at t! s'#nd #&&ns '!argd is t! sam as
t! &irst, #r an attm"t t# '#mmit t! sam #r a
"titi#n t!r#&, #r t!at t! s'#nd #&&ns
n'ssari(* in'(uds #r is n'ssari(* in'(udd in t!
&irst #&&ns '!argd,
$ Crimina( Cas N#, 16892 -as #rdrd dismissd )*
t! tria( '#urt -it! t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t!
a''usd ` i,,, u"#n >#ti#n t# Ouas! &i(d )*
"titi#nr Ca_i8a, Gnra((*, a dismissa( undr su'!
'ir'umstan' -in n#t )ar an#t!r "r#s'uti#n &#r t!
sam #&&ns; t! d&ndant, in !aving t! 'as
against !im dismissd, t!r)* -aivs !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!t against d#u)( /#"ard* &#r t!
ras#n t!at ! &&'tiv(* "rvnts t! tria( '#urt
&r#m "r#'ding t# tria( #n t! mrits and rndring
a /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n against !im
$ A""(i'ati#n #& t! a&#rstatd doc7rine of waier,
!#-vr, is su)/'t t# t-# <2= sine $ua non
'#nditi#nsC &irst, dismissa( must !av )n s#ug!t #r
indu'd )* t! d&ndant, it!r "rs#na((* #r
t!r#ug! '#uns(; and s'#nd, such dismissal must
not have been on the merits and must not
necessaril' amount to an ac$uittal, In t!is rs"'t,
t! r'#rd s!#-s t!at "titi#nr Ca_i8a m#vd t#
3uas! t! first *nformation <Crimina( Cas N#, 16892=
#n gr#unds t!at t! a((gati#ns mad t!rin did n#t
'#nstitut an #&&ns andM#r t!at t! &irst In&#rmati#n
'#ntaind a((gati#ns -!i'!, i& tru, '#nstitutd a
(ga( :'us #r /usti&i'ati#n, %!s gr#unds, u"#n
-!i'! t! tria( '#urt an'!#rd its 29 N#vm)r 1294
1rdr #& dismissa(, ar '(ar(* dir'td at t!
su&&i'in'* #& said in&#rmati#n t# sustain t!
'#nvi'ti#n #& "titi#nr Cani8a and, !n', indi'at
t! a)sn' #& t! &irst r3uisit in d#u)($/#"ard*,
Furt!rm#r, and m#r im"#rtant(*, dismissa( #& a
'rimina( a'ti#n #n t!is )asis is n#t "r#"r(*
'#nsidrd as am#unting t# an ac$uittal on the
merits; &r#m a (ga( stand"#int, t! d&ndant is
dmd as n#t !aving )n '!argd -it! t!
'#mmissi#n #& an* #&&ns -!ats#vr undr t!
d&i'int in&#rmati#n, C#ns3unt(*, "titi#nr
Ca_i8as "(a #& s'#nd /#"ard* 'ann#t )
sustaindC ! &&'tiv(* -aivd !is rig!t t# assrt
t!at "(a -!n ! m#vd t# 3uas! t! &irst
In&#rmati#n &i(d against !im,
Dispositive Ptiti#n &#r Pr#!i)iti#n and 'rti#rari is
;IS>ISS7;, %! 8 ;'m)r 1280 Rs#(uti#n #& t!is
C#urt giving du '#urs t# t! Ptiti#n is -it!dra-n
and t! dis"utd 1rdrs datd 29 N#vm)r 1292
and 20 >ar'! 1280 issud )* rs"#ndnt /udg in
Crimina( Cas N#, 46968 ar !r)* AFFIR>7;, %!is
'as is rmandd t# t! '#urt a $uo &#r tria( #n t!
mrits,
9%! CO'ICO
199 SCRA 410
GK%I7RR7L, +R,; S"tm)r 8, 1282
&AC#'
, Ptiti#nrs in G,R, N#, 81861 and "rivat
rs"#ndnt in G,R, N#, 83114 a(( stand as t!
a''usd in Crimina( Cas N#, C$2152 &#r sta&a t!ru
&a(si&i'ati#n #& '#mmr'ia( d#'umnts -!i'! 'as
-as dismissd )ut su)s3unt(* rinstatd,
$ ;uring t! tria( &#r t! sta&a 'as, Att*, R#drigu8
;adivas, '#uns( &#r t! a''usd ;vra and
>a'!ad#, #ra((* m#vd &#r t! in!i)iti#n #& t!
"rsiding +udg Su"(i'# #n t! gr#und t!at ! !ad
s#m d#u)ts as t# t! im"artia(it* #& t! /udg
against -!#m ! and s#m nintn <12= #t!r
"ra'ti'ing (a-*rs !ad &i(d sri#us administrativ
'!args -it! t! Prsidnt #& t! P!i(i""ins, t!
C!i& +usti' #& t! Su"rm C#urt, and t! >inistr
#& +usti', F#((#-ing Att*, ;adivas, Att*, R#)rt#
Barri#s, &#rmr "rivat "r#s'ut#r, a(s# m#vd &#r
t! in!i)iti#n #& t! /udg &#r t! sam ras#n
a((gd )* Att*, ;adivas, %! "rsiding /udg,
!#-vr, ru(d Att*s, ;adivas and Barri#s #ut #&
#rdr and as.d t! Cit* Fis'a( t# "rsnt t!
vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n, %!ru"#n, t! Cit*
Fis'a( mani&std t!at ! -as aut!#ri8ing t! "rivat
"r#s'ut#r t# a'tiv(* !and( t! "r#s'uti#n #& t!
'as, Att*, R#)rt# Barri#s, !#-vr, insistd t!at
t! "rsiding /udg s!#u(d &irst ru( #n t!ir "rvi#us
m#ti#n &#r in!i)iti#n, Instad #& rs#(ving t! m#ti#n
&#r in!i)iti#n, t! "rsiding /udg as.d t!
'#mmnts #& Att*, ?#rn8# 7, C#(#s#, '#uns( &#r t!
a''usd Brna) Ou and Am(ia Ou, and Att*,
A()rt# @i((arru8, '#uns( &#r t! a''usd Pa8 ?,
>art(in#, -!# )#t! inv#.d t! '#nstituti#na( rig!t
#& t!ir '(ints t# a s"d* tria(, %! "rsiding /udg
as.d again t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its vidn'
)ut t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r insistd t!at a ru(ing )
mad )* t! "rsiding /udg -it! rgard t# t!
"nding m#ti#n &#r in!i)iti#n, As a rsu(t, t!
"rsiding /udg issud t! #rdr datd N#vm)r 10,
1286 dismissing t!is 'as,
$ 1n N#vm)r 21, 1286, t! "r#s'uti#n &i(d a
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n &r#m t! #rdr #&
dismissa(, %!is -as #""#sd )* t! d&ns,
$ In t! mantim, t! 'as -as r$ra&&(d t# +udg
R#drig# C#si'#, +udg C#si'# in an #rdr datd >a*
22, 1289, grantd t! "r#s'uti#nQs m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n and 'ausd t! 'as t# ) r#"nd,
%! su)s3unt m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n &(id )*
t! d&ns -as dnid in an #rdr datd N#vm)r
29, 1289,
$ G,R, N#, 83114 $ a''usd >art(in# &i(d )&#r t!
CA a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari "ra*ing t!at t! #rdr #&
+udg C#si'# rinstating t! 'as ) d'(ard nu((
and v#id #n t! gr#und #& d#u)( /#"ard*, CA &#und
mrit in t! "titi#n and st asid +udg C#si'#Qs
#rdr as Rit am#unts t# d#u)( /#"ard* #n t! "art
#& t! "titi#nr,R %! d'isi#n #& t! a""((at '#urt
is )asd #n "r'dnts -!i'! dis'uss t! &ai(ur #&
t! "r#s'uti#n t# a""ar &#r tria(, "r#du' its
-itnsss, #r "rsnt its vidn',
$ G,R, N#, 81861 $ t! a''usd Brna) Ou and
Am(ia Ou &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari dir't(* -it!
t!is '#urt s.ing t# d'(ar +udg C#si'#Qs #rdrs
datd >a* 22, 1289 and N#vm)r 29, 1289 as nu((
and v#id and t# "r#!i)it rs"#ndnt &r#m &urt!r
"r#'ding -it! t! 'rimina( 'as,
I''%!
51N t! rinstatmnt #& t! 'rimina( 'as "(a'd
t! a''usd in d#u)( /#"ard*,
(!"D
Ratio t! r3uisits t!at must '#n'ur &#r (ga(
/#"ard* t# atta'! ar, t# -itC 1= a va(id '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n; 2= a '#urt #& '#m"tnt /urisdi'ti#n; 3=
t! a''usd !as "(add t# t! '!arg and 4= t!
a''usd !as )n '#nvi'td #r a'3uittd #r t! 'as
dismissd #r trminatd -it!#ut t! :"rss '#nsnt
#& t! a''usd,
Reasoning %! &#urt! r3uisit is (a'.ing in t!
instant 'as, %! 'as -as dismissd u"#n m#ti#n
and -it! t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t! a''usd, %!
a''usd Brna) Ou, Am(ia Ou and Pa8 >art(in#
inv#.d t!ir '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# a s"d* tria(
-!n t! "r#s'uti#n r&usd t# "rsnt vidn'
unti( t! '#urt !ad ru(d #n t! m#ti#n &#r in!i)iti#n,
It -as #n t!ir #ra( m#ti#n t!at t! (#-r '#urt
#rdrd t! 'as t# ) dismissd,
%!r -r n# #""rssiv d(a*s #n t! "art #& t!
"r#s'uti#n, %! "r#s'uti#nQs insistn' t!at +udg
Su"(i'# ru( #n t! m#ti#n t# in!i)it )&#r &urt!r
"r#'dings in t! 'as -as n#t di(at#r*, %!r is n#
ras#n a""arnt &r#m t! r'#rds -!* Su"(i'# s!#u(d
va'i((at #r s!#- angr #n a mattr t!at a&&'ts t!
su)s3unt '#urs #& t! tria(, 4 '#u(d !av asi(*
grantd #r dnid t! m#ti#n, giving s#und ras#ns
&#r !is ru(ing, 4 '#u(d !av r3uird t!at t! m#ti#n
) su)mittd &#rma((*, %! su)s3unt )!avi#r #&
t! &#rmr +udg, s"'ia((* !is "r'i"itat dismissa(
#& t! 'as s!#-s t!at !is ra'ti#n -as n#t mr
im"tu#usnss #r "i3u, It )ars t! armar.s #&
)ias and "r/udi', As n#td )* +udg C#si'# in !is
#rdr datd N#vm)r 29, 1289C
,,, A '(#sd s'rutin* #& t! &#rg#ing '!r#n#(#g* #&
&a'ts t!at trans"ird at t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt d#s
n#t s!#- t!at t! "r#s'uti#n d(i)rat(* d(a*d
t! "r#s'uti#n #& t!is 'as n#r d#s it a""ar t!at
t! "r#s'uti#n -as un"r"ard t# "rsnt its
vidn', %! t-# <2= "#st"#nmnts r3ustd )*
t! "r#s'uti#n a""ar t# ) ras#na)(, >#r#vr,
it a""ars t!at #n N#vm)r 10, 1286, >r, Ang( 6u,
"rin'i"a( -itnss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n, -as t!n
"rsnt and rad* t# tsti&*, 1n t! #t!r !and, it
a""ars t!at Att*, ?#rn8# C#(#s# a(s# as.d &#r at
(ast t-# <2= "#st"#nmnts, In inv#.ing t! rig!t #&
t! a''usd t# s"d* tria(, Att*, C#(#s# is n#t
t!r&#r '#ming t# t!is '#urt -it! '(an !ands,
C#nsidring t! t-# <2= "#st"#nmnts r3ustd )*
Att*, C#(#s#, t! a''usd in &&'t -aivd t!ir rig!t
t# s"d* tria(,R
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! "titi#n d#'.td as
G,R, 81861 is !r)* ;IS>ISS7; &#r (a'. #& mrit,
%! "titi#n d#'.td as G, R, N#, 83114 is GRAN%7;
and t! 3usti#nd #rdrs #& +udg C#si'# datd >a*
22, 1289 and N#vm)r 29, 1298 ar AFFIR>7;, %!
d'isi#n #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s datd A"ri( 22, 1288
is S7% ASI;7,
'AM'O$ CA
103 P4I? 299
BAK%IS%A ANG7?1; >ARC4 31, 1258
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- )* 'rti#rari #& a d'isi#n #& t!
C#urt #& A""a(s
&AC#'
$ 1n 1't#)r 2, 1248 Amad# ?, Cru8 as.d t! !("
#& !is &#rmr '(assmat Ru&in# %, Sams#n in gtting
t! '!'.s #& t! t-# '(aimants -!# -r -it! !im
at Cam" >ur"!*, A&tr )ing assurd t-i' #& t!
idntit* #& t! su""#sd '(aimants and a&tr
:amining t!ir rsidn' 'rti&i'ats atta'!d t#
t! '(aim "a"rs, Sams#n a''#m"anid )* Cru8 and
t! su""#sd '(aimants -nt t# ta(. t# ?t, >anu(
@a(n'ia and r3ustd !im t# a't as guarant#r t#
s'ur t! '(aimants '!'.,
$ a'ting #n t! assuran' #& Sams#n, @a(n'ia
!("d t!m s'ur '!'.s in t! nam #& R#sa(inda
Pr8 and 7s"iridi#n ?as'an#, 4s -r n'as!d
)* >a((ari again )(iving Sams#n,
$ Paras didn0t .n#- !#- t# -rit s# s! instad
"(a'd !r t!um)mar. at t! )a'. #& t! '!'. -!i(
Sams#n signd as -itnss, ?as'an# "(a'd !is
signatur -!i( Sams#n signd as (ast nd#rsr,
$ t!* t!n "r#'dd t# Arist#'rat t# at (un'!, 4r
Sams#n r'ivd P300 su""#sd(* t# "a* t! #&&i'rs
-!# !("d t!m and P10 &#r ta:i m#n*,
$ t-# da*s a&tr, Sams#n -as in&#rmd #& t!
"#ssi)i(it* t!at t! "#"( -!# '(aimd t! '!'.s
-rn0t t! ra( "#"( -!# t!* '(aimd t# ), %!is
! -as a)( t# vri&*, K"#n .n#-ing #& t!is, Sams#n
r"#rtd t! in'idnt t# an #&&i'r,
$ Sams#n, Cru8 and @rgara and t-# #t!rs -!#s
nams ar un.n#-n in t-# s"arat in&#rmati#ns
-it! t! '#m"(: 'rim #& estafa t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n
#& t-# '!'.s #& t! P!i(i""in Nati#na( Ban. and
-r &#und gui(t*, Sntn' &#r a'! #& t! t!r
d&ndants t# su&&r in a'! 'as a "na(t* #& n#t
(ss t!an 6 *ars and 1 da* and n#t m#r t!an 2
*ars, 4 m#nt!s and 1 da* #& prision ma'or, t# "a* a
&in #& P2,500 and t! '#sts, In additi#n, t!* -r
sntn'd t# indmni&* t! P!i(i"$"in R*u.*us
C#mmand, t! "a* #& t! '!'.s, in t! sum #&
P5,419,11 in a'! #& t! t-# 'ass
$ 1n a""a( )&#r t! CA, Cru8 and @rgara -r
givn rdu'd "na(tis, Smas#n -as #n(* &#und
gui(t* #& '#mmitting t! 'rim t!r#ug! gr#ss
im"rudn' and -as a''#rding(* sntn'd t# 4
m#nt!s #& arresto ma'or in a'! #& t! t-# 'ass,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! a'ts d#n )* !im, as &#und )* t! C#urt
#& A""a(s '#nstitut gr#ss im"rudn'
2, 51N ! -as '#rr't(* &#und gui(t* #& t! #&&ns
sta&a t!r#ug! <&a(si&i'ati#n )*= ng(ign'
(!"D
1, 67S
$ A""((ant -as, #r must !av )n a-ar t!at t!
'(aim -as &#r a si8a)( am#unt, t#ta((ing #vr
t-(v t!#usand "s#s, and #rdinar* "rudn'
r3uird t!at ! s!#u(d satis&* !ims(& )* a(( "r#"r
and ad3uat mans #& t! idntit* #& t! "rs#ns
'(aiming said am#unts, sin' t!* - "rs#na((*
un.n#-n t# !im, %! mr assuran' #& a &#rmr
'(ass, mat -#u(d 'rtain(* n#t ) a satis&a't#r*
idnti&i'ati#n t# /usti&* dis)ursmnt #& su'! a (arg
am#unt
$ a""((ant as a ?iutnant #& t! Arm* is su&&i'int(*
int((ignt and du'atd t# &#rs t! "#ssi)i(it*
t!at t! 'rti&i'ats '#u(d ) &#rgd #r st#(n
$ a""((ant '##"ratd in t! '#mmissi#n #& t!
'#m"(: #&&ns #& estafa t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n )*
r'.(ss im"rudn' )* a'ts -it!#ut -!i'! it '#u(d
n#t !av )n a''#m"(is!d, and t!is )ing a &a't,
t!r -#u(d ) n# ras#n t# :'u("at !im &r#m
(ia)i(it*
2, 67S
$ '#uns( '#ntnds t!atC Sams#n 'ann#t ) '#nvi'td
#& t! 'rim #& estafa t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n )*
im"rudn' &#r t! ras#n t!at t! in&#rmati#n &i(d
against !im '!args #n(* a -i((&u( a't #& &a(si&i'ati#n
and '#ntains n# r&rn' t# an* a't #& im"rudn'
#n !is "art; t! a((gd im"rudnt a't d#s n#t
in'(ud #r is n#t n'ssari(* in'(udd in t! #&&ns
'!argd in t! in&#rmati#n )'aus a d(i)rat
intnt t# d# an un(a-&u( a't is in'#nsistnt -it! t!
ida #& ng(ign',
$ %! ru( rgarding varian' )t-n a((gati#n and
"r##& in a 'rimina( 'as, isC R5!n t!r is varian'
)t-n t! #&&ns '!argd in t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n, and t!at "r#vd #r sta)(is!d )* t!
vidn', and t! #&&ns as '!argd, is in'(udd in
#r n'ssari(* in'(uds t! #&&ns "r#vd, t!
d&ndant s!a(( ) '#nvi'td #& t! #&&ns "r#vd
in'(udd in t!at -!i'! is '!argd, #r #& t! #&&ns
'!argd in'(udd in t!at -!i'! is "r#vdR <S'ti#n 4,
Ru( 116 now rule 7DI, Ru(s #& C#urt=,
$RAn #&&ns '!argd n'ssari(* in'(uds t!at -!i'!
is "r#vd, -!n s#m #& t! ssntia( (mnts #r
ingrdints #& t! &#rmr, as t!is is a((gd in t!
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n, '#nstitut t! (attr, And
t! #&&ns '!argd is n'ssari(* in'(udd in t!
#&&ns "r#vs, -!n t! ssntia( ingrdints #& t!
&#rmr '#nstitut #r &#rm a "art #& t!#s '#nstituting
t! (attrR <S'ti#n 5, Ru( 116, n#- ru( 120=
$ '#nvi'ti#n &#r a 'rimina( ng(ignt a't 'an ) !ad
undr an in&#rmati#n :'(usiv(* '!arging t!
'#mmissi#n #& a -i((&u( #&&ns, u"#n t! t!#r* t!at
t! gratr in'(uds t! (ssr #&&ns
$ a""((ant did n#t a't -it! 'rimina( intnt )ut mr(*
&ai(d t# ta. "r#"r and ad3uat mans t# assur
!ims(& #& t! idntit* #& t! ra( '(aimants as an
#rdinar* "rudnt man -#u(d d#, In #t!r -#rds, t!
in&#rmati#n a((gs a'ts -!i'! '!arg -i((&u(,
&a(si&i'ati#n )ut -!i'! turnd #ut t# ) n#t -i((&u( )ut
ng(ignt, %!is is a 'as '#vrd )* t! ru( -!n
t!r is a varian' )t-n t! a((gati#n and "r##&
$ >#r#vr, S'ti#n 5, Ru( 116 now 7DI, #& t!
Ru(s #& C#urt d#s n#t r3uir t!at a(( t! ssntia(
(mnts #& t! #&&ns '!argd in t! in&#rmati#n
) "r#vd, it )ing su&&i'int t!at some #& said
ssntia( (mnts #r ingrdints t!r#& )
sta)(is!d t# constitute the crime proved, %!is
'#n'(usi#n is strngt!nd )* t! "r#visi#ns #&
S'ti#n 2, Ru(d 113, <I t!in. s' 9 ru( 119 na= #&
t! Ru(s #& C#urt undr -!i'! a""((ant '#u(d n#
(#ngr ) "r#s'utd &#r sta&a t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n
#& '#mmr'ia( d#'umnts )* r'.(ss ng(ign'
-r - t# a'3uit !im in t! 'ass at )ar #n t!
#)vi#us(* t'!ni'a( t!#r* #& t! dissntrs
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
R!)!' *B" Fdissen7G
$ Rui"on vs. Kustice of the Peace of Bacolor <29 P!i(,,
342=, +u(* 28, 1255, t!at 'rimina( ng(ign' is n#t a
mr variant #& t! intnti#na( misdd; t!at it is a
distin't and s"arat in its(&, 5 a(s# "#intd #ut in
t!at 'as t!at -!i( -i((&u( 'rims ar "unis!d
a''#rding t# t!ir rsu(t in 'rims #& ng(ign',
-!at t! (a- "unis!s is t! 'ar(ssnss its(&, t!
&ai(ur t# ta. t! "r'auti#ns t!at s#'it* !as a
rig!t t# :"'t -i(( ) ta.n undr t! 'ir'umstan's
#& a'! 'as
$ t!at intnti#na( &a(si&i'ati#n and &a(si&i'ati#n )*
ng(ign' n#t #n(* di&&r in sri#usnss, )ut in
ssn'; t!* ar, )* t!ir natur, t-# di&&rnt
#&&nss a(t#gt!r, 5!r&#r, an #&&ndr -!# is
a''usd #& intnti#na( &a(si&i'ati#n 'ann#t ) !(d t#
ans-r &#r &a(si&i'ati#n )* ng(ign', )'aus t!
ssntia( (mnt #& t! (attr #&&ns, t! ingrdint
t!at '!ara'tri8s it and s"arats it &r#m a(( #t!r
#&&nss, t# -it, t! 'rimina( ng(ign' #r
'ar(ssnss, is n#t inv#(vd in t! (mnts #& t!
'rim '!argd, N#t #n(* is it n#t in'(uddC it is
e+cluded b' incompatibilit', )'aus ma(i' #r intnt
'ann#t '#$:ist -it! ng(ign'
$ 1n t! "r#'dura( sid, t! #)/'ti#ns t# a""((antQs
'#nvi'ti#n #& sta&a )* &a(si&i'ati#n t!r#ug!
ng(ign' ar mu'! m#r sri#us,
S'ti#n 5, Ru( 116 <now 7DI=, u"#n -!i'! t!
ma/#rit* r(is as /usti&*ing t! '#nvi'ti#n, :"rsss
t! &#((#-ing ru(C
An #&&ns '!argd n'ssari(* in'(uds t!at -!i'!
is "r#vd, -!n s#m #& t! ssntia( (mnts #r
ingrdints #& t! &#rmr, as this alleged in the
complaint or information, '#nstitut t! (attr,
<Ita(i' min=
It is n#t n#ug!, t!r&#r, t!at t! (mnts #&
t! 'rim &#r -!i'! an a''usd is '#nvi'td s!#u(d
) "r#vd, )ut t!n must a(s# ) '!argd #r
a((gd
P!OP"! PA$&I"O "AC'O$
G,R, N#, 142453
R7S1?K%I1NC >a* 28, 2002
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ %! assai(d ;'isi#n #& t! a""((at '#urt
grantd rs"#ndnt ?a's#n0s S'#nd Amndd
Ptiti#n &#r Pr#!i)iti#n -it! a""(i'ati#n &#r t!
issuan' #& a %m"#rar* Rstraining 1rdr, <1=
assai(ing t! 1rdr issud )* +udg 4rminia
Pasam)a #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt <R%C= #& >ani(a,
Bran'! 40, t!at a((#-d t! '#ntinuati#n #& t! r$
invstigati#n #& t! Surat#ng Ba((ng 'ass; and <2=
"ra*ing &#r t! dismissa( #& Crimina( Cass ntit(d
AP#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins v, Pan&i(# ?a's#n, t a(,B
"nding )&#r Bran'! 81 #& t! R%C #& Ou8#n Cit*,
$ 1n >a* 18, 1225, t!n PNP ;ir't#r$Gnra(
R'ard# Sarmint# II ann#un'd, in a "rss
'#n&rn', t! .i((ing #& (vn <11= mm)rs #& t!
Huratong Baleleng Gang <SBG= in a s!##t#ut -it!
"#(i' (mnts nar t! &(*$#vr a(#ng
C#mm#n-a(t! Avnu, Ou8#n Cit* at a)#ut 4C00
A,>, t!at da*,
$ 1n >a* 22, 1225, m#rning "a"rs 'arrid t! n-s
t!at SP12 7duard# d(#s R*s !ad '(aimd t!at t!
.i((ing #& t! (vn <11= gang mm)rs -as a Aru)$
#utB #r summar* :'uti#n and n#t a s!##t#ut,
$ In an a&&idavit ! :'utd t! &#((#-ing da*, d(#s
R*s statd t!at ! -as "art #& a '#m"#sit "#(i'
tam 'a((d t! Anti$Ban. R#))r* and Int((ign'
%as. F#r' Gr#u" <ABRI%FG= '#m"#sd #& (mnts
#& t! Nati#na( Ca"ita( Rgi#n C#mmandand !add
)* C!i& Su"rintndnt +-( Cans#n; %ra&&i'
>anagmnt C#mmand, !add )* Sni#r
Su"rintndnt Fran'is'# Su)ia, +r,; Prsidntia( Anti$
Crim C#mmissi#n <PACC=, !add )* C!i&
Su"rintndnt Pan&i(# >, ?a's#n; Cntra( P#(i'
;istri't C#mmand, !add )* C!i& Su"rintndnt
Ri'ard# d ?#n; and Crimina( Invstigati#n
C#mmand <CIC=, !add )* C!i& Su"rintndnt
R#m# A'#"
$ ;(#s R*s '(aimd t!at t! "#(i' tam arrstd
t! (vn <11= gang mm)rs in ar(* m#rning #&
>a* 18, 1225 at t! gang0s sa& !#us in Su"rvi((
Su)divisi#n, Para_a3u; t!at a&tr t!ir arrst, t!
gang mm)rs -r mad t# )#ard t-# vans, t!ir
!ands tid )!ind t!ir )a'.s, and )r#ug!t initia((* t#
Cam" Cram -!r a d'isi#n t# summari(* :'ut
t!m -as mad, and (atr t# C#mm#n-a(t! Avnu
-!r t!* -r s!#t t# dat! )* (mnts #& t!
Anti$Ban. R#)rr* Int((ign' %as. F#r' Gr#u"
$ 1n >a* 26, 1225, SP12 C#ra8#n d(a Cru8, an#t!r
CIC invstigat#r, :'utd an a&&idavit '#rr#)#rating
t! matria( a((gati#ns #& d(#s R*s
$ 1n >a* 31, 1225, Armand# Ca"i(i, a r"#rtr #&
Remate& :'utd an a&&idavit stating t!at ! -as
"rsnt -!n t! SBG mm)rs -r arrstd in
Su"rvi(( Su)divisi#n
$ 1n +un 1, 1225, C!i& Su"rintndnt +#) A, >a*#,
PNP ;ir't#r &#r Invstigati#n, &i(d murdr '!args
-it! t! 1&&i' #& t! 1m)udsman against nint*$
svn <29= #&&i'rs and "rs#nn( #& ABRI%FG, %!
n:t$#&$.in #& t! s(ain SBG mm)rs a(s# &i(d
murdr '!args against t! sam #&&i'rs and
"rs#nn(,
$ 1m)udsman Anian# ;sirt# t!n 'ratd a "an(
#& invstigat#rs t# '#ndu't a "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #& t! murdr '!args, 1n 1't#)r 20,
1225, t! "an( issud a rs#(uti#n r'#mmnding
t! dismissa( #& t! '!args &#r (a'. #& "r#)a)(
'aus,
$ 1m)udsman ;sirt# r&rrd t! rs#(uti#n &#r
rvi-, 1n N#vm)r 20, 1225, t! rvi- "an(
rvrsd t! rs#(uti#n and &#und "r#)a)( 'aus &#r
t! "r#s'uti#n #& mu(ti"( murdr '!args against
t-nt*$si: <26= #&&i'rs and "rs#nn( #& ABRI%FG,
$ 1n N#vm)r 2, 1225, t! 1m)udsman &i(d )&#r
t! !andiganba'an (vn <11= In&#rmati#ns &#r
>KR;7R, d#'.td as Crimina( Cass N#s, 23049 t#
23059, against rs"#ndnt Pan&i(# >, ?a's#n and
t-nt*$&iv <25= #t!r a''usd, A(( t-nt*$si: <26= #&
t!m -r '!argd as "rin'i"a(s,
$ K"#n m#ti#n #& t! rs"#ndnt, t! 'rimina( 'ass
-r rmandd t# t! 1m)udsman &#r
rinvstigati#n, 1n >ar'! 1, 1226, Amndd
In&#rmati#ns -r &i(d against t! sam t-nt*$si:
<26= sus"'ts )ut t! "arti'i"ati#n #& rs"#ndnt
?a's#n -as d#-ngradd &r#m "rin'i"a( t# a''ss#r*,
Arraignmnt t!n &#((#-d and rs"#ndnt ntrd a
"(a #& n#t gui(t*,
$ 5it! t! d#-ngrading #& '!args against !im,
rs"#ndnt ?a's#n 3usti#nd t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!
!andiganba'an t# !ar t! 'rimina( 'ass as n#n #&
t! A"rin'i"a(B a''usd in t! Amndd In&#rmati#ns
-as a g#vrnmnt #&&i'ia( -it! a Sa(ar* Grad <SG=
29 #r !ig!r, 'iting S'ti#n 2 #& R, A, N#, 9295 t!n
"rvai(ing, A''#rding(*, t! !andiganba'an #rdrd
t! 'ass trans&rrd t# t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt
$ %! 1&&i' #& t! S"'ia( Pr#s'ut#r &i(d a m#ti#n
&#r r'#nsidrati#n #& t! trans&r, Pnding rs#(uti#n
#& t! m#ti#n, R, A, N#, 8242 t##. &&'t #n F)ruar*
23, 1229, amnding R, A, N#, 9295, In "arti'u(ar, t!
amndat#r* (a- d(td t! -#rd A"rin'i"a(B in
S'ti#n 2 #& R, A, N#, 9295, t!r)* :"anding t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! !andiganba'an t# in'(ud a(( 'ass
-!r at (ast #n #& t! a''usd, -!t!r "rin'i"a(,
a''#m"(i' #r a''ss#r*, is a g#vrnmnt #&&i'ia( #&
Sa(ar* Grad <SG= 29 #r !ig!r, %! amndmnt is
mad a""(i'a)( t# a(( 'ass "nding in an* '#urt in
-!i'! tria( !as n#t *t )gun as #& t! dat #& its
a""r#va(,
$ In ?a's#n v, 7:'utiv S'rtar*, rs"#ndnt
?a's#n '!a((ngd t! '#nstituti#na(it* #& t!
amndmnt and '#ntndd t!at t! !andiganba'an
!ad n# /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'rimina( 'ass, %!is
C#urt, -!i( dismissing t! '#nstituti#na( '!a((ng,
n#nt!(ss #rdrd t! trans&r #& t! 'rimina(
'ass t# t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #n t! gr#und t!at
t! Amndd In&#rmati#ns &#r murdr &ai(d t#
indi'at t!at t! #&&nss '!argd t!rin -r
'#mmittd in r(ati#n t#, #r in dis'!arg #&, t!
#&&i'ia( &un'ti#ns #& t! rs"#ndnt, as r3uird )* R,
A, N#, 8242,
$ %! Crimina( Cass -r ra&&(d #&& t# Bran'! 81 #&
t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Ou8#n Cit*, t!n
"rsidd )* +udg, n#- Ass#'iat +usti' #& t! C#urt
#& A""a(s, 5n's(a# Agnir, +r,
$ B&#r t! a''usd '#u(d ) arraignd, "r#s'uti#n
-itnsss 7duard# d (#s R*s, C#ra8#n d (a Cru8,
Armand# Ca"i(i and +an G#m8 r'antd t!ir
a&&idavits -!i'! im"(i'atd rs"#ndnt ?a's#n in t!
murdr #& t! SBG mm)rs,
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, "rivat '#m"(ainants a(s#
:'utd t!ir rs"'tiv a&&idavits #& dsistan'
d'(aring t!at t!* -r n# (#ngr intrstd t#
"r#s'ut t!s 'ass,
$ ;u t# t!s dv(#"mnts, t! t-nt*$si: <26=
a''usd, in'(uding rs"#ndnt ?a's#n, &i(d &iv
s"arat )ut idnti'a( m#ti#ns t#C
<1= ma. a /udi'ia( dtrminati#n #& t! :istn'
#& "r#)a)( 'aus &#r t! issuan' #& -arrants #&
arrst
<2= !#(d in a)*an' t! issuan' #& t! -arrants
<3= dismiss t! 'ass s!#u(d t! tria( '#urt &ind
(a'. #& "r#)a)( 'aus,
$ %! r'#rds #& t! 'as )&#r us ar n#t '(ar
-!t!r t! "rivat #&&ndd "artis -r n#ti&id #&
t! !aring #n >ar'! 22, 1222

!(d )* +udg Agnir t#
rs#(v t! m#ti#ns &i(d )* rs"#ndnt ?a's#n and
t! #t!r a''usd,
$ ;uring t! said !aring, t! "rivat #&&ndd
"artis -!# dsistd d# n#t a""ar t# !av )n
"rsntd #n t! -itnss stand, In t!ir stad, Att*,
G#d-in @a(d8 tsti&id t!at ! assistd t!m in
"r"aring t!ir a&&idavits #& dsistan' and t!at !
signd said a&&idavits as -itnss, 1n t! #t!r !and,
Att*, Aur#ra Bautista #& t! P!i(i""in ?a-*r0s
?agu "rsntd t! a&&idavits #& r'antati#n #&
"r#s'uti#n -itnsss 7duard# d (#s R*s,
Armand# Ca"i(i and +an G#m8, 1n(* "r#s'uti#n
-itnss C#ra8#n d (a Cru8 tsti&id t# a&&irm !r
a&&idavit,
$ 1n >ar'! 22, 1222, +udg Agnir issud a Rs#(uti#n
dismissing t! Crimina( Cass
$ 1n >ar'! 29, 2001, PNP ;ir't#r ?andr# R,
>nd#8a ind#rsd t# t! ;"artmnt #& +usti' t!
n- a&&idavits #& PMIns", 6sma( S, 6u and PMS Ins",
A)(ard# Ram#s rgarding t! Huratong Baleleng
in'idnt &#r "r(iminar* invstigati#n, 1n t!
strngt! #& t!is ind#rsmnt, S'rtar* #& +usti'
4rnand# B, Pr8 &#rmd a "an( t# invstigat t!
mattr,
$ 1n A"ri( 19, 2001, t! rs"#ndnt -as su)"#nad
t# attnd t! invstigati#n #& said Crimina( Cass
$ 1n >a* 28, 2001, rs"#ndnt ?a's#n, t a(,,
inv#.ing, am#ng #t!rs, t!ir '#nstituti#na( rig!t
against d#u)( /#"ard*, &i(d a "titi#n &#r
"r#!i)iti#n -it! a""(i'ati#n &#r tm"#rar* rstraining
#rdr andM#r -rit #& "r(iminar* in/un'ti#n -it! t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& >ani(a, "rimari(* t# n/#in t!
Stat "r#s'ut#rs &r#m '#ndu'ting t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
$ %! "(a &#r tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr -as dnid
$ 1n +un 6, 2001, (vn <11= In&#rmati#ns &#r
murdr inv#(ving t! .i((ing #& t! sam mm)rs #&
t! Huratong Baleleng gang -r &i(d )&#r t!
Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& Ou8#n Cit*
$ %! n- In&#rmati#ns '!argd as "rin'i"a(s t!irt*$
&#ur <34= "#"(, in'(uding rs"#ndnt ?a's#n and
!is t-nt*$&iv <25= #t!r '#$a''usd in t! #rigina(
in&#rmati#ns, %! 'rimina( 'ass -r assignd t#
+udg >a, %!rsa ?, 6ada#,
$ 1n t! sam da*, rs"#ndnt ?a's#n &i(d )&#r
t! C#urt #& A""a(s a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari

against
+udg Pasam)a, t! S'rtar* #& +usti', t! PNP
C!i&, Stat Pr#s'ut#rs 1ng and La'arias, 2nd
Assistant Cit* Pr#s'ut#r +am#(in, and t! P#"( #&
t! P!i(i""ins, %! said "titi#n -as amndd t#
im"(ad as additi#na( "art*$rs"#ndnts Stat
Pr#s'ut#r C(ar# Ar((an# and t! R%C, Ou8#n Cit*,
Bran'! 81
$ In t! mantim, #n +un 8, 2001, rs"#ndnt
?a's#n a(s# &i(d -it! t! R%C$OC Bran'! 81
<"rsidd )* +udg >a, %!rsa 6ada#=, a >#ti#n &#r
+udi'ia( ;trminati#n #& Pr#)a)( Caus and in t!
a)sn' t!r#&, t# dismiss t! 'ass #utrig!t,
Rs"#ndnt ?a's#n, !#-vr, &i(d a >ani&stati#n
and >#ti#n datd +un 13, 2001 s.ing t!
sus"nsi#n #& t! "r#'dings )&#r t! tria( '#urt,
$ %! C#urt #& A""a(s issud a tm"#rar* rstraining
#rdr n/#ining +udg 6ada# &r#m issuing a -arrant
#& arrst #r '#ndu'ting an* "r#'ding #r !aring in
Crimina( Cass N#s, 01$101102 t# 01$101112,
$ 1n August 24, 2001, t! C#urt #& A""a(s rndrd
t! n#- assai(d ;'isi#n, It '!ara'tri8d t!
trminati#n #& Crimina( Cass N#s, O$22$81692 t# O$
22$81682 as A"r#visi#na( dismissa(,B and '#nsidrd
Crimina( Cass N#s, 01$101102 t# 01$101112 as
mr rviva(s #& t! sam, A""(*ing S'ti#n 8, Ru(
119 #& t! 2000 Rvisd Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur,
it dismissd t! 'rimina( 'ass against t!
rs"#ndnt
I''%!
51N S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 )ars t! &i(ing #& t! (vn
<11= in&#rmati#ns against t! rs"#ndnt ?a's#n
inv#(ving t! .i((ing #& s#m mm)rs #& t!
Huratong Baleleng gang,
(!"D
$ %!is ru( -!i'! t##. &&'t #n ;'m)r 1, 2000
"r#vidsC
AS7C, 8, Provisional dismissal.) A 'as s!a(( n#t )
"r#visi#na((* dismissd :'"t -it! t! :"rss
'#nsnt #& t! a''usd and -it! n#ti' t# t!
#&&ndd "art*,
%! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& #&&nss
"unis!a)( )* im"ris#nmnt n#t :'ding si: <6=
*ars #r a &in #& an* am#unt, #r )#t!, s!a((
)'#m "rmannt #n <1= *ar a&tr issuan' #&
t! #rdr -it!#ut t! 'as !aving )n rvivd,
5it! rs"'t t# #&&nss "unis!a)( )*
im"ris#nmnt #& m#r t!an si: <6= *ars, t!ir
"r#visi#na( dismissa( s!a(( )'#m "rmannt t-#
<2= *ars a&tr issuan' #& t! #rdr -it!#ut t!
'as !aving )n rvivd,B
$ ?i. an* #t!r &av#ra)( "r#'dura( ru(, t!is n-
ru( 'an ) givn rtr#a'tiv &&'t, 4#-vr, t!
C#urt 'ann#t ru( #n t!is issu du t# t! (a'. #&
su&&i'int &a'tua( )ass, %!us, t!r is nd #& "r##&
#& t! &#((#-ing &a'ts <1= -!t!r t! "r#visi#na(
dismissa( #& t! 'ass !ad t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t!
a''usd; <2= -!t!r it -as #rdrd )* t! '#urt
a&tr n#ti' t# t! #&&ndd "art*, <3= -!t!r t! 2$
*ar "ri#d t# rviv !as a(rad* (a"sd, and <4=
-!t!r t!r is an* /usti&i'ati#n &#r t! &i(ing #& t!
'ass )*#nd t! 2$*ar "ri#d,
$ %!r is n# un'rtaint* -it! rs"'t t# t! &a't t!at
t! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'ass against
rs"#ndnt ?a's#n )ars !is :"rss '#nsnt, It -as
rs"#ndnt ?a's#n !ims(& -!# m#vd t# dismiss t!
su)/'t 'ass &#r (a'. #& "r#)a)( 'aus )&#r t!n
+udg Agnir, !n', it is )*#nd argumnt t!at t!ir
dismissa( )ars !is :"rss '#nsnt,
$ %! r'#rds #& t! 'as, !#-vr, d# n#t rva(
-it! 3ua( '(arit* and '#n'(usivnss -!t!r
n#ti's t# t! #&&ndd "artis -r givn )&#r t!
'ass against t! rs"#ndnt ?a's#n -r dismissd
)* t!n +udg Agnir, It a""ars &r#m t! rs#(uti#n #&
t!n +udg Agnir t!at t! r(ativs #& t! vi'tims -!#
dsistd did n#t a""ar during t! !aring t# a&&irm
t!ir a&&idavits, %!ir a&&idavits #& dsistan' -r
#n(* "rsntd )* Att*, G#d-in @a(d8 -!# tsti&id
t!at ! assistd t! "rivat '#m"(ainants in
"r"aring t!ir a&&idavits and ! signd t!m as a
-itnss, It a(s# a""ars t!at #n(* svn <9= "rs#ns
su)mittd t!ir a&&idavits #& dsistan', Fr#m t!
r'#rds #& t! 'as )&#r us, it 'ann#t )
dtrmind -!t!r t!r -r a&&idavits #&
dsistan' :'utd )* t! r(ativs #& t! t!r
#t!r vi'tims, %! sam r'#rds d# n#t s!#-
-!t!r t!* -r n#ti&id #& t! !aring #r !ad
.n#-(dg t!r#&, %# ) sur, it is n#t &air t# :"'t
t! (mnt #& n#ti' t# ) (itigatd )&#r t!n
+udg Agnir &#r S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 -as *t in:istnt
at t!at tim,
$ %! &a't #& n#ti' t# t! #&&ndd "artis -as n#t
raisd it!r in t! "titi#n &#r "r#!i)iti#n -it!
a""(i'ati#n &#r tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr #r -rit #&
"r(iminar* in/un'ti#n &i(d )* rs"#ndnt ?a's#n in
t! R%C #& >ani(a, t# n/#in t! "r#s'ut#rs &r#m
rinvstigating t! said 'ass against !im, %! #n(*
3usti#n raisd in said "titi#n is -!t!r t!
rinvstigati#n -i(( vi#(at t! rig!t #& rs"#ndnt
?a's#n against d#u)( /#"ard*, %!us, t! issu #&
-!t!r #r n#t t! rinvstigati#n is )arrd )*
S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 -as n#t ta'.(d )* t! (itigants,
$ N#r -as t! &a't #& n#ti' t# t! #&&ndd "artis
t! su)/'t #& "r##& a&tr t! (vn <11=
in&#rmati#ns &#r murdr against rs"#ndnt ?a's#n
and '#m"an* -r rvivd in t! R%C #& Ou8#n Cit*
"rsidd )* +udg 6ada#, %!r -as !ard(* an*
"r#'ding '#ndu'td in t! 'as &#r rs"#ndnt
?a's#n immdiat(* &i(d a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari in
t! a""((at '#urt '!a((nging, am#ng #t!rs, t!
aut!#rit* #& +udg 6ada# t# ntrtain t! rvivd
in&#rmati#ns &#r mu(ti"( murdr against !im,
$ %! a""(i'a)i(it* #& S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 -as nvr
'#nsidrd in t! tria( '#urt, It -as in t! C#urt #&
A""a(s -!r rs"#ndnt ?a's#n raisd &#r t! &irst
tim t! argumnt t!at S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 )ars t!
rviva( #& t! mu(ti"( murdr 'ass against !im, But
vn t!n, t! a""((at '#urt did n#t r3uir t!
"artis t# (u'idat t! 'ru'ia( issu #& -!t!r
n#ti's -r givn t# t! #&&ndd "artis )&#r
+udg Agnir #rdrd t! dismissa( #& t! 'ass
against rs"#ndnt ?a's#n and '#m"an*,
$ Indd, t! r'#rds #& t!is 'as ar in'#n'(usiv #n
t! &a'tua( issu #& -!t!r t! mu(ti"( murdr
'ass against rs"#ndnt ?a's#n ar )ing rvivd
-it!in #r )*#nd t! 2$*ar )ar, %! r'.#ning dat
#& t! 2$*ar )ar !as t# ) &irst dtrmind $ $ $
-!t!r it is &r#m t! dat #& t! 1rdr #& t!n +udg
Agnir dismissing t! 'ass #r &r#m t! dats t!
1rdr -r r'ivd )* t! vari#us #&&ndd "artis
#r &r#m t! dat #& t! &&'tivit* #& t! n- ru(,
$ I& t! 'ass -r rvivd #n(* a&tr t! 2$*ar )ar,
t! Stat must ) givn t! #""#rtunit* t# /usti&* its
&ai(ur t# '#m"(* -it! said tim(in, %! n- ru(
&i:s a tim(in t# "na(i8 t! Stat &#r its
in:'usa)( d(a* in "r#s'uting 'ass a(rad* &i(d
in '#urts, It 'an t!r&#r "rsnt '#m"((ing ras#ns
t# /usti&* t! rviva( #& 'ass )*#nd t! 2$*ar )ar,
, In lig87 of 78e lacI of or 78e conflic7ing
eidence on 78e arious reDuiremen7s 7o
de7ermine 78e applicaAili7y of 'ec7ion 45 Rule
1135 78is Cour7 is no7 in a posi7ion 7o rule
w8e78er or no7 78e re,filing of 78e cases for
mul7iple murder agains7 responden7 "acson
s8ould Ae en;oined. &undamen7al fairness
reDuires 78a7 Ao78 78e prosecu7ion and 78e
responden7 "acson s8ould Ae afforded 78e
oppor7uni7y 7o Ae 8eard and 7o adduce
eidence on 78e presence or aAsence of 78e
predica7e fac7s upon w8ic8 78e applica7ion of
78e new rule depends. #8ey inole dispu7ed
fac7s and arguaAle Dues7ions of law. #8e
recep7ion of eidence on 78ese arious issues
canno7 Ae done in 78is Cour7 Au7 Aefore 78e
7rial cour7.
Dispositive Cas rmandd
G,R, N#, 142453
A"ri( 3, 2003
$A#%R!
>#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n #& t! Rs#(uti#n datd
>a* 28, 2002
&AC#'
$ Rs"#ndnt and !is '#$a''usd -r '!argd -it!
mu(ti"( murdr &#r t! s!##ting and .i((ing #& (vn
ma( "rs#ns idnti&id as mm)rs #& t! Surat#ng
Ba((ng Gang,
$ %! C#urt ru(d in t! Rs#(uti#n s#ug!t t# )
r'#nsidrd t!at t! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #&
Crimina( Cass against t! a''usd -r -it! t!
:"rss '#nsnt #& t! rs"#ndnt as ! !ims(&
m#vd &#r said "r#visi#na( dismissa( -!n ! &i(d
!is m#ti#n &#r /udi'ia( dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)(
'aus and &#r :aminati#n #& -itnsss, %! C#urt
a(s# !(d t!rin t!at a(t!#ug! S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 #&
t! Rvisd Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur '#u(d )
givn rtr#a'tiv &&'t, t!r is sti(( a nd t#
dtrmin -!t!r t! r3uirmnts &#r its
a""(i'ati#n ar attndant, %! tria( '#urt -as t!us
dir'td t# rs#(v t! &#((#-ingC
,,, <1= -!t!r t! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t!
'ass !ad t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t! a''usd; <2=
-!t!r it -as #rdrd )* t! '#urt a&tr n#ti' t#
t! #&&ndd "art*; <3= -!t!r t! 2$*ar "ri#d
t# rviv it !as a(rad* (a"sd; <4= -!t!r t!r is
an* /usti&i'ati#n &#r t! &i(ing #& t! 'ass )*#nd
t! 2$*ar "ri#d; <5= -!t!r n#ti's t# t!
#&&ndd "artis -r givn )&#r t! 'ass #&
rs"#ndnt ?a's#n -r dismissd )* t!n +udg
Agnir; <6= -!t!r t!r -r a&&idavits #&
dsistan' :'utd )* t! r(ativs #& t! t!r
<3= #t!r vi'tims; <9= -!t!r t! mu(ti"( murdr
'ass against rs"#ndnt ?a's#n ar )ing rvivd
-it!in #r )*#nd t! 2$*ar )ar,
$ %! C#urt &urt!r !(d t!at t! r'.#ning dat #&
t! t-#$*ar )ar !ad t# ) &irst dtrmind -!t!r
it s!a(( ) &r#m t! dat #& t! #rdr #& t!n +udg
Agnir, +r, dismissing t! 'ass, #r &r#m t! dats #&
r'i"t t!r#& )* t! vari#us #&&ndd "artis, #r
&r#m t! dat #& &&'tivit* #& t! n- ru(, A''#rding
t# t! C#urt, i& t! 'ass -r rvivd #n(* a&tr t!
t-#$*ar )ar, t! Stat must ) givn t!
#""#rtunit* t# /usti&* its &ai(ur t# '#m"(* -it! t!
said tim$)ar, It m"!asi8d t!at t! n- ru( &i:s a
tim$)ar t# "na(i8 t! Stat &#r its in:'usa)(
d(a* in "r#s'uting 'ass a(rad* &i(d in '#urt,
4#-vr, t! Stat is n#t "r'(udd &r#m "rsnting
'#m"((ing ras#ns t# /usti&* t! rviva( #& 'ass
)*#nd t! t-#$*ar )ar,
$ %! "titi#nrs avr t!at S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 #& t!
Rvisd Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur is n#t a""(i'a)(
t# t! Crimina( Cass )'aus t! ssntia(
r3uirmnts &#r its a""(i'ati#n -r n#t "rsnt
-!n +udg Agnir, +r,, issud !is rs#(uti#n #& >ar'!
22, 1222, %! "titi#nrs maintain t!at t!
rs"#ndnt did n#t giv !is :"rss '#nsnt t# t!
dismissa( )* +udg Agnir, +r, #& t! Crimina( Cass,
%! rs"#ndnt a((gd(* admittd in !is "(adings
&i(d -it! t! C#urt #& A""a(s and during t!
!aring t!rat t!at ! did n#t &i( an* m#ti#n t#
dismiss said 'ass, #r vn agr t# a "r#visi#na(
dismissa( t!r#&, >#r#vr, t! !irs #& t! vi'tims
-r a((gd(* n#t givn "ri#r n#ti's #& t!
dismissa( #& t! said 'ass )* +udg Agnir, +r,
A''#rding t# t! "titi#nrs, t! rs"#ndnt0s
:"rss '#nsnt t# t! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t!
'ass and t! n#ti' t# a(( t! !irs #& t! vi'tims #&
t! rs"#ndnt0s m#ti#n and t! !aring t!r#n ar
'#nditi#ns sin 3ua n#n t# t! a""(i'ati#n #& t!
tim$)ar in t! s'#nd "aragra"! #& t! n- ru(,
$ %! "titi#nrs &urt!r '#ntnd t!at vn #n t!
assum"ti#n t!at t! rs"#ndnt :"rss(* '#nsntd
t# a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! Crimina( Cass and
a(( t! !irs #& t! vi'tims -r n#ti&id #& t!
rs"#ndnt0s m#ti#n )&#r t! !aring t!r#n and
-r srvd -it! '#"is #& t! rs#(uti#n #& +udg
Agnir, +r, dismissing t! (vn 'ass, t! t-#$*ar
)ar in S'ti#n 8 #& Ru( 119 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #&
Crimina( Pr#'dur s!#u(d ) a""(id "r#s"'tiv(*
and n#t rtr#a'tiv(* against t! Stat, %# a""(* t!
tim (imit rtr#a'tiv(* t# t! 'rimina( 'ass against
t! rs"#ndnt and !is '#$a''usd -#u(d vi#(at t!
rig!t #& t! P#"( t# du "r#'ss, and undu(*
im"air, rdu', and diminis! t! Stat0s su)stantiv
rig!t t# "r#s'ut t! a''usd &#r mu(ti"( murdr,
I''%!'
1, 51N S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #&
Crimina( Pr#'dur is a""(i'a)( t# t! Crimina(
Cass
2, 51N t! tim$)ar in said ru( s!#u(d ) a""(id
rtr#a'tiv(*
(!"D
1, 67S
$ S'ti#n 8, Ru( 119 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& Crimina(
Pr#'dur radsC
S', 8, Provisional dismissal, A 'as s!a(( n#t )
"r#visi#na((* dismissd :'"t -it! t! :"rss
'#nsnt #& t! a''usd and -it! n#ti' t# t!
#&&ndd "art*,
%! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& #&&nss "unis!a)( )*
im"ris#nmnt n#t :'ding si: <6= *ars #r a &in
#& an* am#unt, #r )#t!, s!a(( )'#m "rmannt
#n <1= *ar a&tr issuan' #& t! #rdr -it!#ut t!
'as !aving )n rvivd, 5it! rs"'t t# #&&nss
"unis!a)( )* im"ris#nmnt #& m#r t!an si: <6=
*ars, t!ir "r#visi#na( dismissa( s!a(( )'#m
"rmannt t-# <2= *ars a&tr issuan' #& t!
#rdr -it!#ut t! 'as !aving )n rvivd,
4aving inv#.d said ru( )&#r t! "titi#nrs$"an(
#& "r#s'ut#rs and )&#r t! C#urt #& A""a(s, t!
rs"#ndnt is )urdnd t# sta)(is! t! ssntia(
r3uisits #& t! &irst "aragra"! t!r#&, nam(*C
1, t! "r#s'uti#n -it! t! :"rss '#n&#rmit* #&
t! a''usd #r t! a''usd m#vs &#r a "r#visi#na(
<sin perjuicio= dismissa( #& t! 'as; #r )#t! t!
"r#s'uti#n and t! a''usd m#v &#r a
"r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as;
2, t! #&&ndd "art* is n#ti&id #& t! m#ti#n &#r a
"r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as;
3, t! '#urt issus an #rdr granting t! m#ti#n
and dismissing t! 'as "r#visi#na((*;
4, t! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r is srvd -it! a '#"* #&
t! #rdr #& "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as,
$ %! &#rg#ing r3uirmnts ar '#nditi#ns sine $ua
non t# t! a""(i'ati#n #& t! tim$)ar in t! s'#nd
"aragra"! #& t! n- ru(, %! raison d, etre &#r t!
r3uirmnt #& t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t! a''usd t#
a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& a 'rimina( 'as is t# )ar
!im &r#m su)s3unt(* assrting t!at t! rviva( #&
t! 'rimina( 'as -i(( "(a' !im in d#u)( /#"ard*
&#r t! sam #&&ns #r &#r an #&&ns n'ssari(*
in'(udd t!rin, A(t!#ug! t! s'#nd "aragra"! #&
t! n- ru( stats t!at t! #rdr #& dismissa( s!a((
)'#m "rmannt #n *ar a&tr t! issuan'
t!r#& -it!#ut t! 'as !aving )n rvivd, t!
"r#visi#n s!#u(d ) '#nstrud t# man t!at t! #rdr
#& dismissa( s!a(( )'#m "rmannt #n *ar a&tr
srvi' #& t! #rdr #& dismissa( #n t! "u)(i'
"r#s'ut#r -!# !as '#ntr#( #& t! "r#s'uti#n
-it!#ut t! 'rimina( 'as !aving )n rvivd, %!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r 'ann#t ) :"'td t# '#m"(* -it!
t! tim(in un(ss ! is srvd -it! a '#"* #& t!
#rdr #& dismissa(,
$ 7:"rss '#nsnt t# a "r#visi#na( dismissa( is givn
it!r viva voce #r in -riting, It is a "#sitiv, dir't,
un3uiv#'a( '#nsnt r3uiring n# in&rn' #r
im"(i'ati#n t# su""(* its maning, 5!r t! a''usd
-rits #n t! m#ti#n #& a "r#s'ut#r &#r a "r#visi#na(
dismissa( #& t! 'as @o objection #r /ith m'
conformit', t! -riting am#unts t# :"rss '#nsnt
#& t! a''usd t# a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as,
%! mr ina'ti#n #r si(n' #& t! a''usd t# a
m#ti#n &#r a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as #r !is
&ai(ur t# #)/'t t# a "r#visi#na( dismissa( d#s n#t
am#unt t# :"rss '#nsnt, A m#ti#n #& t! a''usd
&#r a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& a 'as is an :"rss
'#nsnt t# su'! "r#visi#na( dismissa(, I& a 'rimina(
'as is "r#visi#na((* dismissd -it! t! :"rss
'#nsnt #& t! a''usd, t! 'as ma* ) rvivd
#n(* -it!in t! "ri#ds "r#vidd in t! n- ru(, 1n
t! #t!r !and, i& a 'rimina( 'as is "r#visi#na((*
dismissd -it!#ut t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t!
a''usd #r #vr !is #)/'ti#n, t! n- ru( -#u(d n#t
a""(*, %! 'as ma* ) rvivd #r r&i(d vn
)*#nd t! "rs'ri)d "ri#ds su)/'t t# t! rig!t #&
t! a''usd t# #""#s t! sam #n t! gr#und #&
d#u)( /#"ard* #r t!at su'! rviva( #r r&i(ing is
)arrd )* t! statut #& (imitati#ns,
$ In t!is 'as, t! rs"#ndnt !as &ai(d t# "r#v t!at
t! &irst and s'#nd r3uisits #& t! &irst "aragra"!
#& t! n- ru( -r "rsnt -!n +udg Agnir, +r,
dismissd t! Crimina( Cass, Irr&raga)(*, t!
"r#s'uti#n did n#t &i( an* m#ti#n &#r t! "r#visi#na(
dismissa( #& t! said 'rimina( 'ass, %! rs"#ndnt
did n#t "ra* &#r t! dismissa(, "r#visi#na( #r
#t!r-is #& t! Crimina( Cass, Nit!r did ! vr
agr, im"(id(* #r :"rss(*, t# a mr "r#visi#na(
dismissa( #& t! 'ass,
$ %! C#urt a(s# agrs -it! t! "titi#nrs0
'#ntnti#n t!at n# n#ti' #& an* m#ti#n &#r t!
"r#visi#na( dismissa( #r #& t! !aring t!r#n -as
srvd #n t! !irs #& t! vi'tims at (ast t!r da*s
)&#r said !aring as mandatd )* Ru( 15, S'ti#n
4 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt, It must ) )#rn in mind t!at
in 'rims inv#(ving "rivat intrsts, t! n- ru(
r3uirs t!at t! #&&ndd "art* #r "artis #r t!
!irs #& t! vi'tims must ) givn ad3uat a priori
n#ti' #& an* m#ti#n &#r t! "r#visi#na( dismissa( #&
t! 'rimina( 'as, Su'! n#ti' ma* ) srvd #n t!
#&&ndd "art* #r t! !irs #& t! vi'tim t!r#ug! t!
"rivat "r#s'ut#r, i& t!r is #n, #r t!r#ug! t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r -!# in turn must r(a* t! n#ti'
t# t! #&&ndd "art* #r t! !irs #& t! vi'tim t#
na)( t!m t# '#n&r -it! !im )&#r t! !aring #r
a""ar in '#urt during t! !aring,
$ In t! 'as at )ar, vn i& t! rs"#ndnt0s m#ti#n
&#r a dtrminati#n #& "r#)a)( 'aus and
:aminati#n #& -itnsss ma* ) '#nsidrd &#r t!
n#n' as !is m#ti#n &#r a "r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t!
Crimina( Cass, !#-vr, t! !irs #& t! vi'tims
-r n#t n#ti&id t!r#& "ri#r t# t! !aring #n said
m#ti#n #n >ar'! 22, 1222, It must ) strssd t!at
t! rs"#ndnt &i(d !is m#ti#n #n(* #n >ar'! 19,
1222 and st it &#r !aring #n >ar'! 22, 1222 #r
)ar(* &iv da*s &r#m t! &i(ing t!r#&, A(t!#ug! t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r -as srvd -it! a '#"* #& t!
m#ti#n, t! r'#rds d# n#t s!#- t!at n#ti's t!r#&
-r s"arat(* givn t# t! !irs #& t! vi'tims #r
t!at su)"#nas -r issud t# and r'ivd )* t!m
$ Sin' t! '#nditi#ns sin 3ua n#n &#r t!
a""(i'ati#n #& t! n- ru( -r n#t "rsnt -!n
+udg Agnir, +r, issud !is rs#(uti#n, t! Stat is n#t
)arrd )* t! tim (imit st &#rt! in t! s'#nd
"aragra"! #& S'ti#n 8 #& Ru( 119 #& t! Rvisd
Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur, %! Stat 'an t!us
rviv #r r&i( t! Crimina( Cass #r &i( n-
In&#rmati#ns &#r mu(ti"( murdr against t!
rs"#ndnt,
2, N1
$ %! C#urt agrs -it! t! "titi#nrs t!at t# a""(*
t! tim$)ar rtr#a'tiv(* s# t!at t! t-#$*ar "ri#d
'#mmn'd t# run #n >ar'! 31, 1222 -!n t!
"u)(i' "r#s'ut#r r'ivd !is '#"* #& t! rs#(uti#n
#& +udg Agnir, +r, dismissing t! 'rimina( 'ass is
in'#nsistnt -it! t! intndmnt #& t! n- ru(,
Instad #& giving t! Stat t-# *ars t# rviv
"r#visi#na((* dismissd 'ass, t! Stat !ad
'#nsidra)(* (ss t!an t-# *ars t# d# s#, %!us,
+udg Agnir, +r, dismissd t! Crimina( Cass #n
>ar'! 22, 1222, %! n- ru( t##. &&'t #n
;'m)r 1, 2000, I& t! C#urt a""(id t! n- tim$
)ar rtr#a'tiv(*, t! Stat -#u(d !av #n(* #n *ar
and t!r m#nt!s #r unti( >ar'! 31, 2001 -it!in
-!i'! t# rviv t!s 'rimina( 'ass, %! "ri#d is
s!#rt #& t! t-#$*ar "ri#d &i:d undr t! n- ru(,
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, i& t! tim (imit is a""(id
"r#s"'tiv(*, t! Stat -#u(d !av t-# *ars &r#m
;'m)r 1, 2000 #r unti( ;'m)r 1, 2002 -it!in
-!i'! t# rviv t! 'ass, %!is is in '#ns#nan' -it!
t! intndmnt #& t! n- ru( in &i:ing t! tim$)ar
and t!us "rvnt in/usti' t# t! Stat and av#id
a)surd, unras#na)(, #""rssiv, in/uri#us, and
-r#ng&u( rsu(ts in t! administrati#n #& /usti', %!
"ri#d &r#m A"ri( 1, 1222 t# N#vm)r 30, 1222
s!#u(d ) :'(udd in t! '#m"utati#n #& t! t-#$
*ar "ri#d )'aus t! ru( "rs'ri)ing it -as n#t
*t in &&'t at t! tim and t! Stat '#u(d n#t )
:"'td t# '#m"(* -it! t! tim$)ar, It 'ann#t vn
) argud t!at t! Stat -aivd its rig!t t# rviv
t! 'rimina( 'ass against rs"#ndnt #r t!at it -as
ng(ignt &#r n#t rviving t!m -it!in t! t-#$*ar
"ri#d undr t! n- ru(, %# r3uir t! Stat t#
giv a va(id /usti&i'ati#n as a '#nditi#n sine $ua non
t# t! rviva( #& a 'as "r#visi#na((* dismissd -it!
t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t! a''usd )&#r t!
&&'tiv dat #& t! n- ru( is t# assum t!at t!
Stat is #)(igd t# '#m"(* -it! t! tim$)ar undr
t! n- ru( )&#r it t##. &&'t, %!is -#u(d ) a
ran. dnia( #& /usti', %! Stat must ) givn a
"ri#d #& #n *ar #r t-# *ars as t! 'as ma* )
&r#m ;'m)r 1, 2000 t# rviv t! 'rimina( 'as
-it!#ut r3uiring t! Stat t# ma. a va(id
/usti&i'ati#n &#r n#t rviving t! 'as )&#r t!
&&'tiv dat #& t! n- ru(, A(t!#ug! in 'rimina(
'ass, t! a''usd is ntit(d t# /usti' and &airnss,
s# is t! Stat,
Dispositive >#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n is GRAN%7;
1't#)r 2003
B%"AO$+ CA <P!OP"!>
181 SCRA 618
>7;IA?;7A; +anuar* 30, 1220
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari #& t! d'isi#n #& CA
&AC#'
$ In >ar'! 1284, "titi#nr Bu(a#ng &i(d -it! t! R%C
#& Lam)a(s an a'ti#n &#r sum #& m#n* against
@istan, Bunavntura and Sta, >aria, ?atr, @istan
a(s# &i(d a '#m"(aint against Bu(a#ng &#r rs'issi#n
#& '#ntra't -it! damags, %! said 'ass -r
'#ns#(idatd and ar "nding tria(,
$ In N#v, 1284, Bu(a#ng &i(d a 'rimina( '#m"(aint &#r
sta&a -it! t! Cit* Fis'a( #& Pasa* against @i'nt
@istan and ?#nard# Bunavntura, %! '#m"(ainant
and t! d&ndants &i(d t!ir a&&idavit and '#untr$
a&&idavits rs"'tiv(*,
$ In +an, 1285, "titi#nrs Bu(a#ng and !is '#uns( d
Gu8man su)mittd t# Cit* Fis'a( #& Pasa* a r"(*$
a&&idavit '#ntaining statmnts -!i'! ar a((gd t#
) (i)(#us, 4n', @istan and Bunavntura &i(d a
'#m"(aint &#r (i)( against Bu(a#ng and !is '#uns(
d Gu8man -it! t! Cit* Fis'a(, %! (attr '#ndu'td
an invstigati#n, and t!ra&tr, &i(d an in&#rmati#n
&#r (i)( against "titi#nrs, %! said in&#rmati#n -as
(atr amndd #n,
$ Ptiti#nrs m#vd t# 3uas! t! In&#rmati#n #n t!
&&, gr#undsC <1= t!at t! &a'ts '!argd d# n#t
'#nstitut an #&&ns; and 2= t!at t! &is'a( !as n#
aut!#rit* t# &i( t! In&#rmati#n, %!* &urt!r argu
t!at t! r"(*$a&&idavit -as su)mittd and s-#rn t#
)* "titi#nr Bu(a#ng n#t #n(* )'aus ! -as
r3uird t# d# s# )* t! invstigating &is'a( )ut a(s#
)'aus it -as in '#m"(ian' -it! !is (ga( and
m#ra( dut* as '#m"(ainant in t! 'as &#r sta&a
against @istan and Bunavntura and !n', t!
r"(*$a&&idavit )(#ngs t# t! '(ass #& a)s#(ut(*
"rivi(gd '#mmuni'ati#ns
$ %! assistant 'it* &is'a( &i(d an #""#siti#n t# t!
m#ti#n t# 3uas! &i(d )* "titi#nrs, R%C #& Pasa*
Cit* dnid t! m#ti#n t# 3uas!, Ptiti#nrs &i(d
>FR )ut -as dnid, Ptiti#nrs &i(d -it! CA a
"titi#n &#r 'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n, mandamus, -it!
"r(iminar* in/un'ti#n, CA dismissd "titi#n &#r (a'.
#& mrit, 4n', t! instant "titi#n &#r rvi- #n
'rti#rari -as &i(d
I''%!
51N t! "r#'dur avai(d )* "titi#nrs a&tr
dnia( )* t! R%C #& t! m#ti#n t# 3uas! <>%O= -as
'#rr't
(!"D
N1
Ratio; Ptiti#ns &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n ar n#t
t! '#rr't rmdis against an #rdr dn*ing a
m#ti#n t# 3uas!, %! d&ndant s!#u(d instad, g# t#
tria( -it!#ut "r/udi' #n !is "art t# "rsnt t!
s"'ia( d&nss ! !ad inv#.d in !is m#ti#n and, i&
a&tr tria( #n t! mrits, an advrs d'isi#n is
rndrd, t# a""a( t!r&r#m in t! mannr
aut!#ri8d )* (a-
Reasoning; FaG S', 1, Ru( 119 #& t! R1C
"r#vids t!at, u"#n arraignmnt, d&ndant s!a((
immdiat(* it!r m#v t# 3uas! t! '#m"(aint #r
in&#rmati#n #r "(ad t!rt#, or d# )#t! and t!at, i&
t! d&ndant m#vs t# 3uas!, -it!#ut "(ading, and
t! m#ti#n is -it!dra-n #r #vrru(d, ! s!#u(d
immdiat(* "(ad, -!i'! mans t!at tria( must
"r#'d, I&, a&tr tria( #n t! mrits, /udgmnt is
rndrd advrs(* t# t! m#vant in t! >%O, ! 'an
a""a( t! /udgmnt and rais t! sam d&nss #r
#)/'ti#ns ar(ir raisd in !is >%O -!i'! -#u(d t!n
) su)/'t t# rvi- )* t! a""((at '#urt, FAG An
#rdr dn*ing a >%O, (i. an #rdr dn*ing a m#ti#n
t# a'3uit, is intr(#'ut#r* and n#t a &ina( #rdr, and
t!us, n#t a""a(a)(, Nit!r 'an it ) t! su)/'t #&
a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari, Su'! #rdr #& dnia( ma*
#n(* ) rvi-d, in t! #rdinar* '#urs #& (a-, )* an
a""a( &r#m t! /udgmnt, a&tr tria(, FcG In Collins
vs. /olfe and ritratd in (ill vs. Satco, t!
a''usd, a&tr t! dnia( #& !is >%O, s!#u(d !av
"r#'dd -it! t! tria( #& t! 'as in t! '#urt
)(#-, and i& &ina( /udgmnt is rndrd against !im,
! '#u(d t!n a""a(, and u"#n su'! a""a(, "rsnt
t! 3usti#ns -!i'! ! s#ug!t t# ) d'idd )* t!
a""((at '#urt in a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari,FdG
/!t!r #r n#t t! a((gd (i)(#us statmnts in t!
r"(*$a&&idavit ar '#vrd -it!in t! mant( #&
a)s#(ut(* "rivi(gd '#mmuni'ati#ns, is a d&ns
-!i'! "titi#nrs '#u(d rais u"#n t! tria( #n t!
mrits, and, i& t!at d&ns s!#u(d &ai(, t!* '#u(d
sti(( rais t! sam #n a""a(, %! >%O t!
in&#rmati#n &#r (i)( #n t! gr#und #& 3ua(i&id
"rivi(g, du(* #""#sd )* t! "r#s'uti#n, is
"r#"r(* dnid, as t! "r#s'uti#n is ntit(d t#
"r#v at t! tria( t!at t!r -as ma(i' in &a't #n t!
"art #& t! "titi#nrs
Dispositive Ptiti#n is ;7NI7;, CA d'isi#n is
AFFIR>7;,
&%"! CA
162 SCRA 446
>7?7NCI1$47RR7RA ; +un 22, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Rvi- #n Crti#rari #& t! ;'isi#n #&
t! CA
&AC#'
$A""((at C#urt a&&irmd t! /udgmnt #& t! R%C #&
?u'na Cit* t!at '#nvi'td Fu( #& @i#(ati#n #& BP 22
<%! B#un'ing C!'.s ?a-= #n t! )asis #& t!
Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts ntrd int# )t-n t!
"r#s'uti#n and t! d&ns during t! "r$tria(
'#n&rn' in t! %ria( C#urt,
$1n(* t! "r#s'uti#n "rsntd its vidn',
Ptiti#nr$a""((ant -aivd t! rig!t t# "rsnt
vidn' and su)mittd a >m#randum '#n&irming
t! Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts, %! %ria( C#urt '#nvi'td
"titi#nr$a""((ant,
$1n a""a(, rs"#ndnt A""((at C#urt u"!(d t!
Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts and a&&irmd t! /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n, 1
I''%!
51N CA rrd in a&&irming t! d'isi#n #& t! R%C
'#nvi'ting t! "titi#nr #& t! #&&ns '!argd,
ds"it t! '#(d &a't t!at t! )asis #& t! '#nvi'ti#n
-as )asd s#((* #n t! sti"u(ati#n #& &a'ts mad
during t! "r$tria( #n August 8, 1285, -!i'! -as n#t
signd )* t! "titi#nr, n#r )* !is '#uns(
(!"D
67S, %! CA '#mmittd a mista.,
$%! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur, -!i'!
)'am &&'tiv #n +anuar* 1, 1285, a""(i'a)( t#
t!is 'as sin' t! "r$tria( -as !(d #n August 8,
1285, "r#vidsC
RS7C, 4, Pr$tria( agrmnts must ) signd, N#
agrmnt #r admissi#n mad #r ntrd during t!
"r$tria( '#n&rn' s!a(( ) usd in vidn' against
t! a''usd un(ss rdu'd t# -riting and signd )*
!im and !is '#uns(,R <Ru( 118=
%! Ru( is mandat#r*, Kndr t! ru( #& statut#r*
'#nstru'ti#n, ngativ -#rds and "!rass ar t# )
rgardd as mandat#r* -!i( t!#s in t! a&&irmativ
ar mr(* dir't#r* <>'G vs, R"u)(i'=, %! us
#& t! trm Rs!a((R &urt!r m"!asi8s its mandat#r*
'!ara'tr and mans t!at it is im"rativ, #"rating
t# im"#s a dut* -!i'! ma* ) n&#r'd <Brsa)a(
vs, Sa(vad#r=, And m#r im"#rtant(*, "na( statuts
-!t!r su)stantiv and rmdia( #r "r#'dura( ar,
)* '#ns'ratd ru(, t# ) stri't(* a""(id against t!
g#vrnmnt and (i)ra((* in &av#r #& t! a''usd
<P#"( vs, %rrad#=,
,#8e conclusion is inei7aAle5 78erefore5 78a7
78e omission of 78e signa7ure of 78e accused
and 8is counsel5 as manda7orily reDuired Ay
78e Rules5 renders 78e '7ipula7ion of &ac7s
inadmissiAle in eidence. %! &a't t!at t! (a-*r
#& t! a''usd, in !is mm#randum, '#n&irmd t!
Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts d#s n#t 'ur t! d&'t )'aus
Ru( 118 r3uirs )#t! t! a''usd and !is '#uns(
t# sign t! Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts, 5!at t! "r#s'uti#n
s!#u(d !av d#n, u"#n dis'#vring t!at t! a''usd
did n#t sign t! Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts, as r3uird )*
Ru( 118, -as t# su)mit vidn' t# sta)(is! t!
(mnts #& t! 'rim, instad #& r(*ing s#((* #n
t! su""#sd admissi#n #& t! a''usd in t!
Sti"u(ati#n #& Fa'ts, 5it!#ut said vidn'
ind"ndnt #& t! admissi#n, t! gui(t #& t!
a''usd 'ann#t ) dmd sta)(is!d )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t,
$C#ns3unt(*, undr t! 'ir'umstan's #)taining in
t!is 'as, t! nds #& /usti' r3uir t!at vidn' )
"rsntd t# dtrmin t! 'u("a)i(it* #& t!
a''usd, 5!n a /udgmnt !as )n ntrd )*
'#nsnt #& an att#rn* -it!#ut s"'ia( aut!#rit*, it
-i(( s#mtims ) st asid #r r#"nd <Natividad
vs, Natividad=,
Dispositive 547R7F1R7, t! /udgmnt #&
rs"#ndnt A""((at C#urt is R7@7RS7; and t!is
'as is !r)* #rdrd R7$1P7N7; and R7>AN;7;
t# t! a""r#"riat Bran'! #& t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt
#& ?u'na Cit*, &#r &urt!r r'"ti#n #& vidn', S1
1R;7R7;,
P!OP"! %)
329 SCRA 335
;A@I;7; >ar'! 9, 2000
&AC#'
$ Ram#n K* -as 'aug!t )* t! PNP in a )u* )ust
#"rati#n, 3 in&#rmati#ns -as &i(d against !im &#r
t! i((ga( sa( #& 5,8564 grams #&
mt!am"!tamin !*dr#'!(#rid #r Rs!a)u,R and
"#ssssi#n #& 401 grams #& t! sam drug,
$ 5!n arraignd, RA>1N "(add n#t gui(t* in a'!
'as, ;uring t! "r$tria(, t! "artis agrd #n a
/#int tria( and t# dis"ns -it! t! tstim#n* #&
F#rnsi' C!mist ?#rt# F, Brav#, %!* a(s# agrd
#n t! mar.ing #& t! :!i)its &#r t! "r#s'uti#n,
$ ;uring t! tria(, K* '(aimd t!at ! -as mr(*
&ramd,
$ %! tria( '#urt gav 'rdn' t# t! "r#s'uti#n0s
st#r* #& a (gitimat )u* )ust and '#nvi'td !im #& 2
#& t! 3 '!args against !im,
I''%!
1, 51N t!r -as a (gitimat )u* )ust
2, 51N K* agrd t# -aiv t! tstim#n* #& t!
F#rnsi' C!mist during t! "r$tria(
(!"D
1, 67S,
$ As !as )n r"atd(* !(d, 'rdn' s!a(( )
givn t# t! narrati#n #& t! in'idnt )* t!
"r#s'uti#n -itnsss s"'ia((* -!n t!* ar
"#(i' #&&i'rs -!# ar "rsumd t# !av "r&#rmd
t!ir dutis in a rgu(ar mannr, un(ss t!r )
vidn' t# t! '#ntrar*; m#r#vr in t! a)sn' #&
"r##& #& m#tiv t# &a(s(* im"ut su'! a sri#us
'rim against a""((ant, t! "rsum"ti#n #&
rgu(arit* in t! "r&#rman' #& #&&i'ia( dut*, as -((
as t! &indings #& t! tria( '#urt #n t! 'rdi)i(it* #&
-itnsss, s!a(( "rvai( #vr a""((ant0s s(&$srving
and un'#rr#)#ratd '(aim #& !aving )n &ramd
$ >#r#vr, t! d&ns #& dnia( #r &ram$u", (i.
a(i)i, !as )n vi-d )* t! '#urt -it! dis&av#r &#r
it 'an /ust as asi(* ) '#n'#'td and is a '#mm#n
and standard d&ns "(#* in m#st "r#s'uti#ns &#r
vi#(ati#n #& t! ;angr#us ;rugs A't,
2, N1,
$ K*0s "rmis is t!at at t! "r$tria( ! did n#t -aiv
t! F#rnsi' C!mist0s tstim#n* )ut #n(* Rsti"u(atd
#n t! mar.ings #& t! "r#s'uti#n0s vidn',R
Indd, t! r'#rds dis'(#s t!at during t! "r$tria(,
'#ndu'td immdiat(* a&tr t! arraignmnt #n 21
N#vm)r 1225, K*, du(* r"rsntd )* '#uns( de
parte Att*, Grard# A()rt#, and t! "r#s'uti#n
sti"u(atd #n t! mar.ings #& t! "r#s'uti#n0s
:!i)its, and agrd t# dis"ns -it! t! tstim#n*
#& F#rnsi' C!mist ?#rt# F, Brav#,
$ ;uring t! "r$tria(, "r#s'uti#n and d&ns
agrd t# sti"u(at #n t! mar.ings #& t! &#((#-ing
"r#s'uti#n0s :!i)its, t!r)* dis"nsing -i(( t!
tstim#n* #& F#rnsi' '!mist ?#rt# 7, Brav#,
$ It ma* at #n' ) n#td t!at nit!r K* n#r !is
'#uns( mad :"rss admissi#n t!at t! '#ntnts #&
t! "(asti' )ags t# R) mar.dR '#ntain s!a)u, %!at
K* agrd t# dis"ns -it! t! tstim#n* #& F#rnsi'
C!mist Brav# ma* n#t ) '#nsidrd an admissi#n
#& t! &indings #& Brav# #n t! '#ntnts #& t! "(asti'
)ag, Stri't(*, &r#m t! tn#r #& t! a&#r3u#td
"#rti#n #& t! +#int 1rdr, it is '(ar t!at K* and !is
'#uns( mr(* agrd t# t! mar.ing #& t!
:!i)its, and t! '(aus Rt!r)* dis"nsing -it! t!
tstim#n* #& &#rnsi' C!mist ?#rt# 7, Brav#R must
) undrst##d in t!at '#nt:t,
$ 7vn granting &#r t! sa. #& argumnt t!at K*
admittd during t! "r$tria( t!at t! "(asti' )ags
'#ntaind s!a)u , t! admissi#n 'ann#t ) usd in
vidn' against !im )'aus t! +#int 1rdr -as
n#t signd )* K* and !is '#uns(, S'ti#n 4 #& Ru(
118 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt :"rss(* "r#vidsC
S7C, 40, Pre)trial agreements must be signed, N#
agrmnt #r admissi#n mad #r ntrd during
t! "r$tria( '#n&rn' s!a(( ) usd in vidn'
against t! a''usd un(ss rdu'd t# -riting and
signd and !is '#uns(,
$ %! "ur"#s #& t!is r3uirmnt is t# &urt!r
sa&guard t! rig!ts #& t! a''usd against
im"r#vidnt #r unaut!#ri8d agrmnts #r
admissi#ns -!i'! !is '#uns( ma* !av ntrd int#
-it!#ut !is .n#-(dg, as ! ma* !av -aivd !is
"rsn' at t! "r$tria( '#n&rn'; (iminat an*
d#u)t #n t! '#n&#rmit* #& t! a''usd t# t! &a'ts
agrd u"#n,
$ Nvrt!(ss, K* 'ann#t ta. advantag #& t!
a)sn' #& !is and !is '#uns(0s signaturs #n t!
"r tria( #rdr, %!* did n#t #)/'t -!n t!
"r#s'uti#n "rsntd t! "(asti' )ags and said t!at
it '#ntaind s!a)u, K* 'ann#t n#- rais it &#r t!
&irst tim #n a""a(, 1)/'ti#n t# vidn' 'ann#t )
raisd &#r t! &irst tim #n a""a(,
Dispositive ;'isi#n a&&irmd in t#t#
P!OP"! "ARRAMA+A
P7R CKRIA>; +anuar* 31, 2006
$A#%R!
>FR &i(d )* )r#t!rs +ams Ant!#n* and +ams
Andr-, )#t! surnamd K*, "ra*ing &#r t! rdu'ti#n
#& t! "na(tis im"#sd u"#n t! (attr #n t!
gr#und t!at ! -as a min#r at t! tim t! 'rims
-r '#mmittd,
&AC#'
$ %! K* )r#t!rs -r '#nvi'td #& t! 'rims #&
s"'ia( '#m"(: 'rim #& .idna""ing and sri#us
i((ga( dtnti#n -it! !#mi'id and ra"; and sim"(
.idna""ing and sri#us i((ga( dtnti#n, %! K*
)r#t!rs '(aim t!at +ams Andr- -as #n(* 19 *ars
and 262 da*s #(d at t! tim t! 'rims -r
'#mmittd, 4 )gs (av and "(ads t!at - admit
at t!is stag #& t! "r#'dings !is Crti&i'at #& ?iv
Birt! issud )* t! NS1, and Ba"tisma( Crti&i'at,
4 "ra*s t!at !is "na(t* ) rdu'd, as in t! 'as
#& !is )r#t!r +ams Ant!#n*,
$ Sin' t! ntr* in t! )irt! 'rti&i'at -as n#t
(gi)(, t! '#urt r3uird t! S#(Gn t# s'ur a
'(ar and (gi)( '#"* &r#m t! Civi( Rgistrar #&
C#ta)at# as -(( as t! NS1, and t!ra&tr t# &i( a
'#mmnt #n t! issu #& +ams Andr-Qs min#rit*,
%! d#'umnts s!#-d t!at +ams Andr- -as
indd a min#r -!n t! 'rims -r '#mmittd,
%! S#(Gn r'#mmndd t!at t! "na(t* im"#sd
) rdu'd,
I''%!
51N +ams Ant!#n*Qs "na(t* s!#u(d ) rdu'd
)'aus ! -as a min#r at t! tim t! 'rim -as
'#mmittd
(!"D
67S
Ratio Arti'( 68 #& t! RPC "r#vidsC K"#n a "rs#n
#vr &i&tn and undr ig!tn *ars #& ag t!
"na(t* n:t (#-r t!an t!at "rs'ri)d )* (a- s!a((
) im"#sd, )ut a(-a*s in t! "r#"r "ri#d, %!us,
t! im"#sa)( "na(t* #n +ams Andr-, )* ras#n
#& !is min#rit*, is 1 dgr (#-r t!an t! statut#r*
"na(t*,
Reasoning
, %! "na(t* &#r t! s"'ia( '#m"(: 'rim #&
.idna""ing and sri#us i((ga( dtnti#n -it!
!#mi'id and ra" )ing dat!, #n dgr (#-r
t!r&r#m is reclusion perpetua, 1n t! #t!r !and,
t! "na(t* &#r sim"( .idna""ing and sri#us i((ga(
dtnti#n is reclusion perpetua t# dat!, 1n dgr
(#-r t!r&r#m is reclusion temporal. %!r )ing
n# aggravating and mitigating 'ir'umstan', t!
"na(t* t# ) im"#sd #n +ams Andr- is reclusion
temporal in its mdium "ri#d, A""(*ing t!
Indtrminat Sntn' ?a-, ! s!#u(d )
sntn'd t# su&&r t! "na(t* #& 12 *ars #& prision
ma'or in its ma:imum "ri#d, as minimum, t# 19
*ars #& reclusion temporal in its mdium "ri#d, as
ma:imum,
Dispositive %! >FR is GRAN%7;, F#r t! 'rim #&
.idna""ing and sri#us i((ga( dtnti#n -it!
!#mi'id and ra", +ams Andr- K* is sntn'd t#
r'(usi#n "r"tua; F#r t! 'rim #& sim"(
.idna""ing and sri#us i((ga( dtnti#n, t! "na(t*
#& 12 *ars #& prision ma'or in its ma:imum "ri#d,
as minimum, t# 19 *ars #& reclusion temporal in its
mdium "ri#d, as ma:imum,
P!OP"! 9%IA/O$
98 SCRA 513
F7RNAN;1; August 31, 1299
$A#%R!
P(a #& A'ting S#(i'it#r @i'nt >nd#8a t# a'3uit t!
a''usd,
&AC#'
$ +udgmnt #& (#-r '#urt '#nvi'td Ant#ni# Ouia8#n
#& a)du'ti#n -it! ra", A'ting S#(i'it#r Gnra(
@i'nt @, >nd#8a, instad #& &i(ing a )ri& &#r
a""((, su)mittd a >ani&stati#n r'#mmnding
t!at t! /udgmnt #& t! (#-r '#urt ) rvrsd and
an#t!r ) ntrd a'3uitting !im, t! nd &#r a
t!#r#ug! stud* #& t! r'#rd )'am vidnt,
$ 7vnts startd in a '!an' n'#untr )t-n
'#m"(ainant, @irginia Sa(a8ar d (a Cru8 <@irginia=,
and a""((ant -!i( t!* -r "assngrs in a
Ba(iuag %ransit )us, )#t! #& t!m )ing rsidnts
t!r#& and )#und &#r San +#s Cit*, Nuva 7'i/a,
@irginia -as 3uit &rind(*, and during t! tri" -as
(aning #n Ouia8#n, 7n'#uragd, Ouia8#n as.d i& !
'#u(d visit !r at !#m, @irginia said t!at instad
t!* '#u(d mt in t! "u)(i' mar.t #& San +#s
Cit*,
$ %-# da*s t!ra&tr t!* mt, Ouia8#n )r#ug!t
@irginia !#m and intr#du'd !r t# !is "arnts,
ann#un'ing t!at s! -as g#ing t# ) t!ir daug!tr$
in$(a-, %!at sam da* t!* !ad s:ua( intr'#urs in
t! !#us #& Ouia8#n,
$ A&tr t!at da*, it -as n#t un:"'td &#r su'!
intima'is t# ) r"atd, 7vr* tim @irginia visitd
Ouia8#n t!* !ad s:ua( intr'#urs,
$ >a* 1293C t! a''usd -as ating in t! "u)(i'
mar.t -it! !is &rind R#g(i# @igi(ia and t!
'#m"(ainant @irginia, Suddn(* @irginia st##d u" and
(&t t!m )'aus s! sa- !r !us)and, %!
&#((#-ing m#rning, -!n R#g(i# -nt t# visit !is
)r#t!r$in$(a-, -!# is a nig!)#r #& t! '#m"(ainant
in Barri# A)ar, ! sa- @irginia -it! '#ntusi#ns and a
s-#((n &a', 4 as.d !is )r#t!r$in$(a- -!at !ad
!a""nd, and -as t#(d t!at '#m"(ainantQs !us)and
!ad )atn !r,
$ Ouia8#n and @irgina s(d#m sa- a'! #t!r a&tr
t! &#rmr (arnd #& t! (attr0s marriag, 4#-vr,
t!* -r#t a'! #t!r (ttrs, and vn sa- a'!
#t!r #n '#unt(ss #''asi#ns a&tr t! .n#-(dg
rgarding t! marriag sur&a'd,
$ >ani&stati#nC R%! '#m"(ainant !ad ar(ir
intr#du'd !rs(& t# t! a''usd as a -id#-,
Ant#ni# did n#t .n#- t!at @irginia -as in &a't
marrid, unti( s#mtim during t! &irst -. #& >a*,
1293 -!n t!* -r ating at t! rstaurant, 5!n
! (arnd t!at s! -as marrid, ! t#(d !r t# av#id
!im, )ut s! ans-rd t!at s! '#u(d n#t, )'aus
s! (#vd !im, Ant#ni# did n#t a(s# tr* t# av#id !r
)'aus ! (#vd !r :::B 7vn Ouia8#n0s "arnts
#)/'td t# t! r(ati#ns!i", )ut t# n# avai(,
$ %# av#id )ing &#und #ut, Ouia8#n and @irginia
trav(d &r#m )arri# t# )arri# unti( t!* ra'!d
Barri# Armnia in %ar(a', -!r t!* sta*d &#r m#r
t!an a -., 5!i( #n t!ir -a* t# t! v#ting
"r'in't -!i'! -as nar a P,C, ;ta'!mnt, a P, C,
s#(dir, Sgt, ;at#n, st#""d t!m )'aus !
n#ti'd t!at t!* -r n- in t! "(a', %! P, C,
1&&i'r as.d !r -!t!r Ant#ni# Ouia8#n -as !r
!us)and, and s! ans-rd in t! ngativ, At t!
P,C, 4ad3uartrs, @irginia -as as.d -!# !r
!us)and -as, and s! ans-r t!at !r !us)and is
Sgt, Gaudn'i# d (a Cru8, an arm* man, It -as t!n
-!n t! P,C, s#(dirs )'am intrstd in as.ing
!r -!* s! -as in %ar(a', %! '#m"(ainant
ans-rd t!at s! -as )r#ug!t t!r )* t! a''usd
and t!at Ant#ni# a)du'td and ra"d !r,
$ In Ca)anatuan Cit* t! a''usd Ant#ni# -as
dtaind in /ai(, )* virtu #& t! '#m"(aint )r#ug!t )*
@irginia against !im, 5!n ! -as in /ai(, @irginia
visitd !im, S! a"#(#gi8d t# !im and t#(d !im t!at
s! did n#t -ant -!at !ad !a""nd t# !im, )ut s!
!ad t# d# it )'aus s! -as a&raid #& !r !us)and,
I''%!
51N Ouia8#n is guit* #& a)du'ti#n -it! ra",
(!"D
N1, !is gui(t -as n#t "r#vn )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t, and a''#rding t# t! >ani&stati#n #& t!
A'ting S#(i'it#r Gnra(, t! vidn' su""#rts
Ouia8#n0s inn#'n',
Ratio 1n(* i& t! /udg )(#- and t! a""((at
tri)una( '#u(d arriv at a '#n'(usi#n t!at t! 'rim
!as )n '#mmittd "r'is(* )* t! "rs#n #n tria(
undr su'! an :a'ting tst s!#u(d t! sntn' )
#n #& '#nvi'ti#n, It is t!us r3uird t!at vr*
'ir'umstan' &av#ring !is inn#'n' ) du(* ta.n
int# a''#unt, %! "r##& against !im must surviv t!
tst #& ras#n; t! str#ngst sus"i'i#n must n#t )
"rmittd t# s-a* /udgmnt, %! '#ns'in' must
) satis&id t!at #n t! d&ndant '#u(d ) (aid t!
rs"#nsi)i(it* &#r t! #&&ns '!argd; t!at n#t #n(*
did ! "r"trat t! a't )ut t!at it am#untd t# a
'rim, >#ra( 'rtaint* is r3uird,
Reasoning
$ Ar7. -5 'ec7ion 1. <2> <C#nstituti#n=
BIn all criminal prosecu7ions5 78e accused
s8all Ae presumed innocen7 un7il 78e con7rary
is proed CCCP
$ It is "r'is(* )'aus #& su'! n#t#ri#us (a'. #& an*
"rsuasiv &#r' in t! tstim#n* #& '#m"(ainant t!at
t! >ani&stati#n assrtd m#st m"!ati'a((* t!at
a""((ant '#u(d r(* #n t! '#nstituti#na(
"rsum"ti#n #& inn#'n', #n #& t! m#st va(ua)(
rig!ts #& an a''usd "rs#n
$ %! '#m"(ainant a((gs t!at #n +u(* 3, 1293 t!
a''usd, -!#m t! '#m"(ainant !ad nvr mt
)&#r, suddn(* gra))d !r -!i( s! -as in t!
"u)(i' mar.t #& San +#s Cit* and &#r'd !r t#
)#ard a tri'*'(, %!n ! t##. !r t# t! !#us #& !is
"arnts -!r ! ravis!d !r, %! a)du'ti#n
#''urrd in )r#ad da*(ig!t, #r at a)#ut 10C00 in t!
m#rning, %! im"r#)a)i(it* #& t! '#m"(ainantQs
'!arg is immdiat(* visi)( &r#m t! tim and (#'us
-!r t! 'rim -as su""#sd t# !av )n
'#mmittd, %! mar.t, )ing a "u)(i' "(a', -as at
its )usist at 10 in t! m#rning, @irginia -as a(s#
-it! a ni' at t! tim, An* '#mm#ti#n -#u(d asi(*
attra't attnti#n, In additi#n, t!r -as a "#(i'
#ut"#st nar t! mar.t,
Dispositive ;'isi#n is rvrsd, and t! a''usd is
a'3uittd,
CA'#I""O &I"#!=
124 SCRA 200
7SC1?IN; S"tm)r 30, 1283
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m CFI Ri8a( d'isi#n
&AC#'
$Artmi# Casti((#, an m"(#* #& FI?%7J and a
mm)r #& t! Sama!an ng >a(a*a >anggaga-a sa
Fi(t: <FF5=, -as '!argd t#gt!r -it! #t!rs in t!
>%C >a.ati -it! t! #&&ns #& s(ig!t "!*si'a(
in/uris, &#r !is a((gd inv#(vmnt in a mau(ing and
s!ining in'idnt -!i'! #''urrd s#mtim in +u(*
1264 at t! !ig!t #& a stri. 'a((d )* t!
SA>A4AN, ;uring t! "ndn'* #& t! 'as, Casti((#
-as sus"ndd &r#m !is /#),
$+u(* 8, 1264C FI?%7J and SA>A4AN ntrd int# a
ARturn 5#r. AgrmntBC
U"ar, 3C '#m"an* m"(#*s against -!#m '#urt
'ass ar &i(d #r t# ) &i(d, s!a(( ) sus"ndd )*
t! '#m"an* u"#n &i(ing #& su'! 'ass )* t! &is'a(
-it! t! "r#"r '#urts &#r as (#ng as t! said 'ass
s!a(( rmain "nding in '#urt
U"ar, 4C in t! vnt said m"(#*s ar &#und
inn#'nt )* t! '#urts, t! C1>PAN6 agrs t#
rinstat t!m t# t!ir rs"'tiv /#)s -it! )a'.
-ags minus -!atvr arnings t!* arnd during
t! "ri#d #& sus"nsi#n; #t!r-is, i& &#und gui(t*
t!* s!a(( rmain dismissd;
$A&tr tria(, t! >%C >a.ati &#und Casti((# gui(t* #&
s(ig!t "!*si'a( in/uris,
$CFI Ri8a( dismissd t! 'as <N#vm)r 28, 1266=
)'aus '#m"(ainant &ai(d t# a""ar at t!
s'!du(d tria(,
$Casti((# as.d &#r rinstatmnt and )a'. -ags,
5!n FI?%7J "aid n# !ad t# !is dmands, !
institutd a'ti#n in CFI Ri8a(, '(aiming t!at dismissa(
#& t! 'rimina( 'as /usti&id !is rinstatmnt and
"a*mnt #& )a'. -ags, "ursuant t# "aragra"! 4 #&
t! ARturn t# 5#r. Agrmnt,B
$FI?%7J &i(d m#ti#n t# dismiss; gr#undsC (a'. #&
'aus #& a'ti#n and -ant #& /urisdi'ti#n, t! 'as
)ing a((gd(* -it!in t! :'(usiv /urisdi'ti#n #&
CIR, %!is m#ti#n -as dnid,
$Pr$tria(C t! "artis d&ind t! "rin'i"a( issu AIs
Casti((# ntit(d t# rinstatmnt and )a'. -ags
a&tr t! dismissa( #& t! '!arg against !im in
a''#rdan' -it! "ar, 4 #& t! RRturn t# 5#r.
AgrmntHB
$Cas -as su)mittd &#r d'isi#n #n t! )ass #& t!
"artis0 mm#randa and sti"u(ati#n #& &a'ts, CFI Ri8a(
dismissd Casti((#0s '#m"(aint, and #rdrd !im t#
"a* FI?%7J P1t!#u as att#rn*Qs &s, "(us '#sts,
Ras#ningC CFI Ri8a(0s dismissa( #& t! 'as -as #n(*
)'aus #& t! &ai(ur #& t! '#m"(ainant t# a""ar
at t! s'!du(d tria(, %! agrmnt t# rinstat an
m"(#* :"rss(* stats t!at t!r must ) a
&inding #& inn#'n' )* t! '#urts, It did n#t sti"u(at
t!at t! 'as s!#u(d ) dismissd,
$4n', t!is a""a(,
I''%!
51N Casti((# is ntit(d t# rinstatmnt and
)a'.-ags
(!"D
67S, Since the criminal case "as ultimately
dismissed( the constitutional presumption o
innocence in avor o the appellant should !e
applied# Castillos innocence need no longer !e
proved( since under the undamental la" his
innocence is presumed#
$5!i( it is tru t!at Casti((# -as '#nvi'td #& t!
#&&ns #& s(ig!t "!*si'a( in/uris )* >%C >a.ati, it is
undis"utd t!at #n a""a(, CFI Ri8a( dismissd t!
'as &#r &ai(ur #& t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss t#
a""ar,
$RAC Rule 7DC& !ec P Trial de novo on appeal. An
appealed case shall be tried in all respects anew in
the courts of first instance as if it had been originall'
instituted in that court.
$A""(*ing t!is ru(, t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n
rndrd )* >%C >a.ati -as va'atd u"#n
"r&'ti#n #& t! a""a(, t# ) trid d n#v# in t!
CFI as i& it -r #rigina((* institutd t!rin, %!
"!ras Rt# va'atR a""(id t# a /udgmnt mans Rt#
annu(, t# rndr v#id,R
$People vs. Drama'o The starting point is the
constitutional presumption of innocence ) a right
safeguarded the accused, A''usati#n is n#t,
a''#rding t# t! &undamnta( (a-, s*n#n*m#us -it!
gui(t, It is in'um)nt #n t! "r#s'uti#n t#
dm#nstrat t!at 'u("a)i(it* (is, Guilt must be
shown be'ond reasonable doubt. %# su'! a standard
t!is C#urt !as a(-a*s )n '#mmittd,
$%!r is nd &#r t! m#st 'ar&u( s'rutin* #& t!
tstim#n* #& t! stat, )#t! #ra( and d#'umntar*,
ind"ndnt(* #& -!atvr d&ns is #&&rd )* t!
a''usd, 1n(* i& t! /udg )(#- and t! a""((at
tri)una( '#u(d arriv at a '#n'(usi#n t!at t! 'rim
!ad )n '#mmittd "r'is(* )* "rs#n #n tria(
undr su'! an :a'ting tst '#u(d sntn' ) #n #&
'#nvi'ti#n,
$It is t!us re$uired that ever' circumstance favoring
his innocence be dul' taken into account. The proof
against him must survive the test of reason- the
strongest suspicion must not be permitted to swa'
judgment. %! '#ns'in' must ) satis&id t!at #n
t! d&ndant '#u(d ) (aid t! rs"#nsi)i(it* &#r t!
#&&ns '!argd; t!at n#t #n(* did ! "r"trat t!
a't )ut t!at it am#untd t# a 'rim, S# it !as )n
!(d &r#m t! 1203 d'isi#n #& Jnited !tates v.
Re'es.
Interpretation o par# B o Return to @orC
5greement
$FI?%7JC said "aragra"! r3uirs an :"rss &inding
#& inn#'n' )* t! '#urt in #rdr t# ntit( an
m"(#* t# rinstatmnt and )a'. -ags; n# su'!
&inding #& inn#'n' !ad )n mad )'aus t!
'rimina( 'as -as dismissd #n a mr t'!ni'a(it*;
intr"rtati#n #& said agrmnt s!#u(d n#t )
strt'!d t# in'(ud a Rmr "rsum"ti#n #&
inn#'n' undr t! (a-,R
$SCC C#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n #n "r#t'ti#n t# (a)#r
'#nstrains '#urts t# intr"rt t! agrmnt in
3usti#n in &av#r #& t! '(aim #& t! (a)#rr and
against t!at #& managmnt, %!#s -!# ar (ss
&#rtunat in trms #& '#n#mi' -(($)ing s!#u(d )
givn "r&rntia( attnti#n, Stat0s #)(igati#n t#
"r#t't (a)#r is -(&ar stat '#n'"t vita(i8d, <Art,
4, ?a)#r C#d, Art, 1900, NCC, aba !!I =
Dispositive CFI Ri8a( d'isi#n st asid, Rmand t#
?a)#r Ar)itr #& N?RC &#r dtrminati#n #& t!
am#unt #& )a'. -ags,
BOR*A M!$DO/A
99 SCRA 422
F7RNAN;1; +un 20, 1299
&AC#'
$ N#t-it!standing t! a)sn' #& an arraignmnt #&
"titi#nr >anu( B#r/a, a''usd #& s(ig!t "!*si'a(
in/uris, rs"#ndnt +udg R#mu(# R, Snining
"r#'dd -it! t! tria( in a)sntia and &#und t!
a''usd gui(t* #& su'! #&&ns,
$ An a""a( -as &i(d in t! CFI #& C)u "rsidd )*
rs"#ndnt +udg Ra&a( %, >nd#8a,
$ It -as t!n a((gd t!at -it!#ut an* n#ti' t#
"titi#nr and -it!#ut r3uiring !im t# su)mit !is
mm#randum, a d'isi#n #n t! a""a(d 'as -as
rndrd a&&irming t! /udgmnt #& t! Cit* C#urt,
Petitioners Claim It is t! '#ntnti#n #& "titi#nr
t!at t! &ai(ur t# arraign !im is vi#(ativ #& !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# "r#'dura( du "r#'ss, m#r
s"'i&i'a((* #& !is rig!t t# ) in&#rmd #& t! natur
and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im and #& !is
rig!t t# ) !ard )* !ims(& and '#uns(,
$ %! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, -!n as.d t# '#mmnt,
agrd t!at t! "r#'dura( d&'t -as #& su'!
gravit* as t# rndr v#id t! d'isi#n #& t! Cit*
C#urt a&&irmd )* t! C#urt #& First Instan', %!
'#mmnt -as '#nsidrd as ans-r, -it! t! 'as
)ing su)mittd &#r d'isi#n,
I''%!
51N t! a''usd0s '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# "r#'dura(
du "r#'ss -as vi#(atd,
(!"D
67S,
%! C#nstituti#n r3uirs t!at t! a''usd )
arraignd s# t!at ! ma* ) in&#rmd as t# -!* )
-as indi'td and -!at "na( #&&ns ! !as t# &a',
t# ) '#nvi'td #n(* #n a s!#-ing t!at !is gui(t is
s!#-n )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t -it! &u(( #""#rtunit*
t# dis"r#v t! vidn' against !im,
$ It is at t!at stag #& arraignmnt -!r in t! m#d
and mannr r3uird )* t! Ru(s, an a''usd, &#r
t! &irst tim, is grantd t! #""#rtunit* t# .n#- t!
"r'is '!arg t!at '#n&r#nts !im, It is im"rativ
t!at ! is t!us mad &u((* a-ar #& "#ssi)( (#ss #&
&rd#m, vn #& !is (i& d"nding #n t! natur #&
t! 'rim im"utd t# !im, At t! vr* (ast t!n, !
must ) &u((* in&#rmd #& -!* t! "r#s'uting arm #&
t! stat is m#)i(i8d against !im, It is a vita( as"'t
#& t! '#nstituti#na( rig!ts guarantd !im, It is n#t
us(ss &#rma(it*, mu'! (ss an id( 'rm#n*,
$ Ptiti#nr -as n#t arraignd at a(( and -as n#t
r"rsntd )* '#uns( t!r#ug!#ut t! -!#(
"r#'dings in t! rs"#ndnt Cit* C#urt, It is
indis"uta)( t!n t!at t!r -as a dnia( #&
"titi#nrQs '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# ) !ard )*
!ims(& and '#uns(,
$ An 3ua((* &ata( d&'t in t! "r#'ding !ad )&#r
rs"#ndnt +udg Snining -as t!at n#t-it!standing
its )ing '#ndu'td in t! a)sn' #& "titi#nr, !
-as '#nvi'td, It -as s!#-n t!at a&tr #n
"#st"#nmnt du t# !is &ai(ur t# a""ar, t! 'as
-as rst &#r !aring, 5!n t!at dat 'am, -it!#ut
"titi#nr )ing "rsnt, a(t!#ug! !is )#ndsman
-r n#ti&id, rs"#ndnt +udg, as st &#rt! in t!
'#mmnt #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, Ra((#-d t!
"r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its vidn', %!ru"#n,
rs"#ndnt Cit* C#urt "r#mu(gatd t!d'isi#n,
$ It is t! '#nstituti#na( rig!t #& t! a''usd t# )
!ard in !is d&ns )&#r sntn' is "r#n#un'd
#n !im, Su'! R'#nstituti#na( rig!t is invi#(at,R %!r
is n# d#u)t t!at it '#u(d ) -aivd, )ut !r t!r
-as n# su'! -aivr, -!t!r :"rss #r im"(id,
$ %! "r#visi#n in t! "rsnt C#nstituti#n a((#-ing
tria( t# ) !(d in a)sntia is unavai(ing, It 'ann#t
/usti&* t! a'tuati#n #& rs"#ndnt +udg Snining, Its
(anguag is '(ar and :"(i'it, 5!at is m#r, it is
mandat#r*, %!usC R4#-vr, a&tr arraignmnt, tria(
ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing t! a)sn' #& t!
a''usd "r#vidd t!at ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id and
!is &ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id,R As "#intd #ut
t!n )* t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, t! indis"nsa)(
r3uisit &#r tria( in a)sntia is t!at it s!#u(d '#m
Ra&tr arraignmnt,R
$ 5it!#ut t! a''usd !aving )n arraignd, it
)'#ms a'admi' t# dis'uss t! a""(i'a)i(it* #& t!is
:'"ti#n t# t! )asi' '#nstituti#na( rig!t t!at t!
a''usd s!#u(d ) !ard )* !ims(& and '#uns(,
$ %! a""a( t# t! C#urt #& First Instan' "rsidd
)* rs"#ndnt +udg >nd#8a did n#t "#ssss an*
'urativ as"'t, Rs"#ndnt '#nsidrd t! a""a(
ta.n )* t! "titi#nr as -aivr #& t! d&'ts in
t! "r#'dings in t! rs"#ndnt Cit* C#urt,
$ Pr'is(*, t! a""a( its(& is tantam#unt t#
3usti#ning t!#s d&'ts, In &a't, t! >m#randum
in su""#rt #& t! a""a( unmista.a)(* raisd as rr#r
t! a)sn' #& "titi#nr at t! arraignmnt and
'itd /uris"rudn', '#mmntaris and t! ru(s t#
)#(str !is "#siti#n, S"'i&i'a((*, t! a)sn' #& an
arraignmnt 'an ) inv#.d at an*tim in vi- #& t!
r3uirmnts #& du "r#'ss t# nsur a &air and
im"artia( tria(,
Dispositive %! "titi#n -as grantd,
P!OP"! A"ICA$DO
251 SCRA 223
PKN1; ;'m)r 12, 1225
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi-
&AC#'
$ A(i'and# -as '!argd #& ra" -it! !#mi'id &#r t!
dat! #& S!a8i Pn'i((a #n +un 12, 1224 in I(#i(#
Cit*, In t! "r#'ss #& ra"ing S!a8i, ! '!#.d !r
t!us 'ausing !r dat!,
U S!a8i0s &at!r R#m# -as !aving a drin. -it!
t-# &rinds in R#m#0s !#us, A(i'and# vntua((*
/#ind t!m, At ar#und 4C30 P>, R#m#0s &rinds
(&t,
U At ar#und 5C30 P>, R)ada, #n #& Pn'i((a0s
nig!)#rs, s"#ttd S!a8i )* t! -ind#- #&
A(i'and#0s !#us, S!a8i #&&rd t# )u* *mas
&r#m R)ada )ut A(i'and# '(#sd t! -ind#-,
R)ada t!n !ard S!a8i 'r*ing s# s!
a""r#a'!d t! !#us and sa- t!r#ug! an
#"ning )t-n t! &(##r and t! d##r t!at
S!a8i -as )ing ra"d,
U S!a8i did n#t '#m !#m s# R#m# and !is
-i& (##.d &#r !r, R)ada did n#t t(( t!m -!at
s! sa-,
U In t! m#rning, S!a8i0s '#r"s -as &#und undr
t! !#us #& Santiag#, an#t!r nig!)#r, R)ada
t!n t#(d t! Pn'i((as -!at s! .n-,
U A(i'and# -as arrstd and !r vr)a((*
'#n&ssd !is gui(t t# P13 %an -it!#ut t!
assistan' #& '#uns(, Basd #n !is '#n&ssi#n
and &#((#-$u" intrr#gati#ns, S!a8i0s s(i""rs
-r r'#vrd &r#m A(i'and#0s !#m a(#ng -it! a
staind %$s!irt and "i((#-,
$ +un 22, 1224 N A(i'and# -as arraignd and
"(add gui(t*, A&tr t! "(a #& gui(t, t! tria( '#urt
#rdrd t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt its vidn',
$ +u(* 20, 1224 N %! tria( '#urt sntn'd A(i'and# t#
dat! )* ('tri' '!air #r, i& t! "na( &a'i(itis -#u(d
) avai(a)( )* t!n, )* gas "#is#ning,
I''%!
51N t! a''usd -as "r#"r(* mtd t! sntn'
#& dat!
(!"D
N1
1, Arraignmnt #& t! a''usd -as nu(( and v#id
Ratio ;uring arraignmnt, t! '#m"(aint #r t!
in&#rmati#n s!#u(d ) rad in a (anguag #r dia('t
-!i'! t! a''usd undrstands,
Reasoning
$ %! tria( /udg &ai(d t# &#((#- t! "r#'dur
#ut(ind in Ru( 116 #& t! R#C,
$ %! in&#rmati#n -as -rittn in 7ng(is! and it -as
un.n#-n -!t!r #r n#t t! a''usd '#u(d
undrstand 7ng(is! -((, It '#u(d n#t ) said -it!
'rtaint* t!at t! a''usd -as in&#rmd #& t!
natur and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im,
2, %! "(a #& gui(t -as nu(( and v#id,
Ratio Ru( 116, S', 3 "r#vids t!at in a "(a #&
gui(t, t! '#urt s!#u(d as'rtain t!at t! a''usd
v#(untari(* ntrd int# t! "(a and &u((*
'#m"r!nds t! rami&i'ati#ns #& su'! a "(a and, in
additi#n, t! "r#s'uti#n s!#u(d a(s# ) r3uird t#
"r#v !is gui(t and t! "r'is dgr #& 'u("a)i(it*,
Reasoning
$ %!is ru( is a rstatmnt #& t! d#'trin (aid d#-n
in People vs. Apduhan. %! sar'!ing in3uir* #& t!
tria( '#urt must ) &#'usd #nC <1= t! v#(untarinss
#& t! "(a, and <2= t! &u(( '#m"r!nsi#n #& t!
'#ns3un's #& t! "(a,
$ %! 3usti#ns #& t! tria( '#urt &ai(d t# s!#- t!
v#(untarinss #& t! "(a #& gui(t #& t! a""((ant n#r
did t! 3usti#ns dm#nstrat a""((antQs &u((
'#m"r!nsi#n #& t! '#ns3un's #& !is "(a,
U %! r'#rds d# n#t '(ar(* i((ustrat t!
"rs#na(it* "r#&i( #& t! a''usd,
U %! ag, s#'i#$'#n#mi' status and du'ati#na(
)a'.gr#und #& t! a''usd -r n#t :amind,
U 5it! rgard t# v#(untarinss, 3usti#ns
rgarding t! "rsn' #r a)sn' #&
ma(tratmnt #& t! a''usd ar dmd
insu&&i'int -!n a r'#rd #& vnts in t! "na(
&a'i(it* indi'at t!at A(i'and# su&&rd a !mat#ma
&r#m )ing (#'.d u" in a '(( -it! vi#(nt inmats
u"#n !is arrst,
U 5it! rgard t# '#m"r!nsi#n, t! tria( '#urt
inad3uat(* -arnd A(i'and# t!at a "(a #& gui(t
-#u(d rsu(t t# a mandat#r* #& "na(t* #& dat!
-it!#ut :"(aining t# !im -!at mandat#r* mant,
$ %! ru( r3uirs t!at a&tr a &r and int((ignt
"(a #& gui(t t! tria( '#urt must r3uir t!
"r#s'uti#n t# "r#v t! gui(t #& t! a""((ant and
t! "r'is dgr #& !is 'u("a)i(it* )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t, Ru( 116, S', 3 m#di&is "ri#rituis
"rudn' t!at a "(a #& gui(t vn in 'a"ita( #&&nss
is su&&i'int t# sustain a '#nvi'ti#n '!argd in t!
in&#rmati#n -it!#ut nd #& &urt!r "r##&,
3, S#m "r#s'uti#n vidn', #&&rd ind"ndnt(*
#& t! "(a #& gui(t #& t! a""((ant, -r
inadmissi)(, *t -r '#nsidrd )* t! tria( '#urt
'#nvi'ting t! a""((ant,
Ratio >Fruit #& t! "#is#n#us trB d#'trinC #n'
t! "rimar* s#ur' <t! RtrR= is s!#-n t# !av
)n un(a-&u((* #)taind, an* s'#ndar* #r
drivativ vidn' <t! R&ruitR= drivd &r#m it is
a(s# inadmissi)(, In #t!r -#rds, i((ga((* si8d
vidn' is #)taind as a dir't rsu(t #& t! i((ga(
a't, -!ras t! R&ruit #& t! "#is#n#us trR is t!
indir't rsu(t #& t! sam i((ga( a't, %! R&ruit #& t!
"#is#n#us trR is at (ast #n' rm#vd &r#m t!
i((ga((* si8d vidn', )ut it is 3ua((*
inadmissi)(,
Reasoning
$ %! ru( is )asd #n t! "rin'i"( t!at vidn'
i((ga((* #)taind )* t! Stat s!#u(d n#t ) usd t#
gain #t!r vidn' )'aus t! #rigina((* i((ga((*
#)taind vidn' taints a(( vidn' su)s3unt(*
#)taind,
$ %! C#urt admittd as vidn' t! t!ings si8d in
A(i'and#0s !#us, %!s ar inadmissi)( vidn'
&#r t!* -r gat!rd )* P13 %an #& as a rsu(t #&
'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n -!r a""((ant vr)a((*
'#n&ssd t# t! 'rim -it!#ut t! )n&it #&
'#uns(,
$ %!is is in vi#(ati#n #& Art, 3, S', 12 #& t! 1289
C#nstituti#n -!i'! r3uirs t! assistan' #& '#uns(
&#r t! a''usd as -(( as "r#vids &#r t! rig!t #&
t! a''usd t# rmain si(nt and t# ) in&#rmd #&
t! natur #& t! a''usati#n against !im and t!at
t!s rig!ts 'ann#t ) -aivd su)/'t t# :'"ti#ns,
A vi#(ati#n #& t!is "r#visi#n rndrs t! vidn'
gat!rd inadmissi)(,
$ 7vn i& t! vidn' gat!rd -r admissi)(,
t!* ar sti(( insu&&i'int as vidn',
U %! a((gd )(##dstains #n t! "i((#- and s!irt
-r nvr "r#vn -it! (a)#rat#r* tsts,
U %!r -as n# tstim#n* t!at t! s!irt in
3usti#n -as -#rn )* t! a''usd -!n !
'#mmittd t! 'rim, It -as n#t unnatura( &#r !im
t# !av a s!irt -it! )(##dstains )'aus ! -as a
)ut'!r,
$ %! )urdn t# "r#v t!at an a''usd -aivd !is
rig!t t# rmain si(nt and t! rig!t t# '#uns( )&#r
ma.ing a '#n&ssi#n undr 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n
rsts -it! t! "r#s'uti#n, It is a(s# t! )urdn #& t!
"r#s'uti#n t# s!#- t!at t! vidn' drivd &r#m
'#n&ssi#n is n#t taintd as R&ruit #& t! "#is#n#us
tr,R
Dispositive %! ;'isi#n '#nvi'ting a''usd #& t!
'rim #& Ra" -it! 4#mi'id and sntn'ing !im t#
su&&r t! "na(t* #& dat! is annu((d and st asid
and t! 'as is rmandd t# t! tria( '#urt &#r &urt!r
"r#'dings,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
HAP%$A$ Fdissen7G
$ %!r -as su)stantia( '#m"(ian' -it! t!
r3uirmnts &#r arraignmnt and "(a,
U %!r is n#t!ing #n t! r'#rd -!i'! -#u(d
-arrant a &inding t!at t! in&#rmati#n -as n#t rad
in t! (anguag #r dia('t .n#-n t# t! a""((ant,
U %! ru( #n arraignmnt and "(a d#s n#t
a)s#(ut(* r3uir t!at t! sam ) indi'atd in
t! r'#rd #& vr* 'rimina( 'as
U Ru( 116 '#ntains n#t!ing r3uiring tria( '#urts,
t# indi'at in t! r'#rd t! &a't t!at t!
in&#rmati#n -as rad in t! (anguag #r dia('t
.n#-n t# t! d&ndant vn i& t! sam -as in
&a't a'tua((* '#m"(id -it! )* t! (#-r '#urt,
And *t, vn in >tr# >ani(a a(#n, #n #)srvs
t!at t! )u(. #& "r#'dings in #ur tria( '#urts,
in'(uding t! "r#'ss #& arraignmnt is '#ndu'td
in t! vrna'u(ar
U %!r t!ings -!i'! nd t# ) a''#m"(is!d
a&tr t! a''usd in a 'rimina( 'as ntrs a "(a
#& gui(t* t# a 'a"ita( #&&ns, -!i'! !av a(( )n
'#m"(id -it! in t!is 'asC
1, t! '#urt s!#u(d '#ndu't a sar'!ing
in3uir* int# t! v#(untarinss and &u((
'#m"r!nsi#n #& t! '#ns3un's #& t!
a''usdQs "(a, %!r is n# ru( #n '#ndu'ting
in3uir* :'"t t!at in People vs. Da'ot& it -as
!(d t!at Aa sar'!ing in3uir* ,,, '#m"(s t!
/udg t# '#ntnt !ims(& ras#na)(* t!at t!
a''usd !as n#t )n '#r'd #r "(a'd undr
a stat #& durss $ and t!at !is gui(t* "(a !as
n#t t!r&#r )n givn im"r#vidnt(* $ #t!r
)* a'tua( t!rats #& "!*si'a( !arm &r#m
ma(v#(nt 3uartrs #r sim"(* )'aus #& !is,
t! +udgQs, intimidating r#)s,B
2, t! (#-r '#urt s!#u(d r3uir t!
"r#s'uti#n t# "r#v t! gui(t #& t! a''usd
and t! "r'is dgr #& !is 'u("a)i(it*
3, t! '#urt s!#u(d in3uir -!t!r #r n#t t!
a''usd -is!s t# "rsnt vidn' #n !is
)!a(& and s!#u(d a((#- !im t# d# s# i& ! s#
dsirs
$ %! "(a #& gui(t -as n#t im"r#vidnt,
U 5!n t! a""((ant "(add gui(t* in #"n '#urt,
t! a""((ant -as '(ar(* assistd )* '#uns(,
U %! tria( '#urt, #n its #-n, in &a't -nt #ut #& its
-a* t# r"atd(* in&#rm t! d&ndant #& t!
natur #& !is "(a and t! im"(i'ati#ns #& t! "(a
! -as ma.ing, 4 -as as.d a num)r #& tims
i& ! -as sur #& t! "(a ! -as ma.ing,
U %! r'#rds &ai( t# indi'at t!at a""((ant
3usti#nd !is "(a #& gui(t* at an* stag #& t!
tria(, 4 did n#t "ut u" an* d&ns -it! rgard t#
t! vidn' and t! tstim#nis and vn
dir'td t! "#(i' t# t! (#'ati#n #& t! vidn',
U %! a''usd0s si(n' 'an '#untr t! assrti#n
#& t! C#urt t!at t! "(a #& gui(t -as im"r#vidnt,
Si(n' is assnt as -(( as '#nsnt, and ma*,
-!r a dir't and s"'i&i' a''usati#n #& 'rim is
mad, ) rgardd undr s#m 'ir'umstan's as a
3uasi$'#n&ssi#n, An inn#'nt "rs#n -i(( d&nd
!ims(& s# si(n' 'an ) undrst##d as a "rs#n
d&rring t# d# /ust t!at,
U %! a)sn' #& an :tra$/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n d#s
n#t dtra't &r#m t! &&i'a'* #r va(idit* #&
a""((antQs "(a #& gui(t*, It d#s n#t a&&'t t!
r3uirmnt '#m"((ing t! "r#s'uti#n t# "r#v
t! gui(t #& t! a''usd and t! "r'is dgr #&
!is 'u("a)i(it*, N#-!r in t! ru(s d#s it stat
t!at an :tra$/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n is a "rr3uisit
&#r a '#nvi'ti#n )asd #n a "(a #& gui(t*,
$ %! "!*si'a( vidn' #)/'td t# &a((s undr t!
:'(usi#nar* ru(,
U %! 1289 C#nstituti#nQs :'(usi#nar* ru(s
a)s#(ut(* &#r)id vidn' #)taind &r#m i((ga(
sar'!s and si8urs #r vidn' rsu(ting &r#m
un'#uns(d 'ust#dia( invstigati#ns #& a''usd
individua(s,
U %! d#'trin is n#t -it!#ut its :'"ti#ns, and
t! vidn' in dis"ut in t! instant 'as &a((s
-it!in t!#s :'"ti#ns,
c %! dis'#vr* #& t! vi'timQs )#d* nar t!
!#us #& t! a''usd -#u(d !av natura((* (d
aut!#ritis t# undrta. a m#r t!#r#ug!
invstigati#n #& t! sit, "arti'u(ar(* in t!#s
aras -!r t! vi'tim -as (ast sn,
c Kndr #n #& t! r'#gni8d :'"ti#ns #&
t! A&ruit #& t! "#is#n#us trB d#'trin, t!
m#r a""r#"riat 3usti#n in su'! 'ass is
-!t!r t! vidn' t# -!i'! t! #)/'ti#n is
mad -#u(d n#t !av )n dis'#vrd at a((
)ut &#r t! i((ga(it* #r -#u(d !av )n
dis'#vrd an*-a* )* s#ur's #r "r#'durs
ind"ndnt #& t! i((ga(it*,
c An#t!r :'"ti#n r&uss t# trat t!
d#'trin as a)s#(ut(* sa'rd i& t! vidn'
in 3usti#n -#u(d !av )n invita)(*
dis'#vrd undr n#rma( '#nditi#ns,
$ %!r is ad3uat (ga( vidn' t# sustain t! tria(
'#urt0s '#nvi'ti#n -it! m#ra( 'rtaint*, %!
tstim#n* #& a (#n -itnss, &r &r#m signs #&
im"r#"rit* #r &a(s!##d, is su&&i'int t# '#nvi't an
a''usd vn i& un'#rr#)#ratd,
A9%I$O MI"I#AR) COMMI''IO$ 2
63 SCRA 546
AN%1NI1; >a* 2, 1295
&AC#'
$ A&tr >artia( ?a- -as "r#'(aimd, Bnign# A3uin#
+r, -as arrstd <#n S"t 22, 1292=, "ursuant t#
Gnra( 1rdr N#, 2$A #& t! Prsidnt &#r '#m"(i'it*
in a '#ns"ira'* t# si8 "#(iti'a( and stat "#-r in
t! '#untr* and t# ta. #vr t! G#vrnmnt,
$ 1n S"tm)r 25, 1292, ! sud &#r a -rit #&
!a)as '#r"us in -!i'! ! 3usti#nd t! (ga(it* #&
t! "r#'(amati#n #& martia( (a- and !is arrst and
dtnti#n,
$ SC issud a -rit #& !a)as '#r"us and !ard t!
'as, SC dismissd t! "titi#n and u"!(d t!
va(idit* #& martia( (a- and t! arrst and dtnti#n #&
"titi#nr,
$ In t! "rsnt 'as, "titi#nr '!a((ngs t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& mi(itar* '#mmissi#ns t# tr* !im, a(#n
#r t#gt!r -it! #t!rs, &#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n #&
&irarms, ammuniti#n and :"(#sivs, &#r vi#(ati#n #&
t! Anti$Su)vrsi#n A't and &#r murdr,
$ 5!n t! "r#'dings )&#r t! >i(itar*
C#mmissi#n #"nd, "titi#nr 3usti#nd t!
&airnss #& t! tria( and ann#un'd t!at ! did n#t
-is! t# "arti'i"at in t! "r#'dings vn as !
dis'!argd )#t! !is d&ns '#uns( #& '!#i' and
!is mi(itar* d&ns '#uns(,
$ F#r t! "titi#nrQs assuran', a S"'ia( C#mmitt
-as 'ratd t# rinvstigat t! '!args against
"titi#nr, Ptiti#nr &i(d su""(mnta( "titi#n
3usti#ning t! (ga(it* #& t! 'rati#n #& t! S"'ia(
C#mmitt,
$ 1n >ar'! 24, 1295, "titi#nr &i(d an RKrgnt
>#ti#n &#r Issuan' #& %m"#rar* Rstraining 1rdr
Against >i(itar* C#mmissi#n N#, 2R; "ra*ing t!at said
C#mmissi#n ) "r#!i)itd &r#m "r#'ding -it! t!
"r"tuati#n #& tstim#n* undr its 1rdr datd
>ar'! 10, 1295, t! sam )ing i((ga(, unti( &urt!r
#rdrs &r#m t! Su"rm C#urt,
$ 1n A"ri( 14, 1295, t!is C#urt a(s# issud a
rstraining #rdr against rs"#ndnt >i(itar*
C#mmissi#n N#, 2, rstraining it &r#m &urt!r
"r#'ding -it! t! "r"tuati#n #& tstim#n* undr
its 1rdr datd >ar'! 10, 1295 unti( t! mattr is
!ard t!rt#,
$ 5!n t!is 'as -as 'a((d &#r !aring, "titi#nrQs
'#uns( "rsntd t# t!is C#urt a >#ti#n t# 5it!dra-
t! "titi#n and a(( #t!r "nding mattrs andM#r
in'idnts in '#nn'ti#n t!r-it!,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! '#urt !as /urisdi'ti#n ds"it "titi#nr0s
m#ti#n t# -it!dra-
2, 51N >i(itar* C#mmissi#n N#, 2 !as )n (a-&u((*
'#nstitutd and va(id(* vstd -it! /urisdi'ti#n t#
!ar t! 'ass against 'ivi(ians, in'(uding t!
"titi#nr,
3, 51N Administrativ 1rdr N#, 355, 'rating t!
S"'ia( C#mmitt stri"s t! "titi#nr #& !is rig!t t#
du "r#'ss
4, 51N t! dnia( t# an a''usd #& an #""#rtunit* t#
'r#ss$:amin t! -itnsss against !im in t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n '#nstituts an in&ringmnt
#& !is rig!t t# du "r#'ss,
5, 51N t! ta.ing #& tstim#nis and d"#siti#ns
-r v#id
6, 51N "titi#nr ma* va(id(* -aiv !is rig!t t# )
"rsnt at !is tria(
(!"D
1, 67S
$ %! '#urt dnid t! m#ti#n, sin' a(( mattrs in
issu in t!is 'as !av a(rad* )n su)mittd &#r
rs#(uti#n, and t!* ar #& "aram#unt "u)(i' intrst,
it is im"rativ t!at t! 3usti#ns raisd )*
"titi#nr #n t! '#nstituti#na(it* and (ga(it* #&
"r#'dings against 'ivi(ians in t! mi(itar*
'#mmissi#ns, "ursuant t# "rtinnt Gnra( 1rdrs,
Prsidntia( ;'rs and ?ttrs #& Instru'ti#n,
s!#u(d ) d&init(* rs#(vd,
2, 67S
$ >i(itar* C#mmissi#n N#, 2 !as )n (a-&u((*
'#nstitutd and va(id(* vstd -it! /urisdi'ti#n t#
!ar t! 'ass against 'ivi(ians, in'(uding t!
"titi#nr,
Reasoning
$ %! C#urt !as "rvi#us(* d'(ard t!at t!
"r#'(amati#n #& >artia( ?a- is va(id and
'#nstituti#na( and t!at its '#ntinuan' is /usti&id )*
t! dangr "#sd t# t! "u)(i' sa&t*,
$ %# "rsrv t! sa&t* #& t! nati#n in tims #&
nati#na( "ri(, t! Prsidnt #& t! P!i(i""ins
n'ssari(* "#sssss )r#ad aut!#rit* '#m"ati)(
-it! t! im"rativ r3uirmnts #& t! mrgn'*,
1n t! )asis #& t!is, ! !as aut!#ri8d in G1 N#, 8
t! C!i& #& Sta&& #& t! AFP, t# 'rat mi(itar*
tri)una(s T tr* and d'id 'ass R#& mi(itar*
"rs#nn( and su'! #t!r 'ass as ma* ) r&rrd
t# t!m,R In G1 N#, 12, t! mi(itar* tri)una(s -r
vstd -it! /urisdi'ti#n R:'(usiv #& t! 'ivi( '#urtsR,
am#ng #t!rs, #vr 'rims against "u)(i' #rdr,
vi#(ati#ns #& t! Anti$Su)vrsi#n A't, vi#(ati#ns #& t!
(a-s #n &irarms, and #t!r 'rims -!i'!, in t! &a'
#& t! mrgn'*, ar dir't(* r(atd t# t! 3u((ing
#& t! r)((i#n and "rsrvati#n #& t! sa&t* and
s'urit* #& t! R"u)(i',
$ Ptiti#nr is '!argd -it! !aving '#ns"ird -it!
'rtain mi(itar* (adrs #& t! '#mmunist r)((i#n t#
#vrt!r#- t! g#vrnmnt, &urnis!ing t!m arms
and #t!r instrumnts t# &urt!r t! u"rising, Kndr
G1 N#, 12, /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!is #&&ns !as )n
vstd :'(usiv(* u"#n mi(itar* tri)una(s, It 'ann#t
) said t!at "titi#nr !as )n sing(d #ut &#r tria(
&#r t!is #&&ns )&#r t! mi(itar* '#mmissi#n,
Pursuant t# G1 N#, 12, a(( R'rimina( 'ass inv#(ving
su)vrsi#n, sditi#n, insurr'ti#n #r r)((i#n #r
t!#s '#mmittd in &urt!ran' #&, #n t! #''asi#n
#&, in'idnt t# #r in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! '#mmissi#n
#& said 'rimsR -!i'! -r "nding in t! 'ivi( '#urts
-r #rdrd trans&rrd t# t! mi(itar* tri)una(s,
%!is /urisdi'ti#n #& t! tri)una(, t!r&#r, #"rats
3ua((* #n a(( "rs#ns in (i. 'ir'umstan's,
$ %! guarant #& du "r#'ss is n#t a guarant #&
an* "arti'u(ar &#rm #& tri)una( in 'rimina( 'ass, A
mi(itar* tri)una( #& '#m"tnt /urisdi'ti#n, a''usati#n
in du &#rm, n#ti' and #""#rtunit* t# d&nd and
tria( )&#r an im"artia( tri)una(, ad3uat(* mt
t! du "r#'ss r3uirmnt, ;u "r#'ss #& (a-
d#s n#t n'ssari(* man a /udi'ia( "r#'ding in
t! rgu(ar '#urts, %! "r#'dur )&#r t! >i(itar*
C#mmissi#n, as "rs'ri)d in P; N#, 32, assurs
#)srvan' #& t! &undamnta( r3uisits #&
"r#'dura( du "r#'ss, du n#ti', an ssntia((*
&air and im"artia( tria( and ras#na)( #""#rtunit* &#r
t! "r"arati#n #& t! d&ns,
$ It is assrtd t!at "titi#nrQs tria( )&#r t!
mi(itar* '#mmissi#n -i(( n#t ) &air and im"artia(,
sin' t! Prsidnt !ad a(rad* "r/udgd
"titi#nrQs 'ass and t! mi(itar* tri)una( is a mr
'rati#n #& t! Prsidnt, and Rsu)/'t t# !is '#ntr#(
and dir'ti#n,R 5 'ann#t, !#-vr, indu(g in
un/usti&id assum"ti#ns, Pr/udi' 'ann#t )
"rsumd, s"'ia((* i& -ig!d against t! grat
'#n&idn' and trust r"#sd )* t! "#"( u"#n t!
Prsidnt and t! (attrQs (ga( #)(igati#n undr !is
#at! t# Rd# /usti' t# vr* manR, N#r is it /usti&ia)(
t# '#n'iv, mu'! (ss "rsum, t!at t! mm)rs
#& t! mi(itar* '#mmissi#n, t! C!i& #& Sta&& #& t!
AFP, t! B#ard #& Rvi- and t! S'rtar* #&
Nati#na( ;&ns, -it! t!ir '#rrs"#nding sta&&
/udg adv#'ats, as rvi-ing aut!#ritis, t!r#ug!
-!#m "titi#nrQs !*"#t!ti'a( '#nvi'ti#n -#u(d )
rvi-d )&#r ra'!ing t! Prsidnt, -#u(d a(( )
insnsitiv t# t! grat "rin'i"(s #& /usti' and
vi#(at t!ir rs"'tiv #)(igati#ns t# a't &air(* and
im"artia((* in t! "rmiss,
%!is assum"ti#n must ) mad )'aus inn#'n',
n#t -r#ngd#ing, is t# ) "rsumd,
3, N1
$ It -as "r'is(* )'aus #& "titi#nrQs '#m"(aint
t!at ! -as dnid t! #""#rtunit* t# ) !ard in t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n #& !is '!args ,%!
Prsidnt 'ratd a S"'ia( C#mmitt t#
rinvstigat t! '!args &i(d against !im in t!
mi(itar* '#mmissi#n, It is intndd t!at t!
C#mmitt s!#u(d '#ndu't t! invstigati#n -it!
Rutm#st &airnss, im"artia(it* and #)/'tivit*R
nsuring t# t! a''usd !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t#
du "r#'ss, t# dtrmin -!t!r Rt!r is
ras#na)( gr#und t# )(iv t!at t! #&&nss
'!argd -r in &a't '#mmittd and t! a''usd is
"r#)a)(* gui(t* t!r#&,R Ptiti#nr, !#-vr,
#)/'td )* '!a((nging in !is su""(mnta( "titi#n
)&#r t!is C#urt t! va(idit* #& Administrativ 1rdr
N#, 355, #n t! "rtns t!at )* su)mitting t# t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! S"'ia( C#mmitt ! -#u(d )
-aiving !is rig!t t# 'r#ss$:aminati#n )'aus
Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 99, -!i'! a""(is t# t!
"r#'dings #& t! S"'ia( C#mmitt, !as d#n
a-a* -it! 'r#ss$:aminati#n in "r(iminar*
invstigati#n,
4, N1
$ %! C#nstituti#n Rd#s n#t r3uir t! !#(ding #&
"r(iminar* invstigati#ns, %! rig!t :ists #n(*, i&
and -!n 'ratd )* statut,R It is Rn#t an ssntia(
"art #& du "r#'ss #& (a-,R %! a)sn' t!r#&
d#s n#t im"air t! va(idit* #& a 'rimina( in&#rmati#n
#r a&&'t t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! '#urt #vr t! 'as,
As a 'rati#n #& t! statut it 'an, t!r&#r, )
m#di&id #r amndd )* (a-,
$ It is a(s# vidnt t!at t!r is n# 'urtai(mnt #& t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!t #& an a''usd "rs#n -!n ! is
n#t givn t! #""#rtunit* t# R'r#ss$:amin t!
-itnsss "rsntd against !im in t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n )&#r !is arrst, t!is )ing a mattr
t!at d"nds #n t! s#und dis'rti#n #& t! +udg #r
invstigating #&&i'r '#n'rnd,R
5, N1,
t! ta.ing #& t! tstim#n* #r d"#siti#n -as "r#"r
and va(id,
$ Ptiti#nr d#s n#t dis"ut rs"#ndntsQ '(aim t!at
#n >ar'! 14, 1295, ! .n- #& t! #rdr a((#-ing t!
ta.ing #& t! d"#siti#n #& "r#s'uti#n -itnsss #n
>ar'! 31, t# '#ntinu t!r#ug! A"ri( 1 t# 4, 1295,
$ %! "r#visi#ns #& P; N#, 328, datd 1't#)r 31,
1293, &#r t! '#nditi#na( :aminati#n #& "r#s'uti#n
-itnsss )&#r tria(, is simi(ar t# t! "r#visi#ns #&
S'ti#n 9 #& Ru( 112 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt,
$ In 7(ag#,t! '#urt said t!at t! #rdr #& t! '#urt
aut!#ri8ing t! ta.ing #& t! d"#siti#n #& t!
-itnsss #& t! "r#s'uti#n and &i:ing t! dat and
tim t!r#& is t! #n t!at must ) srvd #n t!
a''usd -it!in a ras#na)( tim "ri#r t# t!at &i:d
&#r t! :aminati#n #& t! -itnsss s# t!at t!
a''usd ma* ) "rsnt and 'r#ss$:amin t!
-itnss,
$ Q%! #""#rtunit* #& 'r#ss$:aminati#n inv#(vs t-#
(mntsC
R<1= N#ti' t# t! #""#nnt t!at t! d"#siti#n is t#
) ta.n at t! tim and "(a' s"'i&id, and
R<2= A su&&i'int intrva( #& tim t# "r"ar &#r
:aminati#n and t# ra'! t! "(a',
R<2= %! r3uirmnts as t# t! intrva( #& tim ar
n#- vr*-!r rgu(atd )* statut V V V; t!
ru(ings in rgard t# t! su&&i'in'* #& tim ar t!us s#
d"ndnt #n t! intr"rtati#n #& t! dtai(d
"rs'ri"ti#ns #& t! (#'a( statuts t!at it -#u(d )
im"ra'ti'a)( t# :amin t!m !r, But -!t!r #r
n#t t! tim a((#-d -as su""#sd(* insu&&i'int #r
-as "r'is(* t! tim r3uird )* statut, t! a'tua(
attndan' #& t! "art* #)viat an* #)/'ti#n u"#n
t! gr#und #& insu&&i'in'*, )'aus t!n t! "art*
!as a'tua((* !ad t!at #""#rtunit* #& 'r#ss$
:aminati#n &#r t! s#( sa. #& -!i'! t! n#ti'
-as r3uird,R
6, 67S
$ Kndr t! "rsnt C#nstituti#n, tria( vn #& a
'a"ita( #&&ns ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing t!
a)sn' #& t! a''usd, It is n#- "r#vidd t!at Ra&tr
arraignmnt, tria( ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing t!
a)sn' #& t! a''usd "r#vidd t!at ! !as )n
du(* n#ti&id and !is &ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id,R
$ 1n t! )asis #& t! a&#r'itd "r#visi#n #& t!
C#nstituti#n -!i'! a((#-s tria( #& an a''usd in
a)sntia, t! issu !as )n raisd -!t!r #r n#t
"titi#nr '#u(d -aiv !is rig!t t# ) "rsnt at t!
"r"tuati#n #& tstim#n* "r#'dings )&#r
rs"#ndnt C#mmissi#n,
$ As a general rule , su)/'t t# 'rtain :'"ti#ns,
an* '#nstituti#na( #r statut#r* rig!t ma* ) -aivd i&
su'! -aivr is n#t against "u)(i' "#(i'*, %! "rs#na(
"rsn' #& t! a''usd &r#m t! )ginning t# t!
nd #& a tria( &#r &(#n*, inv#(ving !is (i& and (i)rt*,
!as )n '#nsidrd n'ssar* and vita( t# t!
"r#"r '#ndu't #& !is d&ns, %! Rtrnd #& m#drn
aut!#rit* is in &av#r #& t! d#'trin t!at a "art* in a
'rimina( 'as ma* -aiv irrgu(aritis and rig!ts,
-!t!r '#nstituti#na( #r statut#r*, vr* mu'! t!
sam as in a 'ivi( 'as,R
$ %!r ar, 'rtain rig!ts s'urd t# t! individua(
)* t! &undamnta( '!artr -!i'! ma* ) t!
su)/'t #& -aivr, %! rig!ts #& an a''usd t# d&nd
!ims(& in "rs#n and )* att#rn*, t# ) in&#rmd #&
t! natur and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n, t# a s"d*
and "u)(i' tria(, and t# mt t! -itnsss &a' t#
&a', as -(( as t! rig!t against unras#na)(
sar'!s and si8urs, ar rig!ts guarantd )* t!
C#nstituti#n, %!* ar rig!ts n'ssar* it!r
)'aus #& t! r3uirmnts #& du "r#'ss t#
nsur a &air and im"artia( tria(, #r #& t! nd #&
"r#t'ting t! individua( &r#m t! :r'is #&
ar)itrar* "#-r, And *t, t!r is n# 3usti#n t!at a((
#& t!s rig!ts ma* ) -aivd, C#nsidring t!
a&#r'itd "r#visi#ns #& t! C#nstituti#n and t!
a)sn' #& an* (a- s"'i&i'a((* r3uiring !is
"rsn' at a(( stags #& !is tria(, t!r a""ars,
t!r&#r, n# (#gi'a( ras#n -!* "titi#nr, a(t!#ug!
! is '!argd -it! a 'a"ita( #&&ns, s!#u(d )
"r'(udd &r#m -aiving !is rig!t t# ) "rsnt in t!
"r#'dings &#r t! "r"tuati#n #& tstim#n*, sin'
t!is rig!t, (i. t! #t!rs a&#rstatd, -as '#n&rrd
u"#n !im &#r !is "r#t'ti#n and )n&it,
$ It is a(s# im"#rtant t# n#t t!at undr S'ti#n 9 #&
Ru( 112 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt <;"#siti#n #&
-itnss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n= t! RFai(ur #r r&usa( #n
t! "art #& t! d&ndant t# attnd t! :aminati#n
#r t! ta.ing #& t! d"#siti#n a&tr n#ti'
!rin)&#r "r#vidd, s!a(( ) '#nsidrd a -aivrR
$ Prsidntia( ;'r N#, 328 :"rss(* "r#vids
t!at t! &ai(ur #r r&usa( t# attnd t! :aminati#n
#r t! ta.ing #& t! d"#siti#n s!a(( ) '#nsidrd a
-aivr, 6
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
<on waier of presence only>
CA'#RO Fconcur and dissen7G
$ >* undrstanding #& t! "r#visi#ns #& t! n-
C#nstituti#n #n -aivr #& "rsn' in 'rimina(
"r#'dings is t!at su'! -aivr ma* ) va(id(*
im"(id "rin'i"a((* in 'ass -!r t! a''usd !as
/um"d )ai( #r !as s'a"d, )ut 'rtain(* ma* n#t )
assrtd as a mattr #& a)s#(ut rig!t in 'ass -!r
t! a''usd is in 'ust#d* and !is idnti&i'ati#n is
ndd in t! '#urs #& t! "r#'dings,
$ %!us, I v#td &#r Dualified waier ,$ t! a''usd
ma* -aiv !is "rsn' in t! 'rimina( "r#'dings
:'"t at t! stags -!r idnti&i'ati#n #& !is
"rs#n )* t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss is n'ssar*, I
mig!t agr t# t! "r#"#siti#n #& Rt#ta(R -aivr in
an* 'as -!r t! a''usd agrs :"(i'it(* and
un3uiv#'a((* in -riting signd )* !im #r "rs#na((*
mani&sts '(ar(* and indu)ita)(* in #"n '#urt and
su'! mani&stati#n is r'#rdd, t!at -!nvr a
"r#s'uti#n -itnss mnti#ns a nam )* -!i'! t!
a''usd is .n#-n t! -itnss is r&rring t# !im
and t# n# #n (s,
#!!(A$H!! Fdissen7G
$ Ptiti#nr0s "rsn' at t! "r#'dings '#u(d n#t
) '#m"((d )* virtu #& !is :"rss -aivr t!r#&
as :"(i'it(* a((#-d )* t! C#nstituti#n and )* P,;,
N#, 328 its(&,
$ Ptiti#nrQs su)mitta( t!at ! 'ann#t ) '#m"((d
t# ) "rsnt at t! "r#'dings vn against !is -i((
)* virtu #& !is :"rss -aivr is mrit#ri#us,
5!ras "rvi#us(* su'! rig!t #& -aivr #& t!
a''usdQs "rsn' in 'rimina( "r#'dings -as
gnra((* r'#gni8d sav in 'a"ita( 'ass <(ading t#
t! sus"nsi#n #& tria( -!nvr t! a''usd -as at
(arg= #r -!r t! a''usd -as in 'ust#d* a(t!#ug!
&#r a n#n$'a"ita( #&&ns, t! 1293 C#nstituti#n n#-
un3ua(i&id(* "rmits tria( in a)sntia vn #& 'a"ita(
'ass, and "r#vids t!at Ra&tr arraignmnt, tria(
ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing t! a)sn' #& t!
a''usd "r#vidd t!at ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id and
!is &ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id,R t!us r'#gni8ing
t! rig!t #& an a''usd t# -aiv !is "rsn', P,;,
N#, 328 undr -!i'! t! "r"tuati#n "r#'dings
ar )ing '#ndu'td in mi(itar* '#mmissi#ns <as t!
'#untr"art ru( &#r simi(ar "r#'dings )&#r t!
rgu(ar 'ivi( '#urts, as "r#vidd in Ru( 112, s'ti#n
9 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt= :"(i'it(* "r#vids t!at a&tr
ras#na)( n#ti' t# an a''usd t# attnd t!
"r"tuati#n "r#'dings, t! d"#siti#n )* 3usti#n
and ans-r #& t! -itnss ma* "r#'d in t!
a''usdQs a)sn' and Rt! &ai(ur #r r&usa( t#
attnd t! :aminati#n #r t! ta.ing #& t!
d"#siti#n s!a(( ) '#nsidrd a -aivr,R %!us, an
a''usdQs rig!t #& t#ta( -aivr #& !is "rsn' it!r
:"rss(* #r im"(id(* )* un/usti&id &ai(ur #r r&usa(
t# attnd t! "r#'dings is n#- :"(i'it(*
r'#gni8d and ! 'ann#t ) '#m"((d t# )
"rsnt as against !is :"rss -aivr,
BARR!DO FconcurG
$ Ptiti#nr !as t! rig!t t# -aiv !is "rsn' at t!
"r"tuati#n "r#'dings )&#r t! rs"#ndnt
C#mmissi#n,I &ind minnt mrit in t! '#ntnti#n #&
"titi#nr t!at vn &#r idnti&i'ati#n "ur"#ss !
'ann#t ) mad t# ) "rsnt at t! tria( against !is
-i((, Sin' undr t! C#nstituti#n, tria( #& 'rimina(
'ass in t! a)sn' #& t! a''usd is a((#-d, -!n
a&tr t! arraignmnt and in s"it #& du n#ti' !
&ai(s t# a""ar -it!#ut /usti&i'ati#n, "ursuant t#
S'ti#n 12 #& t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts #r Arti'( I@,
$ I 'an undrstand -!* an a''usd !as t# ) "rsnt
at t! arraignmnt and at t! rading #& t!
sntn', In t! &#rmr, it !as t# ) .n#-n t# t!
'#urt t!at ! is indd t! "rs#n '!argd and t!at
! "rs#na((* undrstands t! a''usati#n against
!im, >#r im"#rtant(*, t! "(a must ) ntrd )*
!im "rs#na((* t# av#id an* mis'#nstru'ti#n #r
misr"rsntati#n, inn#'nt #r #t!r-is, In t!
(attr, it is ssntia( t!at t! a''usd !ims(&, s!#u(d
) a-ar &r#m "rs#na( .n#-(dg -!at is t!
vrdi't #& t! '#urt, and i& it ) '#nvi'ti#n, -!at is
t! "na(t* t# ) srvd )* !im, %!s ar mattrs
t## "rs#na( t# "rmit d(gati#n, At t! sam tim,
!is "rsn' ma.s it sim"(r in t! "u)(i' intrst
&#r t! aut!#ritis t# n&#r' :'uti#n #& an*
advrs /udgmnt, But I 'ann#t s -!* an a''usd
s!#u(d ) '#m"((d t# ) "rsnt at t! tria( -!n
! "r&rs "r!a"s t! s#(itud #& !is '(( t# "ra*
it!r &#r &#rgivnss, i& ! .n#-s ! is gui(t*, #r, i&
! is inn#'nt, &#r G#d t# i((umin t! '#urt s# t!r
-#u(d ) unrring /usti' in !is 'as, <!!!=
$ >* undrstanding is t!at t! "r#)(m #&
idnti&i'ati#n #& an a''usd ma* ) ad3uat(*
s#(vd -it!#ut vi#(ating t! /usti&id -is!s #& t!
a''usd t# ) (&t a(#n, %# start -it!, i& ! is
r&rrd t# )* t! -itnsss #& t! "r#s'uti#n )*
nam, t! '#urt ma* "rsum t!at t! amusd -!#
!as a'.n#-(dgd !is tru nam at t! arraignmnt
is t! #n indi'atd,
BOR*A M!$DO/A
DSKPRA, PAG7 98E
P!OP"! PR!'IDI$+ *%D+! O&
%RDA$!#A
125 SCRA 262
R7?1@A; 1't#)r 26, 1283
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ Privat rs"#ndnt R#d#(&# @a(d8, +r, is '!argd
-it! murdr )&#r t! R%C #& Pangasinan, in
Krdanta, 4 is #ut #n a P30,000,00 )ai( )#nd -!i'!
'#ntains t! &#((#-ing '#nditi#nsC
%! a&#rnamd, as )#ndsmn, !r)* /#int(* and
svra((* undrta. t!at the above)mentioned
defendant& as principal therein will appear and
answer the charge above)mentioned in whatever
Court it ma' be tried& and will at all times hold
himself amenable to the orders and processes of
the Court& and i& '#nvi'td, -i(( a""ar &#r
/udgmnt, and rndr !ims(& t# t! :'uti#n
t!r#&; #r t!at i& ! &ai(s t# "r&#rm an* #& t!s
'#nditi#ns -i(( "a* t# t! R"u)(i' #& t!
P!i(i""ins t! sum #& %!irt* %!#usand Ps#s
<P30,000,00= ,,,
$ A&tr !is arraignmnt, @a(d8, t!ru !is '#uns(,
mani&std #ra((* in #"n '#urt t!at ! -as -aiving
!is rig!t t# ) "rsnt during t! tria(, %!
"r#s'uting &is'a( m#vd t!at @a(d8 ) '#m"((d t#
a""ar and ) "rsnt at t! tria( s# t!at ! '#u(d )
idnti&id )* "r#s'uti#n -itnsss,
Rs"#ndnt /udg sustaind t! "#siti#n #& "rivat
rs"#ndnt -!# 'itd t! ma/#rit* #"ini#n in A3uin#,
+r, vs, >i(itar* C#mmissi#n N#, 2 and !(d t!at R!
'ann#t ) va(id(* '#m"((d t# a""ar and )
"rsnt during t! tria( #& t!is 'as,R
$ Ptiti#nr "ra*s t!at t! #rdr #& rs"#ndnt /udg
) annu((d and st asid and t!at "rivat
rs"#ndnt R#d#(&# @a(d8, +r, ) '#m"((d t#
a""ar during t! tria( #& t! 'rimina( 'as -!nvr
r3uird t# d# s# )* t! tria( '#urt,
$ Privat rs"#ndnt '(aims t!at S' 12, Arti'( I@ #&
t! 1293 C#nstituti#n grants !im a)s#(ut rig!t t#
a)snt !ims(& &r#m t! tria( #& t! 'as &i(d against
!im ds"it t! '#nditi#n #& !is )ai( )#nd t!at !
R-i(( at a(( tims !#(d !ims(& amna)( t# t! #rdrs
and "r#'sss #& t! C#urt,R
I''%!
51N t! /udg rrd in granting "rivat
rs"#ndnt0s mani&stati#n t# -aiv !is rig!t t# )
"rsnt during tria(
(!"D
67S
$ Arti'( I@ #& t! 1293 C#nstituti#n, S'ti#n 12
t!r#& "r#vidsC
S7C, 12, In a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns, t! a''usd
s!a(( ) "rsumd inn#'nt unti( t! '#ntrar* is
"r#vd, and s!a(( n/#* t! rig!t t# ) !ard )*
!ims(& and '#uns(, t# ) in&#rmd #& t! natur
and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im, t# !av a
s"d*, im"artia(, and "u)(i' tria(, t# mt t!
-itnsss &a' t# &a', and t# !av '#m"u(s#r*
"r#'ss t# s'ur t! attndan' #& -itnsss and
t! "r#du'ti#n #& vidn' in !is )!a(&, 4#-vr,
a&tr arraignmnt, tria( ma* "r#'d
n#t-it!standing t! a)sn' #& t! a''usd
"r#vidd t!at ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id and !is
&ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id,
$ %! 1293 C#nstituti#n n#- un3ua(i&id(* "rmits
tria( in absentia vn #& 'a"ita( #&&nss, "r#vidd
t!at a&tr arraignmnt ! ma* ) '#m"((d t#
a""ar &#r t! "ur"#s #& Idnti&i'ati#n )* t!
-itnsss #& t! "r#s'uti#n, #r "r#vidd !
un3ua(i&id(* admits in #"n '#urt a&tr !is
arraignmnt t!at ! is t! "rs#n namd as t!
d&ndant in t! 'as #n tria(,
$ %! ras#n &#r r3uiring t! "rsn' #& t!
a''usd, ds"it !is -aivr, is, i& a((#-d t# )
a)snt in a(( t! stags #& t! "r#'dings -it!#ut
giving t! P#"(Qs -itnsss t! #""#rtunit* t#
Idnti&* !im in '#urt, ! ma* in !is d&ns sa* t!at
! -as nvr Idnti&id as t! "rs#n '!argd in t!
in&#rmati#n and, t!r&#r, is ntit(d t# an a'3uitta(,
$ Furt!rm#r, it is "#ssi)( t!at a -itnss ma* n#t
.n#- t! nam #& t! 'u("rit )ut 'an Idnti&* !im i&
! ss !im again, in -!i'! 'as t! (attrQs
"rsn' in '#urt is n'ssar*,
Dispositive "titi#n grantd and t! assai(d #rdr
#& rs"#ndnt /udg is ANNK??7; and S7% ASI;7
P!OP"! MACARA!+
141 SCRA 39
C1NC7PCI1N; +anuar* 14, 1286
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and mandamus -it! "r(iminar*
in/un'ti#n t# rvi- #rdr #& CFI #& Pangasinan
&AC#'
$ Privat Rs"#ndnt @as'# @a(d8 -as '!argd -it!
4#mi'id )&#r t! CFI #& Pangasinan &#r t! dat!
#& #n Svrs Pau(# and "#std )ai( &#r !is
"r#visi#na( r(as, Atta'!d t# t! )ai( )#nd -as a
-aivr sti"u(ating t!at t! tria( ma* "r#'d in !is
a)sn',
$ 5!n t! 'as -as 'a((d &#r tria(, t! "r#s'uti#n
"rsntd 5(in# Pau(#, as its 1
st
-itnss, -!# -!n
as.d i& ! '#u(d idnti&* t! a''usd, ans-rd in
t! a&&irmativ, Sin' t! a''usd -as n#t "rsnt in
'#urt, t! "r#s'uti#n as.d t! '#urt t# #rdr t!
"rsn' #& t! a''usd s# t!at ! '#u(d )
idnti&id, C#uns( &#r a''usd #)/'td t# t!
m#ti#n )* inv#.ing t! -aivr in t! )ai( )#nd and
'#ntndd t!at t! a)sn' #& t! a''usd is "art #&
!is d&ns,
$ Rs"#ndnt +udg ;ani( >a'arag #& t! CFI,
inv#.ing t! 'as #& A$uino v (ilitar' Commission
@o.D, dnid t! m#ti#nC
LThe issue at bar was one of those s$uarel' raised
in the A$uino case where si+ out of ten Kustices
voted that the accused ma' not be compelled to
be present during the trial when he is to be
identified b' the witnesses of the prosecution
while four voted that the accused ma' be
compelled in this instance. The reason of the
majorit' is that the accused must not be
compelled to assist the prosecution in proving its
case.M
$ %! "r#s'uti#n m#vd &#r r'#nsidrati#n )ut
rs"#ndnt +udg dnid t! m#ti#n, Pr#s'uti#n
t!n &i(d t!is "titi#n -it! "ra*r &#r a %R1, %! SC
grantd t! "titi#n and issud a %R1, rstraining
t! rs"#ndnt C#urt &r#m &urt!r "r#'ding -it!
t! 'rimina( 'as,
I''%!
51N t! a''usd, ds"it !aving -aivd !is
"rsn' at t! tria(, ma* sti(( ) '#m"((d t# )
"rsnt in t! sam tria( -!n ! is t# ) idnti&id
(!"D
67S, Star ;'isis,
Reasoning
% %! ru( ad#"td )* t! C#urt in t! 'as #& A$uino
vs. (ilitar' Commission @o. D 0supra4 is t!at -!i(
t! a''usd ma* -aiv !is "rsn' at t! tria( #&
t! 'as, !is "rsn' ma* ) '#m"((d -!n ! is
t# ) idnti&id, %! C#urt saidC ASin' #n(* 6 +usti's
ar #& t! vi- t!at "titi#nr ma* -aiv !is rig!t t#
) "rsnt at a(( stags #& t! "r#'dings -!i( &iv
5 +usti's ar in agrmnt t!at ! ma* s# -aiv
su'! rig!t, :'"t -!n ! is t# ! idnti&id, t!
rsu(t is t!at t! rs"#ndnt C#mmissi#nQs 1rdr
r3uiring !is "rsn' at a(( tims during t!
"r#'dings )&#r it s!#u(d ) m#di&id, in t!
sns t!at "titi#nrs "rsn' s!a(( ) r3uird
#n(* in t! instan' /ust indi'atd,
Dispositive Ptiti#n GRAN%7;, #rdrs #& rs"#ndnt
+udg ANNK??7; and S7% ASI;7, +udg is #rdrd t#
issu t! n'ssar* "r#'ss t# '#m"( t!
attndan' #& t! a''usd at t! !aring #& t!
'rimina( 'as &#r "ur"#ss #& idnti&i'ati#n,
%m"#rar* %R1 (i&td and st asid,
P!OP"! 'A"A' <ABO$+5 D! "!O$5
!# A">
143 SCRA 163
CRKL; +u(* 22, 1286
$A#%R!
Crti#rari and >andamus
&AC#'
$ >ari# A)#ng -as #rigina((* '!argd -it! !#mi'id
in t! CFI #& C)u )ut )&#r ! '#u(d ) arraignd
t! 'as -as rinvstigatd #n m#ti#n #& t!
"r#s'uti#n, As a rsu(t #& t! rinvstigati#n, an
amndd in&#rmati#n -as &i(d, -it! n# )ai(
r'#mmndd, t# -!i'! ! "(add n#t gui(t*,
$ 5!i( tria( -as in "r#grss, t! "ris#nr, ta.ing
advantag #& t! &irst in&#rmati#n &#r !#mi'id,
su''dd in d'iving t! 'it* '#urt #& C)u int#
granting !im )ai( and #rdring !is r(as; and s# !
s'a"d,
$ Rs"#ndnt /udg Sa(as, (arning (atr #& t!
tri'.r*, 'an'((d t! i((ga( )ai( )#nd and #rdrd
A)#ngQs r$arrst, But ! -as g#n, N#nt!(ss, t!
"r#s'uti#n m#vd t!at t! !aring '#ntinu in
a''#rdan' -it! t! '#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n
aut!#ri8ing tria( in a)sntia undr 'rtain
'ir'umstan's, %! rs"#ndnt /udg dnid t!
m#ti#n, !#-vr, and sus"ndd a(( "r#'dings
unti( t! rturn #& t! a''usd,
I''%!
51N t! /udg rrd in sus"nding t! "r#'dings
(!"D
67S
Ratio Kndr Art,I@ S',12, t! "ris#nr 'ann#t )*
sim"(* s'a"ing t!-art !is '#ntinud "r#s'uti#n
and "#ssi)(* vntua( '#nvi'ti#n "r#vidd #n(* t!atC
a= ! !as )n arraignd; )= ! !as )n du(*
n#ti&id #& t! tria(; and '= !is &ai(ur t# a""ar is
un/usti&id,
Reasoning
$ %! ru( is &#und in t! (ast sntn' #& Arti'( I@,
S'ti#n 12, #& t! 1293 C#nstituti#nC In a(( 'rimina(
"r#s'uti#n, t! a''usd s!a(( ) "rsumd inn#'nt
unti( t! '#ntrar* is "r#vd and s!a(( n/#* t! rig!t
t# ) !ard )* !ims(& and '#uns(, t# ! in&#rmd #&
t! natur and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im,
t# !av a s"d*, im"artia(, and "u)(i' tria(, t# mt
t! -itnsss &a' t# &a', and t# !av '#m"u(s#r*
"r#'ss t# s'ur t! attndan' #& -itnsss and
t! "r#du'ti#n #& vidn' in !is )!a(&, 4#-vr,
a&tr arraignmnt, tria( ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing
t! a)sn' #& t! a''usd "r#vidd t!at ! !as
)n du(* n#ti&id and !is &ai(ur t# a""ar is
un/usti&id,
$ %! "ur"#s #& t!is ru( is t# s"d u" t!
dis"#siti#n #& 'rimina( 'ass, tria( #& -!i'! '#u(d in
t! "ast ) ind&init(* d&rrd, and man* tims
'#m"(t(* a)and#nd, )'aus #& t! d&ndantQs
s'a",
$ t! &ugitiv is n#- dmd t# !av -aivd su'!
n#ti' "r'is(* )'aus ! !as s'a"d, and it is
a(s# t!is s'a" t!at ma.s !is &ai(ur t# a""ar at
!is tria( un/usti&id, 7s'a" 'an nvr ) a (ga(
/usti&i'ati#n,
$ %! rig!t t# ) "rsnt at #nQs tria( ma* n#- )
-aivd :'"t #n(* at t!at stag -!r t!
"r#s'uti#n intnds t# "rsnt -itnsss -!# -i((
Idnti&* t! a''usd,
$ t! d&ndantQs s'a" -i(( ) '#nsidrd a -aivr
#& t!is rig!t and t! ina)i(it* #& t! '#urt t# n#ti&*
!im #& t! su)s3unt !arings -i(( n#t "rvnt it
&r#m '#ntinuing -it! !is tria(, 4 -i(( ) dmd t#
!av r'ivd du n#ti',
Dispositive t! #rdr #& t! tria( '#urt dn*ing t!
m#ti#n &#r t! tria( in a)sntia #& t! a''usd is st
asid,
+IM!$!/ $A/AR!$O
160 SCRA 1
GANCA6C1; A"ri( 15 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari and mandamus
&AC#'
$ A''usd Sams#n Suan, A(: P#t#t, R#g(i# >u(a,
Frnand# Cargand#, R#g(i# Bagui# and t! !rin
"rivat rs"#ndnt %#d#r# d (a @ga +r,, -r
'!argd -it! t! 'rim #& murdr #n August 3, 1293,
1n August 22, 1293 a(( t! a)#v$namd, a''usd
-r arraignd and a'! #& t!m "(add n#t gui(t*
t# t! 'rim '!argd, F#((#-ing t! arraignmnt, t!
rs"#ndnt /udg, 4#n, Ram#n 7, Na8arn#, st t!
!aring #& t! 'as &#r S"tm)r 18, 1293 at 1C00
#Q'(#'. in t! a&trn##n, A(( t! a'usd in'(uding
"rivat rs"#ndnt, -r du(* in&#rmd #& t!is,
$ B&#r t! s'!du(d dat #& t! &irst !aring t!
"rivat rs"#ndnt s'a"d &r#m !is dtnti#n
'ntr and #n t! said dat, &ai(d t# a""ar in '#urt,
%!is "r#m"td t! &is'a(s !and(ing t! 'as <t!
"titi#nrs !rin= t# &i( a m#ti#n -it! t! (#-r
'#urt t# "r#'d -it! t! !aring #& t! 'as against
a(( t! a''usd "ra*ing t!at "rivat rs"#ndnt d (a
@ga, +r, ) trid in a)sntia inv#.ing t! a""(i'ati#n
#& S'ti#n 12, Arti'( I@ #& t! 1293 C#nstituti#n
-!i'! "r#vidsC
S7C, 12, In a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n, t! a''usd
s!a(( ) "rsumd inn#'nt unti( t! '#ntrar* is
"r#vd, and s!a(( n/#* t! rig!t t# ) !ard )*
!ims(& and '#uns(, t# ) in&#rmd #& t! natur
and 'aus #& t! a''usati#n against !im, t# !av a
s"d*, im"artia(, and "u)(i' tria(, t# mt t!
-itnsss &a' t# &a', and t# !av '#m"u(s#r*
"r#'ss t# t! attndan' #& -itnsss and t!
"r#du'ti#n #& vidn' in !is )!a(&, %owever&
after arraignment trial ma' proceed
notwithstanding the absence of the accused
provided that he has been dul' notified and his
failure to appear is unjustified.
$ Pursuant t# t! a)#v$-rittn "r#visi#n, t! (#-r
'#urt "r#'dd -it! t! tria( #& t! 'as )ut
nvrt!(ss gav t! "rivat rs"#ndnt t!
#""#rtunit* t# ta. t! -itnss stand t! m#mnt !
s!#-s u" in '#urt, A&tr du tria(, #r #n N#vm)r
6,1293, t! (#-r '#urt rndrd a d'isi#n
dismissing t! 'as against t! &iv a''usd -!i(
!#(ding in a)*an' t! "r#'dings against t!
"rivat rs"#ndnt, 1n N#vm)r 16,1293 t!
"titi#nrs &i(d a >#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n
3usti#ning t! a)#v$3u#td dis"#sitiv "#rti#n #n
t! gr#und t!at it -i(( rndr nugat#r* t!
'#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n #n Rtria( in a)sntiaR 'itd
ar(ir, 4#-vr, t!is -as dnid )* t! (#-r '#urt
in an 1rdr datd N#vm)r 22, 1293, 4n', t!is
"titi#n,
I''%!'
1, 51N a '#urt (#ss /urisdi'ti#n #vr an a''usd
-!# a&tr )ing arraignd, s'a"s &r#m t! 'ust#d*
#& t! (a-
2, 51N tria( in a)sntia is -arrantd
3, 51N undr S'ti#n 12, Arti'( I@ #& t! 1293
C#nstituti#n, an a''usd -!# !as )n du(* trid in
absentia rtains !is rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' #n !is
#-n )!a(& and t# '#n&r#nt and 'r#ss$:amin
-itnsss -!# tsti&id against !im
(!"D
1, N1
$ It is n#t dis"utd t!at t! (#-r '#urt a'3uird
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! "rs#n #& t! a''usd$"rivat
rs"#ndnt -!n ! a""ard during t!
arraignmnt #n August 22,1293 and "(add n#t
gui(t* t# t! 'rim '!argd, In 'ass 'rimina(,
/urisdi'ti#n #vr t! "rs#n #& t! a''usd is
a'3uird it!r )* !is arrst &#r v#(untar*
a""aran' in '#urt, Su'! v#(untar* a""aran' is
a''#m"(is!d )* a""aring &#r arraignmnt as -!at
a''usd$"rivat rs"#ndnt did in t!is 'as,
+urisdi'ti#n #n' a'3uird is n#t (#st u"#n t!
instan' #& "artis )ut '#ntinus unti( t! 'as is
trminatd, %# 'a"su(i8 t! &#rg#ing dis'ussi#n,
su&&i' it t# sa* t!at -!r t! a''usd a""ars at
t! arraignmnt and "(ads n#t gui(t* t# t! 'rim
'!argd, /urisdi'ti#n is a'3uird )* t! '#urt #vr !is
"rs#n and t!is '#ntinus unti( t! trminati#n #& t!
'as, n#t-it!standing !is s'a" &r#m t! 'ust#d* #&
t! (a-,
2, 67S
$ G#ing t# t! s'#nd "art #& S'ti#n 12, Arti'( I@ #&
t! 1293 C#nstituti#n a&#r'itd a Rtria( in
absentiaRma* ) !ad -!n t! &#((#-ing r3uisits
ar "rsntC <1= t!at t!r !as )n an arraignmnt;
<2= t!at t! a''usd !as )n n#ti&id; and <3= t!at
! &ai(s t# a""ar and !is &ai(ur t# d# s# is
un/usti&id,In t!is 'as, a(( t! a)#v '#nditi#ns -r
attndant 'a((ing &#r a tria( in absentia. As t! &a'ts
s!#-, t! "rivat rs"#ndnt -as arraignd #n
August 22, 1293 and in t! said arraignmnt !
"(add n#t gui(t*, 4 -as a(s# in&#rmd #& t!
s'!du(d !arings st #n S"tm)r 18 and 12,
1293 and t!is is vidn'd )* !is signatur #n t!
n#ti' issud )* t! (#-r C#urt, It -as a(s# "r#vd
)* a 'rti&id '#"* #& t! P#(i' B(#ttr t!at "rivat
rs"#ndnt s'a"d &r#m !is dtnti#n 'ntr, N#
:"(anati#n &#r !is &ai(ur t# a""ar in '#urt in an* #&
t! s'!du(d !arings -as givn, 7vn t! tria(
'#urt '#nsidrd !is a)sn' un/usti&id
$ %! '#ntnti#n #& t! rs"#ndnt /udg t!at t!
rig!t #& t! a''usd t# ) "rsumd inn#'nt -i(( )
vi#(atd i& a /udgmnt is rndrd as t# !im is
untna)(, 4 is sti(( "rsumd inn#'nt, A /udgmnt
#& '#nvi'ti#n must sti(( ) )asd u"#n t! vidn'
"rsntd in '#urt, Su'! vidn' must "r#v !im
gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, A(s#, t!r 'an )
n# vi#(ati#n #& du "r#'ss sin' t! a''usd -as
givn t! #""#rtunit* t# ) !ard,
I$#!$# O& #(! "!+I'"A#%R!?
, , , %! C#nstituti#na( C#nvnti#n &(t t! nd &#r
su'! a "r#visi#n as t!r -r 3uit a num)r #&
r"#rtd instan's -!r t! "r#'dings against
a d&ndant !ad t# ) sta*d ind&init(* )'aus
#& !is n#n$ a""aran', 5!at t! C#nstituti#n
guarants !im is a &air tria(, n#t '#ntinud
n/#*mnt #& !is &rd#m vn i& !is gui(t '#u(d )
"r#vd, 5it! t! 'atg#ri'a( statmnt in t!
&undamnta( (a- t!at !is a)sn' 'ann#t /usti&* a
d(a* "r#vidd t!at ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id and
!is &ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id, su'! an a)us
'#u(d ) rmdid, %!at is t! -a* it s!#u(d ), &#r
)#t! s#'it* and t! #&&ndd "art* !av a
(gitimat intrst in sing t# it t!at 'rim s!#u(d
n#t g# un"unis!d,
3, N1
$ %! 1285 Ru(s #n Crimina( Pr#'dur, "arti'u(ar(*
S'ti#n 1 <'= #& Ru( 115 '(ar(* r&('ts t! intnti#n
#& t! &ramrs #& #ur C#nstituti#n, t# -itC
,,, %! a)sn' #& t! a''usd -it!#ut an* /usti&ia)(
'aus at t! tria( #n a "arti'u(ar dat #& -!i'! ! !ad
n#ti' s!a(( ) '#nsidrd a -aivr #& !is rig!t t# )
"rsnt during t!at tria(, 5!n an a''usd undr
'ust#d* !ad )n n#ti&id #& t! dat #& t! trai( and
s'a"s, ! s!a(( ) dmd t# !av -aivd !is rig!t
t# ) "rsnt #n said dat and #n a(( su)s3unt tria(
dats unti( 'ust#d* in rgaind,,,,
$ An s'a" -!# !as )n du(* trid in absentia
-aivs !is rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' #n !is #-n
)!a(& and t# '#n&r#nt and 'r#ss$:amin -itnsss
-!# tsti&id against !im,
Dispositive %! /udgmnt #& t! tria( '#urt in s# &ar
as it sus"nds t! "r#'dings against t! "rivat
rs"#ndnt %#d#r# d (a @ga, +r, is rvrsd and
st asid, %! rs"#ndnt /udg is !r)* dir'td t#
rndr /udgmnt u"#n t! inn#'n' #r gui(t #& t!
!rin "rivat rs"#ndnt %#d#r# d (a @ga, +r, in
a''#rdan' -it! t! vidn' addu'd and t!
a""(i'a)( (a-,
P!OP"! 'A"A'
CRKL; +u(* 22, 1286
$A#%R!
S"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#ns, 'rti#rari and mandamus,
&AC#'
$ AB1NG -as #rigina((* '!argd -it! !#mi'id in CFI
C)u )ut )&#r ! '#u(d ) arraignd t! 'as -as
rinvstigatd, An amndd in&#rmati#n -as &i(d as
a rsu(t, -it! n# )ai( r'#mmndd, t# -!i'! AB1NG
"(add n#t gui(t*, ;uring t! tria(, AB1NG, ta.ing
advantag #& t! &irst in&#rmati#n &#r !#mi'id,
su''dd in d'iving t! '#urt int# granting !im
)ai( and #rdring !is r(as; and s# ! s'a"d,
+udg SA?AS, (arning (atr #& t! tri'.r*, 'an'((d
t! i((ga( )ai( )#nd and #rdrd AB1NGQs r$arrst,
>an-!i(, t! "r#s'uti#n m#vd t!at t! !aring
'#ntinu in a''#rdan' -it! t! '#nstituti#na(
"r#visi#n aut!#ri8ing tria( in absentia, SA?AS dnid
t! m#ti#n, !#-vr, and sus"ndd a(( "r#'dings
unti( t! rturn #& AB1NG, 4n', t! "rsnt
"titi#ns,
I''%!
51N +, SA?AS is '#rr't in disa((#-ing tria( in
a)sntia #& AB1NG0s 'as
(!"D
N1
$ %! "ur"#s #& t! '#nstituti#na( ru( t!at Aa&tr
arraignmnt, tria( ma* "r#'d n#t-it!standing t!
a)sn' #& t! a''usd "r#vidd t!at ! !as )n
du(* n#ti&id and !is &ai(ur t# a""ar is
un/usti&id,B
10
is t# s"d u" t! dis"#siti#n #&
'rimina( 'ass, tria( #& -!i'! '#u(d in t! "ast )
ind&init(* d&rrd, and man* tims '#m"(t(*
a)and#nd, )'aus #& t! d&ndantQs s'a", N#-,
t! "ris#nr 'ann#t )* sim"(* s'a"ing t!-art !is
'#ntinud "r#s'uti#n "r#vidd #n(* t!atC a= ! !as
)n arraignd; )= ! !as )n du(* n#ti&id #& t!
tria(; and '= !is &ai(ur t# a""ar is un/usti&id,
$ +, SA?AS -as "r#)a)(* sti(( t!in.ing #& t! #(d
d#'trin -!n ! ru(d t!at tria( in absentia #& t!
10
1293 C#nst, AR%, I@, S',12, N#-, AR%, III, S',14<2=, 1289 C#nst,
s'a" '#u(d n#t ) !(d )'aus ! '#u(d n#t )
du(* n#ti&id, 4 &#rgts t!at t! &ugitiv is n#-
dmd t# !av -aivd su'! n#ti' "r'is(*
)'aus ! !as s'a"d, and it is a(s# t!is s'a"
t!at ma.s !is &ai(ur t# a""ar at !is tria(
un/usti&id, %! rig!t t# ) "rsnt at #nQs tria( ma*
n#- ) -aivd :'"t #n(* at t!at stag -!r t!
"r#s'uti#n intnds t# "rsnt -itnsss -!# -i((
idnti&* t! a''usd,
11
Kndr DS',14<2=, 1289
C#nst,E, t! d&ndantQs s'a" -i(( ) '#nsidrd a
-aivr #& t!is rig!t and t! ina)i(it* #& t! '#urt t#
n#ti&* !im #& t! su)s3unt !arings -i(( n#t
"rvnt it &r#m '#ntinuing -it! !is tria(, 4 -i(( )
dmd t# !av r'ivd du n#ti', %! sam &a't
#& !is s'a" -i(( ma. !is &ai(ur t# a""ar
un/usti&id )'aus ! !as, )* s'a"ing, "(a'd
!ims(& )*#nd t! "a(, and "r#t'ti#n, #& t! (a-,
$ AB1NG s!#u(d ) "r"ard t# )ar t!
'#ns3un's #& !is s'a", in'(uding &#r&itur #&
t! rig!t t# ) n#ti&id #& t! su)s3unt
"r#'dings and #& t! rig!t t# addu' vidn' #n
!is )!a(& and r&ut t! vidn' #& t! "r#s'uti#n,
n#t t# mnti#n a "#ssi)( #r vn "r#)a)(
'#nvi'ti#n,
Dispositive 1rdr #& +, SA?AS -as S7% ASI;7, and
! -as dir'td t# '#ntinu !aring AB1NG0s 'as in
a)sntia as (#ng as ! !as n#t ra""ard, unti( it is
trminatd,
P!OP"! PRI!#O <alias !DDI!
@A"!$CIA>
80 P!i( 138
%KAS1NC +anuar* 22, 1248
$A#%R!
APP7A? &r#m a /udgmnt #& t! P#"(Qs C#urt
&AC#'
$ %! a""((ant -as "r#s'utd in t! P#"(Qs C#urt
&#r tras#n #n 9 '#unts, A&tr "(ading n#t gui(t* !
ntrd a "(a #& gui(t* t# '#unts 1, 2, 3 and 9, and
maintaind t! #rigina( "(a as t# '#unts 4, 5 and 6,
%! s"'ia( "r#s'ut#r intr#du'd vidn' #n(* #n
'#unt 4, stating -it! r&rn' t# '#unts 5 and 6 t!at
! did n#t !av su&&i'int vidn' t# sustain t!m,
$ %! att#rn* d #&&i'i# mani&std t!at ! -#u(d
(i. t# ) r(ivd &r#m !is assignmnt,
11
Citing A$uino v. (il. Commission @o. D and People v. Presiding
Kudge, S ",2 #& #ut(in,
%! d&ndant -as &#und gui(t* #n '#unt 4 as -(( as
'#unts 1, 2, 3 and 9 and -as sntn'd t# dat! and
t# "a* a &in #& P20,000,
I''%!
51N t! /udgmnt must ) rvrsd )'aus #& t!
tria( '#urtQs &ai(ur t# a""#int Ran#t!r att#rn* d
#&i'i# &#r t! a''usd in s"it #& t! mani&stati#n #&
t! att#rn* d #&i'i# <-!# d&ndd t! a''usd at
t! tria(= t!at ! -#u(d (i. t# ) r(ivd &#r #)vi#us
ras#ns,R
(!"D
N1
$ %! a""((at tri)una( -i(( indu(g ras#na)(
"rsum"ti#ns, in &av#r #& t! (ga(it* and rgu(arit*
#& a(( t! "r#'dings #& t! tria( '#urt, in'(uding t!
"rsum"ti#n t!at t! a''usd -as n#t dnid t!
rig!t t# !av '#uns(, <K, S, vs, ?a)ia(, 29 P!i(,, 82,= It
is "rsumd t!at t! "r#'dur "rs'ri)d )* (a-
!as )n #)srvd un(ss it is mad t# a""ar
:"rss(* t# t! '#ntrar*, <K, S, vs, 7s'a(ant, 36
P!i(,, 943,= %! &a't t!at t! att#rn* a""#intd )*
t! tria( '#urt t# aid t! d&ndant in !is d&ns
:"rssd r(u'tan' t# a''"t t! dsignati#n
)'aus, as t! "rsnt '#uns( assums, ! did n#t
s*m"at!i8 -it! t! d&ndantQs 'aus, is n#t
su&&i'int t# #vr'#m t!is "rsum"ti#n, %!
statmnt #& t! '#uns( in t! '#urt )(#- did n#
n'ssari(* im"(* t!at ! did n#t "r&#rm !is dut* t#
"r#t't t! intrst #& t! a''usd, As a mattr #&
&a't, t! "rsnt '#uns( Rsin'r(* )(ivs t!at t!
said Att#rn* Carin did !is )st, a(t!#ug! it -as n#t
t! )st #& a -i((ing -#r.r,R 5 d# n#t dis'rn in t!
r'#rd an* indi'ati#n t!at t! &#rmr '#uns( did n#t
'#ndu't t! d&ns t# t! )st #& !is a)i(it*, I&
Att#rn* Carin did !is )st as a s-#rn mm)r #& t!
)ar, as t! "rsnt att#rn* admits, t!at -as
n#ug!; !is sntimnts did n#t 'ut an* in&(un' in
t! rsu(t #& t! 'as and did n#t im"ri( t! rig!ts #&
t! a""((ant,
*O($'O$ /!RB'#
304 KS 458
B?ACS; >a* 23, 1238
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! d'isi#n #& t! ;istri't C#urt
dn*ing t! "titi#n &#r !a)as '#r"us -!i'! t!
C#urt #& A""a(s a&&irmd
&AC#'
, Ptiti#nr and #n Brid-(( -r arrstd in
C!ar(st#n, S,C,, N#vm)r 21, 1234, '!argd -it!
&(#ni#us(* uttring and "assing &#ur '#untr&it
t-nt*$d#((ar Fdra( Rsrv n#ts and "#ssssing
t-nt*$#n su'! n#ts, B#t! -r t!n n(istd mn
in t! Knitd Stats >arin C#r"s, #n (av, %!*
-r )#und #vr t# a-ait a'ti#n #& t! Knitd Stats
Grand +u(*, )ut -r ."t in /ai( du t# ina)i(it* t#
giv )ai(, +anuar* 21, 1235, t!* -r indi'td;
+anuar* 23, 1235, t!* -r ta.n t# '#urt and t!r
&irst giv n#ti' #& t! indi'tmnt; immdiat(* -r
arraignd, trid, '#nvi'td, and sntn'd t!at da*
t# &#ur and #n$!a(& *ars in t! "nitntiar*; and
+anuar* 25, -r trans"#rtd t# t! Fdra(
Pnitntiar* in At(anta, 5!i( '#uns( !ad
r"rsntd t!m in t! "r(iminar* !arings )&#r
t! '#mmissi#nr in -!i'! t!*$s#m t-# m#nt!s
)&#r t!ir tria($-r )#und #vr t# t! Grand +ur*,
t! a''usd -r una)( t# m"(#* '#uns( &#r t!ir
tria(, K"#n arraignmnt, )#t! "(add n#t gui(t*, said
t!at t!* !ad n# (a-*r, and$in rs"#ns t# an
in3uir* #& t! '#urt$statd t!at t!* -r rad* &#r
tria(, %!* -r t!n trid, '#nvi'td, and sntn'd,
-it!#ut assistan' #& '#uns(,
$ It a""ars &r#m t! #"ini#n #& t! ;istri't +udg
dn*ing !a)as '#r"us t!at ! )(ivd "titi#nr
-as d"rivd, in t! tria( '#urt, #& !is '#nstituti#na(
rig!t undr t! "r#visi#n #& t! Si:t! Amndmnt,
t!at, QIn a(( 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns,t! a''usd s!a((
n/#* t! rig!t ,,, t# !av t! Assistan' #& C#uns(
&#r !is d&ns,Q 4#-vr, ! !(d t!at "r#'dings
d"riving "titi#nr #& !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t#
assistan' #& '#uns( -r n#t su&&i'int Qt# ma.
t! tria( v#id and /usti&* its annu(mnt in a !a)as
'#r"us "r#'ding, )ut t!at t!* '#nstitutd tria(
rr#rs #r irrgu(aritis -!i'! '#u(d #n(* ) '#rr'td
#n a""a(,Q
$ %! C#urt #& A""a(s a&&irmd
I''%!
51N t! rmd* #& !a)as '#r"us rndr t!
'#nvi'ti#n #& t! "titi#nr v#id -!n t!r is a
vi#(ati#n #& t! rig!t t# '#uns(, t! si:t!
amndmnt
(!"D
67S
$ C#m"(ian' -it! t!is '#nstituti#na( mandat is an
ssntia( /urisdi'ti#na( "rr3uisit t# a &dra(
'#urtQs aut!#rit* t# d"riv an a''usd #& !is (i& #r
(i)rt*, 5!n t!is rig!t is "r#"r(* -aivd, t!
assistan' #& '#uns( is n# (#ngr a n'ssar*
(mnt #& t! '#urtQs /urisdi'ti#n t# "r#'d t#
'#nvi'ti#n and sntn', I& t! a''usd, !#-vr, is
n#t r"rsntd )* '#uns( and !as n#t '#m"tnt(*
and int((ignt(* -aivd !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t, t!
Si:t! Amndmnt stands as a /urisdi'ti#na( )ar t# a
va(id '#nvi'ti#n and sntn' d"riving !im #& !is
(i& #r !is (i)rt*,
Ratio %! "ur"#s #& t! '#nstituti#na( guarant* #& a
rig!t t# '#uns( is t# "r#t't an a''usd &r#m
'#nvi'ti#n rsu(ting &r#m !is #-n ign#ran' #& !is
(ga( and '#nstituti#na( rig!ts, and t! guarant*
-#u(d ) nu((i&id )* a dtrminati#n t!at an
a''usdQs ign#rant &ai(ur t# '(aim !is rig!ts rm#vs
t! "r#t'ti#n #& t! C#nstituti#n, %ru, !a)as
'#r"us 'ann#t ) usd as a mans #& rvi-ing
rr#rs #& (a- and irrgu(aritis$n#t inv#(ving t!
3usti#n #& /urisdi'ti#n$#''urring during t! '#urs #&
tria(; and t! Q-rit #& !a)as '#r"us 'ann#t ) usd
as a -rit #& rr#r,Q %!s "rin'i"(s, !#-vr, must
) '#nstrud and a""(id s# as t# "rsrv$n#t
dstr#*$'#nstituti#na( sa&guards #& !uman (i& and
(i)rt*, %! s'#" #& in3uir* in !a)as '#r"us
"r#'dings !as )n )r#adnd$n#t narr#-d$sin'
t! ad#"ti#n #& t! Si:t! Amndmnt, In su'! a
"r#'ding, Qit -#u(d ) '(ar(* rr#n#us t# '#n&in
t! in3uir* t# t! "r#'dings and /udgmnt #& t!
tria( '#urtQ and t! "titi#nd '#urt !as Q"#-r t#
in3uir -it! rgard t# t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! in&ri#r
'#urt, it!r in rs"'t t# t! su)/'t$mattr #r t#
t! "rs#n, vn i& su'! in3uir* inv#(vs an
:aminati#n #& &a'ts #utsid #&, )ut n#t in'#nsistnt
-it!, t! r'#rd,Q C#ngrss !as :"andd t! rig!ts
#& a "titi#nr &#r !a)as '#r"us and t! Q,,, &&'t is
t# su)stitut &#r t! )ar (ga( rvi- t!at sms t#
!av )n t! (imit #& /udi'ia( aut!#rit* undr t!
'#mm#n$(a- "ra'ti', and undr t! a't #& 31 Car, II,
'!a", 2, a m#r sar'!ing invstigati#n, in -!i'! t!
a""(i'ant is "ut u"#n !is #at! t# st &#rt! t! trut! #&
t! mattr rs"'ting t! 'auss #& !is dtnti#n,
and t! '#urt, u"#n dtrmining t! a'tua( &a'ts, is
t# Qdis"#s #& t! "art* as (a- and /usti' r3uir,Q
$ Q%!r )ing n# d#u)t #& t! aut!#rit* #& t!
C#ngrss t# t!us (i)ra(i8 t! '#mm#n$(a-
"r#'dur #n !a)as '#r"us in #rdr t# sa&guard
t! (i)rt* #& a(( "rs#ns -it!in t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!
Knitd Stats against in&ringmnt t!r#ug! an*
vi#(ati#n #& t! C#nstituti#n #r a (a- #r trat*
sta)(is!d t!rundr, it rsu(ts t!at undr t!
s'ti#ns 'itd a "ris#nr in 'ust#d* "ursuant t# t!
&ina( /udgmnt #& a stat '#urt #& 'rimina( /urisdi'ti#n
ma* !av a /udi'ia( in3uir* in a '#urt #& t! Knitd
Stats int# t! vr* trut! and su)stan' #& t!
'auss #& !is dtnti#n, a(t!#ug! it ma* )'#m
n'ssar* t# (##. )!ind and )*#nd t! r'#rd #&
!is '#nvi'ti#n t# a su&&i'int :tnt t# tst t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& t! stat '#urt t# "r#'d t# /udgmnt
against !im, ,,,
Q,,, it is #"n t# t! '#urts #& t! Knitd Stats, u"#n
an a""(i'ati#n &#r a -rit #& !a)as '#r"us, t# (##.
)*#nd &#rms and in3uir* int# t! vr* su)stan' #&
t! mattr ,,,,Q
$ I& t!is r3uirmnt #& t! Si:t! Amndmnt is n#t
'#m"(id -it!, t! '#urt n# (#ngr !as /urisdi'ti#n t#
"r#'d, %! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n "r#n#un'd )*
a '#urt -it!#ut /urisdi'ti#n is v#id, and #n
im"ris#nd t!rundr ma* #)tain r(as )* !a)as
'#r"us, A /udg #& t! Knitd Stats$t# -!#m a
"titi#n &#r !a)as '#r"us is addrssd$s!#u(d )
a(rt t# :amin Qt! &a'ts &#r !ims(& -!n i& tru as
a((gd t!* ma. t! tria( a)s#(ut(* v#id,Q
$ It must ) rmm)rd, !#-vr, t!at a /udgmnt
'ann#t ) (ig!t(* st asid )* '#((atra( atta'., vn
#n !a)as '#r"us, 5!n '#((atra((* atta'.d, t!
/udgmnt #& a '#urt 'arris -it! it a "rsum"ti#n #&
rgu(arit*, 5!r a d&ndant, -it!#ut '#uns(,
a'3uis's in a tria( rsu(ting in !is '#nvi'ti#n and
(atr s.s r(as )* t! :tra#rdinar* rmd* #&
!a)as '#r"us, t! )urdn #& "r##& rsts u"#n !im t#
sta)(is! t!at ! did n#t '#m"tnt(* and
int((ignt(* -aiv !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t#
assistan' #& C#uns(, I& in a !a)as '#r"us !aring,
! d#s mt t!is )urdn and '#nvin's t! '#urt )*
a "r"#ndran' #& vidn' t!at ! nit!r !ad
'#uns( n#r "r#"r(* -aivd !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t
t# '#uns(, it is t! dut* #& t! '#urt t# grant t!
-rit,
Dispositive %! 'aus is rvrsd and rmandd t#
t! ;istri't C#urt &#r dtrminati#n -!t!r
"titi#nr did n#t '#m"tnt(* and int((ignt(* -aiv
!is rig!t t# '#uns(, I& '#urt &inds &#r "titi#nr t!
d'isi#n #& t! distri't '#urt '#nvi'ting "titi#nr
must ) d'(ard v#id,
P!OP"! (O"+ADO
85 P4I? 952
>1RAN; >ar'! 22, 1250
&AC#'
$ A""((ant Fris'# 4#(gad# -as '!argd in t! '#urt
#& First Instan' #& R#m)(#n -it! s(ig!t i((ga(
dtnti#n )'aus a''#rding t# t! in&#rmati#n,
)ing a "rivat "rs#n, ! did R&(#ni#us(* and
-it!#ut /usti&ia)( m#tiv, .idna" and dtain #n
Artmia Fa)rag in t! !#us #& Antr# 4#(gad# &#r
a)#ut ig!t !#urs t!r)* d"riving said Artmia
Fa)rag #& !r "rs#na( (i)rt*,R
$ ;uring t! tria(, ! "(ad gui(t* as ! -as -it!#ut a
(a-*r, and t!at a 'rtain Numrian# 1'am"# t#(d
4#(gad# t# "(ad gui(t*, %! C#urt rsrvd t!
sntn' &#r a t-# da*s ds"it t! &is'a(0s
assuran's t!at t! 'rtain Numrian# 1'am"# !as
)n invstigatd and &#und -it!#ut vidn' t# (in.
!im t# t! 'rim
$ It must ) n#ti'd t!at in t! 'a"ti#n #& t! 'as as
it a""ars in t! /udgmnt a)#v 3u#td, t! #&&ns
'!argd is namd S?IG4% I??7GA? ;7%7N%I1N -!i(
in t! )#d* #& t! /udgmnt i& is said t!at t!
a''usd Rstands '!argd -it! t! 'rim #&
.idna""ing and sri#us i((ga( dtnti#n,R In t!
&#rmati#n &i(d )* t! "r#vin'ia( &is'a( it is said t!at
! Ra''uss Fris'# 4#(gad# #& t! 'rim #& s(ig!t
i((ga( dtnti#n,R %! &a'ts a((gd in said
in&#rmati#n ar n#t '(ar as t# -!t!r t! #&&ns is
namd t!rin #r 'a"ita( #&&ns #& R.idna""ing and
sri#us i((ga( dtnti#nR as &#und )* t! tria( /udg
in !is /udgmnt, Sin' t! a''usd$a""((ant "(add
gui(t* and n# vidn' a""ars t# !av )n
"rsntd )* it!r "art*, t! tria( /udg must !av
ddu'd t! 'a"ita( #&&ns &r#m t! &a'ts "(add in
t! in&#rmati#n,
I''%!
51N t! '#nvi'ti#n #& t! (#-r '#urt is va(id
(!"D
N1, It is inva(id,
$ Kndr t! 'ir'umstan's, "arti'u(ar(* t! 3ua(i&id
"(a givn )* t! a''usd -!# -as unaidd )*
'#uns(, it -as n#t "rudnt, t# sa* t! (ast, &#r t!
tria( '#urt t# rndr su'! a sri#us /udgmnt &inding
t! a''usd gui(t* #& a 'a"ita( #&&ns, and im"#sing
u"#n !im su'! a !av* "na(t* as tn *ars and #n
da* #& prision ma'or t# t-nt* *ars, -it!#ut
a)s#(ut an* vidn' t# dtrmin and '(ari&* t!
tru &a'ts #& t! 'as,
$ ru(s #& C#urt, Ru( 112, s'ti#n 3, t!at N
I& t! d&ndant a""ars -it!#ut att#rn*, ! must
) in&#rmd )* t! '#urt t!at it is !is rig!t t# !av
att#rn* )ing arraignd,, and must ) as.d i& !
dsirs t! aid #& att#rn*, t! C#urt must assign
att#rn* de oficio t# d&nd !im, A ras#na)(
tim must ) a((#-d &#r "r#'uring att#rn*,
$ t! '#urt !as &#ur im"#rtant dutis t# '#m"(* -it!C
1 \ It must in&#rm t! d&ndant t!at it is !is rig!t t#
!av att#rn* )&#r )ing arraignd; 2 \ A&tr
giving !im su'! in&#rmati#n t! '#urt must as. !im i&
! dsirs t! aid #& an att#rn*; 3 \ I& ! dsirs
and is una)( t# m"(#* att#rn*, t! '#urt must
assign att#rn* de oficio t# d&nd !im; and 4 \ I&
t! a''usd dsirs t# "r#'ur an att#rn* #& !is
#-n t! '#urt must grant !im a ras#na)( tim
t!r&#r,
, I$ #(! CA'!5 N#t #n #& t!s dutis !ad )n
'#m"(id -it! )* t! tria( '#urt, %! r'#rd dis'(#ss
t!at said '#urt did n#t in&#rm t! a''usd #& !is rig!t
t# !av an att#rn* n#r did it as. !im i& ! dsird
t! aid #& #n, %! tria( '#urt &ai(d t# in3uir
-!t!r #r n#t t! a''usd -as t# m"(#* an
att#rn*, t# grant !im ras#na)( tim t# "r#'ur #r
assign an att#rn* de oficio,
$ %! 3usti#n as.d )* t! '#urt t# t! a''usd
-as R;# *#u !av an att#rn* #r ar *#u g#ing t#
"(ad gui(t*HR N#t #n(* did su'! a 3usti#n &ai( t#
in&#rm t! a''usd t!at it -as !is rig!t t# !av an
att#rn* )&#r arraignmnt, )ut, -!at is -#rs,
t! 3usti#n -as s# &ramd t!at it '#u(d !av )n
'#nstrud )* t! a''usd as a suggsti#n &r#m t!
'#urt t!at ! "(ad gui(t i& ! !ad n# att#rn*, And
t!is is a dnia( #& &air !aring in vi#(ati#n #& t!
du "r#'ss '(aus '#ntaind in #ur C#nstituti#n,
$ 1n #& t! grat "rin'i"(s #& /usti' guarantd )*
#ur C#nstituti#n is t!at Rn# "rs#n s!a(( ) !(d t#
ans-r &#r a 'rimina( #&&ns -it!#ut du "r#'ss #&
(a-R, and t!at a(( a''usd Rs!a(( n/#* t! rig!t t# )
!ard )* !ims(& and '#uns(,R In 'rimina( 'ass
t!r 'an ) n# &air !aring un(ss t! a''usd )
givn t! #""#rtunit* t# ) !ard )* '#uns(, %!
rig!t t# ) !ard -#u(d ) #& (itt( avai( i& it d#s n#t
in'(ud t! rig!t t# ) !ard )* '#uns(, 7vn t!
m#st int((ignt #r du'atd man ma* !av n# s.i((
in t! s'in' #& t! (a-, "arti'u(ar(* in t! ru(s #&
"r#'dur, and, -it!#ut '#uns(, ! ma* )
'#nvi'td n#t )'aus ! is gui(t* )ut )'aus !
d#s n#t .n#- !#- t# sta)(is! !is inn#'n', And
t!is 'an !a""n m#r asi(* t# "rs#ns -!# ar
ign#rant #r undu'atd,
$ It is &#r t!is ras#n t!at t! rig!t t# ) assistd )*
'#uns( is dmd s# im"#rtant t!at it !as )'#m a
'#nstituti#na( rig!t and it is s# im"(mntd t!at
undr #ur ru(s #& "r#'dur it is n#t n#ug! &#r t!
C#urt t# a""ris an a''usd #& !is rig!t t# !av an
att#rn*, it is n#t n#ug! t# as. !im -!t!r !
dsirs t! aid #& an att#rn*, )ut it is ssntia( t!at
t! '#urt s!#u(d assign #n de oficio i& ! s# dsirs
and ! is "##r grant !im a ras#na)( tim t#
"r#'ur an att#rn* #& !is #-n,
$ in t! instant 'as, t!at t! a''usd -!# -as
unaidd )* '#uns( "(add gui(t* )ut -it! t!
&#((#-ing 3ua(i&i'ati#nC R)ut I -as instru'td )* #n
>r, 1'am"#,R %! tria( '#urt &ai(d t# in3uir as t#
t! tru im"#rt #& t!is 3ua(i&i'ati#n, t! r'#rd d#s
n#t s!#- -!t!r t! su""#sd instru'ti#ns -as ra(
and -!t!r it !ad r&rn' t# t! '#mmissi#n #&
t! #&&ns #r t# t! ma.ing #& t! "(a gui(t*, N#
invstigati#n -as #"nd )* t! '#urt #n t!is mattr
in t! "rsn' #& t! a''usd and t!r is n#- n#
-a* #& dtrmining -!t!r t! su""#sd instru'ti#n
is a g##d d&ns #r ma* vitiat t! v#(untarinss #&
t! '#n&ssi#n, A""arnt(* t! '#urt )'am
satis&id -it! t! &is'a(Qs in&#rmati#n t!at ! !ad
invstigatd >r, 1'am"# and &#und t!at t! sam
!ad n#t!ing t# d# -it! t!is 'as, Su'! attitud #& t!
'#urt -as -r#ng &#r t! sim"( ras#n t!at a mr
statmnt #& t! &is'a( -as n#t su&&i'int t#
#vr'#m a 3ua(i&id "(a #& t! a''usd, But a)#v
a((, t! '#urt s!#u(d !av sn t# it t!at t! a''usd
) assistd )* '#uns( s"'ia((* )'aus #& t!
3ua(i&id "(a givn )* !im and t! sri#usnss #&
t! #&&ns &#und t# ) 'a"ita( )* t! '#urt,
Dispositive %! /udgmnt a""a(d &r#m is
rvrsd and t! 'as is rmandd t# t! C#urt
)(#- &#r a n- arraignmnt and a n- tria( a&tr t!
a''usd is a""risd #& !is rig!t t# !av and t# )
assistd )* '#uns(, S# #rdrd,
P!OP"! $ICA$DRO
141 SCRA 225
P?ANA; F)ruar* 11, 1286
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m /udgmnt #& CFI >ani(a
&AC#'
$ Pursuant t# in&#rmati#n rgarding t! i((ga( sa( #&
"r#!i)itd drugs )* Ni'andr#, t! 5P; '#ndu'td
survi((an' and #rgani8d an Antra"mnt -it! t!
'#n&idntia( in&#rmant a'ting as t! )u*r #&
mari/uana,B 5it! mar.d m#n*, t! in&#rmant
as.d t# )u* mari/uana &r#m Ni'andr#, and u"#n
d(ivr* #& 4 sti'.s #& mari/uana 'igartts, t! "#(i'
na))d Ni'andr#, %! mar.d )i((s -r r'#vrd
&r#m !r "#'.ts, as -(( as mari/uana &(#-ring t#",
$ A((gd(*, u"#n )ing invstigatd and a&tr !aving
)n du(* a""risd #& !r '#nstituti#na( rig!ts,
Ni'andr# #ra((* admittd !aving s#(d t! mari/uana,
)ut r&usd t# rdu' !r '#n&ssi#n t# -riting,
%! "r#s'uti#n r(id "rin'i"a((* #n t! tstim#n* #&
Patr#(man +#vs, #n #& t! #&&i'rs -!# '#ndu'td
t! ntra"mnt, 4is tstim#n* said A-!n - sa-
t! a''usd !andd t! 4 sti'.s #& sus"'td
mari/uana 'igartts t# #ur '#n&idntia( in&#rmant
and a&tr a "rarrangd signa( -as givn )* t!
in&#rmant t!at t! a''usd !ad a(rad* s#(d !r t!
mari/uana, - immdiat(* na))d said sus"'t and
at t! sam tim - idnti&id #urs(vs as "#(i'
#&&i'rs,B
$ 5!n as.d !#- ! '#ndu'td t! invstigati#n,
Pat, +#vs tsti&id t!at At! &irst t!ing I did -as I
in&#rmd t! a''usd #& !r '#nstituti#na( rig!ts,
t!n I 3usti#nd !r a)#ut t! mari/uana t!at -r
'#n&is'atd ::: and s! vr)a((* admittd t!at s!
s#(d t! 4 sti'.s and "#ssssd and #-nd t! #t!r
mari/uana (avs,B CFI '#nvi'td !r, r(*ing m#st(*
#n Ni'andr#0s '#n&ssi#n as statd in t! +#vs0
tstim#n*, S! a""a(d,
I''%!'
1, 51N '#urt rrd in giving "r#)ativ va(u t# t!
tstim#n* #& t! #&&i'r
2, 51N rig!ts #& a''usd <vs s(&$in'riminati#n and
t# '#n&r#nt -itnss vs !r= -r vi#(atd, t!us an*
vidn' #)taind t!r&r#m ar inadmissi)(
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio %! "r#s'uti#n vidn' (avs mu'! t# )
dsird, It is at )st un'rtain -!t!r an*
"r#s'uti#n -itnss ra((* sa- t! a((gd sa( #&
mari/uana,
Reasoning
$ %! '#urt &#und t! tstim#n* #& Pat, +#vs
unr(ia)( as it a""ars t!at ! !ims(& -as unsur #&
-!at ! sa-, &irst sa*ing t!at ! sa- t! mari/uana
)ing s#(d #"n(*, )ut -!n t! im"r#)a)i(it* #&
i((ga( drugs )ing s#(d #"n(* -as "#intd #ut, !
3ua(i&id !is st#r* )* sa*ing t!at t! sa( t##. "(a'
s'rt(*,
$it is "r#)a)( t!at +#vs did n#t ra((* s it!r t!
a((gd d(ivr* #& mari/uana #r t! su""#sd
"a*mnt t!r&#r, 5it! !is tstim#n* sri#us(*
"(a'd in d#u)t, t!r is n#t mu'! (&t #& t!
"r#s'uti#n vidn',
2, 67S
Ratio t! rig!t #& a "rs#n undr intrr#gati#n At#
) in&#rmdB im"(is a '#rr(ativ #)(igati#n #n t!
"art #& t! invstigat#r t# :"(ain, and '#ntm"(ats
an &&'tiv '#mmuni'ati#n t!at rsu(ts in
undrstanding -!at is '#nv*d, S!#rt #& t!is, t!r
is a dnia( #& t! rig!t, as it 'ann#t tru(* ) said t!at
t! "rs#n !as )n Ain&#rmdB #& !is rig!ts,
Reasoning
$ r(ian' #n #ra( admissi#n is assai(d as vi#(ativ #&
S'20, Art,I@, 1293 C#nsti <N# "rs#n s!a(( ) '#m"((d
t# ) a -itnss vs !ims(&, An* "rs#n undr invstigati#n
&#r t! '#mmissi#n #& an #&&ns s!a(( !av rig!t t# rmain
si(nt and t# '#uns(, and t# ) in, &#rmd #& a'! rig!t, N#
&#r', vi#(ati#n, t!rat, intimidati#n, #r an* #t!r mans
-!i'! vitiats t! &r -i(( s!a(( ) usd against !im, An*
'#n&ssi#n #)taind in vi#(ati#n #& t!is s'ti#n s!a(( )
inadmissi)( in vidn'=,
$ a)#v "r#visi#n is an :"andd vrsi#n #& t! rig!t
vs s(&$in'riminati#n, &#rma((* in'#r"#rating t!
d#'trin in >iranda v Ari8#naC A t! "r#s'uti#n ma*
n#t us statmnts, -!t!r :'u("at#r* #r
in'u("at#r*, stmming &r#m 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n #&
t! d&ndant un(ss it dm#nstrats t! us #&
"r#'dura( sa&guards &&'tiv t# s'ur t!
"rivi(g against s(&$ in'riminati#n, ::: As &#r t!
"r#'dura( sa&guards t# ) m"(#*d, un(ss #t!r
&u((* &&'tiv mans ar dvisd t# in&#rm a''usd
"rs#ns #& t!ir rig!t #& si(n' and t# assur a
'#ntinu#us #""#rtunit* t# :r'is it, t! && masurs
ar r3uird, Pri#r t# an* 3usti#ning, t! "rs#n
must ) -arnd t!at ! !as a rig!t t# rmain si(nt,
t!at an* statmnt ! d#s ma. ma* ) usd as
vidn' against !im, and t!at ! !as a rig!t t# t!
"rsn' #& an att*, it!r rtaind #r a""#intd,
%! d&ndant ma* -aiv t!#s rig!ts, "r#vidd
su'! is mad v#(untari(*, .n#-ing(* T int((ignt(*, I&,
!#-vr, ! indi'ats in an* mannr T at an* stag
#& t! "r#'ss t!at ! -is!s t# '#nsu(t -it! an att*
)&#r s"a.ing, t!r 'an ) n# 3usti#ning,
?i.-is, i& t! individua( is a(#n T indi'ats in an*
mannr t!at ! d#s n#t -is! t# ) intrr#gatd, t!
"#(i' ma* n#t 3usti#n !im, %! mr &a't t!at !
ma* !av ans-rd s#m 3usti#ns #r v#(untrd
s#m statmnts #n !is #-n d#s n#t d"riv !im #&
t! rig!t t# r&rain &r#m ans-ring an* &urt!r
in3uiris unti( ! !as '#nsu(td -it! an att#rn* T
t!ra&tr '#nsnts t# ) 3usti#nd,B <t! '#urt
"#ints #ut t!at t! >iranda d#'trin rsts #n t!
'#nstituti#na( guarant t!at n# "rs#n s!a(( )
'#m"((d t# ) a -itnss vs !ims(&=
$ sin' rig!t At# ) in&#rmdB im"(is '#m"r!nsi#n,
dgr #& :"(anati#n r3uird -i(( n'ssar* var*,
d"nding u"#n t! du'ati#n, int((ign' T #t!r
r(vant "rs#na( 'ir'umstan's #& t! "rs#n undr
invstigati#n, A sim"(r T m#r (u'id :"(anati#n is
ndd -!r t! su)/'t is un(ttrd
$ ?i. #t!r '#nstituti#na( rig!ts, t! rig!t vs s(&$
in'riminati#n, in'(uding t! rig!t #& a "rs#n undr
invstigati#n t# rmain si(nt T t# '#uns(, and t# )
in&#rmd #& su'! rig!t, ma* ) -aivd, %# ) va(id,
!#-vr, a -aivr must n#t #n(* ) v#(untar*; it
must ) mad .n#-ing(* T int((ignt(*, -!i'!
"rsu""#ss an a-arnss #r undrstanding #& -!at
is )ing -aivd, It stands t# ras#n t!at -!r t!
rig!t !as n#t )n ad3uat(* :"(aind and t!r
ar sri#us d#u)ts as t# -!t!r t! "rs#n
intrr#gatd .n- and undrst##d !is r(vant
'#nstituti#na( rig!ts -!n ! ans-rd t!
3usti#ns, it is id( t# ta(. #& -aivr #& rig!ts,
$ in t!is 'as, +#vs did n#t sa* -!at s"'i&i' rig!ts
! mnti#nd t# Ni'andr#, nit!r did ! stat t!
mannr ! advisd !r #& !r rig!ts s# as t# ma.
!r undrstand t!m, %!is is "arti'u(ar(* im"t
)'aus Ni'andr# -as i((itrat and 'an0t )
:"'td t# ) a)( t# gras" t! signi&i'an' #& !r
rig!ts mr(* )* !aring an a)stra't statmnt
t!r#&,
$ As it is t! #)(igati#n #& t! invstigat#r t# in&#rm a
"rs#n undr invstigati#n #& !is rig!ts, s# is it t!
dut* #& t! "r#s'uti#n t# a&&irmativ(* sta)(is!
'#m"(ian' )* t! invstigat#r -it! !is said
#)(igati#n, A)snt su'! a&&irmativ s!#-ing,
admissi#n #r '#n&ssi#n mad )* a "rs#n undr
invstigati#n 'ann#t ) admittd in vidn',
$ >iranda v Ari8#naC A- -i(( n#t "rsum t!at
d&ndant !as )n &&'tiv(* a""risd #& !is rig!ts
and t!at !is "rivi(g vs s(& in'riminati#n !as )n
ad3uat(* sa&guardd #n a r'#rd t!at d#sn0t
s!#- t!at an* -arnings !av )n givn #r an*
&&'tiv a(trnativ !as )n m"(#*d, N#r 'an a
-aivr #& t!s rig!ts ) assumd #n a si(nt r'#rdB
Dispositive d'isi#n S7% ASI;7, A'3uittd &#r
ras#na)( d#u)t
BA#AA$ '(IP)ARD Q !$+I$!!RI$+
CO I$C <BA'!CO> PC++
150 SCRA 181
NAR@ASA; >a* 29, 1289
$A#%R!
SP7CIA? CI@I? AC%I1N &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n t#
rvi- t! #rdr #& t! Prsidntia( C#mmissi#n #n
G##d G#vrnmnt
&AC#'
$ C!a((ngd in t!is s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n #& 'rti#rari
and "r#!i)iti#n )* a "rivat '#r"#rati#n .n#-n as t!
Bataan S!i"*ard and 7nginring C#,, In', arC
<1= 7:'utiv 1rdrs Num)rd 1 and 2,
"r#mu(gatd )* Prsidnt A3uin# #n F)ruar* 28,
1286 and >ar'! 12, 1286
<2= t! s3ustrati#n, ta.#vr, and #t!r #rdrs
issud, and a'ts d#n, in a''#rdan' -it! said
:'utiv #rdrs )* t! Prsidntia( C#mmissi#n #n
G##d G#vrnmnt andM#r its C#mmissi#nrs and
agnts, a&&'ting said '#r"#rati#n,
$ 25S4CO prays that this Court
1= d'(ar un'#nstituti#na( and v#id 7:'utiv
1rdrs Num)rd 1 and 2;
2= annu( t! s3ustrati#n #rdr datd A"ri( 14,
1286, and a(( #t!r #rdrs su)s3unt(* issud and
a'ts d#n #n t! )asis t!r#&, in'(usiv #& t!
ta.#vr #rdr #& +u(* 14, 1286 and t! trminati#n
#& t! srvi's #& t! BAS7C1 :'utivs,
I''%!'
1, 51N 7:'utiv N# s 1, 2 and 14 ar
un'#nstituti#na(
2, 51N rig!t against s(&$in'riminati#n 'an )
inv#.d )* BAS7C1
(!"D
1, N1
4$ecutive Order No# ,
U strsss t! Rurgnt nd t# r'#vr a(( i(($g#ttn
-a(t!,R and "#stu(ats t!at Rvast rs#ur's #& t!
g#vrnmnt !av )n amassd )* &#rmr Prsidnt
Frdinand 7, >ar'#s, !is immdiat &ami(*, r(ativs,
and '(#s ass#'iats )#t! !r and a)r#ad,R K"#n
t!s "rmiss, t! Prsidntia( C#mmissi#n #n
G##d G#vrnmnt -as 'ratd, R'!argd -it! t!
tas. #& assisting t! Prsidnt in rgard t# <'rtain
s"'i&id= mattrs, $ am#ng -!i'! -as "r'is(*
U In r(ati#n t# t! ta.#vr #r s3ustrati#n t!at it
-as aut!#ri8d t# undrta. in t! &u(&i((mnt #& its
missi#n, t! PCGG -as grantd R"#-r and
aut!#rit*R t# d# t! &#((#-ing "arti'u(ar a'ts, t# -itC
1, R%# se-uester or place or cause to !e placed
under its control or possession an* )ui(ding #r
#&&i' -!rin an* i(($g#ttn -a(t! #r "r#"rtis ma*
) &#und, and an* r'#rds "rtaining t!rt#, in
#rdr t# "rvnt t!ir dstru'ti#n, '#n'a(mnt #r
disa""aran' -!i'! -#u(d &rustrat #r !am"r t!
invstigati#n #r #t!r-is "rvnt t! C#mmissi#n
&r#m a''#m"(is!ing its tas.,
2, R%# provisionally taCe over in the pu!lic
interest or to prevent the disposal or
dissipation, )usinss ntr"riss and "r#"rtis
ta.n #vr )* t! g#vrnmnt #& t! >ar'#s
Administrati#n #r )* ntitis #r "rs#ns '(#s t#
&#rmr Prsidnt >ar'#s, unti( t! transa'ti#ns
(ading t# su'! a'3uisiti#n )* t! (attr 'an )
dis"#sd #& )* t! a""r#"riat aut!#ritis,R
3, R%# enjoin or restrain any actual or
threatened commission o acts !y any person
or entity t!at ma* rndr m##t and a'admi', #r
&rustrat #r #t!r-is ma. in&&'tua( t! &&#rts #&
t! C#mmissi#n t# 'arr* #ut its tas. undr t!is #rdr,
R
U S# t!at it mig!t as'rtain t! &a'ts grman t# its
#)/'tivs, it -as grantd "#-r t# '#ndu't
invstigati#ns, r3uir su)missi#n #& vidn' )*
su)"#na ad tsti&i'ati#n and du's t'um;
administr #at!s; "unis! &#r '#ntm"t, It -as givn
"#-r a(s# t# "r#mu(gat su'! ru(s and rgu(ati#ns
as ma* ) n'ssar* t# 'arr* #ut t! "ur"#ss #& <its
'rati#n=, R
4$ecutive Order No# )
U givs additi#na( and m#r s"'i&i' data and
dir'ti#ns rs"'ting Rt! r'#vr* #& i(($g#ttn
"r#"rtis amassd )* t! (adrs and su""#rtrs #&
t! "rvi#us rgim,R It d'(ars t!atC
1= RV V t! G#vrnmnt #& t! P!i(i""ins is in
"#ssssi#n #& vidn' s!#-ing t!at t!r ar assts
and "r#"rtis "ur"#rtd(* "rtaining t# &#rmr
Frdinand 7, >ar'#s, andM#r !is -i& >rs, Im(da
R#mua(d8 >ar'#s, t!ir '(#s r(ativs,
su)#rdinats, )usinss ass#'iats, dummis, agnts
#r n#mins -!i'! !ad )n #r -r a'3uird )*
t!m dir't(* #r indir't(*, t!r#ug! #r as a rsu(t #&
t! im"r#"r #r i((ga( us #& &unds #r "r#"rtis
#-nd )* t! g#vrnmnt #& t! P!i(i""ins #r an* #&
its )ran'!s, instrumnta(itis, ntr"riss, )an.s #r
&inan'ia( instituti#ns, #r )* ta.ing undu advantag
#& t!ir #&&i', aut!#rit*, in&(un', '#nn'ti#ns #r
r(ati#ns!i", rsu(ting in t!ir un/ust nri'!mnt and
'ausing grav damag and "r/udi' t# t! Fi(i"in#
"#"( and t! R"u)(i' #& t! P!i(i""ins; and
2= R V said assts and "r#"rtis ar in t! &#rm #&
)an. a''#unts, d"#sits, trust a''#unts, s!ars #&
st#'.s, )ui(dings, s!#""ing 'ntrs, '#nd#miniums,
mansi#ns, rsidn's, stats, and #t!r .inds #&
ra( and "rs#na( "r#"rtis in t! P!i(i""ins and in
vari#us '#untris #& t! -#r(d,R
K"#n t!s "rmiss, t! Prsidnt
1= ro1e Dall assets and properties in the
Philippines in -!i'! &#rmr Prsidnt >ar'#s andM#r
!is -i&, >rs, Im(da R#mua(d8 >ar'#s, t!ir '(#s
r(ativs, su)#rdinats, )usinss ass#'iats,
dummis, agnts, #r n#mins !av an* intrst #r
"arti'i"ati#nR
2= prohi!ited &#rmr Prsidnt Frdinand >ar'#s
andM#r !is -i& V V, t!ir '(#s r(ativs, su)#rdinats,
)usinss ass#'iats, dummis, agnts, #r n#mins
rom transerring( conveying( encum!ering(
concealing or dissipating said assets or
properties in t! P!i(i""ins and a)r#ad
3= "r#!i)itd Ran* "rs#n &r#m trans&rring
'#nv*ing, n'um)ring #r #t!r-is d"(ting #r
'#n'a(ing su'! assts and "r#"rtis #r &r#m
assisting #r ta.ing "art in t!ir trans&r,
n'um)ran', '#n'a(mnt #r dissi"ati#n undr "ain
#& su'! "na(tis as ar "rs'ri)d )* (a-;R and
4= r3uird Ra(( "rs#ns in t! P!i(i""ins !#(ding
su'! assts #r "r#"rtis, -!t!r (#'atd in t!
P!i(i""ins #r a)r#ad, in t!ir nams as n#mins,
agnts #r trusts, to maCe ull disclosure #& t!
sam t# t! C#mmissi#n #n G##d G#vrnmnt -it!in
t!irt* <30= da*s &r#m "u)(i'ati#n #& V <t!= 7:'utiv
1rdr, R
4$ecutive Order No# ,B
U PCGG is m"#-rd, R-it! t! assistan' #& t!
1&&i' #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( and #t!r g#vrnmnt
agn'is, V V t# &i( and "r#s'ut a(( 'ass
invstigatd )* it V V as ma* ) -arrantd )* its
&indings,QR34 A(( su'! 'ass, -!t!r 'ivi( #r 'rimina(,
ar t# ) &i(d R-it! t! Sandigan)a*an, -!i'! s!a((
!av :'(usiv and #rigina( /urisdi'ti#n t!r#&,R
U R<'=ivi( suits &#r rstituti#n, r"arati#n #& damags,
#r indmni&i'ati#n &#r '#ns3untia( damags,
&#r&itur "r#'dings "r#vidd &#r undr R"u)(i'
A't N#, 1392, #r an* #t!r 'ivi( a'ti#ns undr t!
Civi( C#d #r #t!r :isting (a-s, in '#nn'ti#n -it! V
V <said 7:'utiv 1rdrs Num)rd I and 2= ma* )
&i(d s"arat(* &r#m and "r#'d ind"ndnt(* #&
an* 'rimina( "r#'dings and ma* ) "r#vd )* a
"r"#ndran' #& vidn';R and t!at, m#r#vr, t!
Rt'!ni'a( ru(s #& "r#'dur and vidn' s!a(( n#t
) stri't(* a""(id t#V V<said= 'ivi( 'ass,R
2, N1, t!r is N# @i#(ati#n #& Rig!t against S(&$
In'riminati#n
Ratio It is (mntar* t!at t! rig!t against s(&$
in'riminati#n !as n# a""(i'ati#n t# /uridi'a( "rs#ns,
Reasoning
$ 25S4CO contends t!at its rig!t against s(&$
in'riminati#n and unras#na)( sar'!s and
si8urs !ad )n transgrssd )* t! 1rdr #& A"ri(
18, 1286 -!i'! r3uird it Rt# "r#du' '#r"#rat
r'#rds &r#m 1293 t# 1286 undr "ain #& '#ntm"t #&
t! C#mmissi#n i& it &ai(s t# d# s#,R %! #rdr -as
issud u"#n t! aut!#rit* #& S'ti#n 3 <= #&
7:'utiv 1rdr N#, 1, trating #& t! PCGGQs "#-r
t# Rissu su)"#nas r3uiring t! "r#du'ti#n #& su'!
)##.s, "a"rs,'#ntra'ts, r'#rds, statmnts #&
a''#unts and #t!r d#'umnts as ma* ) matria( t#
t! invstigati#n '#ndu'td )* t! C#mmissi#n,R and
"aragra"! <3=, 7:'utiv 1rdr N#, 2 da(ing -it! its
"#-r t# R<r=3uir a(( "rs#ns in t! P!i(i""ins
!#(ding V V<a((gd Ri(($g#ttnR= assts #r "r#"rtis,
-!t!r (#'atd in t! P!i(i""ins #r a)r#ad, in t!ir
nams as n#mins, agnts #r trusts, t# ma. &u((
dis'(#sur #& t! sam VV, R
$ 5!i( an individua( ma* (a-&u((* r&us t# ans-r
in'riminating 3usti#ns un(ss "r#t'td )* an
immunit* statut, it d#s n#t &#((#- t!at a
'#r"#rati#n, vstd -it! s"'ia( "rivi(gs and
&ran'!iss, ma* r&us t# s!#- its !and -!n
'!argd -it! an a)us #& su'! "rivi(gs
$ OClahoma Press Pu!lishing Co# v# @alling
U '#r"#rati#ns ar n#t ntit(d t# a(( #& t!
'#nstituti#na( "r#t'ti#ns -!i'! "rivat individua(s
!av, %!* ar n#t at a(( -it!in t! "rivi(g against
s(&$in'riminati#r, a(t!#ug! t!is '#urt m#r t!an #n'
!as said t!at t! "rivi(g runs vr* '(#s(* -it! t!
4t! AmndmntQs Sar'! and Si8ur "r#visi#ns, It is
a(s# stt(d t!at an #&&i'r #& t! '#m"an* 'ann#t
r&us t# "r#du' its r'#rds in its "#ssssi#n, u"#n
t! "(a t!at t!* -i(( it!r in'riminat !im #r ma*
in'riminat it,
$ @ilson v# 3nited States
U %! '#r"#rati#n is a 'ratur #& t! stat, It is
"rsumd t# ) in'#r"#ratd &#r t! )n&it #& t!
"u)(i', It r'ivd 'rtain s"'ia( "rivi(gs and
&ran'!iss, and !#(ds t!m su)/'t t# t! (a-s #& t!
stat and t! (imitati#ns #& its '!artr, Its "#-rs ar
(imitd )* (a-, It 'an ma. n# '#ntra't n#t
aut!#ri8d )* its '!artr, Its rig!ts t# a't as a
'#r"#rati#n ar #n(* "rsrvd t# it s# (#ng as it
#)*s t! (a-s #& its 'rati#n, %!r is a rsrv
rig!t in t! (gis(atur t# invstigat its '#ntra'ts
and &ind #ut -!t!r it !as :'dd its "#-rs, It
-#u(d ) a strang an#ma(* t# !#(d t!at a stat,
!aving '!artrd a '#r"#rati#n t# ma. us #&
'rtain &ran'!iss, '#u(d n#t, in t! :r'is #&
s#vrignt*, in3uir !#- t!s &ran'!iss !ad )n
m"(#*d, and -!t!r t!* !ad )n a)usd, and
dmand t! "r#du'ti#n #& t! '#r"#rat )##.s and
"a"rs &#r t!at "ur"#s, %! d&ns am#unts t#
t!is, t!at an #&&i'r #& t! '#r"#rati#n -!i'! is
'!argd -it! a 'rimina( vi#(ati#n #& t! statut ma*
"(ad t! 'rimina(it* #& su'! '#r"#rati#n as a r&usa(
t# "r#du' its )##.s, %# stat t!is "r#"#siti#n is t#
ans-r it, 5!i( an individua( ma* (a-&u((* r&us t#
ans-r in'riminating 3usti#ns un(ss "r#t'td )*
an immunit* statut, it d#s n#t &#((#- t!at a
'#r"#rati#n, vstd -it! s"'ia( "rivi(gs and
&ran'!iss ma* r&us t# s!#- its !and -!n
'!argd -it! an a)us #& su'! "rivi(gs,
$ At an* rat, 7:'utiv 1rdr N#, 14$A, amnding
S'ti#n 4 #& 7:'utiv 1rdr N#, 14 assurs
"r#t'ti#n t# individua(s r3uird t# "r#du'
vidn' )&#r t! PCGG against an* "#ssi)(
vi#(ati#n #& !is rig!t against s(&$in'riminati#n, It
givs t!m immunit* &r#m "r#s'uti#n #n t! )asis
#& tstim#n* #r in&#rmati#n ! is '#m"((d t#
"rsnt, As amndd, said S'ti#n 4 n#- "r#vids
t!at
R%! -itnss ma* n#t r&us t# '#m"(* -it! t!
#rdr #n t! )asis #& !is "rivi(g against s(&$
in'riminati#n; )ut n# tstim#n* #r #t!r
in&#rmati#n '#m"((d undr t! #rdr <#r an*
in&#rmati#n dir't(* #r indir't(* drivd &r#m su'!
tstim#n*, #r #t!r in&#rmati#n= ma* ) usd
against t! -itnss in an* 'rimina( 'as, :'"t a
"r#s'uti#n &#r "r/ur*, giving a &a(s statmnt,
#r #t!r-is &ai(ing t# '#m"(* -it! t! #rdr,R
Dispositive "titi#n is dismissd
:oting 6a", Frnan, Paras, Gan'a*'# and Sarmint#
'#n'ur
%!an., '#n'urs in a s"arat #"ini#n,
>(n'i#$4rrra, '#n'urs -it! 3ua(i&i'ati#ns in a
s"arati#n #"ini#n,
Gutirr8, +r, s '#n'urring and dissnting #"ini#n,
Cru8 dissnts in a s"arat #"ini#n,
F(i'ian# /#ins >, 4rrraQs 3ua(i&id '#n'urring
#"ini#n,
Padi((a s '#n'urring #"ini#n,
Bidin /#ins Gutirr8 in !is '#n'urring and dissnting
#"ini#n,
C#rts /#ins Gutirr8 in !is '#n'urring and
dissnting #"ini#n,
P!OP"! !'#!$'O
92 SCRA 493
AN%1NI1; August 29, 1296

$A#%R!
1rigina( A'ti#n &#r Crti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$ In Crimina( Cas N#, 2821, ntit(d P#"( #& t!
P!i(i""ins vs Grg#ri# 1/#*, #& t! CFI #& I(#i(#, t!
'#uns( &#r t! a''usd, a&tr t! a''usd !ims(&
!ad a(rad* tsti&id in !is #-n tria(, mani&std t#
t! C#urt t!at ! -as &i(ing #n(* a&&idavits &#r !is
su)s3unt -itnsss su)/'t t# 'r#ss$:aminati#n
)* t! "r#s'uti#n #n mattrs statd in t! said
a&&idavits and #n a(( mattrs "rtinnt and matria(
t# t! 'as,
$ %! "rivat "r#s'ut#r #)/'td t# t!
mani&stati#n as t! sam is a vi#(ati#n #& S'ti#ns 1
and 2 #& Ru( 132 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt,
-!i'! r3uir t!at tstim#n* #& t! -itnsss s!#u(d
) givn #ra((* in #"n '#urt,
$ %! CFI /udg grantd t! m#ti#n #& t! d&ns,
4n' t!is a""a(,
I''%!
51N t! CFI /udg rrd in a((#-ing t! /ust t!
su)missi#n #& a&&idavits in (iu #& #ra( tstim#n*
(!"D
67S
$ S'ti#ns 1 and 2, Ru( 132
12
#& t! ru(s #& C#urt
'(ar(* r3uir t!at t! tstim#n* #& a -itnss s!a((
) givn #ra((* in #"n '#urt,
Reasoning
$ %! main and ssntia( "ur"#s #& t! ru( is t#
s'ur &#r t! advrs "art* t! #""#rtunit* t# 'r#ss$
:amin t! -itnss "rsntd, %! A#""#nntB
dmands '#n&r#ntati#n &#r t! "ur"#s #& 'r#ss
:aminati#n -!i'! 'ann#t ) !ad :'"t )* t!
dir't and "rs#na( "utting #& 3usti#ns and
#)taining immdiat ans-rs,
$ %!r is a(s# t! advantag #)taind in t!
"rs#na( a""aran' #& t! -itnss in #"n '#urt as
it a&&#rds t! /udg t# assss t! -ig!t and va(u
t!at 'an ) givn t# an* #& t! tstim#n* )asd #n
!is "r'"ti#n #& t! -itnss0 '#untnan', mannr,
and :"rssi#n, In dd, t! grat -ig!t givn t!
&indings #& &a't #& t! tria( /udg in t! a""((at
'#urt is )asd "r'is(* u"#n t! /udg !aving !ad
t! #""#rtunit* and t! assum"ti#n t!at ! t##.
advantag #& it t# as'rtain t! 'rdi)i(it* #& t!
-itnss,
$ Ru(s g#vrning t! :aminati#n #& -itnsss ar
intndd t# "r#t't t! rig!ts #& t! (itigants and t#
s'ur #rdr(* dis"at'! #& t! )usinss #& t! '#urts,
4n' #n(* 3usti#ns dir'td t# t! (i'iting #&
tstim#n* -!i'!, undr t! gnra( ru(s #&
vidn', is r(vant t# and '#m"tnt t# "r#v, t!
issus #& t! 'as, ma* ) "r#"#undd t# t!
-itnss,
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd, %! #rdr #& t! /udg
is st asid,
'!PARA#! OPI$IO$
BARR!DO FconcurG
$ Barrd# n#td t!at it -as t! "rivat "r#s'ut#r
-!# #)/'td t# t! "r#'dur ada"td and t!
12
S'ti#n 1, %stim#n* t# ) givn in #"n '#urt,$ t! tstim#n* #&
-itnsss s!a(( ) givn #ra((* in #"n '#urt and undr #at! #r
a&&irmati#n,
S'ti#n 2, %stim#n* in Su"ri#r C#urts t# ) rdu'd in -riting,$ In
su"ri#r '#urts, t! tstim#n* #& a'! -itnss s!a(( ) ta.n in
s!#rt!and #r stn#t*", t! nam, rsidn', and #''u"ati#n #& t!
-itnss )ing statd, and a(( t! 3usti#ns "ut t! -itnss and !is
ans-rs t!rt# )ing in'(udd, I& a 3usti#n "ut is #)/'td t# and t!
#)/'ti#n is ru(d #n, t! natur #& t! #)/'ti#n and t! gr#und #n
-!i'! it -as sustaind #r #vrru(d must ) statd, #r i& t! -itnss
d'(ins t# ans-r a 3usti#n #ut, t! &a't and t! "r#'dings ta.n
t!r#n s!a(( ) ntrd in t! r'#rd, A trans'ri"t #& t! r'#rd mad
)* t! #&&i'ia( stn#gra"!r s# stn#t*"ist and 'rti&id as '#rr't )*
!im s!a(( ) "rima &a'i a '#rr't statmnt #& su'! tstim#n* and
"r#'dings,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1-0 Prof.
S#(i'it#r Gnra( #n(* '#mmntd at t! insistn' #&
t! Su"rm C#urt,
$ 5!i( '#n'urring -it! t! #"ini#n #& t! '#urt,
Barrd# &(t t!at t! a""r#a'! is n#v( as t!is ma*
) a s#(uti#n t# s"ding u" tria(s in t! (#-r
'#urts, 4 nvrt!(ss statd t!at t! "r#'dur
'#u(d "r#)a)(* -#r. #n(* &#r 'ivi( 'ass,
$ Barrd# an'!#rd !is a""r#)ati#n #& t! "r#'dur
#n t! &a't t!at 'r#ss :aminati#n ma* ) !ad vn
i& dir't :aminati#n is dis"nsd -it!, 4n' t!
C#nstituti#na( r3uirmnt t!at t! #""#nnt )
givn t! #""#rtunit* t# '#n&r#nt t! -itnss is mt,
$ Barrd# suggstd 'rtain im"r#vmnts "ri#r t#
t! ad#"ti#n #& t! "r#'dur, Am#ng t!s ar t!
nd &#r t! tstim#n* t# ) su)mittd t# t!
"r#s'uti#n &#r vtting as t# matria(it* and
r(van', Sam s!#u(d ) su)mittd t# t! /udg
&#r !is #-n :aminati#n as t# matria(it* and
r(van',
P!OP"! "I0A$A+
93 SCRA 493
C1NC7PCI1N; 1't#)r 12, 1296
$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m t! /udgmnt #& t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Bataan, &inding t! a''usd gui(t* #&
vi#(ating t! "r#visi#ns #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 1900,
#t!r-is .n#-n as t! Anti$Su)vrsi#n A't, and
sntn'ing !im t# su&&r t! "na(t* #& r'(usi#n
"r"tua -it! t! a''ss#ris #& t! (a-, and t# "a*
t! '#sts,
&AC#'
$ ?i-anag -as '!argd &#r vi#(ating t! "r#visi#ns #&
RA 1900, #t!r-is .n#-n as t! Anti$Su)vrsi#n
A't, in an in&#rmati#n &i(d )&#r t! C#urt #& First
Instan' #& Bataan, &#r !aving un(a-&u((* and -i(&u((*
'#ntinud and rmaind as #&&i'r andM#r ran.ing
(adr #& t! #ut(a-d CPP and its mi(itar* arm, t!
4>B, unti( !is a""r!nsi#n, -it!#ut !aving
rn#un'd !is a&#rmnti#nd (adrs!i" andM#r
mm)rs!i" t!rin -it!in t! "ri#d "rs'ri)d )*
(a-, and, -!i( rmaining as su'! (adr #r !ig!$
ran.ing mm)r, !as ta.n u" arms against t!
G#vrnmnt )* ma.ing and '#ndu'ting raids,
am)us'ads and armd atta'.s against 'ivi(ians,
P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar*, and (#'a( "#(i' &#r's,
$ Pr(iminar* invstigati#n -as '#ndu'td )* t! CFI
#& Bataan, Finding a "rima &a'i 'as against t!
a""((ant, t! C#urt issud t! '#rrs"#nding
-arrant &#r t! arrst and t!ra&tr st t! 'as &#r
tria(,
$ K"#n )ing arraignd, ?i-anag, assistd )* !is
'#uns(, -aivd t! rading #& t! in&#rmati#n and
ntrd a "(a #& n#t gui(t*, In vi- #& t! dsir #&
!is '#uns( t# &i( a m#ti#n t# 3uas!, t! '#urt
grantd ?i-anag t-nt* <20= da*s -it!in -!i'! t# d#
s#,
$ ?i-anag &i(d a m#ti#n t# 3uas! t! in&#rmati#n
u"#n t! gr#unds t!at ! !as )n "rvi#us(*
'#nvi'td #& r)((i#n )asd u"#n t! sam #vrt
a'ts as in t! instant 'as, and t!at R"u)(i' A't N#,
1900 is an : "#st "a't# (a- <)i(( #& attaindr= in t!at
it '!angs t! "unis!mnt and in&(i'ts a gratr
"unis!mnt #r "na(t* t!an t!at ann:d t# t!
'rim -!n '#mmittd, %! '#urt dnid t!
m#ti#n,
$ %! 'as -as su)s3unt(* st &#r tria(, t!
"r#s'uti#n m#vd t!at t! tstim#n* #& t!
-itnsss "rsntd during t! "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #& t!is 'as ) ad#"td as "art #& t!
vidn' in '!i& #& t! "r#s'uti#n, %! tria( '#urt
grantd t! m#ti#n su)/'t t# t! '#nditi#n t!at t!
-itnsss ) &urt!r 'r#ss$:amind )* '#uns( &#r
t! a''usd,
$ At t! tria(, t! -itnsss &#r t! "r#s'uti#n -!#
tsti&id at t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n -r
r'a((d and -r again 'r#ss$:amind )* '#uns(
&#r t! a""((ant, %# )#(str t!ir 'as, t!
"r#s'uti#n "rsntd t!r additi#na( -itnsss,
%! d&ns, "rsntd t! a""((ant !ims(& -!#
statd t!at a&tr !is a""r!nsi#n, ! -as '!argd
-it! r)((i#n )&#r t! CFI #& Pam"anga and &#und
gui(t* t!r#&; and ! -as a(s# '!argd -it! murdr
)&#r t! CFI #& %ar(a' and a'3uittd; and t!at !
surrndrd t# t! PC "atr#(, 4#-vr, ! admittd
mm)rs!i" in t! 4u.)a(a!a", and (atr in t!
4>B, &r#m 1248 t# 1260, and did n#t ta. advantag
#& t! amnst* #&&rd in 1248,
$ %! tria( '#urt &#und t! a''usd gui(t* #& t! 'rim
#& su)vrsi#n, as '!argd,
I''%!'
1, 51N ?i-anag -as d"rivd #& !is &undamnta(
rig!t t# '#n&r#nt t! -itnsss against !im -!n t!
tria( '#urt grantd t! m#ti#n #& t! Fis'a( t!at t!
tstim#n* #& t! -itnsss "rsntd during t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n ) ad#"td and mad "art
#& t! vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n
2, 51N tria( '#urt rrd in &inding ?i-anag gui(t*
3, 51N !aving )n '!argd -it! r)((i#n and
su)vrsi#n )asd u"#n t! sam #vrt a't, and sin'
! !ad a(rad* )n '#nvi'td #& r)((i#n, !
'ann#t n#- ) "r#s'utd &#r su)vrsi#n
4, 51N t! d'isi#n s!#u(d !av )n "r#mu(gatd
in t! CFI #& Ri8a(, Ou8#n Cit* Bran'!, '#nsidring
t!at ! -as t!n dtaind #r '#n&ind at Cam"
Cram, Ou8#n Cit*, and n#t in t! Pasig Bran'! #&
said C#urt
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! C#nstituti#n guarants an a''usd "rs#n t!
rig!t t# mt t! -itnsss against !im &a' t# &a',
%!is "r#visi#n Rintnds t# s'ur t! a''usd in t!
rig!t t# ) trid, s# &ar as &a'ts "r#va)( )*
-itnsss ar '#n'rnd, )* #n(* su'! -itnsss as
mt !im &a' t# &a' at t! tria(, -!# giv t!ir
tstim#n* in !is "rsn', and giv t# t! a''usd
an #""#rtunit* #& 'r#ss$:aminati#n, It -as intndd
t# "rvnt t! '#nvi'ti#n #& t! a''usd u"#n
d"#siti#ns #r :$"art a&&idavits, and "arti'u(ar(* t#
"rsrv t! rig!t #& t! a''usd t# tst t!
r'#(('ti#n #& t! -itnsss in t! :r'is #& t!
rig!t #& 'r#ss$:aminati#n,R
$ 4r, t! tstim#n* s#ug!t t# ) mad "art #& t!
vidn' in '!i& ar n#t :$"art a&&idavits, )ut
tstim#n* #& -itnsss ta.n d#-n )* 3usti#n and
ans-r during t! "r(iminar* invstigati#n in t!
"rsn' #& t! a''usd and !is '#uns( -!#
su)/'td t! said -itnsss t# a rigid and '(#s
'r#ss$:aminati#n, %! in'(usi#n #& said tstim#n*
-as mad su)/'t t# t! rig!t #& t! d&ndant t#
&urt!r 'r#ss$:amin t! -itnsss -!#s
tstim#n* ar s#ug!t t# ) r"r#du'd and, "ursuant
t# said #rdr, t! -itnsss -r r'a((d t# t!
stand during t! tria( and again :amind in t!
"rsn' #& t! a""((ant, K"#n t! &a'ts, t!r -as
n# 'urtai(mnt #& t! '#nstituti#na( rig!t #& t!
a''usd t# mt t! -itnsss &a' t# &a',
2, N1
$ S'ti#n 9 #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 1900, "r#vids t!at
RN# "rs#n s!a(( ) '#nvi'td #& an* #& t! #&&nss
"na(i8d !rin -it! "risi#n ma*#r t# dat! un(ss
#n t! tstim#n* #& at (ast t-# -itnsss t# t!
sam #vrt a't #r #n '#n&ssi#n #& t! a''usd in
#"n '#urt,R
$ A""((antQs )ing an #&&i'r #r ran.ing (adr #& t!
CPP and its mi(itar* arm, t! 4>B, is )#rn #ut )*
t! tstim#n* #& &#rmr ass#'iats #& t! a""((ant in
t! CPP and t! 4>B, %!r is !is s-#rn statmnt
-!rin t! a""((ant admittd mm)rs!i" in t!
Cntra( C#mmitt #& t! CPP and r'#untd !is
"rismati' ris in t! R4u.)a(a!a"R and (atr in t!
4>B, as -(( as t! numr#us armd '(as!s ! and
!is mn !ad -it! t! P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar* and
"#(i' &#r's, %!r is a(s# t! tstim#n* as t# t!
gun )att( )t-n a PC "atr#( and a gr#u" #& 4>B
mn (d )* t! a""((ant in Bataan, -!r t!
a""((ant -as 'a"turd a(#ng -it! !is -i&, Bsids,
a""((ant admittd in '#urt t!at ! -as a mm)r #&
t! R4u.)a(a!a"R and t! 4>B and &#ug!t against
t! g#vrnmnt,
3, N1
$ @i#(ati#n #& R"u)(i' A't N#, 1900, #r su)vrsi#n, is
a 'rim distin't &r#m t!at #& a'tua( r)((i#n,
$ %! 'rim #& r)((i#n is '#mmittd )* rising
"u)(i'(* and ta.ing u" arms against t! G#vrnmnt
&#r an* #& t! "ur"#ss s"'i&id in Arti'( 134 #& t!
Rvisd Pna( C#d; -!i( t! Anti$Su)vrsi#n A't
"unis!s a&&i(iati#n #r mm)rs!i" in a su)vrsiv
#rgani8ati#n as d&ind t!rin, In r)((i#n, t!r
must ) a "u)(i' u"rising and t! ta.ing #& arms
against t! G#vrnmnt; -!ras, in su)vrsi#n,
mr mm)rs!i" in a su)vrsiv ass#'iati#n is
su&&i'int, and t! ta.ing u" #& arms )* a mm)r #&
a su)vrsiv #rgani8ati#n against t! G#vrnmnt is
)ut a 'ir'umstan' -!i'! raiss t! "na(t* t# )
im"#sd u"#n t! #&&ndr,
$ In t! r)((i#n 'as, t! a""((ant and svra(
#t!rs -r '!argd and '#nvi'td #& r)((i#n &#r
!aving risn "u)(i'(* and ta.n u" arms against t!
G#vrnmnt &#r t! "ur"#s #& rm#ving t!
a((gian' #& t! R"u)(i' #& t! P!i(i""ins #r its
(a-s, t! trrit#r* #& t! P!i(i""ins, and in
&urt!ran' t!r#&, ngagd in '#m)at against t!
&#r's #& t! G#vrnmnt, dstr#*d "r#"rt*, and
'#mmittd sri#us vi#(n' during t! "ri#d &r#m
>a* 28, 1246 t# +un 12, 1259,
$ %! a''usd is "r#s'utd undr RA 1900 &#r
!aving rmaind a !ig! ran.ing mm)r #& t! CPP
and its mi(itar* arm, t! 4>B, &r#m +anuar*, 1246 t#
+un 21, 1260, -it!#ut !aving rn#un'd !is
mm)rs!i" in said #rgani8ati#ns; and, )ing a
mm)r #r #&&i'r #& said su)vrsiv ass#'iati#n, !as
ta.n u" arms against t! G#vrnmnt,
$ A(t!#ug! t! in&#rmati#n '!args t! a""((ant -it!
!aving ta.n u" arms against t! G#vrnmnt, t!
sam is n#t s"'i&i' as t# t! "ri#d '#vrd )* it,
But, sin' t! a""((ant is "r#s'utd &#r vi#(ati#n #&
R"u)(i' A't N#, 1900 it is ddu'i)( t!at t! "ri#d
'#vrd is t!at &r#m +un 20, 1259, -!n t! A't
t##. &&'t, u" t# +un 21, 1260, -!n t! a""((ant
-as 'a"turd, Inasmu'! as t! r)((i#n 'as
'#vrd t! "ri#d u" t# +un 12, 1259 and t!
"ri#d '#vrd in t! instant 'as is &r#m +un 20,
1259 t# +un 21, 1260, t! '(aim #& !aving )n "ut
t-i' in /#"ard* &#r t! sam a't 'ann#t )
sustaind,
4, N1
$ %! r'#rds s!#- t!at ! !ad )n '#n&ind at F#rt
B#ni&a'i# <t!n .n#-n as F#rt 5i((iam >'.in(*=,
>a.ati, Ri8a(, sin' N#vm)r 20, 1262 and
'#ntinud t# ) dtaind t!rin during t!
'#ntinuati#n #& t! tria(, u" t# its trminati#n,
Dispositive KP1N %47 F1R7G1ING, t! d'isi#n
a""a(d &r#m s!#u(d ), as it is, !r)* a&&irmd,
-it! '#sts,
#A"I$O 'A$DI+A$BA)A$
148 SCRA 528
CRKL; >ar'! 16, 1289
&AC#'
$ %a(in#, a(#ng -it! svra( #t!rs, -r '!argd in
&#ur s"arat in&#rmati#ns -it! sta&a t!r#ug!
&a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i' d#'umnts &#r !aving a((gd(*
'#ns"ird t# d&raud t! g#vrnmnt in t! t#ta(
am#unt #& P26,523,00, r"rsnting t! '#st #&
r"airs '(aimd t# !av )n undrta.n, )ut
a'tua((* n#t ndd and nvr mad, #n &#ur
g#vrnmnt v!i'(s, t!r#ug! &a(si&i'ati#n #& t!
su""#rting "a"rs t# aut!#ri8 t! i((ga( "a*mnts,
%! 'ass -r trid /#int(* &#r a(( t! a''usd unti(
Gnar# Basi(i#, A(/andr# >a'adangdang and
"titi#nr %a(in# as.d &#r s"arat tria(s, -!i'!
-r a((#-d, At #n #& t! "r#'dings, Pi# K(at
gav damaging tstim#n* against %a(in#, %!
Sandigan)a*an rndrd its d'isi#n in a(( t! &#ur
'ass &inding %a(in#, Basi(i#, >a'adangdang K(at and
Rnat# @a(d8 gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t!
'rims '!argd -!i( a)s#(ving t! #t!r d&ndants
&#r insu&&i'int vidn', %!is d'isi#n is n#-
'!a((ngd )* %a(in# #n t! gr#und t!at it vi#(ats
!is rig!t #& '#n&r#ntati#n as guarantd )* t!
C#nstituti#n,
$ In its d'isi#n, t! '#urt mad t! && rmar.sC
%! "'u(iarit* #& t! tria( #& t!s 'ass is t! &a't
t!at 5 a((#-d, u"#n t!ir "titi#n, s"arat
tria(s &#r t! a''usd Basi(i# and %a(in# and
>a'adangdang, %!is )ing t! 'as, 5 'an #n(*
'#nsidr, in d'iding t!s 'ass as against t!m,
t! vidn' &#r t!, "r#s'uti#n as -n as t!ir
#-n vidn', 7vidn' #&&rd )* t! #t!r
a''usd 'an n#t ) ta.n u", It -#u(d ra((* !av
)n sim"(r !ad t!r )n n# s"arat tria(
)'aus t! a''usd Pi# K(at said s# man*
in'riminat#r* t!ings against t! #t!r a''usd
-!n ! t##. t! stand in !is #-n d&ns, But
)'aus Basi(i#, %a(in# and >a'adangdang -r
grantd s"arat tria(s and t!* did n#t 'r#ss
:amin K(at )'aus, as a mattr #& &a't, t!*
-r n#t vn r3uird t# ) "rsnt -!n t!
#t!r a''usd -r "rsnting t!ir d&nss, t!
(attrQs tstim#nis 'an n#t n#- ) '#nsidrd
against said t!r a''usd,
$ %! grant #& a s"arat tria( rsts in t! s#und
dis'rti#n #& t! '#urt and is n#t a mattr #& rig!t t#
t! a''usd, s"'ia((* -!r, as in t!is 'as, it is
s#ug!t a&tr t! "rsntati#n #& t! vidn' #& t!
"r#s'uti#n, %! ru( in vr* 'as is t!at t! tria(
'#urt s!#u(d :r'is t! utm#st 'ir'ums"'ti#n in
granting a m#ti#n &#r s"arat tria(, a((#-ing t!
sam #n(* a&tr a t!#r#ug! stud* #& t! '(aimd
/usti&i'ati#n t!r&#r, i& #n(* t# av#id t! sri#us
di&&i'u(tis t!at ma* aris, su'! as t! #n
n'#untrd and rgrttd )* t! rs"#ndnt '#urt,
in a''#rding t! a''usd t! rig!t #& '#n&r#ntati#n,
$ %! rig!t #& '#n&r#ntati#n is #n #& t! &undamnta(
rig!ts guarantd )* t! C#nstituti#n t# t! "rs#n
&a'ing 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n -!# s!#u(d .n#-, in
&airnss, -!# !is a''usrs ar and must ) givn a
'!an' t# 'r#ss$:amin t!m #n t!ir '!args, N#
a''usati#n is "rmittd t# ) mad against !is )a'.
#r in !is a)sn' n#r is an* dr#gat#r* in&#rmati#n
a''"td i& it is mad an#n*m#us(*, as in "#is#n "n
(ttrs snt )* "rs#ns -!# 'ann#t stand )* t!ir
(i)(s and must s!r#ud t!ir s"it in s'r'*, In
Jnited !tates v. Kavier '#n&r#ntati#n is ssntia(
)'aus 'r#ss$:aminati#n is ssntia(, A s'#nd
ras#n &#r t! "r#!i)iti#n is t!at a tri)una( ma* !av
)&#r it t! d"#rtmnt and a""aran' #& t!
-itnss -!i( tsti&*ing,
I''%!
51N t! d'isi#n #& t! '#urt vi#(ats %a(in#0s rig!t
#& '#n&r#ntati#n as guarantd )* t! C#nstituti#n
(!"D
N1
$ %! '#urt !av 'ar&u((* studid t! d'isi#n undr
'!a((ng and &ind t!at t! rs"#ndnt '#urt did n#t
'#nsidr t! tstim#n* givn )* K(at in '#nvi'ting
%a(in#, %! "art #& t!at d'isi#n &inding %a(in# gui(t*
mad n# mnti#n #& K(at at a(( )ut '#n&ind its(& t#
t! "titi#nrQs #-n a'ts in a""r#ving t! 3usti#nd
v#u'!rs as "r##& #& !is '#m"(i'it* in t! "(#t t#
s-ind( t! g#vrnmnt, %a(in# ma.s mu'! #& t!
statmnt in t! C#mmnt t!at t! "titi#nrQs gui(t
'#u(d ) ddu'd R&r#m t! vidn' &#r t!
"r#s'uti#n and &r#m t! tstim#n* #& Pi# K(at,R )ut
t!at -as n#t t! rs"#ndnt '#urt s"a.ing, %!at
-as t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(Qs ana(*sis, As &ar as t!
Sandigan)a*an -as '#n'rnd, t! said tstim#n*
-as inadmissi)( against t! "titi#nr )'aus !
Rdid n#t 'r#ss :amin K(at and -as n#t vn
r3uird t# ) "rsnt -!n t! (attr -as tsti&*ing,
In &a't, t! rs"#ndnt '#urt vn :"rssd t!
-is! t!at K(at !ad )n "rsntd as r)utta(
-itnss in t! s"arat tria( #& t! "titi#nr as t!r
-#u(d t!n !av )n Rn# im"dimnt t# t! us #&
!is tstim#n* against t! #t!r a''usd, R As it -as
n#t d#n, t! tria( '#urt '#u(d n#t and did n#t
'#nsidr K(atQs tstim#n* in dtrmining t!
"titi#nrQs "art in t! #&&nss,
Dispositive /udgmnt a""a(d &r#m is AFFIR>7;,
-it! '#sts against t! "titi#nr,
P!OP"! BA+A$O
181 SCRA 949
BI;IN; F)ruar* 5, 1220
$A#%R!
A""a( #n t! d'isi#n #& R%C '#nvi'ting t! a''usd
#& t! vi#(ati#n #& RA6426 as amndd, #t!r-is
.n#-n as t! ;angr#us ;rugs A't and im"#sing t!
"na(t* #& P20S,
&AC#'
$ A )u*$)ust #"rati#n -as '#ndu'td )* NBI #n a
sus"'td nar'#ti's da(r, B#sti'., a s"'ia( agnt
#& t! KS Air F#r' -as intr#du'd t# ;#ming
Bagan# )* an in&#rmr, C(a*t#n 7mat#,
$ An in&#rmati#n &#r t! vi#(ati#n #& RA6425, a(s#
.n#-n as t! ;angr#us ;rugs A't, -as &i(d against
t! a''usd, It statd t!at t! a''usd A-i((&u((*,
un(a-&u((* and &(#ni#us(* attm"t t# s(( t# an#t!r
tn <10= .i(#s, m#r #r (ss, #& drid mari/uana
(avs, a dangr#us drug, &#r P800,00 "r .i(#B,
$ K"#n arraignmnt, Bagan# "(add n#t gui(t*, 4is
m#ti#n t# admit )ai( -as d&rrd and (atr dnid,
$ A&tr tria( #n t! mrits, %C /udg rndrd d'isi#n
sntn'ing Bagan# -it! r'(usi#n "r"tua,
Solicitor Aenerals Claims
$ B#sti' and 7mat# -nt t# t! rsidn' #& t!
(attr in Bagui# Cit* t# mt t! a""((ant, 7mat#
intr#du'd Bagan# and an unnamd &rind t#
B#sti'., Ng#tiati#ns &#r t! "ur'!as #& 10.i(#s #&
mari/uana )t-n B#sti'. and Bagan# -as d#n,
7mat# )ing t! intr"rtr, A&tr agring &#r t!
"ri' #& P800M.g, t! gr#u" "r#'dd t# Bagan#0s
!#us in Irisan Bngut -!r ! ."t t! mari/uana,
At Irisan, Bagan# (&t B#sti'. and 7mat# in t! 'ar,
rturning 15mins (atr 'arr*ing a n*(#n sa'., B#sti'.
t#(d a""((ant t!at ! -i(( "a* &#r t! mari/uana a&tr
-ig!ing it in t! !#t(, t# -!i'! t! a""((ant
agrd, 1n t! -a* )a'. t# t! !#t( in Bagui#, t!
NBI -as signa(d t!at t! transa'ti#n t##. "(a', %!
NBI tam )(#'.d B#sti'.0s 'ar and arrstd t!
a""((ant and 7mat#,
$ Pr#s'uti#n '(aims t!at a''#rding t# 7mat#,
a""((ant -#u(d #n(* s(( t# a &#rignr, "r&ra)(* an
Amri'an,
Suspects Claim
$ 4 -nt t# t! !#us #& 7mat# t# '#(('t P4000,
-!i'! t! (attr )#rr#-d !im, 7mat# t#(d !im t#
-ait &#r 7mat#0s visit#r, &r#m -!#m ! -#u(d gt
t! m#n* t# "a* &#r !is d)t, A&tr )ing intr#du'd
t# B#sti'., t!* "r#'dd t# Irisan t# gt t! )ag
7mat# -#u(d &iv t! Amri'an as gi&t, 7mat#
as.d Bagan# t# gt t! )ag )'aus 7mat# did n#t
-ant t# gt -t, 1n t! -a* )a'. t# Bagui#, t! NBI
tam 'am #ut and mad t! arrsts,
$ 4 '(aims t!at t! '#urt rrdC
in &inding t!at ! agrd t# s(( 10.gs #& mari/uana
-!n ! !ad n# .n#-(dg #& t! a((gd sa(,
In n#t !#(ding as !arsa* t! a((gd '#nvrsati#n
)t-n B#(sti'. and t! a""((ant -!n 7mat#,
t! in&#rmant -!# intr"rtd t! '#nvrsati#n
-as nvr "rsntd t# tsti&*
In a""r'iating t! P)ag0 and n#t t! sa'. against
t! a""((ant t!at -!i'! 7mat# #-nd and
d"#sitd in t! 3uartr #& t! a""((ant at irisan
ar(ir t! sam da* #& t! a((gd )u*$)ust
#"rati#n,
In n#t a""r'iating t! d&ns t!at it -as 7mat#
-!# #-ns t! >ari/uana in 3usti#n
I''%!
51N t! B#(sti'. tstim#nis -r !arsa*
(!"D
67S
$ Fr#m B#(sti'.0s tstim#nis as "rin'i"a( -itnss &#r
t! "r#s'uti#n, su'! -r mr trans(ati#ns andM#r
intr"rtati#ns #& -!at Bagan# su""#sd(* said in
t! dia('t and intr"rtd )* 7mat#, %! #n(*
:'"ti#n is t! tstim#n* #n -!at B#(sti'. sa-,
$ 5!r a -itnss is #&&rd t# tsti&* t# statmnts
#& an#t!r "rs#n, s"#.n in a (anguag n#t
undrst##d )* !im, )ut trans(atd t# !is )* an
intr"rtr, su'! -itnss is n#t 3ua(i&id, )'aus !
d#s n#t s"a. &r#m "rs#na( .n#-(dg, A(( t!at !
'an .n#- as t# t! tstim#n* -!i'! is in &a't givn in
su'! a 'as is &r#m t! intr"rtati#n t!r#& -!i'!
is givn )* an#t!r "rs#n,
$ %! "r#s'uti#n s!#u(d !av "rsntd 7mat#
!ims(& t# tsti&* #n -!at a'tua((* trans"ird, %!
(#-r '#urt ign#rd t! rig!t #& t! a''usd t# mt
t! -itnss &a' t# &a',
$ Pr#s'uti#n rva(d n#t t# .n#- an*t!ing a)#ut
t! in&#rmant0s )a'.gr#und, A(t!#ug! t!r is a
"#(i'* #& n#n$dis'(#sur #& an in&#rmant0s idntit*, it
'ann#t ) inv#.d in t!is 'as, %! in&#rmant0s
&ai(ur t# ta. t! -itnss t# stand t# '#n&irm t!
'#rr'tnss #& !is intr"rtati#ns n#t #n(* rndrd
t! tstim#nis as !arsa* and inadmissi)(, )ut a(s#
d"rivd t! a""((ant #& !is rig!t t# 'r#ss$:amin
!im,
$ N#n$"rsntati#n #& an in&#rmr is a "rivi(g t!at
!as its #-n in!rnt (imitati#n, 5!r in t!
dis'(#sur #& an in&#rmr0s idntit* is r(vant and
!("&u( t# t! d&ns #& t! a''usd, #r is ssntia(
t# t! "r#"r dis"#siti#n #& t! 'as, t! "rivi(g
must giv -a*,
$ A(t!#ug! t! idntit* #& t! in&#rmr -as dis'(#sd,
"r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# "rsnt !im as -itnss #n t!
assrti#n t!at !is -!ra)#uts ar un.n#-n, N#
su)"#na !as )n issud )* t! "r#s'uti#n t#
7mat#, t! "rsum"ti#n t!at vidn' -i((&u((*
su""rssd -#u(d ) advrs i& "r#du'd <S' 5<=,
Ru( 131= ariss,
$ %! a""((ant0s '(aim t!at t! #-nrs!i" #& t! sa'.
#& mari/uana -as "rvi#us(* d"#sitd )* 7mat#
-as nvr '#ntradi'td )* "r#s'uti#n, Bar
assrti#n #& Bagan#0s d(ivr* #& t! )ag d#s n#t,
)* its(& indi'at #-nrs!i" n#r vn i((ga(
"#ssssi#n a)snt an* #t!r vidn',
$ A"((ant0s signatur a""aring #n t! sa'. and
individua( )und(s '#ntaining mari/uana d# n#t
signi&*, mu'! (ss vidn', gui(t &#r t!* ar mr
"r#'dura( st"s undrta.n a&tr arrst,
Furt!rm#r, it a""aring t!at a""((ant -as n#t
in&#rmd #& !is rig!t t# '#uns( at t! tim ! a&&i:d
!is signatur, t! sam !as )n #)taind in
vi#(ati#n #& !is rig!t as a "rs#n undr 'ust#dia(
invstigati#n &#r t! '#mmissi#n #& an #&&ns and is
t!r&#r inadmissi)(,
$ It is a 'ardina( ru( t!at in #rdr t# mrit '#nvi'ti#n,
t! "r#s'uti#n must r(* #n t! strngt! #& its #-n
vidn' and n#t #n t! -a.nss #& vidn'
"rsntd )* t! d&ns, An a''usd must a(-a*s
) dmd inn#'nt unti( t! '#ntrar* is "r#vd
)*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, In t! instant 'as, t!
"r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# s# sta)(is! t! gui(t #& !rin
a""((ant,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1-- Prof.
Dispositive '!a((ngd /udgmnt is R7@7RS7; and
a""((ant is !r)* ACOKI%%7; #n t! gr#und #&
ras#na)( d#u)t,
%' +ARCIA
11 P4I? 384
+u(* 24, 1208
%47F%; SKFFICI7NC6 1F PR11F,$Fr#m t! C#urt #&
First Instan' #& Am)#s Camarins, %!
un'#rr#)#ratd tstim#n* #& t! "r#s'uting -itnss
!(d insu&&i'int t# "r#v t!at t! a''usd -as gui(t*
#& ta.ing m#n* &r#m a trun., as a((gd, -!i(
sar'!ing t! !#us #& t! -itnss &#r an#t!r
"rs#n, +udgmnt rvrsd and d&ndant a'3uittd,
@ote The case is reall' this short onl'. * did not omit
a single word.
P!OP"! A)'O$
G,R, N#, 85215
NAR@ASA; +u(* 9, 1282
&AC#'
$ Privat rs"#ndnt F(i" Ram#s -as a ti'.t &(ig!t
'(r. #& PA?0s Bagui# stati#n, PA? managmnt
n#ti&id !im #& an invstigati#n du t# !is a((gd
inv#(vmnt in irrgu(aritis in t! sa(s #& "(an
ti'.ts, 1n t! da* )&#r t! invstigati#n, Ram#s
gav !is su"ri#rs a !and-rittn n#t <:!i)it S=
:"rssing !is -i((ingnss t# stt( t! irrgu(aritis
<in t! am#unt #& P96.=, At t! invstigati#n, Ram#s
admittd !is n#n$dis'(#sur #& t! ti'.ts mnti#nd,
t!at t! "r#'ds !ad )n AmisusdB )* !im, and
t!at a(t!#ug! ! "(annd #n "a*ing )a'. t! m#n*,
! !ad )n "rvntd &r#m d#ing s# #ut #& s!am,
4 a(s# statd !is -i((ingnss t# stt( t! #)(igati#n
#n a staggrd )asis, t! am#unt #& -!i'! -#u(d )
.n#-n at t! n:t invstigati#n -!i'! ! dsird t#
) !(d at Bagui# C%1, t!at ! ) r"rsntd )*
Nivs B(an'#, and t!at ! -as -i((ing t# sign !is
statmnt <:!i)it A=,
$ 2 m#nt!s (atr, an in&#rmati#n -as &i(d against
Ram#s '!arging !im -it! sta&a against PA?, 1n
arraignmnt ! "(add n#t gui(t*, At t! '(#s #&
t! 'as, "rivat "r#s'ut#rs "rsntd Ram#s0
<a)#v mnti#nd= statmnt, in'(uding !is
!and-rittn admissi#n as vidn', ;&ndant0s
att#rn*s #)/'td, "arti'u(ar(* as rgards t!
!and-rittn '#n&ssi#n as it -as ta.n -it!#ut
Ram#s !aving '#uns(, Rs"#ndnt +udg d'(ard
:!i)its A and S inadmissi)( as vidn' as it
a""ars ! -as n#t rmindd #& !is '#nstituti#na(
rig!ts t# rmains si(nt and !av '#uns(, %!
"rivat "r#s'ut#rs &i(d an >FR, )ut rs"#ndnt
+udg /usti&id !is #rdr 'iting t! '#nstituti#na(
"r'"t t!at t! rig!ts in 'ust#dia( invstigati#n
'ann#t ) -aivd :'"t in -riting and in t!
"rsn' #& '#uns(,
$ Said #rdrs ar n#- assai(d in t!is "titi#n &#r
'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n, %! C#urt r3uird
rs"#ndnt +udg A*s#n and Ram#s t# '#mmnt,
and dir'td t! issuan' #& a %R1 n/#ining
rs"#ndnts &r#m &urt!r "r#'ding -it! t!
tria(M!aring, %! S#(gn, -!# -as a(s# r3uird t#
'#mmnt, sidd -it! "titi#nr, "ra*ing t!at
rs"#ndnt /udg0s #rdrs ) st asid and &urt!r
#rdring t! admittan' #& :!i)its A and S #& t!
"r#s'uti#n,
I''%!
51N it -as grav a)us #& dis'rti#n &#r rs"#ndnt
/udg t# :'(ud :!i)its A and S
(!"D
67S
$ At t! '#r #& t! '#ntr#vrs* is S', 20, Art, I@ #&
t! 1293 C#nstituti#n -!i'! "r#vidsC AN# "rs#n
s!a(( ) '#m"((d t# ) a -itnss against !ims(&,
An* "rs#n undr invstigati#n &#r t! '#mmissi#n #&
an #&&ns s!a(( !av t! rig!t t# rmain si(nt and
t# '#uns(, and t# ) in&#rmd #& su'! rig!t, N#
&#r', vi#(n', t!rat, intimidati#n, #r an* #t!r
mans -!i'! vitiats t! &r -i(( s!a(( ) usd
against !im, An* '#n&ssi#n #)taind in vi#(ati#n #&
t!is s'ti#n s!a(( ) inadmissi)( in vidn',B
$ %!r ar 2 rig!ts da(t -it! in t! s'ti#nC t!
rig!t against s(&$in'riminati#n <n#- m)#did in
S', 19 Art, 3 #& t! 1289 C#nstituti#n= and t!
rig!ts #& a "rs#n in 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n <S' 12
Art, 3=,
$ %! &irst rig!t, against s(&$in'riminati#n, is N1% t#
A) '#m"((d t# ) a -itnss against !ims(&B and
a""(is t# an* "rs#n tsti&*ing in an* "r#'ding,
'ivi(, 'rimina( #r administrativ, It "rs'ri)s an
#"ti#n #& r&usa( t# ans-r in'riminating 3usti#ns
and n#t a "r#!i)iti#n #& in3uir*, 4#-vr, it 'an #n(*
) '(aimd -!n t! s"'i&i' 3usti#n, in'riminat#r*
in '!ara'tr, is a'tua((* "ut t# t! -itnss and
'ann#t ) '(aimd at an* #t!r tim, %! -itnss
t!us ma* n#t disrgard a su)"#na #r r&us t#
tsti&* a(t#gt!r,
$ %! "r#visi#n #& t! 1293 C#nstituti#n d#s n#t
im"#s #n t! /udg #r an* #t!r "rsiding #&&i'r,
an* a&&irmativ #)(igati#n t# advis a -itnss #& t!is
rig!t, -!i'! t! -itnss s!#u(d .n#-, as ign#ran' #&
t! (a- :'uss n# #n, %! rig!t against s(&$
in'riminati#n is n#t aut#mati'a((* #"rati#na( )ut
must ) '(aimd, Fai(ur t# '(aim it is an im"(id
-aivr #& said rig!t,
$ %! s'#nd rig!t, #r rat!r, gr#u" #& rig!ts, ar a
"rs#n0s rig!ts in 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n, -!i'!
mans 3usti#ning initiatd )* (a- n&#r'mnt
#&&i'rs a&tr a "rs#n !as )n ta.n int# 'ust#d* #r
#t!r-is d"rivd #& !is &rd#m #& a'ti#n in an*
signi&i'ant -a*, %!s s'ti#n 'an ) )r#.n d#-n
int# 3 rig!tsC <1= t! rig!t t# rmain si(nt and t#
'#uns( and t# ) in&#rmd #& su'! rig!t <2= n# &#r',
vi#(n', t!rat, intimidati#n #r an* #t!r mans
-!i'! vitiats t! &r -i(( s!a(( ) usd against !im
<3= an* '#n&ssi#n #)taind in vi#(ati#n #& t!is s!a((
) inadmissi)( in vidn',
$ %! a''usd must ) in&#rmd #& t!s rig!ts "ri#r
t# an* 3usti#ning, a&tr -!i'! t! individua( ma*
.n#-ing(* and int((ignt(* -aiv t!s rig!ts and
agr t# ans-r #r ma. a statmnt, Statmnts
n#t mad undr 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n ar n#t
"r#t'td,
$ It is im"#rtant n#- t# in3uir -!t!r t! rig!ts
mnti#nd a""(* t# "rs#ns undr "r(iminar*
invstigati#n #r a(rad* '!argd in '#urt &#r a 'rim,
It is vidnt t!at a d&ndant undr "r(iminar*
invstigati#n is n#t undr 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n, and
t!r is t!us n# #''asi#n t# s"a. #& su'! rig!ts
undr 'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n; !#-vr, t! a''usd
sti(( "#sssss t! rig!t against s(&$in'riminati#n,
$ Kndr t! Ru(s #& C#urt, t! a''usd #''u"is a
di&&rnt tir #& "r#t'ti#n &r#m an #rdinar* -itnss
and is ntit(d, am#ng #t!rsC <1= n#t ) a -itnss
against !ims(& <2= t# tsti&* as a -itnss #n !is #-n
)!a(&; )ut i& ! #&&rs !ims(& as a -itnss, ! ma*
) 'r#ss$:amind as an* #t!r -itnss; !is ng('t
#& r&usa( t# ) a -itnss s!a(( n#t in an* mannr
"r/udi' #r ) usd against !im, %!us, un(i. an
#rdinar* -itnss, t! a''usd ma* r&us t# ta. t!
-itnss stand, ) s-#rn, #r ans-r an* 3usti#n
a(t#gt!r, %! a''usd, i& ! '!##ss t# tsti&*, ma*
r&us t# ans-r #n(* 3usti#ns -!i'! '#u(d
in'riminat !im #& a 'rim &#r -!i'! ! isn0t '!argd,
$ It a""ars t!at rs"#ndnt +udg mista.n(*
a""(id t! rig!ts st &#rt! in S' 20 Art, I@ #& t!
1293 C#nstituti#n, It is '(ar &r#m t! undis"utd
&a'ts t!at Ram#s -as n#t in an* sns undr
'ust#dia( intrr#gati#n, and t!us !is '#nstituti#na(
rig!ts in r(ati#n t!rt# d#n0t a""(*, A(s#, Ram#s
!ad v#(untar* ans-rd t! 3usti#ns "#sd t# !im
#n t! &irst da* #& t! administrativ invstigati#n
and agrd t!at t! "r#'dings ) r'#rdd and
&i(d as :!i)its A and S, s"#ntan#us(* #&&ring t#
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1-. Prof.
'#m"r#mis !is (ia)i(it*, Said :!i)its ma* n#t )
:'(udd as t! s#$'a((d >iranda rig!ts !ad n#t
)n a''#rdd t# Ram#s,
Dispositive t! -rit #& 'rti#rari is grantd
annu((ing and stting asid t! 1rdrs #& rs"#ndnt
+udg, and ! is !r)* #rdrd t# admit in vidn'
:!i)its A and S
+ARCIA DOMI$+O
52 SCRA 143
F7RNAN;1; +u(* 25, 1293

$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r certiorari and "r#!i)iti#n
&AC#'
$ 1n +anuar* 16, 1268, in t! Cit* C#urt #& >ani(a
"rsidd #vr )* "titi#nr +udg Grg#ri# Gar'ia, 8
in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d against rs"#ndnts 7dgard#
Ca(#, and Sim#n Car)#nn( and Fran'is'#
?#rn8ana, &#r s(ig!t "!*si'a( in/uris, ma(tratmnt,
&#r vi#(ati#n #& S', 889 #& t! Rvisd 1rdinan's #&
>ani(a <rsisting an #&&i'r=; and &#r s(andr, %! tria(
#& t! a&#rmnti#nd 'ass -as /#int(* !(d #n
>ar'! 4, 18, 23, 30, 1268; A"ri( 19, T 20, 1268, >a*
4 T 11, 1268, +un 1, 15, 22 T 22, 1268, August 3 T
10, 1268, A(( t! 14 tria( dats :'"t >ar'! 4 and
18, and A"ri( 19, 1268 &(( #n a Saturda*, %!is -as
arrangd )* t! "artis and t! C#urt u"#n t!
insistn' #& rs"#ndnts Ca(# and Car)#nn( -!#,
as "#(i' #&&i'rs undr sus"nsi#n )'aus #& t!
'ass, dsird t! sam t# ) trminatd as s##n as
"#ssi)( and as t!r -r man* 'ass s'!du(d &#r
tria( #n t! usua( 'rimina( tria( da*s <>#nda*,
5dnsda* and Frida*=, Saturda* -as agrd u"#n
as t! invaria)( tria( da* &#r said ig!t <8= 'rimina(
'ass,

%! tria( #& t! 'ass in 3usti#n -as !(d,
-it! t! '#n&#rmit* #& t! a''usd and t!ir '#uns(,
in t! '!am)rs #& +udg Gar'ia, ;uring a(( t! 14
da*s #& tria(, s"anning a "ri#d #& svra( m#nt!s,
t! a''usd -r at a(( tims r"rsntd )* t!ir
rs"'tiv '#uns(, -!# a'td n#t #n(* in d&ns #&
t!ir '(ints, )ut as prosecutors #& t! a''usati#ns
&i(d at t!ir '(intsQ instan', %!r -as #n(* 1 da*
<A"ri( 20= -!n Att*, C#nsng'#, r"rsnting
rs"#ndnt Ca(# and Car)#nn(, -as a)snt, But at
t! insistn' #& Car)#nn(, t! tria( "r#'dd, and
said rs"#ndnt 'r#ss$:amind #n #& t! -itnsss
"rsntd )* t! advrs "art*, In an* 'as, n#
"rtns !as )n mad )* t! rs"#ndnts t!at
t!is '#nstitutd an irrgu(arit* '#rr'ti)( #n
certiorari, At t! '#n'(usi#n #& t! !arings t!
a''usd, t!ru '#uns(, as.d &#r and -r grantd
tim t# su)mit mm#randa, Rs"#ndnts Ca(# and
Car)#nn(, t!ru '#uns(, Att*, Ra&a( C#nsng'#,
su)mittd a 14$"ag mm#randum in su""#rt #&
t!ir "ra*r &#r :#nrati#n, and '#nvi'ti#n #&
"titi#nr ?#rn8ana in rs"'t #& t!ir
'#untr'!args against t! (attr, It is -#rt!* #& n#t
t!at u" t# t!is (at dat, said rs"#ndnts Ca(# and
Car)#nn( !ad n#t #)/'td t# #r "#intd #ut an*
su""#sd irrgu(arit* in t! "r#'dings t!us &ar; t!
mm#randum su)mittd in t!ir )!a(& is '#n&ind t#
a dis'ussi#n #& t! vidn' addu'd in, and t!
mrits #& t! 'ass,
$ %! "r#mu(gati#n #& /udgmnt s'!du(d #n S"
23, 1268 -as "#st"#nd t# S" 28, 1268 at t!
instan' #& Att*, C#nsng'#, , and again t# 1't 1,
1268, %! a""(i'ati#ns &#r "#st"#nmnt -r n#t
gr#undd u"#n an* su""#sd d&'t #r irrgu(arit* #&
t! "r#'dings,
$ 4#-vr, #n 1't#)r 1, 1268, Ca(# and Car)#nn(,
t!ru t!ir '#uns(, &i(d -it! t! CFI #& >ani(a a
"titi#n &#r certiorari and "r#!i)iti#n, -it! a""(i'ati#n
&#r "r(iminar* "r#!i)it#r* and mandat#r* in/un'ti#n
a((ging /urisdi'ti#na( d&'ts, Rs"#ndnt +udg
F(i: ;#ming# issud a rstraining #rdr t!us
'ausing t! d&rmnt #& t! "r#mu(gati#n #& t!
/udgmnt, A&tr "r#'dings du(* !ad, t!r -as an
#rdr &r#m !im d'(aring t!at Qt! '#nstituti#na( and
statut#r* rig!ts #& t! a''usdQ !ad )n vi#(atd,
advrs(* a&&'ting t!ir Qrig!t t# a &r and im"artia(
tria(, n#ting Qt!at t! tria( #& t!s 'ass (asting
svra( -.s !(d :'(usiv(* in '!am)rs and n#t
in t! '#urt r##m #"n t! "u)(i'Q;R and #rdring t!
'it* '#urt +udg Gar'ia, Rt# dsist &r#m rading #r
'ausing t# ) rad #r "r#mu(gatd t! d'isi#ns !
ma* !av rndrd a(rad* in t! 'rimina( 'ass
"nding in !is C#urt, unti( &urt!r #rdrs #& t!is
C#urt,B
$ %! >R -as dnid, 4n', #n +anuar* 28, 1262,
t! mattr -as (vatd t# t! SC )* mans #& t!
"rsnt suit &#r certiorari and "r#!i)iti#n,
I''%!
51N rs"#ndnt +udg '#mmit a grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in ru(ing t!at t! !#(ding #& t! tria( #& t!
a''usd insid t! '!am)rs #& "titi#nr ,'it* '#urt
+udg Grg#ri# Gar'ia, as vi#(ativ #& t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# "u)(i' tria(
(!"D
67S
$ %! "r#'dur !ad )n agrd t# )&#r!and )*
a''usd, %! !arings !av )n t!us '#ndu'td #n
&#urtn s"arat #''asi#ns -it!#ut #)/'ti#n #n
t!ir "art, and -it!#ut an i#ta #& vidn' t#
su)stantiat an* '(aim as t# an* #t!r "rs#n s#
mindd )ing :'(udd &r#m t! "rmiss, It is t!us
vidnt t!at -!at t##. "(a' in t! '!am)rs #& t!
'it* '#urt /udg -as dv#id #& !ast #r intnti#na(
s'r'*,
$ %! 1235 C#nstituti#n -!i'! -as in &#r' at t!
tim #& t!is "titi#n :"(i'it(* numratd t! rig!t
t# a "u)(i' tria( t# -!i'! an a''usd -as ntit(d, As
a mattr #& &a't, t!at -as #n '#nstituti#na( "r#visi#n
t!at ndd #n(* a sing(, trs summati#n &r#m
+usti' +#s P, ?aur(, t# gain a''"tan', As -as
strssd )* !imC R%ria( s!#u(d a(s# ) "u)(i' in #rdr
t# #&&st an* dangr #& '#ndu'ting it in an i((ga( and
un/ust mannr,R It -#u(d !av )n sur"rising i& its
"r#"#sd in'(usi#n in t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts !ad "r#v#.d
an* dis'ussi#n, mu'! (ss a d)at, It -as mr(* a
ritrati#n -!at a""ard in t! P!i(i""in Aut#n#m*
A't #& 1216, "#"u(ar(* .n#-n as t! +#ns ?a-,
7ar(ir, su'! a rig!t &#und :"rssi#n in t!
P!i(i""in Bi(( #& 1202, (i.-is an #rgani' a't #& t!
t!n g#vrnmnt #& t!is '#untr* as an
unin'#r"#ratd trrit#r* #& t! Knitd Stats,
4ist#ri'a((* as -as "#intd #ut )* +usti' B(a'., in
t! (ading 'as #& In r 1(ivrC %!is nati#nQs
a''"td "ra'ti' #& guaranting a "u)(i' tria( t# an
a''usd !as its r##ts in t! 7ng(is! '#mm#n (a-
!ritag, )ut it (i.(* v#(vd (#ng )&#r t!
stt(mnt #& t! KS as an a''#m"animnt #& t!
an'int instituti#n #& /ur* tria(, %! guarant t# an
a''usd #& t! rig!t t# a "u)(i' tria( a""ard in a
stat '#nstituti#n in 1996, ?atr it -as m)#did in
t! Si:t! Amndmnt #& t! Fdra( C#nstituti#n
rati&id in 1921, %#da* a(m#st -it!#ut :'"ti#n
vr* stat )* '#nstituti#n, statut, #r /udi'ia(
d'isi#n, r3uirs t!at a(( 'rimina( tria(s ) #"n t#
t! "u)(i',
$ %! C#nstituti#n guarants an a''usd t! rig!t t#
a "u)(i' tria(, %!r is n# am)iguit* in t! -#rds
m"(#*d, %! tria( must ) "u)(i', It "#sssss t!at
'!ara'tr -!n an*#n intrstd in #)srving t!
mannr a /udg '#ndu'ts t! "r#'dings in !is
'#urtr##m ma* d# s#, %!r is t# ) n# )an #n su'!
attndan', 4is )ing a strangr t# t! (itigants is #&
n# m#mnt, N# r(ati#ns!i" t# t! "artis nd )
s!#-n, %! t!#ug!t t!at (is )!ind t!is sa&guard is
t! )(i& t!at t!r)* t! a''usd is a&&#rdd
&urt!r "r#t'ti#n, t!at !is tria( is (i.(* t# )
'#ndu'td -it! rgu(arit* and n#t taintd -it! an*
im"r#"rit*, A''dg t# +, ?aur(, t! im"#rtan' #& t!is
rig!t is its )ing a dtrrn' t# ar)itrarinss, It is
t!us undrstanda)( -!* su'! a rig!t is dmd
m)ra'd in "r#'dura( du "r#'ss, 5!r a tria(
ta.s "(a', as is 3uit usua(, in t! '#urtr##m and a
'a(ndar #& -!at 'ass ar t# ) !ard is "#std, n#
"r#)(m ariss, It t! usua( '#urs #& vnts t!at
individua(s dsir#us #& )ing "rsnt ar &r t# d#
s#, %!r is t! -(( r'#gni8d :'"ti#n t!#ug!
t!at -arrants t! :'(usi#n #& t! "u)(i' -!r t!
vidn' ma* ) '!ara'tri8d as R#&&nsiv t#
d'n'* #r "u)(i' m#ra(s,R
$ 5!at did #''asi#n di&&i'u(t* in t!is suit -as t!at &#r
t! '#nvnin' #& t! "artis, and #& t! 'it* '#urt
+udg, it -as in t! (attrQs air$'#nditi#nd '!am)rs
t!at t! tria( -as !(d, %!r is n# s!#-ing t!at t!
"u)(i' -as t!r)* :'(udd, It is t# ) admittd t!at
t! si8 #& t! r##m a((#ttd t! +udg -#u(d rdu'
t! num)r #& t!#s -!# '#u(d ) #ur "rsnt, Su'!
a &a't t!#ug! is n#t indi'ativ #& an* transgrssi#n #&
t!is rig!t, C#urtr##ms ar n#t #& uni&#rm dimnsi#ns,
S#m ar sma((r t!an #t!rs, >#r#vr, as admittd
)* +usti' B(a'. in !is mastr(* In r 1(ivr #"ini#n, it
su&&i's t# satis&* t! r3uirmnt #& a tria( )ing
"u)(i' i& t! a''usd '#u(d R!av !is &rinds,
r(ativs and '#uns( "rsnt, n# mattr -it! -!at
#&&ns ! ma* ) '!argd,R
$ It is an undis"utd &a't t!at at (ast &#urtn
!arings !ad )n !(d in '!am)rs #& t! 'it* '#urt
+udg, -it!#ut #)/'ti#n #n t! "art #& rs"#ndnt
"#(i'mn,
$ %!r is mu'! t# ) said #& '#urs &#r t! '#n'rn
dis"(a*d )* rs"#ndnt +udg t# assur t! ra(it*
as against t! mr "#ssi)i(it* #& a tria( )ing tru(*
"u)(i', I& it -r #t!r-is, su'! a rig!t '#u(d )
rdu'd t# a )arrn &#rm #& -#rds, %# t! :tnt
t!n t!at t! '#n'(usi#n ra'!d )* !im -as
m#tivatd )* an a""r!nsi#n t!at t!r -as an
vasi#n #& a '#nstituti#na( '#mmand, ! 'rtain(*
(ivd u" t# -!at is :"'td #& a man #& t! r#),
Furt!r r&('ti#n #ug!t t# !av '#nvin'd !im
t!#ug! t!at su'! a &ar -as un/usti&id, An #)/'tiv
a""raisa( #& '#nditi#ns in muni'i"a( #r 'it* '#urts
-#u(d !av g#n &ar in dis"((ing su'! misgivings,
%! 'r#-dd dai(* 'a(ndar, t! natur #& t! 'ass
!and(d, 'ivi( as -(( as 'rimina(, t! r(a:d attitud
#n "r#'dura( ru(s n#t )ing stri't(* ad!rd t# a((
ma. &#r a (ss tns atm#s"!r, As a rsu(t t!
attndan' #& t! gnra( "u)(i' is mu'! m#r in
vidn'; n#r is its "rsn' un-('#m, 5!n it is
rmm)rd &urt!r t!at t! #''u"ants #& su'!
'#urts ar n#t '!#sn "rimari(* &#r t!ir (ga(
a'umn, )ut ta.n &r#m t!at "#rti#n #& t! )ar m#r
'#nsidra)(* attund t# t! "u(s #& "u)(i' (i&, it is
n#t t# ) rati#na((* :"'td t!at an a''usd -#u(d
) dnid -!atvr s#(a' and '#m&#rt ma* '#m
&r#m t! .n#-(dg t!at a /udg, -it! t! *s #&
t! a(rt '#urt a(rt t# !is dman#r and !is ru(ings,
-#u(d run t! ris. #& )ing un/ust, un&air, #r
ar)itrar*, N#r d#s it '!ang mattrs, /ust )'aus,
as did !a""n !r, it -as in t! air$'#nditi#nd
'!am)rs #& a 'it* '#urt /udg rat!r t!an in t!
usua( "(a' t!at t! tria( t##. "(a',
Dispositive 5rit #& certiorari is grantd,
&"OR!' P!OP"!
61 SCRA 331
F7RNAN;1, ;'m)r 10, 1294
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ ;'m)r 1251C Fran'is'# F(#rs and Fran'is'#
Ang( -r a''usd &#r r#))r*
$ N#vm)r 1255C %C &#und t!m gui(t* #& r#))r*
$ ;'m)r 1255C t! 2 "titi#nrs &i(d a n#ti' #&
a""a(
$ F)ruar* 1258C CA issud a rs#(uti#n rmanding
t! r'#rds #& t! 'as t# t! (#-r '#urt &#r a
r!aring #& t! tstim#n* #& a 'rtain -itnss
dmd matria( &#r t! dis"#siti#n #& t! 'as,
$ August 1252C CA grantd m#ti#n #& "titi#nrs t#
st asid t! %C d'isi#n s# t!at vidn' &#r t!
d&ns #n 'rtain n- &a'ts #r mattrs ma* )
r'ivd, and t!at a n- d'isi#n ) rndrd, Cas
-as rturnd t# %C )ut &#r a)#ut a *ar n#t!ing
!a""nd )'aus t! #&&ndd "art* &ai(d t#
a""ar &#r a)#ut 6 #r 9 tims, And -!n t!
#&&ndd "art* t##. t! -itnss stand, ! '#u(d n#
(#ngr rmm)r t! dtai(s #& t! 'rim, vn &ai(d
t# idnti&* t! 2 "titi#nrs, %C /ust snt )a'. t!
r'#rds t# CA
$ >a* 1265C "titi#nrs s#ug!t t! dismissa( #& t!ir
'as du t# t! in#rdinat d(a* in t!ir dis"#siti#n
<&#r a(m#st 10 *rs=, inv#.ing '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# a
s"d* tria(
$ +anuar* 1266C CA dnid m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
Respondents deense;
<1= 'as -as n#t "r#"r(* 'a"ti#nd, t! CA n#t
)ing mad a "art* t# t! "titi#n
<2= it -as n#t ad3uat(* s!#-n t!at t! rig!t t# a
s"d* tria( !ad )n vi#(atd, CA ta.ing a(( t!
st"s n'ssar* t# '#m"(t t! trans'ri"t #&
stn#gra"!i' n#ts #& t! #rigina( tria(,
I''%!
51N t! rig!t #& t! "titi#nrs t# a s"d* tria( !as
)n a''#rdd
(!"D
N1
Ratio# %! '#nstituti#na( rig!t t# a s"d* tria(
mans #n &r &r#m v:ati#us, 'a"ri'i#us and
#""rssiv d(a*s DA')d# v, Sarmint#, C#nd v,
RivraE, %!us, i& t! "rs#n a''usd -r inn#'nt,
! ma* -it!in t! s!#rtst tim "#ssi)( ) s"ard
&r#m an:it* and a""r!nsi#n arising &r#m a
"r#s'uti#n, and i& 'u("a)(, ! -i(( n#t ) ."t (#ng
in sus"ns as t# t! &at in st#r &#r !im, -it!in a
"ri#d #& '#urs '#m"ati)( -it! !is #""#rtunit* t#
"rsnt an* va(id d&ns,
$R%! G#vrnmnt s!#u(d ) t! (ast t# st an
:am"( #& d(a* and #""rssi#n in t!
administrati#n #& /usti' and it is t! m#ra( and (ga(
#)(igati#n #& t!is '#urt t# s t!at t! 'rimina(
"r#'dings against t! a''usd '#m t# an nd and
t!at t!* ) immdiat(* dis'!argd &r#m t!
'ust#d* #& t! (a-,R DP#"( v, Casta_daE
$ An a''usd "rs#n is ntit(d t# a tria( at t!
ar(ist #""#rtunit*, , , , 4 'ann#t ) #""rssd )*
d(a*ing t! '#mmn'mnt #& tria( &#r an
unras#na)( (ngt! #& tim, I& t! "r#'dings
"nding tria( ar d&rrd, t! tria( its(& is
n'ssari(* d(a*d, ::: %! C#nstituti#n d#s n#t
sa* t!at t! rig!t t# a s"d* tria( ma* ) avai(d #&
#n(* -!r t! "r#s'uti#n &#r 'rim is '#mmn'd
and undrta.n )* t! &is'a(, It d#s n#t :'(ud
&r#m its #"rati#n 'ass '#mmn'd )* "rivat
individua(s, 5!r #n' a "rs#n is "r#s'utd
'rimina((*, ! is ntit(d t# a s"d* tria(,
irrs"'tiv #& t! natur #& t! #&&ns #r t!
mannr in -!i'! it is aut!#ri8d t# ) '#mmn'd,
D>r'ad# v, Sant#sE
$ remedies aailaAle 7o 78e accused? %! rmd*
in t! vnt #& a n#n$#)srvan' #& t!is rig!t is )*
!a)as '#r"us i& t! a''usd -r rstraind #& !is
(i)rt*, #r )* 'rti#rari, "r#!i)iti#n, #r mandamus &#r
t! &ina( dismissa( #& t! 'as, DA')d# v,
Sarmint#E
Reasoning
% In t! a)sn' #& an* va(id d'isi#n, t! stag #&
tria( !as n#t )n '#m"(td, %!us, -!n t!*
m#vd t# dismiss in t! CA, t!* '#u(d '#ntnd t!at
t!* !ad n#t )n a''#rdd t!ir rig!t t# ) trid as
"r#m"t(* as 'ir'umstan's "rmit, It -as n#t t!
"ndn'* in t! C#urt #& A""a(s #& t!ir 'ass t!at
s!#u(d ) dmd matria(, It is at tims
unav#ida)( t!at a""((at tri)una(s 'ann#t, vn
-it! du di(ign', "ut an nd t# suits (vatd t#
t!m, 5!at is d'isiv is t!at -it! t! stting asid
#& t! "rvi#us d'isi#n in t! rs#(uti#n #& August 5,
1252, "titi#nrs '#u(d va(id(* "rmis t!ir "(a &#r
dismissa( #n t!is '#nstituti#na( sa&guard,
Vt! "r#'dura( issu #n t! CA n#t )ing mad t!
"art* rs"#ndnt, C#urt '#nsidrd t! su)stantia(
issus #vr t!is t'!ni'a(it*,
Dispositive "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari is grantd, and
t! #rdr #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s in CA$GR N#,
16641$R ntit(d, P#"( v, Fran'is'# F(#rs, t a(,, #&
S"tm)r 28, 1265 dn*ing t! m#ti#n t# dismiss
as -(( as its #rdr #& +anuar* 8, 1266 dn*ing t!
m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n, and t! #rdr #& +anuar*
28, 1266 dn*ing t! s'#nd m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n ar !r)* st asid, nu((i&id, and
'#nsidrd #& n# &#r' and &&'t, %! 'rimina( 'as
against "titi#nrs in t! a&#rsaid CA$GR N#, 16641$
R ar #rdrd dismissd,
MAR#!"I$O A"!*A$DRO
32 SCRA 106
CAS%R1; >ar'! 25, 1290
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r certiorari and "r#!i)iti#n, t# nu((i&* t!
#rdrs #& t! '#urt$martia( dn*ing t!ir '!a((ngs,
)#t! "rm"t#r* and &#r 'aus
&AC#'
$ %!r ar #ng#ing '#urt$martia( "r#'dings
against t! "titi#nr, >a/#r 7duard# >art(in#, alias
A)du( ?ati& >art(in#, #& t! AFP, and t! #&&i'rs and
mn undr !im, &#r vi#(ati#n #& t! 24t! and 29t!
Arti'(s #& 5ar, as a rsu(t #& t! a((gd s!##ting #&
s#m >us(im r'ruits t!n undrg#ing '#mmand#
training #n t! is(and #& C#rrgid#r,
$ Initia((* t!r -as a 3usti#n #& /urisdi'ti#nC 51N
t! gnra( '#urt$martia(, '#nvnd t# tr* t! 'as,
a'3uird /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as ds"it t! &a't
t!at a)#ut a m#nt! ar(ir, a '#m"(aint &#r &rustratd
murdr !ad )n &i(d in t! &is'a(Qs #&&i' #& Cavit
Cit*, Pr#'dings !ad t# ) sus"ndd unti( SC
&ina((* ru(d in &av#r #& t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t! mi(itar*
'#urt,
$ A&tr t!at, >art(in# s#ug!t t! dis3ua(i&i'ati#n #&
t! Prsidnt #& t! gnra( '#urt$martia(, &#((#-ing
t! (attrQs admissi#n t!at ! rad n-s"a"r st#ris
#& t! C#rrgid#r in'idnt, 4 '#ntndd t!at t!
'as !ad r'ivd su'! an am#unt #& "u)(i'it* in t!
"rss and -as )ing :"(#itd &#r "#(iti'a( "ur"#ss
in '#nn'ti#n -it! t! u"'#ming 1262 "rsidntia(
('ti#ns as t# im"ri( !is rig!t t# a &air tria(,
$ %!* t!n raisd "rm"t#r* '!a((ngs against
C#(, A(/andr#, as "rsidnt #& t! '#urt$martia(, and
C#(, 1(&ind#, ?t, C#(, Camaga*, ?t, C#(, @a(#ns, ?t,
C#(, B(an'# and C#(, >a(ig, as mm)rs, %!r -as
a(s# an issu as t# t! num)r #& "rm"t#r*
'!a((ngs t!at 'an ) raisd )* a'! a''usd,
$ SC t!n rstraind '#urt$martia( &r#m "r#'ding
-it! t! 'as, Rs"#ndnts assrtd t!at ds"it t!
"u)(i'it* -!i'! t! 'as !ad r'ivd, n# "r##& !as
)n "rsntd s!#-ing t!at t! '#urt$martia(Qs
"rsidntQs &airnss and im"artia(it* !av )n
im"aird, As a "r(iminar* '#nsidrati#n, t!
rs"#ndnts urg t!is C#urt t# t!r#- #ut t! "titi#n
#n t! gr#und t!at it !as n# "#-r t# rvi- t!
"r#'dings #& t! '#urt$martia(, R:'"t &#r t!
"ur"#s #& as'rtaining -!t!r t! mi(itar* '#urt
!ad /urisdi'ti#n #& t! "rs#n and su)/'t mattr,
and -!t!r, t!#ug! !aving su'! /urisdi'ti#n, it !ad
:'dd its "#-rs in t! sntn' "r#n#un'd,R

I''%!'
1, 51N t! "u)(i'it* givn t# t! 'as against t!
"titi#nrs -as su'! as t# "r/udi' t!ir rig!t t# a
&air tria(
2, 51N a'! a''usd -as ntit(d t# #n
"rm"t#r* '!a((ng
(!"D
1, N1
Reasoning
% %! tria( '#urts must ta. str#ng masurs t#
nsur t!at t! )a(an' is nvr -ig!d against t!
a''usd, And a""((at tri)una(s !av t! dut* t#
ma. an ind"ndnt va(uati#n #& t!
'ir'umstan's, 5!r t!r is a ras#na)(
(i.(i!##d t!at "r/udi'ia( n-s "ri#r t# tria( -i((
"rvnt a &air tria(, t! /udg s!#u(d '#ntinu t!
'as unti( t! t!rat a)ats, #r trans&r it t# an#t!r
'#unt* n#t s# "rmatd -it! "u)(i'it*, I& "u)(i'it*
during t! "r#'ding t!ratns t! &airnss #& t!
tria(, a n- tria( s!#u(d ) #rdrd,
$ %! s"at #& "u)(i'it* in t!is 'as )&#r us did n#t
&#'us #n t! gui(t #& t! "titi#nrs )ut rat!r #n t!
rs"#nsi)i(it* #& t! G#vrnmnt &#r -!at -as
'(aimd t# ) a Rmassa'rR #& >us(im trains, I&
t!r -as a Rtria( )* n-s"a"rR at a((, it -as n#t #&
t! "titi#nrs )ut #& t! G#vrnmnt, A)snt !r is
a s!#-ing #& &ai(ur #& t! '#urt$martia( t# "r#t't
t! a''usd &r#m massiv "u)(i'it* n'#uragd )*
t!#s '#nn'td -it! t! '#ndu't #& t! tria( it!r
)* a &ai(ur t# '#ntr#( t! r(as #& in&#rmati#n #r t#
rm#v t! tria( t# an#t!r vnu #r t# "#st"#n it
unti( t! d(ug #& "r/udi'ia( "u)(i'it* s!a(( !av
su)sidd, Indd - 'ann#t sa* t!at t! tria( #& t!
"titi#nrs -as )ing !(d undr 'ir'umstan's
-!i'! did n#t "rmit t! #)srvan' #& t!#s
im"rativ d'n'is #& "r#'dur -!i'! !av '#m
t# ) idnti&id -it! du "r#'ss,
$ 7vn granting t! :istn' #& RmassivR and
R"r/udi'ia(R "u)(i'it*, sin' t! "titi#nrs !r d#
n#t '#ntnd t!at t! rs"#ndnts !av )n undu(*
in&(un'd )ut sim"(* t!at t!* mig!t ) )* t!
R)arragR #& "u)(i'it*,
2, 67S
Ratio #ach #& t! 23 "titi#nrs <a''usd )&#r t!
gnra( '#urt$martia(= is ntit(d t# #n "rm"t#r*
'!a((ng, irrs"'tiv #& t! num)r #&
s"'i&i'ati#ns andM#r '!args and rgard(ss #&
-!t!r t!* ar trid /#int(* #r in '#mm#n, A%!
rig!t t# '!a((ng is in 3uintssn' t! rig!t t#
r/'t, n#t t# s('t, I& &r#m t! #&&i'rs -!# rmain
an im"artia( mi(itar* '#urt is #)taind, t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!t #& t! a''usd t# a &air tria( is
maintaind,B
Reasoning
% It is t! su)missi#n #& t! "titi#nrs t!at R&#r
vr* '!arg, a'! sid ma* :r'is #n
"rm"t#r* '!a((ng,R and t!r&#r )'aus t!r
ar (vn '!args t!* ar ntit(d t# (vn
s"arat "rm"t#r* '!a((ngs, %! rs"#ndnts
argu t!at a(t!#ug! t!r ar a'tua((* a t#ta( #&
(vn s"'i&i'ati#ns against t! "titi#nrs, t!r #&
t!s s!#u(d ) '#nsidrd as mrgd -it! t-#
#t!r s"'i&i'ati#ns, Rsin' in &a't t!* a((g t!
sam #&&nss '#mmittd in '#ns"ira'*, t!us (aving
a )a(an' #& ig!t s"'i&i'ati#ns,R %! gnra( '#urt$
martia( t!r#& ta.s t! "#siti#n t!at a(( t! 23
"titi#nrs ar ntit(d t# a t#ta( #& #n(* ig!t
"rm"t#r* '!a((ngs, &a' A "rm"t#r* '!a((ng
is a&&#rdd t# an a''usd -!#, -!t!r rig!t(* #r
-r#ng(*, !#nst(* &(s t!at t! mm)r #& t! '#urt
"rm"t#ri(* '!a((ngd )* !im 'ann#t sit in
/udgmnt #vr !im, im"artia((*, 7vr* a''usd
"rs#n is ntit(d t# a &air tria(, It is n#t n#ug! t!at
#)/'tiv(* t! mm)rs #& t! '#urt ma* ) &air and
im"artia(, It is (i.-is n'ssar* t!at su)/'tiv(*
t! a''usd must &( t!at ! is )ing trid )* a &air
and im"artia( )#d* #& #&&i'rs, B'aus t!
"titi#nrs ma* ntrtain grav d#u)ts as t# t!
&airnss #r im"artia(it* #& distin't, s"arat and
di&&rnt individua( mm)rs #& t! '#urt$martia(, it
&#((#-s n'ssari(* t!at a'! #& t! a''usd is
ntit(d t# #n "rm"t#r* '!a((ng, &!' Arti'( #&
5ar 18 d#s n#t distinguis! )t-n '#mm#n tria(s
and /#int tria(s, n#r d#s it ma. t! natur #r
num)r #& s"'i&i'ati#ns andM#r '!args a
dtrminant, &c' A "r'"tiv ana(*sis #& t!
'#m"ani#n arti'(s '#nvin's us t!at t! -#rd, Ra'!
sid,R as usd in t! said arti'( in r&rn' t# t!
d&ns, s!#u(d ) '#nstrud t# man each a''usd
"rs#n,
Dispositive Su)/'t t# #ur "r#n#un'mnt t!at a'!
#& t! 23 "titi#nrs is ntit(d t# #n s"arat
"rm"t#r* '!a((ng, t! "rsnt "titi#n is
;7NI7;, %! tm"#rar* rstraining #rdr issud )*
t!is C#urt is !r)* (i&td,
P!OP"! OR'A"
113 SCRA 226
P7R CKRIA>; >ar'! 22, 1282
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi-
&AC#'
$ @i'nt 1rsa( is #n #& &#ur a''usd in &#ur
s"arat 'ass &i(d in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #&
Lam)#anga Cit*
$ %! t!r <3= #t!r a''usd ar Ram#n Gutirr8,
Gnr#s# A)a"# and R#m# F(#rs, )ut t! t-# <2=
(ast namd a''usd !aving g#n at (arg, #n(*
a""((ant @i'nt 1rsa( and Ram#n Gutirr8 st##d
tria(
$ %! 'ass stmmd &r#m t! && a'tsC
V1n A"ri( 13, 1294 a""((ant, t#gt!r -it! Gnr#s#
A)a"#, Ram#n Gutirr8 and R#m# F(#rs, .i((d
Crisant# B/i', !is -i& 7duarda, as -(( as !is
grand'!i(drn Atana'ia ?ga8"i and R#)rt# B/i',
and )urnd !is !#us
V1n A"ri( 14, 1294, t! sam a''usd ransa'.d t!
!#us #& +sus ?imn, ta.ing !is s!#s and '(#t!s,
#n "a(ti. rv#(vr, t-# "a(ti. s!#tguns and a !and
grnad, .i((d +sus ?imn, and )urnd !is !#us
$ %! '#urt &#und 1rsa( and Gutirr8 gui(t* )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t as "rin'i"a(s #& t! 'rims,
attndd )* t-# <2= aggravating 'ir'umstan's,
nam(*, t!at t! 'rims -r '#mmittd at nig!ttim
and )* a )and, -it!#ut an* mitigating 'ir'umstan's
t# #&&st t! sam, and sntn'd t!m a''#rding(*C
<1= Crimina( Cas N#, 491 <1183= for Arson$"na(t*
#& %n <10= *ars and 1n <1= da* #& Prisi#n >a*#r as
t! minimum t# Svntn <19= *ars, F#ur <4=
m#nt!s and 1n <1= da* #& R'(usi#n %m"#ra( as
t! ma:imum, t# indmni&* Fran'is'# ?imn t!
am#unt #& P8,000,00, and t# "a* d #& t! '#sts #&
t!is suit
<2= Crimina( Cas N#, 492 <1184= for Arson$ "na(t*
#& %n <10= *ars and 1n <1= da* #& Prisi#n >a*#r as
t! minimum t# Svntn <19= *ars, F#ur <4=
m#nt!s and 1n <1= da* #& R'(usi#n %m"#ra( as
t! ma:imum, t# indmni&* Fran'is'# ?imn t!
am#unt #& P8,000,00, and t# "a* d #& t! '#sts #&
t!is suit
<3= Crimina( Cas N#, 493 <1185= for RoAAery in
Band wi78 Mul7iple (omicide$ &#ur s"arat and
distin't im"ris#nmntQs #& %n <10= *ars and 1n <1=
da* #& Prisi#n >a*#r as t! minimum t# Svntn
<19= *ars and Fiv <5= m#nt!s #& R'(usi#n %m"#ra(
as t! ma:imum, t# indmni&* t! !irs #& t!
d'asd Cristin# B/i', 7duarda B/i', R#)rt# B/i'
and Atanasia ?ga8"i t! t#ta( am#unt #& P48,000,00
and t# "a* d #& t! '#sts #& t!is suit in a'! #& t!s
&#ur 'ass
<4= Crimina( Cas N#, 432 <1159= for RoAAery in
Band wi78 (omicide$ Su"rm "na(t* #& Q;7A%4Q,
t# indmni&* t! !irs #& t! d'asd +sus ?imn
t! am#unt #& P12,000,00, and t# "a* #n &#urt! #&
t! '#sts in a'! #& t!s &#ur 'ass
$ In t! 'as #& Gutirr8, #-ing t# t! &a't t!at ! is
a *#ut!&u( #&&ndr, as ! is #n(* 18 *ars #(d, t!
C#urt #rdrd !is '#mmitmnt t# t! ;"artmnt #&
S#'ia( Srvi's and ;v(#"mnt, Rgi#n IJ,
Lam)#anga Cit*
$ %! sntn' #& dat! !aving )n im"#sd in
Crimina( Cas N#, 432 <1159=, -!i'! -as !ard
/#int(* -it! t! #t!r t!r <3= 'ass, t! sing(
d'isi#n rndrd &#r a(( t! &#ur <4= 'ass is )&#r
t! SC &#r aut#mati' rvi-,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! a""((ant !as )n dnid !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# a s"d* tria(
2, 51N t! vidn' is su&&i'int t# sta)(is! !is
gui(t )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t
(!"D
1, N1
$ A""((ant &irst '#ntnds t!at ! !as )n dnid !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!t #& s"d* tria( )'aus t!
in&#rmati#n -as &i(d #n(* a)#ut nin <2= m#nt!s
a&tr !is arrst and invstigati#n,
$ %!r -as n# su'! dnia(, As '#rr't(* st &#rt! )*
t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, t! tst #& vi#(ati#n #& t! rig!t
t# s"d* tria( !as a(-a*s )n t# )gin '#unting t!
d(a* &r#m t! tim t! in&#rmati#n is &i(d, n#t
)&#r t! &i(ing, %! d(a* in t! &i(ing #& t!
in&#rmati#n, -!i'! in t! instant 'as !as n#t )n
-it!#ut ras#na)( 'aus, is, t!r&#r, n#t t# )
r'.#nd -it! in dtrmining -!t!r t!r !as
)n a dnia( #& t! rig!t t# s"d* tria(,
2, 67S
$ In t! main, a""((antQs '#ntnti#n in t!is a""a( is
t!at t! vidn' #& t! "r#s'uti#n is -a. and
insu&&i'int t# sta)(is! !is gui(t )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t, "arti'u(ar(* in t! mannr ! -as Idnti&id as
#n #& t! a((gd "r"trat#rs #& t! &#ur <4= 'rims
!rin '!argd, 4 -#u(d t!n argu t!at su'!
-a.nss #& t! stat vidn' -#u(d
'#mmnsurat(* strngt!n !is d&ns #& a(i)i
-!i'!, as ! '(aims, t! tria( '#urt rr#n#us(*
r/'td,
$ 5!at is indu)ita)(* '(ar is t!at t! stat -itnsss
-!# "#intd t# a""((ant as am#ng t! 'u("rits ar
t! #ns -it! n# m#tiv su&&i'int t# urg t!m t#
tsti&* &a(s(* against a""((ant -!# -#u(d )
"unis!d -it! n# (ss t!an dat! in '#ns3un' #&
t!ir "r/urd tstim#n*,
$ First t# Idnti&* a""((ant -as Ant#ni# B/i' t! (#n
surviv#r in t! 'arnag against t! B/i' &ami(* and
!#us!#(d, 4 Catg#ri'a((* statd t!at !
r'#gni8d t! v#i' t!at s!#utdC R4#*R, t# ) t!at
#& a""((ant -!#m ! !ad .n#-n vr* -(( )'aus
a""((ant usd t# s(" in Ant#ni#Qs grand&at!r -it!
-!#m ! -as rsiding, >#r#vr, Ant#ni# a(s#
tsti&id !aving sn a""((ant sta) !is '#usin,
R#)rt# B/i' 4 -as !#-vr 'andid n#ug! t#
admit t!at ! did n#t s -!# a'tua((* .i((d t! rst
#& !is r(ativs, n#r -!# a'tua((* )urnd t! !#us,
%!is &a't -#u(d tnd t# ngat a""((antQs '(aims t!at
t! tstim#n* #& t! stat -itnsss -r s'ri"td
and mr(* r!arsd,
$ %!at t! a""((ant and !is '#m"ani#ns -r t!
"r"trat#rs #& t! .i((ing #& +sus ?imn and a(s# t!
)urning #& !is !#us -as "#sitiv(* sta)(is!d )*
t! tstim#n* #& Ram#n +imn8, Ram#n -as -it!
+sus ?imn -!n t! (attr -as .i((d and !is !#us
)urnd, %!at ! -as ta.n a(#ng )* a""((ant
a""arnt(* as a !#stag t# "rvnt !im &r#m
r"#rting t# t! aut!#ritis, and s# ! -as arrstd
-it! a""((ant t#gt!r is, undnia)(*, #n
'ir'umstan' str#ng(* (nding 'rdn' t# a(( t!at
Ram#n +imn8 tsti&id t#, "arti'u(ar(* #n
a""((antQs '#m"(i'it* in t! '#mmissi#n #& t! &#ur
<4= 'rims,
$ %! tstim#n* #& Ram#n +imn8 #& '#urs did n#t
s'a" t! vr* .n(* s'rutini8ing :aminati#n t#
-!i'! a""((antQs '#uns( su)/'td t! tstim#nis
#& a(( t! #t!r stat -itnsss, in a 8a(#us &&#rt t#
s!#- t!ir -ant #& 'rdi)i(it* -it! t!
in'#nsistn'is, im"r#)a)i(itis and '#ntradi'ti#ns
t!* su""#sd(* '#ntaind, Su&&i' it t# sa* t!at t!
a((gd '#ntradi'ti#ns and in'#nsistn'is -r #n
min#r and in'#ns3untia( dtai(s t!at -#u(d n#t in
an* -a* a&&'t Ram#nQs 'rdi)i(it*,
$ As ar(ir statd, n# su&&i'int m#tiv -as s!#-n
-!* t! t-# <2= *-itnsss, Ant#ni# B/i' and
Ram#n +imn8, -#u(d "r/ur t!ms(vs in
"#inting t# a""((ant as #n #& t! "r"trat#rs #&
vr* grav and !in#us 'rims, %!at a""((antQs
m#t!r ma* !av a''usd Ram#n +imn8 #& t!&t
-#u(d, t!r&#r, n#t srv as m#tiv t# indu' t!
t-# <2= a&#rnamd -itnsss t# giv t! tstim#n*
t!at namd and "#intd t# n#t #n(* a""((ant )ut
t!r <3= #t!r "rs#ns in'(uding Ram#n Gutirr8
-!# st##d tria( -it! a""((ant, as t! ma(&a't#rs,
7vn as t# Ram#n +imn8 a(#n, t! a((gd m#tiv
is assurd(* n#t n#ug! &#r !im t# '!arg &a(s(*
a""((ant, -!# is !is '#usin, -it! su'! griv#us
#&&nss as t! .i((ing #& &#ur <4= "rs#ns, )urning
d#-n #& t-# <2= !#uss and sta(ing #& va(ua)(
"rs#na( )(#ngings,
$ Fr#m !#- a""((antQs idntit* as #n #& t!
"r"trat#rs #& t! &#ur <4= 'rims /ust mnti#nd
!as )n sta)(is!d, !is d&ns #& a(i)i is &uti(,
%! )arri# 'a"tain #& N- Saga*,+sus Aga)#n, -it!
-!#m a""((ant '(aimd t# ) -it! -!n t! 'rims
-r )ing '#mmittd, -as "rsntd t# '#rr#)#rat
a""((antQs a(i)i )* tsti&*ing t!at in a''#rdan' -it!
t! rgu(ati#n in !is "(a', ! rgistrd a""((antQs
nam in a n#t)##. as a transint t!rin, 4is
tstim#n* )'am -#rt!(ss -!n ds"it su&&i'int
#""#rtunit* givn !im t# "r#du' t! n#t)##. in
C#urt, )* "#st"#ning t! !aring n#t /ust #n' )ut
t-i', t! d&ns -itnss nvr again a""ard in
C#urt, I& !is sa(vati#n !angd #n t! 'rdi)i(it* #& t!is
-itnss, a""((ant s!#u(d !av d#n vr*t!ing and
rs#rtd t# vn t! '#r'iv "r#'ss #& t! C#urt t#
ma. said -itnss g# t# C#urt and "rsnt t!
dsird d#'umnt, #r :"(ain !is ina)i(it* t# d# s#,
Dispositive ;'isi#n a&&irmd in t#t#,
P!OP"! *ARDI$
124 SCRA 169
GK%I7RR7L +R; August 19, 1283
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari #n d'isi#n #& CFI Ou8#n
dismissing t! 'rimina( 'ass against a''usd
;mtri# +ardin )'aus !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t t#
s"d* tria( -as a((gd(* vi#(atd,
&AC#'
$ %! 'rimina( "r#s'uti#ns #riginatd &r#m a (ttr$
'#m"(aint #& t! Pr#vin'ia( Audit#r #& Ou8#n
r3usting t! Pr#vin'ia( Fis'a( t# &i( t! n'ssar*
'rimina( a'ti#n undr Arti'( 219 #& t! Rvisd Pna(
C#d against ;mtri# +ardin &#r ma(vrsati#n #&
"u)(i' &unds t!ru &a(si&i'ati#n #& "u)(i' d#'umnts #n
si: '#unts, &,*EF'
$ e%!is 'as is &u(( #& d(a*ing ta'ti'sf
$ PI 1 C a''usd m#vd t# "#st"#n 4 tims, and
&ai(d t# a""ar vr*tim,
$ PI -as nvrt!(ss '#ndu'td, And t! si: 'rimina(
in&#rmati#ns -r &i(d in CFI,
$ AR 1 C a''usd m#vd t# "#st"#n 4 tim, nvr
a""ard; '#uns( as.d &#r rinvstigati#n #n t!
gr#und t!at t! a''usd -as n#t givn t!
#""#rtunit* t# "rsnt !is d&ns during t!
"r(iminar* invstigati#n, C#urt grantd m#ti#n,
$ PI 2 C a''usd m#vd t# "#st"#n man* tims,
&ai(d sti(( t# a""ar, 5!n ! &ina((* a""ard -it!
!is '#uns(, t!* as.d &#r 15 da*s t# &i(
mm#randum, %! mm#randum -as nvr &i(d, s#
t! invstigating &is'a( &i(d a mani&stati#n )&#r
t! '#urt t!at t! r'#rds #& t!s 'ass ) rturnd
and t! tria( #n t! mrits #& t! sam ) st,
$ %! '#urt trans&rrd t! 'as t# n- )ran'! #& CFI
Ou8#n -it!#ut a'ting #n mani&stati#n,
Arraignmnt dat -as st,
$ AR 2 C m#r "#st"#nmnts at instan' #& a''usd;
m#vd &#r rinvstigati#n again, C#urt grantd,
$ PI - C rst )'aus n# s!#-, C#uns( t!n as.d
&#r 5 da*s t# &i( -rittn s-#rn statmnt #& a''usd
as d&ns, N# statmnt -as su)mittd s# t!
r'#rds #& t! 'as -r rturnd t# '#urt, A dat
-as st &#r arraignmnt,
$ AR - C a''usd as.d &#r "#st"#nmnt,
$ Arraignmen7 finally 8appened on 'ep7 45
1630, A''usd "(add N1% GKI?%6 and as.d &#r
tria( t# ) "#st"#nd, 1n "#st"#nd dat, a''usd
as.d &#r an#t!r "#st"#nmnt,
$ 1't 1290, a''usd and '#uns( -r at tria(; )ut n#
#n a""ard &#r "r#s'uti#n, :'"t &#r a stat
-itnss, C#uns( m#vd <#ra((*= &#r dismissa(,
inv#.ing a''usd rig!t t# a s"d* tria(, C#urt
grantd m#ti#n and dismissd t! 'ass,
I''%!'
1, 51N a''usd 'an inv#. rig!t t# s"d* tria(
2, 51N t!is a""a( "(a's t! a''usd in d#u)(
/#"ard*
(!"D
1, N1
$ %! rs"#ndnt '#urt '#mmittd a grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in dismissing t! 'ass and in )asing t!
dismissa( #n t! '#nstituti#na( rig!t #& t! a''usd t#
s"d* tria(,
$ %! rig!t t# a s"d* tria( mans t!at t! a''usd
is &r &r#m v:ati#us, 'a"ri'i#us, and #""rssiv
d(a*s, its sa(utar* #)/'tiv )ing t# assur t!at an
inn#'nt "rs#n ma* ) &r &r#m an:it* and
:"ns #& a '#urt (itigati#n #r, i& #t!r-is, #&
!aving !is gui(t dtrmind -it!in t! s!#rtst
"#ssi)( tim '#m"ati)( -it! t! "rsntati#n and
'#nsidrati#n #& -!atvr (gitimat d&ns ! ma*
intr"#s,
$ %! d(a*s in t! "r#s'uti#n #& t! #&&nss -r
a(( 'ausd )* t! a''usd s# ! 'ann#t inv#.
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# s"d* tria(, B* !is #-n
d(i)rat a'ts, ! is dmd t# !av -aivd #r
a)and#nd !is rig!t t# a s"d* tria(
2, N1
$ %! dismissa( #& t! 'rimina( 'ass against t!
a''usd )* t! rs"#ndnt '#urt #n t! gr#und t!at
!is rig!t t# s"d* tria( !ad )n vi#(atd -as dv#id
#& &a'tua( and (ga( )asis,
$ In #rdr t!at t! "r#t'ti#n against d#u)( /#"ard*
ma* inur t# t! )n&it #& an a''usd, t! &#((#-ing
r3uisits must ) "rsnt in t! &irst "r#s'uti#nC
<a= a va(id '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n;
<)= a '#m"tnt '#urt;
<'= t! d&ndant !ad "(add t# t! '!arg; and
<d= t! d&ndant -as a'3uittd, #r '#nvi'td, #r t!
'as against !im -as dismissd #r #t!r-is
trminatd -it!#ut !is :"rss '#nsnt,
$ %! (ast r3uisit is n#t "rsnt )'aus t! #rdr
#& t! CFI /udg -as nu(( and v#id,
Dispositive Ptiti#n grantd, %! 'rimina( 'ass ar
rinstatd and t! "r#"r rgi#na( tria( '#urt is
#rdrd t# "r#'d -it! a(( d(i)rat s"d in t!s
'ass,
P!OP"! A$+ +IOC
93 P4I? 336
ABA; SAN%1S; 1't#)r 31, 1241
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r a -rit #& 'rti#rari
&AC#'
$ Ang Gi#', t#gt!r -it! Si# G#, Gang San, S 6a
and C!ua C!ui, -as '!argd -it! t! 'rim #&
&rustratd murdr in t! C#urt #& First Instan' #&
>ani(a, 4 -as r(asd #n )ai(, A&tr a "r#tra'td
tria(, -!i'! (astd svra( m#nt!s, Ang Gi#' and #n
#& !is '#$a''usd, Si# G#, -r &#und gui(t* and
sntn'd t# t-(v *ars and #n da* #& cadena
temporal, Ang Gi#' and !is surtis -r du(*
n#ti&id t# a""ar )&#r t! '#urt &#r t! rading #&
t! sntn', )ut t! &#rmr &ai(d t# a""ar and
t!ru"#n t! tria( /udg #rdrd !is arrst and t!
'#n&is'ati#n #& t! )#nd &urnis!d &#r !is tm"#rar*
r(as,
$ A(( attm"ts t# arrst !im "r#vd &uti(, 4 -as,
!#-vr, &ina((* arrstd af7er nearly 78ir7een
years &r#m t! dat &i:d &#r t! rading #& t!
sntn', 4 -as su)s3unt(* )r#ug!t )&#r t!
'#urt and t! sntn' -as rad t# !im, &r#m -!i'!
! a""a(d t# t! C#urt #& A""a(s -!r, against
t! #)/'ti#n #& t! S#(i'it#r Gnra(, ! -as a((#-d
t# &i( a )#nd &#r !is tm"#rar* r(as,
$ In "r&'ting t! r'#rd #n a""a( it -as &#und t!at
t! stn#gra"!i' n#ts ta.n during t! tria( -r
n#t trans'ri)d and t!at t! t-# stn#gra"!rs -!#
t##. t! n#ts -r a(rad* dad, %! mattr -as
r&rrd t# svra( stn#gra"!rs -!# statd t!at
t!* '#u(d n#t trans'ri) t! n#ts )'aus t!
d'asd !ad usd s*stms .n#-n #n(* t#
t!ms(vs, In t!is situati#n, Ang Gi#' "titi#nd t!
C#urt #& A""a(s t# rmand t! 'aus t# t! '#urt
)(#- &#r a n- tria(,
$ CA rmandd &#r n- tria(
I''%!
51N t! CA a'3uird /urisdi'ti#n #& t! a""a( &i(d
)* !im
(!"D
N1
$ %! a''usd !as rig!ts, #n #& -!i'! is t! rig!t #&
a""a(; )ut t!is is a "ur(* statut#r*, n#t a
'#nstituti#na(, rig!t and t!is is n#t #n #& t!#s
&undamnta( rig!ts -!i'! 'ann#t ) -aivd, %!is
rig!t is grantd s#((* &#r t! )n&it #& t! a''usd,
4 ma* avai( #& it #r n#t, as ! "(ass, 4 ma*
-aiv it it!r :"rss(* #r )* im"(i'ati#n, 5!n t!
a''usd &(s a&tr t! 'as !as )n su)mittd t#
t! '#urt &#r d'isi#n, ! -i(( ) dmd t# !av
-aivd !is rig!t t# a""a( &r#m t! /udgmnt
rndrd against !im, Su'! -as t! situati#n -it!
r&rn' t# t! t! rs"#ndnt Ang Gi#', 4 -as
du(* n#ti&id t# a""ar )&#r t! tria( '#urt &#r t!
rading #& t! sntn', )ut &ai(d t# d# s#; and
-!n an #rdr -as issud &#r !is arrst, t! -arrant
'#u(d n#t ) srvd #n !im )'aus ! '#u(d n#t )
&#und, 5!t!r #r n#t ! s'a"d t# C!ina is
immatria( &#r #ur "rsnt "ur"#s, %! &a't rmains
t!at ! su''dd in vading arrst &#r nar(*
t!irtn *ars, %! r'#rd s!#-s t!at u"#n !is &ai(ur
t# a""ar &#r t! rading #& t! sntn', t! tria(
'#urt d'(ard t! '#n&is'ati#n #& t! )#nd &i(d )*
Ang Gi#', and (atr issud t! '#rrs"#nding #rdr #&
:'uti#n, %!is a'ti#n #& t! '#urt am#untd t# a
/udi'ia( d'(arati#n t!at Ang Gi#' -as a &ugitiv &r#m
/usti', and su'! d'(arati#n 'ann#t a&tr t! (a"s
#& nar(* t!irtn *ars ) '#ntr#vrtd )* "r##&
a(iund, A '#ntrar* vi- -#u(d n'#urag a''usd
"rs#ns t# tri&( -it! t! administrati#n #& /usti',
and "r#vid mans &#r gui(t* "artis t# s'a"
"unis!mnt, 5 r/'t it -it!#ut t! (ast !sitati#n
)* d'(aring t!at Ang Gi#' !ad -aivd !is rig!t t#
a""a( &r#m t! /udgmnt rndrd against !im, %!
(a- -i(( n#t a((#- a "rs#n t# ta. advantag #& !is
#-n -r#ng,
$ Ang Gi#' !as -aivd !is rig!t #& a""a(, C#urt #&
A""a(s a'3uird n# /urisdi'ti#n #& t! a""a( &i(d
)* !im, :'"t t# dismiss it; and t!at '#urt a'td in
:'ss #& its /urisdi'ti#n -!n it #rdrd t! 'aus t#
) rmandd t# t! '#urt #& #rigin &#r a n- tria(
Dispositive rmanding #rdr must ) st asid, and
t! /udgmnt #& t! C#urt #& First Instan' #& >ani(a
d'(ard &ina( and :'ut#r*,
P!OP"! !'PARA'
260 SCRA 532
PKN1; August 20, 1226
&AC#'
$ A''usd 7s"aras -as '!argd -it! vi#(ati#n #& RA
N#, 6425 as amndd )* RA N#, 952 &#r im"#rting
int# t! '#untr* 20 .i(#grams #& Rs!a)uR in Crimina(
Cas N#, 24$5829 )&#r t! R%C #& Pasa* Cit*, Br,
114, A&tr arraignmnt, t! a''usd s'a"d &r#m
/ai( and -as trid in a)sntia, 1n >ar'! 13, 1225,
t! tria( '#urt &#und !r gui(t* as '!argd
and im"#sd #n !r t! dat! "na(t*, %! a''usd
rmains at (arg u" t# t! "rsnt tim,
I''%!
51N t! C#urt -i(( "r#'d t# aut#mati'a((* rvi-
!r dat! sntn'
(!"D
67S
$ %! "#-r #& t!is C#urt t# rvi- a d'isi#n
im"#sing t! dat! "na(t* 'ann#t ) -aivd it!r
)* t! a''usd #r )* t! '#urts, 1urs is n#t #n(* t!
"#-r )ut t! dut* t# rvi- a(( dat! "na(t*
'ass, N# (itigant 'an r"udiat t!is "#-r -!i'! is
)st#-d )* t! C#nstituti#n, %! "#-r is m#r #&
a sa'rd dut* -!i'! - !av t# dis'!arg t# assur
t! P#"( t!at t! inn#'n' #& a 'iti8n is #ur
'#n'rn n#t #n(* in 'rims t!at s(ig!t )ut vn m#r,
in 'rims t!at s!#'. t! '#ns'in', %!is '#n'rn
'ann#t ) di(utd,
$ 5 !av a(-a*s rvi-d t! im"#siti#n #& t!
dat! "na(t* rgard(ss #& t! -i(( #& t! '#nvi't,
1ur un*i(ding stan' is di'tatd )* t! "#(i'* t!at
t! Stat s!#u(d n#t ) givn t! (i'ns t# .i((
-it!#ut t! &ina( dtrminati#n #& t!is 4ig!st
%ri)una( -!#s '#(('tiv -isd#m is t! (ast,
&&'tiv !dg against an rr#n#us /udgmnt #& a
#n$/udg tria( '#urt, %!is n(ig!tnd "#(i'* #ug!t
t# '#ntinu as #ur )a'#n (ig!t &#r t! ta.ing #& (i&
nds a(( rig!ts, a mattr #& s#'ita( va(u t!at
trans'nds t! "rs#na( intrst #& a '#nvi't, %!
im"#rtan' #& t!is s#'ita( va(u s!#u(d n#t )
)(urrd )* t! s'a" #& a '#nvi't -!i'! is a "r#)(m
#& (a- n&#r'mnt, Nit!r s!#u(d t!is C#urt )
m#vd a(#n )* t! #utrag #& t! "u)(i' &#r t! ris
in statisti's #& !in#us 'rims &#r #ur d'isi#ns
s!#u(d n#t ) dir'td )* t! '!anging -inds #& t!
s#'ia( -at!r, ?t us n#t &#r a m#mnt &#rgt t!at
an a''usd d#s n#t 'as t# !av rig!ts /ust
)'aus #& !is '#nvi'ti#n, %!is "rin'i"( is im"(i'it in
#ur C#nstituti#n -!i'! r'#gni8s t!at an a''usd, t#
) rig!t, -!i( t! ma/#rit*, vn i&
#vr-!(ming, !as n# rig!t t# ) -r#ng,
'AM'O$ CA
DSKPRA, PAG7 84E
P!OP"! CI#) CO%R# O& MA$I"A
DSKPRA, PAG7 92E
DSKPRA, PAG7 82E
CA!' IAC
192 SCRA 54
CRKL; N#vm)r 6, 1282
&AC#'
$ +#( Cas -as '!argd in 2 s"arat in&#rmati#ns
-it! I??7GA? P1SS7SSI1N 1F FIR7AR>S AN;
I??7GA? P1SS7SSI1N 1F >ARI+KANA )&#r t! CFI
#& Ri8a(, <S41R% vrsi#nC t!is gu* sta*d in "ris#n &#r
3 *rs '#8 n#t!ing -as !a""ning -it! !is 'as$tria(
-as "#st"#nd 11 tims$t! '#urt t!n d'idd t#
dismiss it "r#visi#na((* )ut -as (atr #n rvivd,
VVVBut i& ma0am -ants dtai(s, rad #nI=
$ %! 'ass -r '#ns#(idatd #n ;' 10, 1281,
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1.0 Prof.
$ Arraignmnt -as #rigina((* s'!du(d #n +anuar*
11, 1282, )ut -as &#r s#m ras#n "#st"#nd,
$ August 31, 1282, Cas -as arraignd and "(add
n#t gui(t*,
$ %ria( -as s'!du(d &#r 1't#)r 13, 1282, )ut t!is
-as rst u"#n agrmnt #& t! "artis,
$ N#v 15, 1282C t! tria( -as again "#st"#nd &#r
ras#ns t!at d# n#t a""ar in t! r'#rd,
$ ;' 20, 1282C t! tria( -as again "#st"#nd
)'aus t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss -r a)snt,
$ +an 12, 1283C t! t!ird rstting #& t! 'as -as
a(s# 'an'(d, n# ras#n a""aring in t! r'#rd,
$ F) 21, 1283C n# tria( '#u(d ) !(d again, )'aus
-itnsss )ing a)snt,
$ >ar'! 21, 1283C t! tria( -as rst #n' m#r,
again )'aus t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss -r
a)snt,
$ A"ri( 12, 1283C t! tria( #& t! 'as !ad n#t *t
startd, It -as rst )'aus t! "r#s'uti#n
-itnsss -r again a)snt,
$ +un 3, 1283, a s!ri&&s rturn in&#rmd t! tria(
'#urt t!at t! "r#s'uti#n -itnsss, nam(*, Ca"t,
Car(#s ;a'ana* and Sgt, B#ni&a'i# ?ustad# !ad )n
"rs#na((* srvd -it! su)"#na t# a""ar and
tsti&* at t! !aring s'!du(d #n +un 6, 1283,
$ +un 6, 1283C t! tria( -as again "#st"#nd, t!is
tim )'aus t!r -as n# tria( &is'a(,
$ +u(* 12, 1283C tria( -as rst &#r (a'. #& matria(
tim,
$ S"t 6, 1283C %! tria( -as #n' m#r rst )*
agr$/udgmnt #& t! "artis,
$ 1't 12, 1283C t! tria( -as rst t# N#vm)r 14,
1283,
$ N#v 14, 1283C t! "r#s'uti#n m#vd &#r t!
"r#visi#na( dismissa( #& t! 'as )'aus its
-itnsss !ad n#t a""ard,
$ 1n t! sam dat, +udg G#rg#ni# #rdrd t! 'as
Pr#visi#na((* ;ismissd
$ +an 2, 1284C a m#ti#n t# rviv t! 'ass -as &i(d
)* >a/, ;a'ana* <! !ad )n "r#m#td in t!
mantim= and Sgt, ?ustad# -!# a((gd t!at t!*
'#u(d n#t attnd t! !aring s'!du(d #n N#vm)r
14, 1283, &#r (a'. #& n#ti',
$ C#"* #& t! m#ti#n -as &urnis!d t! Cit* Fis'a( #&
Ca(##'an Cit* )ut n#t t! "titi#nr, Said m#ti#n -as
grantd )* +, G#rg#ni#
$Cas &i(d a >R )ut -as dnid and t! rvivd
'ass -r st &r#m !aring #n N#v, 12, 1284,
$ Cas 3usti#nd t! /udgQs #rdr #n 'rti#rari -it!
t!is C#urt, -!i'! r&rrd !is "titi#n t# t! IAC,
$ IAC dismissd it &#r (a'. #& mrit #n >a* 20, 1286,
and r'#nsidrati#n -as dnid #n +un 19, 1286,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! m#ti#n t# rviv t! 'ass -as inva(id
)'aus it -as n#t &i(d )* t! "r#"r "art* n#r -as
a '#"* srvd t# CA7S
2, 51N t! rviva( #& t! 'ass -#u(d "(a' t!
"titi#nr d#u)( /#"ard* in vi#(ati#n #& t! Bi(( #&
Rig!ts
(!"D
1, 67S
$ %! tria( /udg rrd in #rdring t! rviva( #& t!
'ass against Cas and t!at CFI a(s# rrd in
a&&irming t!at #rdr, Cas !aving )n dnid !is
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# a s"d* tria(, and n#t !aving
:"rss(* '#nsntd t# t! R"r#visi#na(R dismissa( #&
t! 'ass against !im, ! -as ntit(d t# t!ir &ina(
dismissa( undr t! '#nstituti#na( "r#!i)iti#n against
d#u)( /#"ard*,
Reasoning
$ Ru( 110, S, 5, "ar,1C It is a:i#mati' t!at t!
"r#s'uti#n #& a 'rimina( 'as is t! rs"#nsi)i(it* #&
t! g#v0t "r#s'ut#r and must a(-a*s ) undr !is
'#ntr#(,
$ 4rrr# v, ;ia8C %!is is tru vn i& a "rivat
"r#s'ut#r is a((#-d t# assist !im and a'tua((*
!and(s t! :aminati#n #& t! -itnsss and t!
intr#du'ti#n #& #t!r vidn',
$ %! -itnsss, vn i& t!* ar t! '#m"(aining
-itnsss, 'ann#t a't &#r t! "r#s'ut#r in t!
!and(ing #& t! 'as, A(t!#ug! t!* ma* as. &#r t!
&i(ing #& t! 'as, t!* !av n# "rs#na(it* t# m#v
&#r its dismissa( #r rviva( as t!* ar n#t vn
"artis t!rt# n#r d# t!* r"rsnt t! "artis t#
t! a'ti#n, %!ir #n(* &un'ti#n is t# tsti&*,
$ In a 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n, t! "(ainti&& is
r"rsntd )* t! g#vrnmnt "r#s'ut#r, #r #n
a'ting undr !is aut!#rit*, and )* n# #n (s,
$ It &#((#-s t!at t! m#ti#n &#r t! rviva( #& t!
'ass &i(d )* "r#s'uti#n -itnsss <-!# nvr
vn tsti&id= s!#u(d !av )n summari(*
dismissd )* t! tria( /udg,
$ %! mr &a't t!at t! g#vrnmnt "r#s'ut#r -as
&urnis!d a '#"* #& t! m#ti#n and ! did n#t
intr"#s an* #)/'ti#n -as n#t n#ug! t# /usti&* t!
a'ti#n #& t!s -itnsss,
$%! "r#s'ut#r s!#u(d !av initiatd t! m#ti#n
!ims(& i& ! t!#ug!t it "r#"r, %! "rsum"ti#n t!at
! a""r#vd #& t! m#ti#n is n#t n#ug!, s"'ia((*
sin' - ar da(ing !r -it! t! (i)rt* #& a "rs#n
-!# !ad a rig!t at (ast t# ) n#ti&id #& t! m#v t#
"r#s'ut !im again,
$ %! &a't t!at ! -as n#t s# in&#rmd mad t!
irrgu(arit* vn m#r sri#us, It is 'uri#us t!at t!
m#ti#n -as grantd /ust t! sam, and e+ parte at
t!at and -it!#ut !aring, and t! "titi#nrQs
su)s3unt #)/'ti#n -as )rus!d asid,
2, 67S
$ Fitting(* ds'ri)d as Rres judicata in "ris#n gr*,R
t! rig!t against d#u)( /#"ard* "r#!i)its t!
"r#s'uti#n #& a "rs#n &#r a 'rim #& -!i'! ! !as
)n "rvi#us(* a'3uittd #r '#nvi'td, %! "ur"#s
is t# st t! &&'ts #& t! &irst "r#s'uti#n &#rvr at
rst, assuring t! a''usd t!at ! s!a(( n#t
t!ra&tr ) su)/'td t# t! dangr and an:it* #&
a s'#nd '!arg against !im &#r t! sam #&&ns,
$ P#"( v, 6(agan, >nd#8a v, A(mda ?#"8, P#"(
v, 1)sania Y %# '#nstitut d#u)( /#"ard*, t!r
must )C <a= a va(id '#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n; <)=
&i(d )&#r a '#m"tnt '#urt; <'= t# -!i'! t!
d&ndant !ad "(add; and <d= #& -!i'! ! !ad
)n "rvi#us(* a'3uittd #r '#nvi'td #r -!i'! -as
dismissd #r #t!r-is trminatd -it!#ut !is
:"rss '#nsnt,
$ %!r is n# 3usti#n t!at t! &irst t!r r3uisits
ar "rsnt in t! 'as at )ar,
/%AT *! T%# #11#CT A1 T%# PRA<. D*!(*!!A>3
$ P#"( v 6(aganC It is stt(d t!at a 'as ma* )
dismissd i& t! dismissa( is mad #n m#ti#n #& t!
a''usd !ims(& #r #n m#ti#n #& t! "r#s'uti#n -it!
t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t! a''usd, Su'! a dismissa(
is '#rr't(* dn#minatd "r#visi#na(, But a dismissa(
is n#t "r#visi#na( vn i& s# dsignatd i& it is s!#-n
t!at it -as mad -it!#ut t! :"rss '#nsnt #& t!
a''usd, %!is '#nsnt 'ann#t ) "rsumd n#r ma*
it ) mr(* im"(id &r#m t! d&ndantQs si(n' #r
!is &ai(ur t# #)/'t,
$ Pndatum v, Arag#n, P#"( v, 4inaut, S#(is v,
Ag(#r#C Su'! '#nsnt must ) :"rss, s# as t# (av
n# d#u)t as t# t! d&ndantQs '#n&#rmit*,
1t!r-is, t! dismissa( -i(( ) rgardd as &ina(,
i,,, -it! "r/udi' t# t! r&i(ing #& t! 'as,
$ %!r ar instan's in &a't -!n t! dismissa( -i((
) !(d t# ) &ina( and t# dis"#s #& t! 'as #n'
and &#r a(( vn i& t! dismissa( -as mad #n m#ti#n
#& t! a''usd !ims(&, $ %! firs7 is -!r t!
dismissa( is )asd #n a dmurrr t# t! vidn'
&i(d )* t! a''usd a&tr t! "r#s'uti#n !as rstd,
Su'! dismissa( !as t! &&'t #& a /udgmnt #n t!
mrits and #"rats as an a'3uitta(,
$ %! o78er eCcep7ion is -!r t! dismissa( is
mad, a(s# #n m#ti#n #& t! a''usd, )'aus #& t!
dnia( #& !is rig!t t# a s"d* tria(, %!is is in &&'t a
&ai(ur t# "r#s'ut,
$ SC said t!at t!is 'as is simi(ar t# Conde v# Rivera
<s# t!is d#'trin a""(is in t!is 'as t##= -!r a
"r#s'uting #&&i'r, -it!#ut g##d 'aus, s'urs
"#st"#nmnts #& t! tria( #& a d&ndant against !is
"r#tst )*#nd a ras#na)( "ri#d #& tim, as in t!is
instan' &#r m#r t!an a *ar, t! a''usd is ntit(d
t# r(i& ,,,
$ %! 'ir'umstan' t!at t! dismissa( #& t! 'ass
against t! "titi#nr -as ds'ri)d )* t! tria(
/udg as R"r#visi#na(R did n#t '!ang t! natur #&
t!at dismissa(, As it -as )asd #n t! R(a'. #&
intrstR #& t! "r#s'ut#r and t! '#ns3unt d(a*
in t! tria( #& t! 'ass, it -as &ina( and #"ratd as
an a'3uitta( #& t! a''usd #n t! mrits,
$ N# (ss im"#rtant(*, t!r is n# "r##& t!at Cas
e+pressl' '#n'urrd in t! "r#visi#na( dismissa(,
Im"(id '#nsnt, as - !av r"atd(* !(d, is n#t
n#ug!; nit!r ma* it ) (ig!t(* in&rrd &r#m t!
"rsum"ti#n #& rgu(arit*, &#r Awe are dealing here
with the alleged waiver #& a '#nstituti#na( rig!t, An*
d#u)t #n t!is mattr must ) rs#(vd in &av#r #& t!
a''usd,B
$ 5!#0s &au(t -as it t!nH %! rs"#nsi)i(it* '(ar(*
(is -it! t! 1&&i' #& t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r #& Ca(##'an
Cit* &#r its ng(ign' and in"titud,
Dispositive P7%I%I1N IS GRAN%7;, ;IS>ISSA? 1F
%47 CRI>INA? CAS7S d'(ard as FINA?,
DSKPRA, PAG7 94E
+ODO) CA
>7?7NCI1$47RR7RA; August 30, 1288
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r 'rti#rari t# rvi- t! d'isi#n #& t! CA
&AC#'
$ G#d#* is #n #& 6 a''usd #& !#mi'id, A(( "(add
n#t gui(t*, %ria( "r#'dd unti( "r#s'uti#n
'#n'(udd "rsntati#n #& vidn' a&tr -!i'!
"r#s'uti#n &#rma((* #&&rd d#'umntar* :!i)its,
B&#r d&ns su)mittd #)/'ti#ns t# #&&r,
"titi#nr &i(d >#ti#n t# A'3uit #n gr#und #& (a'. #&
vidn' "r#ving gui(t )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t,
$ %C dnid >#ti#n t# A'3uit and admittd F#rma(
1&&r #& ;#'umntar* 7:!i)its &#r "r#s'uti#n,
$ Pr#s'uti#n m#vd &#r dis3ua(i&i'ati#n #& G#d#*
&r#m "rsnting vidn' as -(( as !is :'(usi#n
&r#m "r#'dings #n gr#und t!at t! >#ti#n t#
A'3uit is 3uiva(nt t# a dmurrr t# t! vidn' s#
! !ad a(rad* -aivd !is rig!t t# "rsnt vidn',
%C dnid t! dis3ua(i&i'ati#n and a((#-d G#d#* t#
"rsnt vidn', Pr#s'uti#n &i(d >FR )ut t!is -as
dnid,
$ Fat!r #& vi'tim &i(d Ptiti#n &#r Crti#rari )&#r
CA, CA nu((i&id t! #rdrs #& %C and !(d t!at
G#d#*0s >#ti#n t# A'3uit -as a dmurrr t#
vidn',
I''%!
51N t! >#ti#n t# A'3uit is t! sam as a m#ti#n t#
dismiss #n dmurrr t# vidn'
(!"D
N1
$ S'ti#n 15 Ru( 112 #& t! 1285 Ru(s #n Crim Pr#
is r(vant, %! ru( is :"(i'it t!at in &i(ing a >#ti#n
t# ;ismiss #n gr#und #& insu&&i'in'* #& vidn', an
a''usd -aivs t! rig!t t# "rsnt vidn', %!r
is n# matria( di&&rn' )t-n t! >#ti#n t#
A'3uit )* G#d#* and a dmurrr t# vidn', A
di&&rnt (a)( d#sn0t '!ang t! tru natur #&
"(ading,
$ %! rati#na( is t!at -!n a''usd m#vs &#r
dismissa( #n gr#und #& insu&&i'in'* #& vidn', !
d#s s# in )(i& t!at vidn' is insu&&i'int t#
'#nvi't and an* nd &#r !im t# "rsnt vidn' is
ngatd, A''usd 'ann#t ) a((#-d t# -agr #n
#ut'#m #& /udi'ia( "r#'dings )* s"#using
in'#nsistnt vi-"#ints,
$ 4157@7R, in t!is 'as, t!is ru( is ina""(i'a)(,
First, )'aus t! "r#s'uti#n !as n#t *t rstd its
'as, %! d#'umntar* :!i)its ar sti(( in issu,
S'#nd, t! %C (#st n# tim in dn*ing >#ti#n t#
A'3uit and G#d#* -as rad* t# "rsnt vidn' )ut
"r#s'uti#n m#vd t# dis3ua(i&* !im, %! "ra'ti'
s#ug!t t# ) av#idd )* t! ru( is in:istnt,
RI@!RA P!OP"!
6NAR7S$SAN%IAG1; +un 2, 2005
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r rvi- #n 'rti#rari undr Ru( 45 #& t!
Ru(s #& C#urt
&AC#'
$ +uan G, Rivra and 7ri' 1, Gar'ia, muni'i"a( ma*#r
and dis)ursmnt #&&i'r, rs"'tiv(*, #&
Guin#)atan, A()a*, -r '!argd )&#r t!
Sandigan)a*an -it! 12 '#unts #& &a(si&i'ati#n #&
"u)(i' d#'umnts and 1 '#unt #& ma(vrsati#n #&
"u)(i' &unds inv#(ving t! am#unt #& P1,236,928,64
givn t# t! >uni'i"a(it* #& Guin#)atan as 'a(amit*
&und &#r t! vi'tims #& t! >a*#n v#('ani' ru"ti#n,
Gar'ia did #n August 25, 2001 and -as a''#rding(*
dr#""d &r#m t! amndd in&#rmati#n,
$ Rivra "(add n#t gui(t* t# a(( 13 'ass, A "r$tria(
-as '#ndu'td, Pr#s'uti#n "rsntd its -itnsss
and #&&rd d#'umntar* :!i)its,
$ S"tm)r 22, 2003C %! d&ns -as s'!du(d t#
"rsnt vidn'; !#-vr, during t! !aring,
"titi#nr0s &#rmr '#uns(, Att*, Bn/amin C,
B(armin#, +r,, in&#rmd t! '#urt t!at t!* !av n#t
*t r'ivd t! rs#(uti#n #n t! "r#s'uti#n0s
F#rma( 1&&r #& 7:!i)its, &urt!r mani&sting t!at
u"#n r'i"t #& t! rs#(uti#n, t!* -i(( as. &#r (av
#& '#urt t# &i( dmurrr t# vidn',
$ %! '#urt dir'td Att*, B(armin# t# &i( a
dmurrr t# vidn' vn -it!#ut (av #& '#urt )ut
t! (attr mani&std t!at ! -#u(d sti(( dis'uss t!
mattr -it! !is '#((a)#rating '#uns(, 4#-vr, in
t! #rdr issud )* t! Sandigan)a*an, it -as statd
t!at "titi#nr, t!r#ug! '#uns(, mani&std t!at !
-#u(d ) &i(ing a dmurrr t# vidn' -it!#ut (av
#& '#urt -it!in 10 da*s,
$ 1't#)r 20, 2003C ;murrr t# 7vidn' -as &i(d
-it!#ut (av #& '#urt
$ 1't#)r 29, 2003C Pr#s'uti#n &i(d its 1""#siti#n,
$ Pursuant t# S'ti#n 23, Ru( 112 #& %! Rvisd
Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur, t! Sandigan)a*an
'#nsidrd t! rig!t #& "titi#nr t# "rsnt vidn'
-aivd and dmd t! 'as su)mittd &#r /udgmnt
#n t! )asis #& t! vidn' &#r t! "r#s'uti#n,
$ >a* 3, 2004C t! Sandigan)a*an &#und "titi#nr
gui(t* in a(( 13 'ass,
$ >a* 19, 2004C Ptiti#nr m#vd &#r r'#nsidrati#n
#& t! d'isi#n and &urt!r m#vd t!at ! ) a((#-d
t# "rsnt vidn',
$ +un 10, 2004C >FR dnid
I''%!
51N t! d'isi#n and rs#(uti#n #& t!
Sandigan)a*an s!#u(d ) st asid t# a((#-
"titi#nr t# "rsnt vidn' ds"it t! dmurrr
t# vidn' &i(d
(!"D
67S
$ A demurrer to evidence is d&ind as Aan #)/'ti#n
)* #n #& t! "artis in an a'ti#n, t# t! &&'t t!at
t! vidn' -!i'! !is advrsar* "r#du'd is
insu&&i'int in "#int #& (a-, -!t!r tru #r n#t, t#
ma. #ut a 'as #r sustain t! issuB, %! "art*
dmurring '!a((ngs t! su&&i'in'* #& t! -!#(
vidn' t# sustain a vrdi't, In "assing u"#n t!
su&&i'in'* #& t! vidn' raisd in a dmurrr, t!
'#urt is mr(* r3uird t# as'rtain -!t!r t!r is
'#m"tnt #r su&&i'int "r##& t# sustain t!
indi'tmnt #r t# su""#rt a vrdi't #& gui(t,
$ %! #rdr datd S"tm)r 22, 2003, ina''urat(*
statd t!at Att*, B(armin# mani&std t!at ! -i((
) &i(ing a dmurrr t# vidn' vn -it!#ut (av
#& '#urt -!n t! r'#rds s!#- n# su'!
mani&stati#n -as mad, 1n t! '#ntrar*, t!
r'#rds s!#- t!at Att*, B(armin# as.d &#r (av #&
'#urt t# &i( a dmurrr t# vidn' and &#r tim t#
dis'uss t! sam -it! !is '#$'#uns( )ut -as instad
#rdrd )* t! '#urt t# &i( t! sam -it!#ut (av #&
'#urt -it!in tn da*s,
$ Att*, B(armin# did n#t 'it an* gr#und -!n !
m#vd &#r (av #& '#urt t# &i( dmurrr t#
vidn'; nit!r did t! Sandigan)a*an ma. an*
in3uir* t!r#n )&#r issuing t! #rdr, dir'ting
t! "titi#nr t# &i( a dmurrr t# vidn' vn
-it!#ut (av #& '#urt, %!is is '#ntrar* t# t!
"r#visi#ns #& S'ti#n 23, Ru( 112 #& t! Rvisd
Ru(s #& Crimina( Pr#'dur -!i'! s"'i&i'a((*
instru'ts t!at At! m#ti#n &#r (av #& '#urt t# &i(
dmurrr t# vidn' s!a(( s"'i&i'a((* stat its
gr#unds,B
$ Ptiti#nr -as n#t '#nsu(td n#r did !is '#uns(
'#n&r -it! !im and as. -!t!r ! undrst##d t!
signi&i'an' #& &i(ing a dmurrr t# vidn', Att*,
B(armin# -as n#t givn t! #""#rtunit* t# dis'uss
-it! "titi#nr t! '#ns3un's #& &i(ing a dmurrr
t# vidn' -it!#ut (av #& '#urt,
$ People v. BodosoC 4n'&#rt!, t# "r#t't t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!t t# du "r#'ss #& vr* a''usd
in a 'a"ita( #&&ns and t# av#id an* '#n&usi#n a)#ut
t! "r#"r st"s t# ) ta.n -!n a tria( '#urt
'#ms &a' t# &a' -it! an a''usd #r !is '#uns(
-!# -ants t# -aiv !is '(int0s rig!t t# "rsnt
vidn' and ) !ard, it s!a(( ) t! un3uiv#'a(
dut* #& t! tria( '#urt t# #)srv, as a "rr3uisit t#
t! va(idit* #& su'! -aivr, a "r#'dur a.in t# a
Asearching in$uir'B as s"'i&id in People v.
Aran"ado -!n an a''usd "(ads gui(t*, "arti'u(ar(*
N
1, %! tria( '#urt s!a(( !ar )#t! t! "r#s'uti#n
and t! a''usd -it! t!ir rs"'tiv '#uns( #n
t! dsir #r mani&stati#n #& t! a''usd t# -aiv
t! rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' and ) !ard,
2, %! tria( '#urt s!a(( nsur t! attndan' #&
t! "r#s'uti#n and s"'ia((* t! a''usd -it!
t!ir rs"'tiv '#uns( in t! !aring -!i'! must
) r'#rdd, %!ir "rsn' must ) du(*
ntrd in t! minuts #& t! "r#'dings,
3, ;uring t! !aring, it s!a(( ) t! tas. #& t!
tria( '#urt t# N
a, as. t! d&ns '#uns( a sris #& 3usti#n
t# dtrmin -!t!r ! !ad '#n&rrd -it!
and '#m"(t(* :"(aind t# t! a''usd t!at
! !ad t! rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' and )
!ard as -(( as its maning and '#ns3un's,
t#gt!r -it! t! signi&i'an' and #ut'#m #&
t! -aivr #& su'! rig!t, I& t! (a-*r &#r t!
a''usd !as n#t d#n s#, t! tria( '#urt s!a((
giv t! (attr n#ug! tim t# &u(&i(( t!is
"r#&ssi#na( #)(igati#n,
), in3uir &r#m t! d&ns '#uns( -it!
'#n&#rmit* #& t! a''usd -!t!r ! -ants t#
"rsnt vidn' #r su)mit a mm#randum
(u'idating #n t! '#ntradi'ti#ns and
insu&&i'in'* #& t! "r#s'uti#n vidn', i& an*,
#r in d&au(t t!#r*, &i( a dmurrr t# vidn'
-it! "ri#r (av #& '#urt, i& ! s# )(ivs t!at
t! "r#s'uti#n vidn' is s# -a. t!at it nd
n#t vn ) r)uttd, I& t!r is a dsir t# d#
s#, t! tria( '#urt s!a(( giv t! d&ns n#ug!
tim t# t!is "ur"#s,
', (i'it in&#rmati#n a)#ut t! "rs#na(it* "r#&i(
#& t! a''usd, su'! as !is ag, s#'i#$'#n#mi'
status, and du'ati#na( )a'.gr#und, -!i'! ma*
srv as a trust-#rt!* ind: #& !is 'a"a'it* t#
giv a &r and in&#rmd -aivr,
d, a(( 3usti#ns "#sd t# t! a''usd s!#u(d )
in a (anguag .n#-n and undrst##d )* t!
(attr, !n', t! r'#rd must stat t!
(anguag usd &#r t!is "ur"#s as -(( as r&('t
t! '#rrs"#nding trans(ati#n t!r#& in 7ng(is!,
) People v. 1loresC %!#ug! t! Ru(s r3uir n# su'!
in3uir* t# ) undrta.n )* t! '#urt &#r t! va(idit*
#& su'! -aivr #r an* /udgmnt mad as rsu(t #& t!
-aivr, prudence, !#-vr, r3uirs t! C#urt t#
as'rtain t! sam t# av#id an* grav mis'arriag #&
/usti', An* (a-*r -#rt! !is sa(t #ug!t t# .n#- t!at
t! &i(ing #& a dmurrr t# vidn' -it! (av #&
'#urt !as t! )n&i'ia( &&'t #& rsrving t!
m#vant0s rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' i& t! dmurrr is
dnid )* t! '#urt, %!us, a '#uns( -!# &i(s a
dmurrr -it! (av #& '#urt, )ut at t! sam tim
:"rss(* -aivs !is rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' s!#u(d
"ut a /udg #n guard t!at said '#uns( ma* n#t
ntir(* '#m"r!nd t! '#ns3un's #& t!
-aivr,
$ %! vidn' #n r'#rd d# n#t '(ar(* s!#- -!r
and t# -!#m t! a((gd(* ma(vrsd m#n* -r
givn a&tr it -as n'as!d, 5!at is '(ar is t!at t!
'a(amit* &und -as r(asd t# A(mda 1, ?im, t!
>uni'i"a( %rasurr #& Guin#)atan, A()a* t# -!i'!
1&&i'ia( R'i"t N#, 89422424 -as issud,
%!ra&tr, '!'.s )aring !r signatur and t!at #&
Rivra0s -r "rs#na((* n'as!d )* !r -!i( s!
-as a((gd(* a''#m"anid )* Gar'ia, 5itnsss
-!# #-nd t! &#rgd r'i"ts tsti&id t!at t!*
!andd t! )(an. r'i"ts t# Gar'ia and n#t t#
"titi#nr, %!n, a&tr r'i"t #& t! 'as!, t!
dis)ursmnt v#u'!rs and #t!r &#rms r3uird t#
(i3uidat t! am#unt -r a((gd(* "r"ard )* ?im
and t!ra&tr, transmittd t# Rivra &#r a""r#va(,
and &ina((* t# t! "r#vin'ia( G#vrnmnt, It !as n#t
)n satis&a't#ri(* sta)(is!d -!t!r "titi#nr
!as a""r#"riatd, ta.n #r misa""r#"riatd, #r !as
'#nsntd t# t! ta.ing )* an#t!r "rs#n, #& su'!
&unds,
$ %! "rsntati#n #& vidn' )* t! d&ns -#u(d
rs#(v an* d#u)t as t# "titi#nr0s '#m"(i'it* and
av#id "#ssi)( mis'arriag #& /usti',
$ C(ar(*, -!n Atrans'ndnta( mattrsB (i. (i&,
(i)rt* #r Stat s'urit* ar inv#(vd, sus"nsi#n #&
t! ru(s is (i.(* t# ) -('#md m#r gnr#us(*,
%! Ru(s #n "r#'dur ar mr(* t##(s dsignd t#
&a'i(itat t! attainmnt #& /usti', 5!n t!* ar
rigid and stri't in a""(i'ati#n, rsu(ting in
t'!ni'a(itis t!at tnd t# &rustrat rat!r t!an
"r#m#t /usti', t! C#urt is m"#-rd t# sus"nd
t! ru(s,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is GRAN%7;, Sandigan)a*an
rs#(uti#ns S7% ASI;7, R'#rds #& Crimina( Cas N#s,
26686$28 R7>AN;7; t# t! Sandigan)a*an &#r
&urt!r "r#'dings,
(%$ ()%$+ PARH !%$+ 0O$ C(OI
CARPI1$>1RA?7S; F)ruar* 12, 2009
&AC#'
$ 7ung 5#n C!#i, -as '!argd &#r vi#(ati#n #& BP 22,
#t!r-is .n#-n as t! B#un'ing C!'.s ?a-, &#r
issuing PNB C!'. N#, 0099133 "#stdatd August
28, 1222 in t! am#unt #& P1,895,000 -!i'! -as
dis!#n#rd &#r !aving )n dra-n against
insu&&i'int &unds, 4 "(add n#t gui(t*,
$ A&tr t! "r#s'uti#n rstd its 'as, rs"#ndnt
&i(d a >#ti#n &#r ?av #& C#urt t# Fi( ;murrr t#
7vidn' t# -!i'! ! atta'!d !is ;murrr,
assrting t!at t! "r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# "r#v t!at !
r'ivd t! n#ti' #& dis!#n#r, !n', t!
"rsum"ti#n #& t! (mnt #& .n#-(dg #&
insu&&i'in'* #& &unds did n#t aris,
$ <2M29M03= %! >%C #& >a.ati, Bran'! 65 grantd
t! dmurrr and dismissd t! 'as, %!
"r#s'uti#n0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n -as dnid,
$ Par. a""a(d t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as t# t!
R%C #& >a.ati, '#ntnding t!at t! dismissa( #& t!
'rimina( 'as s!#u(d n#t in'(ud its 'ivi( as"'t, %!
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1.- Prof.
R%C !(d t!at -!i( t! vidn' "rsntd -as
insu&&i'int t# "r#v C!#i0s 'rimina( (ia)i(it*, it did n#t
a(t#gt!r :tinguis! !is 'ivi( (ia)i(it*, It a''#rding(*
grantd Par.0s a""a( and #rdrd C!#i t# "a* !im
P1,895,000 -it! (ga( intrst,
$ K"#n C!#i0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n, !#-vr,
t! R%C st asid its d'isi#n and #rdrd t!
rmand #& t! 'as t# t! >%C A&#r &urt!r
"r#'dings, s# t!at C!#i ma* addu' vidn' #n
t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as,B Par.0s m#ti#n &#r
r'#nsidrati#n #& t! rmand #& t! 'as !aving
)n dnid, ! (vatd t! 'as t# t! CA -!i'!
dismissd !is "titi#n,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! CA rrd in dismissing t! "titi#n &#r
n#t &u((* '#m"(*ing -it! vri&i'ati#n r3uirmnts
2, 51N t! CA rrd in dismissing t! "titi#n #n
t! gr#und t!at it -as n#t a''#m"anid )* '#"is #&
'rtain "(adings and #t!r matria( "#rti#ns #& t!
r'#rd as -#u(d su""#rt t! a((gati#ns #& t!
"titi#n
3, 51N t! CA rrd in dismissing t! "titi#n &#r
&ai(ur t# im"(ad t! P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins as a
"art*
4, 51N t! rs"#ndnt !as a rig!t t# "rsnt
vidn' #n t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as in vi- #& !is
dmurrr
(!"D
1, N1
Ratio @ri&i'ati#n is n#t an m"t* ritua( #r a
maning(ss &#rma(it*, Its im"#rt must nvr )
sa'ri&i'd in t! nam #& mr :"din' #r s!r
'a"ri', F#r -!at is at sta. is t! mattr #& vrit*
attstd )* t! san'tit* #& an #at! t# s'ur an
assuran' t!at t! a((gati#ns in t! "(ading !av
)n mad in g##d &ait!, #r ar tru and '#rr't and
n#t mr(* s"'u(ativ,
Reasoning
$ S'ti#n 4 #& Ru( 9 #& t! R#CC
@ri&i'ati#n N 7:'"t -!n #t!r-is s"'i&i'a((*
r3uird )* (a- #r ru(, "(adings nd n#t ) undr
#at!, vri&id #r a''#m"anid )* a&&idavit,
A "(ading is vri&id )* an a&&idavit t!at t! a&&iant
!as rad t! "(ading and t!at t! a((gati#ns
t!rin ar tru and '#rr't #& !is "rs#na(
.n#-(dg or )asd #n aut!nti' r'#rds,
$ A "(ading r3uird t# ) vri&id -!i'! '#ntains a
vri&i'ati#n )asd #n Ain&#rmati#n and )(i&,B #r
u"#n A.n#-(dg, in&#rmati#n and )(i&,B #r (a'.s a
"r#"r vri&i'ati#n s!a(( ) tratd as an unsignd
"(ading,
$ Par. argus t!at t! -#rd A#rB is a dis/un'tiv trm
signi&*ing disass#'iati#n and ind"ndn', !n',
! '!#s t# a&&irm in !is "titi#n ! &i(d )&#r t!
'#urt a 3u# t!at its '#ntnts ar Atru and '#rr't #&
m* #-n "rs#na( .n#-(dg,B and n#t #n t! )asis #&
aut!nti' d#'umnts, 1n t! #t!r !and, C!#i
'#untrs t!at t! -#rd A#rB ma* ) intr"rtd in a
'#n/un'tiv sns and '#nstrud t# man as Aand,B
#r vi' vrsa, -!n t! '#nt:t #& t! (a- s#
-arrants,
$ A "(ading ma* ) vri&id undr it!r #& t! t-#
givn m#ds #r undr )#t!, %! vra'it* #& t!
a((gati#ns in a "(ading ma* ) a&&irmd )asd #n
it!r #n0s #-n "rs#na( .n#-(dg #r #n aut!nti'
r'#rds, #r )#t!, as -arrantd, %! us #& t!
"r"#siti#n A#rB '#nn#ts t!at it!r s#ur' 3ua(i&is
as a su&&i'int )asis &#r vri&i'ati#n and, nd(ss t#
stat, t! '#n'urrn' #& )#t! s#ur's is m#r t!an
su&&i'int, Baring )#t! a dis/un'tiv and '#n/un'tiv
sns, t!is "ara((( (ga( signi&i'ati#n av#ids a
'#nstru'ti#n t!at -i(( :'(ud t! '#m)inati#n #& t!
a(trnativs #r )ar t! &&i'a'* #& an* #n #& t!
a(trnativs standing a(#n,
$ 4#-vr, t! rang #& "rmutati#ns is n#t (&t t#
t! "(adr0s (i.ing, )ut is d"ndnt #n t!
surr#unding natur #& t! a((gati#ns -!i'! ma*
-arrant t!at a vri&i'ati#n ) )asd it!r "ur(* #n
"rs#na( .n#-(dg, #r ntir(* #n aut!nti' r'#rds,
#r #n )#t! s#ur's, AAut!nti' r'#rdsB as a )asis &#r
vri&i'ati#n )ar signi&i'an' in "titi#ns -!r t!
gratr "#rti#ns #& t! a((gati#ns ar )asd #n t!
r'#rds #& t! "r#'dings in t! '#urt #& #rigin, and
n#t s#((* #n t! "rs#na( .n#-(dg #& t!
"titi#nr,
$ %# sustain "titi#nr0s :"(anati#n t!at t! )asis #&
vri&i'ati#n is a mattr #& sim"( "r&rn' -#u(d
trivia(i8 t! rati#na( and diminis! t! rs#(utnss
#& t! ru(, It -#u(d "(a* #n "rdi('ti#n and "a* n#
!d in "r#viding n#ug! assuran' #& t!
'#rr'tnss #& t! a((gati#ns,
2, N1
Ratio Pr#'dura( ru(s ar t##(s dsignd t# &a'i(itat
t! ad/udi'ati#n #& 'ass, C#urts and (itigants a(i.
ar t!us n/#ind t# a)id stri't(* )* t! ru(s, And
-!i( t! C#urt, in s#m instan's, a((#-s a
r(a:ati#n in t! a""(i'ati#n #& t! ru(s, t!is, -
strss, -as nvr intndd t# &#rg a )asti#n &#r
rring (itigants t# vi#(at t! ru(s -it! im"unit*,
%! (i)ra(it* in t! intr"rtati#n and a""(i'ati#n #&
t! ru(s a""(is #n(* in "r#"r 'ass and undr
/usti&ia)( 'auss and 'ir'umstan's, 5!i( it is tru
t!at (itigati#n is n#t a gam #& t'!ni'a(itis, it is
3ua((* tru t!at vr* 'as must ) "r#s'utd in
a''#rdan' -it! t! "rs'ri)d "r#'dur t# insur
an #rdr(* and s"d* administrati#n #& /usti',
Reasoning
$ %! matria(it* #& t!#s d#'umnts is vr*
a""arnt sin' t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as, &r#m
-!i'! Par. is a""a(ing, -as (i.-is dismissd )*
t! tria( '#urt #n a''#unt #& t! sam ;murrr, %!
Ru(s r3uir t!at t! "titi#n must A)
a''#m"anid )* '(ar(* (gi)( du"(i'at #rigina( #r
tru '#"is #& t! /udgmnts #r &ina( #rdrs #& )#t!
(#-r '#urts, 'rti&id '#rr't )* t! '(r. #& '#urt
DS' 2<d= Ru( 42E,
$ %! #n(* du"(i'at #rigina( #r 'rti&id tru '#"is
atta'!d as ann:s t# t! "titi#n ar t! R%C
1rdr granting rs"#ndnt0s >FR and t! R%C 1rdr
dn*ing "titi#nr0s >FR, %! '#"* #& t! S"tm)r
11, 2003 R%C ;'isi#n, -!i'! "titi#nr "ra*d t# )
rinstatd, is n#t a 'rti&id tru '#"* and is n#t vn
(gi)(, Ptiti#nr (atr r'#m"nsd t!#ug! )*
a""nding t# !is >FR a du"(i'at #rigina( '#"*,
$ 5!i( "titi#nr avrrd )&#r t! CA in !is >FR
t!at t! F)ruar* 29, 2003 >%C 1rdr -as a(rad*
atta'!d t# !is "titi#n as Ann: AG,B Ann: AGB
)ars a r"(i'at '#"* #& a di&&rnt #rdr, It -as t#
t!is C#urt t!at "titi#nr )(atd(* su)mittd an
un'rti&id tru '#"* #& t! said >%C 1rdr as an
ann: t# !is R"(* t# rs"#ndnt0s C#mmnt, %!
'#"* #& t! #t!r >%C 1rdr, datd >a* 5, 2003,
-!i'! "titi#nr atta'!d t# !is "titi#n )&#r t!
CA is simi(ar(* un'rti&id as tru, Sin' )#t! 1rdrs
-r advrs t# !im vn -it! rs"'t t# t! 'ivi(
as"'t #& t! 'as, "titi#nr -as mandatd t#
su)mit t!m in t! r3uird &#rm,
3, 67S
Reasoning
$ %! >%C a'3uittd rs"#ndnt, As a ru(, a
/udgmnt #& a'3uitta( is immdiat(* &ina( and
:'ut#r* and t! "r#s'uti#n 'ann#t a""a( t!
a'3uitta( )'aus #& t! '#nstituti#na( "r#!i)iti#n
against d#u)( /#"ard*, 7it!r t! #&&ndd "art* #r
t! a''usd ma*, !#-vr a""a( t! 'ivi( as"'t #&
t! /udgmnt ds"it t! a'3uitta( #& t! a''usd,
%! "u)(i' "r#s'ut#r !as gnra((* n# intrst in
a""a(ing t! 'ivi( as"'t #& a d'isi#n a'3uitting t!
a''usd, %! a'3uitta( nds !is -#r., %! 'as is
trminatd as &ar as ! is '#n'rnd, %! ra(
"artis in intrst in t! 'ivi( as"'t #& a d'isi#n ar
t! #&&ndd "art* and t! a''usd,
4, 67S
Reasoning
$ In 'as #& a dmurrr t# vidn' &i(d -it! (av #&
'#urt, t! a''usd ma* addu' '#untrvai(ing
vidn' i& t! '#urt dnis t! dmurrr, Su'!
Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1.. Prof.
dnia( )ars n# distin'ti#n as t# t! t-# as"'ts #&
t! 'as )'aus t!r is a dis"arit* #& vidntiar*
va(u )t-n t! 3uanta #& vidn' in su'!
as"'ts #& t! 'as, In #t!r -#rds, a '#urt ma* n#t
dn* t! dmurrr as t# t! 'rimina( as"'t and at
t! sam tim grant t! dmurrr as t# t! 'ivi(
as"'t, &#r i& t! vidn' s# &ar "rsntd is n#t
insu&&i'int t# "r#v t! 'rim )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t, t!n t! sam vidn' is (i.-is n#t
insu&&i'int t# sta)(is! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* )* mr
"r"#ndran' #& vidn',
$ 1n t! #t!r !and, i& t! vidn' s# &ar "rsntd
is insu&&i'int as "r##& )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t, it
d#s n#t &#((#- t!at t! sam vidn' is insu&&i'int
t# sta)(is! a "r"#ndran' #& vidn', F#r i& t!
'#urt grants t! dmurrr, "r#'dings #n t! 'ivi(
as"'t #& t! 'as gnra((* "r#'d, %! #n(*
r'#gni8d instan' -!n an a'3uitta( #n dmurrr
'arris -it! it t! dismissa( #& t! 'ivi( as"'t is
-!n t!r is a &inding t!at t! a't #r #missi#n &r#m
-!i'! t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* ma* aris did n#t :ist,
A)snt su'! dtrminati#n, tria( as t# t! 'ivi( as"'t
#& t! 'as must "r&#r' '#ntinu,
$ In t! instant 'as, t! >%C grantd t! dmurrr
and dismissd t! 'as -it!#ut an* &inding t!at t!
a't #r #missi#n &r#m -!i'! t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* ma* aris
did n#t :ist, C!#i did n#t assai( t! R%C #rdr #&
rmand, 4 t!r)* r'#gni8d t!at t!r is )asis
&#r a rmand,
$ Par. "#sits t!at C!#i -aivd !is rig!t t# "rsnt
vidn' #n t! 'ivi( as"'t #& t! 'as <1= -!n t!
grant #& t! dmurrr -as rvrsd #n a""a(, 'iting
S'ti#n 1 #& Ru( 33, and <2= -!n rs"#ndnt #ra((*
#""#sd "titi#nr0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n
"(ading t!at "r#'dings -it! rs"'t t# t! 'ivi(
as"'t #& t! 'as '#ntinu,
$ Ptiti#nr0s 'itati#n #& S'ti#n 1 #& Ru( 33 is
in'#rr't, 5!r a '#urt !as /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
su)/'t mattr and #vr t! "rs#n #& t! a''usd,
and t! 'rim -as '#mmittd -it!in its trrit#ria(
/urisdi'ti#n, t! '#urt n'ssari(* :r'iss
/urisdi'ti#n #vr a(( issus t!at t! (a- r3uirs it t#
rs#(v, 1n #& t! issus in a 'rimina( 'as )ing
t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* #& t! a''usd arising &r#m t!
'rim, t! g#vrning (a- is t! Ru(s #& Crimina(
Pr#'dur, n#t t! Ru(s #& Civi( Pr#'dur -!i'!
"rtains t# a 'ivi( a'ti#n arising &r#m t! initiat#r*
"(ading t!at givs ris t# t! suit,
$ As &#r "titi#nr0s attri)uti#n #& -aivr t#
rs"#ndnt, it 'ann#t ) dtrmind -it! 'rtaint*
&r#m t! r'#rds t! natur #& C!#i0s a((gd #ra(
#)/'ti#ns t# Par.0s m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n #& t!
grant #& t! dmurrr t# vidn', An* -aivr #& t!
rig!t t# "rsnt vidn' must ) "#sitiv(*
dm#nstratd, An* am)iguit* in t! v#(untarinss #&
t! -aivr is &r#-nd u"#n; !n', '#urts must
indu(g vr* ras#na)( "rsum"ti#n against it,
Dispositive Ptiti#n is ;7NI7;,
P!OP"! CR%/
199 SCRA 451
R7GA?A;1; S7P%7>B7R 13, 1282
&AC#'
%! in&#rmati#n &#r ra" -it! !#mi'id <)asd #n
-itnss tstim#nis, "#stm#rtm r"#rt, "#(i'
intrr#gati#n, and admissi#n )* t! a''usd= -as
&i(d against ;ani(# G#( Cru8 -it! t! t!n CFI,
A''usd "(add n#t gui(t* in t! arraignmnt and
tria( #n t! mrits &#((#-d -!rin svra(
-itnsss -r "rsntd, %! sus"nsi#n #& t!
dir't :aminati#n #& t! a''usd -as at !is
instan' and as m#vd )* !is '#uns(, K"#n
mdi'a( :aminati#n, a''usd -as &#und t# )
su&&ring &r#m s'!i8#"!rnia, and -as admittd t#
a mnta( !#s"ita(, 4 !#-vr trid t# s'a",
?atr, ;r, >aa)a r'#mmndd #n >ar'! 22, 1282
t! dis'!arg #& t! a''usd &r#m t! mnta(
!#s"ita( and &#r !is rturn t# t! "r#vin'ia( /ai( #&
Bu(a'an, ! !aving )n &#und &it t# stand tria(,
%!is unr)uttd &a't n#t-it!standing, t! a''usd
r&usd t# ta. t! -itnss stand -it!#ut an*
"(ausi)( /usti&i'ati#n, In additi#n, it -as t!
d&ns its(& -!i'! m#vd t# trminat t!
tstim#n* #& t! a''usd, -!i'! &a't )'am t!
)asis &#r su'! tstim#n* )ing stri'.n &r#m t!
r'#rds &#r (a'. #& 'r#ss$:aminati#n, In fac75
w8en 78e former presiding ;udge 78ereaf7er
ordered 78e reopening of 78e case sua
sponte 5 i7 was 78e defense 78a7 oA;ec7ed 7o
78e same and insis7ed 78a7 78e case Ae
deemed suAmi77ed for decision.
;&ns t!n m#ti#nd &#r a r#"ning #& t! 'as
-!i'! -as dnid &#r (a'. #& mrit, %ria( C#urt
&#und t! a''usd gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t
#& t! 'rim #& ra" -it! !#mi'id and &#und !is
d&ns #& insanit* as an :m"ting 'ir'umstan'
unavai(ing,
I''%!
51N a''usd -as dnid #& !is '#nstituti#na( rig!t
t# ) !ard and t# d&nd !ims(&, <N1,=
(!"D
R5TIO; %! mr &i(ing #& a m#ti#n t# r#"n a 'as
must n#t in an* -a* aut#mati'a((* va'at an
agrmnt and #rdr su)mitting t! 'as &#r
d'isi#n, 5!i( t! '#urt ma* r#"n a 'as &#r
r'"ti#n #& &urt!r vidn' a&tr t! "artis !av
'(#sd t!ir vidn', su'! a'ti#n is addrssd t# t!
s#und dis'rti#n #& t! '#urt, t# ) :r'isd #n(*
#n va(id and /usti&ia)( ras#ns <-!i'! ar a)snt in
t!is 'as=,
R45SONINA; %! &ai(ur #& t! a''usd t# '#m"(t
!is tstim#n* -as #& !is #-n ma.ing, #n t!
initiati#n, '#n&irmati#n and ritrati#n #& !is #-n
'#uns(, @ri(*, t! "rsnt stan' #& t! a''usd is
a )(atant disrgard #& s#(mn agrmnts su)mittd
t# and a""r#vd )* a '#urt #& /usti' and -#u(d
ma. a m#'.r* #& t! /udi'ia( "r#'ss,
C#ming n#- t# t! '#n'(usi#n #& t! tria( '#urt t!at
t! a''usd ra"d and, #n t! #''asi#n t!r#&,
.i((d %rsita Guma"a*, t! C#urt !as "ainsta.ing(*
s'rutini8d t! r'#rd, -it! t! '#n'#mitant
'a(i)rati#n #& t! vidn' and t! '#ns3unt
dtrminati#n as t# -!t!r t! 3uantum t!r#&
"asss t! tst #& m#ra( 'rtaint* #& gui(t, %!r is n#
d#u)t t!at it -as t! a''usd -!# .i((d %rsita
Guma"a*, t! vidn' t!r#n )ing 'a""d )* !is
#-n -rittn '#n&ssi#n #& t! sam )&#r t!
invstigating #&&i'rs, %! aut!nti'it* #& and t! &a't
t!at ! and t! -itnsss t!rt# .n#-ing(* a&&i:d
t!ir signaturs #n said :tra/udi'ia( '#n&ssi#n -r
nvr 3usti#nd, Buttrssing t! &#rg#ing
vidn' is t! "#sitiv idnti&i'ati#n #& t! a''usd
at t! situs and during t! #''urrn' #& t! 'rim,
5 agr -it! t! -(($ras#nd #"ini#n #& t! tria(
'#urt t!at t! a''usd is n#t ntit(d t# t!
:m"ting 'ir'umstan' #& insanit*, Against t!
&&t &&#rts in t! a''usdQs a&trt!#ug!t t# 'rat
an insanit* d&ns is t! -!#( -ig!t #& t!
"rsum"ti#n #& sanit* "r#vidd )* (a-, am"(*
su""#rtd )* '#nvin'ing 'ir'umstan's (auda)(*
"#intd #ut )* t! tria( '#urt,
DI'PO'I#IO$
547R7F1R7, -it! t! m#di&i'ati#ns t!at t! dat!
sntn' im"#sd )* t! tria( '#urt is rdu'd t#
reclusion perpetua "ursuant t# S'ti#n 12<(=, Arti'(
III #& t! C#nstituti#n, and t! indmni&i'ati#n &#r t!
dat! #& %rsita Guma"a* is !r)* in'rasd &r#m
P12,000,00 t# P30,000,00, '#ns#nant -it! "rsnt
/uris"rudn',
P!OP"! CO$C!PCIO$
84 P4I? 989
PARAS; 1't#)r 25, 1242

$A#%R!
A""a( &r#m a /udgmnt #& t! P#"(0s C#urt &inding
t! a""((ant, C#n'"'i#n, gui(t* #& tras#n, and
sntn'ing !im t# (i& im"ris#nmnt and t# "a* a &in
#& P10,000,

&AC#'
<t! 'as is ra((* s!#rt, t!r arn0t man* &a'ts #r
an*t!ing=
$ A""((ant -as &#und gui(t #& tras#n #n 3 '#untsC
$ A""r!nsi#n #n ;'m)r 9, 1244 #& Basi(i#
Svrin#,
$ A""r!nsi#n #n ;'m)r 3, 1244, #&
C(mnt C!i'a
$ A""r!nsi#n #n +anuar* 2 #& Gavin# >#ras
$ t! t!r individua(s -r a""r!ndd )* t!
a""((ant #r at !is instigati#n, du t# t!ir gurri((a
'#nn'ti#ns, a(( in C)u Cit*, and t! a""((ant -as
a''#m"anid )* +a"ans during a(( 3 a""r!nsi#ns
I''%!
51N t! (#-r '#urt '#mmittd an rr#r )* a((#-ing
t! "r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt vidn' #& a""((ant0s
Fi(i"in# 'iti8ns!i" a&tr t! "r#s'uti#n !ad rstd
its 'as and t! d&ns !ad m#vd &#r dismissa(
(!"D
N1
Reasoning
% %! mattr #& r#"ning a 'as &#r t! r'"ti#n #&
&urt!r vidn' a&tr it!r t! "r#s'uti#n #r t!
d&ns !as rstd is -it!in t! dis'rti#n #& t! tria(
'#urt,
Dispositive %! a""a(d /udgmnt, )ing in
'#n&#rmit* -it! t! &a'ts and t! (a-, is a&&irmd,
CABAR"!' MAC!DA
OKISK>BING; F)ruar* 20, 2009
$A#%R!
Ptiti#nr s.s t# annu( t! 1rdr issud )*
rs"#ndnt +udg B#ni&a'i# San8 >a'da in Crimina(
Cas N#, 22$0898, ntit(d P#"( #& t! P!i(i""ins
v, Rn RN#n#*R Ca)ar(s * Adi8as, &#r murder, &i(d
-it! t! Rgi#na( %ria( C#urt #& ?as Pi_as Cit*,
Bran'! 295,
&AC#'
$ 1n +un 18, 1222, Ca)ar(s -as '!argd -it!
murdr undr t! &#((#-ing in&#rmati#nC
%! undrsignd Pr#s'ut#r II a''uss R7N7
RN1N16R CABAR?7S 6 A;ILAS #& t! 'rim #&
>urdr, '#mmittd as &#((#-sC
%!at #n #r a)#ut t! 25t! da* #& A"ri(, 1222, in t!
Cit* #& ?as Pi_as, P!i(i""ins and -it!in t!
/urisdi'ti#n #& t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt, t! a)#v$namd
a''usd, -it!#ut /usti&ia)( m#tiv -it! intnt t# .i((
and )* mans #& tra'!r* and vidnt
"rmditati#n, did t!n and t!r -i((&u((*, un(a-&u((*
and &(#ni#us(* a77acI5 assaul75 and s7aA wi78 a
deadly weapon <fan Inife> one An7onio Callosa,
-!i'! dir't(* 'ausd !is dat!,
$ Ca)ar(s "(add n#t gui(t*, %! tria( '#urt
s'!du(d t! 'as &#r !aring #n t! &#((#-ing
dats, t# -itC "r$tria( #n N#vm)r 22, 2000;
"rsntati#n #& "r#s'uti#n0s vidn' #n A"ri( 18,
>a* 4, 11, 18, and 23, 2001; and "rsntati#n #&
d&ns vidn' #n +un 20 and 29, +u(* 4 and 18,
and August 1, 2001,
$%! "r#s'uti#n !ad su)"#nas issud t# its
-itnsssC F(#'r&ina Ca((#sa, t! m#t!r #& t!
d'asd; Im(da Pdr#sa, t! a((gd *-itnss;
Car(#s Ca((#sa, )r#t!r #& t! d'asd; and ;r,
R#m# %, Sa(n, P#(i' Sni#r Ins"'t#r #& t!
S#ut!rn P#(i' ;istri't <SP;= Crim ?a)#rat#r* t#
tsti&* #n t! '#ntnts #& t! dat! 'rti&i'at #&
Ant#ni# Ca((#sa,
$ %!r#ug! n# &au(t #& its #-n, t! "r#s'uti#n -as
una)( t# "rsnt its vidn' #n t! &irst &#ur
!aring dats,
$ A da* )&#r t! s'!du(d "r#mu(gati#n #&
/udgmnt #n A"ri( 2, 2003, +udg >a'da m#tu
"r#"ri# issud t! 3usti#nd #rdr r#"ning t!
'as, In it, ! #)srvd t!at t! "r#s'uti#n ma* n#t
!av )n givn its da* in '#urt rsu(ting in a
mis'arriag #& /usti', 4 :"(aind t!at )'aus
t!r -as a mi:$u" in t! dats s"'i&id in t!
su)"#na and t! !aring dats #& -!n t! 'as
-as a'tua((* !ard, t! "r#s'uti#n -as una)( t#
"rsnt its vidn' #n t! &irst &#ur #& t! &iv
!aring datsC A"ri( 18, >a* 4, 11 and 18, 2001
assignd t# it, +udg >a'da &#und t!at t!r -as n#
!aring '#ndu'td #n A"ri( 18, 2001, %!ra&tr, t!
su)"#na issud t# Pdr#sa r3uird !r t# a""ar
#n A"ri( 11, 2001, -!i'! -as n#t a dat assignd &#r
t! "r#s'uti#n )ut >a* 11, 2001, A(s#, +udg
>a'da n#td t!at an#t!r su)"#na -as issud t#
Pdr#sa and ;r, Sa(n r3uiring t!m t# a""ar #n
>a* 11 and +un 20, 2001, But, t! >a* 11, 2001
!aring -as rst t# >a* 25, 2001 )'aus t!
/udg -as indis"#sd, and ins#&ar as t! +un 20,
2001 stting -as '#n'rnd, it -as n#t #n #& t!
da*s st )* t! '#urt &#r t! "r#s'uti#n, +udg
>a'da &urt!r #)srvd t!at t! >a* 18, 2001
!aring -as nvr s'!du(d and >a* 25, 2001 -as
(i.-is n#t a !aring dat st )* t! '#urt,
A''#rding t# +udg >a'da, sin' t! "r#s'uti#n
-as n#t a)( t# "rsnt its vidn' #n t! &irst &#ur
!aring dats and t!r -as it!r n# rturn #n t!
su)"#nas su)s3unt(* issud #r t!r -as n#
su)"#na issud at a(( t# Pdr#sa and ;r, Sa(n, t!
"r#s'uti#n s!#u(d !av )n givn a (ast '!an' t#
"rsnt t! a((gd *-itnss and t! d#'t#r,
$ +udg >a'da dnid Ca)ar(s0s >FR and st t!
'as &#r !aring #n >a* 8, 2003 t# !ar t!
tstim#nis #& Pdr#sa and ;r, Sa(n, %! su)"#na
issud t# Pdr#sa &#r t!at !aring -as du(* srvd,
)ut srvi' u"#n ;r, Sa(n &ai(d sin' t! d#'t#r
-as n# (#ngr assignd t# t! SP; Crim ?a)#rat#r*,
N#t-it!standing t! srvi' u"#n Pdr#sa, t!
"r#s'uti#n sti(( &ai(d t# "rsnt a -itnss during
t! >a* 8, 2003 !aring, N#nt!(ss, +udg
>a'da, u"#n m#ti#n, again d'idd t# :tnd t# t!
"r#s'uti#n an#t!r '!an', giving t! P#"( +un
12 and +u(* 3, 2003 as additi#na( !aring dats,
Fina((*, #n +un 12, 2003, Pdr#sa t##. t! -itnss
stand and '#m"(td !r dir't :aminati#n, A &-
da*s t!ra&tr, Ca)ar(s &i(d t! "rsnt "titi#n
3usti#ning +udg >a'da0s #rdr, a((ging t!at it
-as issud -it! grav a)us #& dis'rti#n, Sin' tria(
in t! (#-r '#urt '#ntinud, #n +u(* 3, 2003, t!
Pu)(i' Att#rn*0s 1&&i' '#ndu'td its 'r#ss$
:aminati#n #& Pdr#sa,
Ca)ar(s -as t!n givn a '!an' t# addu' &urt!r
vidn' #n !is )!a(&,7avvphi7.net
1n August 2, 2004, +udg >a'da d&rrd t!
"r#mu(gati#n #& /udgmnt and #rdrd t! 'as
ar'!ivd "nding t!is C#urt0s rs#(uti#n #& t! 'as,
I''%!'
1, 51N rs"#ndnt /udg a'td -it! grav a)us #&
dis'rti#n in issuing t! assai(d #rdr
2, 51N "titi#nr0s rig!t t# du "r#'ss and s"d*
dis"#siti#n #& !is 'as -as vi#(atd
(!"D
1, 67S
Ratio S'ti#n 24, Ru( 112 and :isting
/uris"rudn' strss t! &#((#-ing r3uirmnts &#r
r#"ning a 'asC <1= t! r#"ning must ) )&#r
t! &ina(it* #& a /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n; <2= t! #rdr
is issud )* t! /udg #n !is #-n initiativ #r u"#n
m#ti#n; <3= t! #rdr is issud #n(* a&tr a !aring is
'#ndu'td; <4= t! #rdr intnds t# "rvnt a
mis'arriag #& /usti'; and <5= t! "rsntati#n #&
additi#na( andM#r &urt!r vidn' s!#u(d )
trminatd -it!in t!irt* da*s &r#m t! issuan' #&
t! #rdr,
Reasoning
% Gnra((*, a&tr t! "artis !av "r#du'd t!ir
rs"'tiv dir't "r##&s, t!* ar a((#-d t# #&&r
r)utting vidn' #n(*, 4#-vr, t! '#urt, &#r g##d
ras#ns, in t! &urt!ran' #& /usti', ma* a((#- n-
vidn' u"#n t!ir #rigina( 'as, and its ru(ing -i((
n#t ) distur)d in t! a""((at '#urt -!r n#
a)us #& dis'rti#n a""ars, A m#ti#n t# r#"n ma*
t!us "r#"r(* ) "rsntd #n(* a&tr it!r #r )#t!
"artis !ad &#rma((* #&&rd and '(#sd t!ir
vidn', )ut )&#r /udgmnt is rndrd, and vn
a&tr "r#mu(gati#n )ut )&#r &ina(it* #& /udgmnt
and t! #n(* '#ntr#((ing guid(in g#vrning a m#ti#n
t# r#"n is t! "aram#unt intrst #& /usti', %!is
rmd* #& r#"ning a 'as -as mant t# "rvnt a
mis'arriag #& /usti',
$ 4#-vr, -!i( +udg >a'da is a((#-d t# r#"n
t! 'as )&#r /udgmnt is rndrd, S'ti#n 24
r3uirs t!at a 8earing mus7 firs7 Ae conduc7ed,
+udg >a'da issud t! A"ri( 1, 2003 1rdr -it!#ut
n#ti' and !aring and -it!#ut giving t!
"r#s'uti#n and a''usd an #""#rtunit* t# mani&st
t!ir "#siti#n #n t! mattr, %!is &ai(ur, t# #ur mind,
'#nstituts grav a)us #& dis'rti#n and g#s
against t! du "r#'ss '(aus #& t! C#nstituti#n
-!i'! r3uirs n#ti' and #""#rtunit* t# ) !ard,
%! issuan' #& t! said #rdr, -it!#ut t! )n&it #&
a !aring, is '#ntrar* t# t! :"rss (anguag #&
S'ti#n 24, Ru( 112,
2, 67S
Ratio %! '#n'"t #& s"d* dis"#siti#n is r(ativ #r
&(:i)(, A mr mat!mati'a( r'.#ning #& t! tim
inv#(vd is n#t su&&i'int, Parti'u(ar rgard must )
ta.n #& t! &a'ts and 'ir'umstan's "'u(iar t# a'!
'as,
Reasoning
, %! rig!t t# a s"d* dis"#siti#n #& a 'as, (i. t!
rig!t t# s"d* tria(, is dmd vi#(atd -!n t!
"r#'ding is attndd )* v:ati#us, 'a"ri'i#us, and
#""rssiv d(a*s; #r -!n un/usti&id
"#st"#nmnts #& t! tria( ar as.d &#r and
s'urd; #r -!n -it!#ut 'aus #r /usti&ia)( m#tiv,
a (#ng "ri#d #& tim is a((#-d t# (a"s -it!#ut t!
"art* !aving !is 'as trid,
$ Ca)ar(s inv#.s t! /urisdi'ti#n #& t!is C#urt in t!
intrst #& s"d* /usti' sin' t! in&#rmati#n
against !im -as &i(d -a* )a'. in +un 1222, and
a(m#st ig!t *ars t!ra&tr, n# /udgmnt !as *t
)n rndrd, An* &urt!r d(a* in t! rs#(uti#n #&
t! instant "titi#n -i(( ) "r/udi'ia( t# Ca)ar(s,
A(s#, t! C#urt !as &u(( dis'rti#nar* "#-r t# ta.
'#gni8an' #& t! "titi#n &i(d dir't(* t# it &#r
'#m"((ing ras#ns #r i& -arrantd )* t! natur #&
t! issus raisd, Sin' S'ti#n 24 is a n-
"r#visi#n, and '#nsidring t! irrgu(aritis in t!
issuan' #& t! A"ri( 1, 2003 1rdr, it is n'ssar* t#
rs#(v t! issus raisd in t!is "titi#n,
$ In &in, - ar n#t unmind&u( #& t! gravit* #& t!
'rim '!argd; )ut /usti' must ) dis"nsd -it! an
vn !and, Rgard(ss #& !#- mu'! - -ant t#
"unis! t! "r"trat#rs #& t!is g!ast(* 'rim and
giv /usti' t# t! vi'tim and !r &ami(*, t!
"r#t'ti#n "r#vidd )* t! Bi(( #& Rig!ts is )st#-d
u"#n a(( individua(s, -it!#ut :'"ti#n, rgard(ss #&
ra', '#(#r, 'rd, gndr #r "#(iti'a( "rsuasi#n $
-!t!r "rivi(gd #r (ss "rivi(gd $ t# ) inv#.d
-it!#ut &ar #r &av#r, 4n', t! a''usd dsrvs
n# (ss t!an an a'3uitta(; rg#, ! is n#t 'a((d u"#n
t# dis"r#v -!at t! "r#s'uti#n !as n#t "r#vd,
Dispositive instant "titi#n is GRAN%7;, 5 !#(d
t!at t! assai(d 1rdr datd A"ri( 1, 2003 -as
issud -it! grav a)us #& dis'rti#n, Said 1rdr is
!r)* ANNK??7; and S7% ASI;7, A''#rding(*, an*
vidn' r'ivd and #&&rd in t!is 'as as a rsu(t
#& t! A"ri( 1, 2003 1rdr is !r)* stri'.n #&& t!
r'#rd, ?t t! r'#rds #& t!is 'as ) R7>AN;7;
immdiat(* t# t! tria( '#urt '#n'rnd &#r its
a""r#"riat a'ti#n -it!#ut &urt!r d(a*,
COMBA#! 'A$ *O'!
135 SCRA 623
>7?7NCI1$47RR7RA; A"ri( 15, 1285
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r Crti#rari
&AC#'
$ "titi#nr -as '!argd -it! t! 'rim #& %!&t #&
#n <1= R##str DFig!ting C#'.E '#(#r rd, )(#nging
t# R#m# P#sada -#rt! P200,00,
$ F#((#-ing t! "r#'dur (aid d#-n in t! Ru( #n
Summar* Pr#'dur in S"'ia( Cass, rs"#ndnt
+udg r3uird "titi#nr and !is -itnsss t# su)mit
'#untr$a&&idavits t# t! su""#rting a&&idavits #& t!
'#m"(ainant
$ 1n +un 5, 1284, "titi#nr -as su)"#nad t#
a""ar )&#r rs"#ndnt +udg and -as arraignd
-it!#ut t! assistan' #& '#uns(, 4 "(add n#t
gui(t*,
$ Su)s3unt(*, in an 1rdr datd +u(* 5, 1284,
rs"#ndnt +udg dmd t! 'as su)mittd &#r
rs#(uti#n "ur"#rtd(* "ursuant t# t! Ru( #n
Summar* Pr#'dur,
$ In a ;'isi#n "r#mu(gatd #n +u(* 16, 1284, -it!#ut
)n&it #& tria(, "titi#nr -as sntn'd t# su&&r si:
<6= m#nt!sQ im"ris#nmnt and t# "a* t!
'#m"(ainant t! am#unt #& P200,00, "(us '#sts
I''%!'
1, 51N t! a""(i'ati#n #& t! Ru(s #n Summar*
"r#'dur -as va(id
2, 51N ! -as a&&#rdd du "r#'ss
(!"D
N1
$ %! Ru( #n Summar* Pr#'dur in S"'ia( Cass
a""(is #n(* t# 'rimina( 'ass -!r t! "na(t*
"rs'ri)d )* (a- &#r t! #&&ns '!argd d#s n#t
:'d si: <6= m#nt!s im"ris#nmnt #r a &in #& #n
t!#usand "s#s <P1,000,00= #r )#t!
$ %! 'rim #& %!&t as '!argd !rin is "na(i8d
-it! arrst# ma*#r in its mdium "ri#d t# "risi#n
'#rr''i#na( in its minimum "ri#d, #r, &r#m t-# <2=
m#nt!s and #n <1= da* t# t-# <2= *ars and &#ur <4=
m#nt!s, 6 C(ar(*, t! Ru( #n Summar* Pr#'dur is
ina""(i'a)(
$ But vn assuming t!at t! 'as &a((s undr t!
'#vrag #& said Ru(, t! sam d#s n#t dis"ns
-it! tria(
RS'ti#n 11, 5!n 'as st &#r arraignmnt and
tria(,$ S!#u(d t! '#urt, u"#n a '#nsidrati#n #& t!
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n and t! a&&idavits
su)mittd )* )#t! "artis, &ind n# 'aus #r gr#und
t# !#(d t! d&ndant &#r tria(, it s!a(( #rdr t!
dismissa( #& t! 'as; #t!r-is, t! '#urt s!a(( st
t! 'as &#r arraignmnt and tria(,
RS'ti#n 14, Pr#'dur #& %ria(,$ K"#n a "(a #& n#t
gui(t* )ing ntrd, t! tria( s!a(( immdiat(*
"r#'d, %! a&&idavits su)mittd )* t! "artis
s!a(( '#nstitut t! dir't tstim#nis #& t!
-itnsss -!# :'utd t! sam, 5itnsss -!#
tsti&id ma* ) su)/'td t# 'r#ss$:aminati#n,
S!#u(d t! a&&iant &ai( t# tsti&*, !is a&&idavit s!a((
n#t ) '#nsidrd as '#m"tnt vidn' &#r t!
"art* "rsnting t! a&&idavit, )ut t! advrs
"art* ma* uti(i8 t! sam &#r an* admissi)(
"ur"#s,
RN# -itnss s!a(( ) a((#-d t# tsti&* un(ss !
!ad "rvi#us(* su)mittd an a&&idavit t# t! '#urt
in a''#rdan' -it! S'ti#ns 2 and 10 !r#&,R
$ sin' "titi#nr$a''usd !ad "(add n#t gui(t*,
tria( s!#u(d !av "r#'dd immdiat(*, But n#t
#n(* -as "titi#nr unr"rsntd )* '#uns( u"#n
arraignmnt; ! -as nit!r a''#rdd t! )n&it #&
tria(
Dispositive +udgQs ;'isi#n "r#mu(gatd #n +u(*
16, 1224, is !r)* ANNK??7; &#r !aving )n
issud -it! grav a)us #& dis'rti#n, %! 'as is
rmandd t# t! >uni'i"a( Cir'uit %ria( C#urt #&
>agara#$Canaman, Camarins Sur, &#r "r#'dings
stri't(* in a''#rdan' -it! (a-,
P!OP"! RODRI+O
%INGA; +anuar* 23, 2009
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' rvi-
&AC#'
$ 1n 10 S"tm)r 1226, 1(ivr Ca"aras, t!n 13
*ars #& ag, -as -aiting &#r a rid t# s'!##( in a
'#rnr nar !is !#us in >atim)#, >a(#(#s, Bu(a'an,
-!n &#ur <4= mn &#r'i)(* si8d and )#ardd !im
int# a 'ar, 5!i( insid t! 'ar, ! -as )(ind&#(dd,
4 -as (atr trans&rrd t# a van, %! van, tai(d )*
a 'ar, trav(d t# Bagui#, 5!i( t!r, t!* s("t
#vrnig!t insid t! van in a "ar.ing (#t,
$ %! &#((#-ing da*, 7(a8ar Ca"aras, t! &at!r #&
1(ivr, r'ivd a 'a(( &r#m t! .idna""rs initia((*
as.ing &#r P10 mi((i#n rans#m
$ %! .idna""rs "r#'dd t# B#nita0s Rs#rt in
Pangasinan, 1(ivr -as t!n )r#ug!t t# a r##m and
!is )(ind&#(d rm#vd, 4 sta*d insid t! r##m &#r
#n -., ;uring !is sta*, a -#man, (atr idnti&id
as ?ani d(a Cru8, t##. 'ar #& !im )* &ding !im
t!r tims a da*,
$ A&tr t!r da*s #& ng#tiati#n, t! .idna""rs
agrd t# (#-r t! rans#m t# P1,9 mi((i#n, 1n 19
S"tm)r 1226, Pdr# Navarr#, an un'( #& 1(ivr,
-as instru'td )* 7(a8ar Ca"aras t# d(ivr t!
rans#m m#n*, A&tr r'iving a 'a(( &r#m t!
.idna""rs, ! "r#'dd t# &#((#- t! instru'ti#ns
#n t! dr#"$#&&,
$ ?atr t!at nig!t, 1(ivr -as mad t# )#ard t!
sam van and )r#ug!t t# t! Ptr#n Gas Stati#n in
>*'aua*an 4ig!-a*, K"#n a(ig!ting &r#m t! van,
! -as givn P500,00 and -as t#(d t!at ! -#u(d )
&t'!d )* !is un'( insid a 'antn in t! gas
stati#n, At ar#und 1C00 a,m, #& 18 S"tm)r 1229,
t! .idna""rs 'a((d 7(a8ar again and as.d t!m
t# g# t# t! Ptr#n Gas Stati#n (#'atd )t-n
>*'aua*an and >ari(a# a(#ng t! 7:"rss-a*,
K"#n arriving at t! Ptr#n Stati#n at 3C00 a,m,
Pdr# Navarr# sa- 1(ivr ating insid t! 'antn
and )r#ug!t !im !#m -!r ! -as runitd -it!
!is &at!r,
$ A&tr t! .idna""ing in'idnt, an invstigati#n -as
'#ndu'td )* t! Int((ign' S'ti#n #& t!
P!i(i""in Nati#na( P#(i', It a""ars t!at #n #& t!
sus"'ts -as a mm)r #& an NPA r)( rturn
gr#u" !add )* Armand# R#drig#, +r, K"#n t!
.i((ing #& Brt ?i-anag, !is gir(&rind, d(a Cru8, -!#
-as a sus"'td mm)r #& t! gr#u", -as invitd
&#r 3usti#ning, 1n t!at #''asi#n, s! admittd !r
"arti'i"ati#n in t! .idna""ing #& 1(ivr Ca"aras and
im"(i'atd a""((ants,
$ An In&#rmati#n -as &i(d #n 11 >ar'! 1229 against
a""((ants P(ata, Fa/ard# and R#drig#, t#gt!r -it!
d(a Cru8, Armand# R#drig#, 4(n +#vn, B#*#ng
Catindig, +un Paru)r#), and a +#!n ;#,
$ F#ur #& t! a''usd -r a""r!ndd, nam(*C
P(ata, R#drig#, Fa/ard# and d(a Cru8, %! rst
rmaind at (arg, %! tria( '#urt, u"#n m#ti#n #&
t! "r#s'uti#n, dis'!argd ;(a Cru8 t# srv as
stat -itnss,
$ 1n arraignmnt, a""((ants "(add n#t gui(t*,
$ 1n 31 >a* 2000, t! R%C rndrd its d'isi#n
&inding a(( a""((ants gui(t* )*#nd ras#na)(
d#u)t,
$ A""((ants (vatd t! 'as t# t! C#urt #&
A""a(s,
$ %! a""((at '#urt a&&irmd t! tria( '#urt0s
d'isi#n :'"t t!at it a'3uittd R#drig#,
$ A""((ants P(ata and Fa/ard# su)mittd t!ir
individua( a""a( )ri&s,
I''%!
51N ;(a Cru8 -as (igi)( t# ) a stat -itnss
(!"D
$ S'ti#n 19, Ru( 112 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt "r#vidsC
5!n t-# #r m#r "rs#ns ar /#int(* '!argd
-it! t! '#mmissi#n #& an* #&&ns, u"#n m#ti#n
#& t! "r#s'uti#n )&#r rsting its 'as, t!
'#urt ma* dir't #n #r m#r #& t! a''usd t# )
dis'!argd -it! t!ir '#nsnt s# t!at t!* ma* )
-itnsss &#r t! stat -!n, a&tr r3uiring t!
"r#s'uti#n t# "rsnt vidn' and t! s-#rn
statmnt #& a'! "r#"#sd stat -itnss at a
!aring in su""#rt #& t! dis'!arg, t! '#urt is
satis&id t!atC
<a= %!r is a)s#(ut n'ssit* &#r t! tstim#n*
#& t! a''usd -!#s dis'!arg is r3ustd;
<)= %!r is n# #t!r dir't vidn' avai(a)( &#r
t! "r#"r "r#s'uti#n #& t! #&&ns '#mmittd,
:'"t t! tstim#n* #& said a''usd;
<'= %! tstim#n* #& said a''usd 'an )
su)stantia((* '#rr#)#ratd in its matria( "#ints;
<d= Said a''usd d#s n#t a""ar t# ) t! m#st
gui(t*; and
<= Said a''usd !as n#t at an* tim )n
'#nvi'td #& an* #&&ns inv#(ving m#ra(
tur"itud,
7vidn' addu'd in su""#rt #& t! dis'!arg
s!a(( aut#mati'a((* &#rm "art #& t! tria(, I& t!
'#urt dnis t! m#ti#n &#r dis'!arg #& t!
a''usd as stat -itnss, !is s-#rn statmnt
s!a(( ) inadmissi)( in vidn',
$ %! "#-r t# "r#s'ut in'(uds t! initia(
dis'rti#n t# dtrmin -!# s!#u(d ) uti(i8d )* t!
g#vrnmnt as a stat -itnss, %! "r#s'uti#n !as
gat!rd t! vidn' against t! a''usd and is in
a )ttr "#siti#n t# d'id t! tstim#nia( vidn'
ndd )* t! Stat t# "rss its "r#s'uti#n t# a
su''ss&u( '#n'(usi#n, Kndr #ur Ru(s, !#-vr, it
is t! '#urts t!at -i(( &ina((* dtrmin -!t!r t!
r3uirmnts !av )n satis&id t# /usti&* t!
dis'!arg #& an a''usd t# )'#m a -itnss &#r t!
g#vrnmnt,
$ %! tstim#n* #& d(a Cru8 -as an a)s#(ut
n'ssit*,
$ Nit!r d#s d(a Cru8 a""ar t# ) t! m#st gui(t*
#& t! a''usd, %! tria( '#urt !(d t!at d(a Cru8
-as n#t "riv* t# t! .idna" "(an and -as mr(*
ta.n in (atr )* t! gr#u" )'aus t!* sus"'td
t!at s! a(rad* .n- t## mu'!,
$ ;id t! (#-r '#urts "r#"r(* '#nsidr t!
tstim#n* #& d(a Cru8H It is a /uris"rudntia( ru(
t!at t! tstim#n* #& a s(&$'#n&ssd a''#m"(i' #r
'#$'#ns"irat#r im"uting t! )(am t# #r im"(i'ating
!is '#$a''usd 'ann#t, )* its(& and -it!#ut
'#rr#)#rati#n, ) rgardd as "r##& -it! a m#ra(
'rtaint* t!at t! (attr '#mmittd #r "arti'i"atd in
t! '#mmissi#n #& t! 'rim, %! tstim#n* must )
su)stantia((* '#rr#)#ratd in its matria( "#ints )*
unim"a'!a)( tstim#n* and str#ng 'ir'umstan's
and must ) t# su'! an :tnt t!at its
trust-#rt!inss )'#ms mani&st, %! tstim#n* #&
d(a Cru8 -as su)stantia((* '#rr#)#ratd )* n# (ss
t!an t! vi'tim !ims(&, 1(ivr, as -(( as Pdr#,
$ As n#td )* t! tria( '#urt, t!r ma* !av )n
in'#nsistn'is in t! narrati#n #& d(a Cru8, %!s,
!#-vr, -r min#r dtai(s and sim"(* '#u(d )
attri)utd t# t! &rai(t* #& !uman mm#r*, It 'ann#t
) :"'td t!at !r tstim#n* -#u(d ) ntir(*
&(a-(ss, In'#nsistn'is as t# min#r dtai(s and
'#((atra( mattrs d# n#t a&&'t t! 'rdi)i(it* #& t!
-itnsss n#r t! vra'it* #r -ig!t #& t!ir
tstim#nis, Su'! min#r in'#nsistn'is ma* vn
srv t# strngt!n t!ir 'rdi)i(it* as t!* ngat
an* sus"i'i#n t!at t! tstim#nis !av )n
r!arsd, >#r#vr, t! tstim#n* #& d(a Cru8
'#in'ids -it! t!at #& 1(ivr and Pdr# r(ating t# t!
"rin'i"a( #''urrn' and t! "#sitiv idnti&i'ati#n #&
a""((ants,
$ P(ata insists t!at d(a Cru8 !ar)#rd a grudg
against !im )'aus ! -as a""arnt(* a mm)r #&
t! Armand# R#drig# gr#u", t! (#n sus"'t in t!
murdr #& Brt ?i-anag, d(a Cru80s )#*&rind,
P(ata0s &&#rt t# im"ut i(($m#tiv #n t! "art #& d (a
Cru8 t# &a(s(* tsti&* against !im d#s n#t !#(d
-atr, 7vn granting t!at ; (a Cru8 ma* !av an
a: t# grind is #& n# m#mnt, P(ata -as "#sitiv(*
idnti&id )* 1(ivr, 4is statmnt -as '#rr#)#ratd
)* d(a Cru8, >#tiv )'#ms ssntia( #n(* -!n
t! idntit* #& t! 'u("rit is in d#u)t and n#t -!n !
is "#sitiv(* idnti&id )* a 'rdi)( -itnss,
Dispositive A&&irmd -it! m#di&i'ati#n

0!BB D! "!O$
249 SCRA 652
PKN1; August 23, 1225
$A#%R!
Ptiti#ns &#r t! issuan' #& t! :tra#rdinar* -rits
#& certiorari, "r#!i)iti#n and mandamus
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nrs 4u)rt 5)), >i'!a( Gat'!a(ian,
Ant#ni# +, ?/an# and si: <6= #t!r "rs#ns -r
'!argd -it! t! 'rim #& Ra" -it! 4#mi'id
<@i8'#nd massa'r=,
$ Ptiti#nrs &au(t t! ;1+ Pan( &#r n#t in'(uding
A(&ar# in t! In&#rmati#n '#nsidring !r a((gd
'#ns"irat#ria( "arti'i"ati#n in t! 'rim #& ra" -it!
!#mi'id, It is urgd t!at t!is '#nstituts R, , , an
intrusi#n int# /udi'ia( "rr#gativ &#r it is #n(* t!
'#urt -!i'! !as t! "#-r undr t! Ru(s #n
Crimina( Pr#'dur t# dis'!arg an a''usd as a
stat -itnssR )asd #n S'ti#n 2, Ru( 112 -!i'!
givs t! '#urt t! "rr#gativ t# a""r#v t!
dis'!arg #& an a''usd t# ) a stat -itnss,
I''%!
51N A(&ar# s!#u(d ) in'(udd as #n #& t! a''usd
in t! in&#rmati#n
(!"D
$ %! n#n$in'(usi#n #& A(&ar# is an'!#rd #n R"u)(i'
A't N#, 6281, ntit(d RAn A't Pr#viding F#r A
5itnss Pr#t'ti#n, S'urit* And Bn&it Pr#gram
And F#r 1t!r Pur"#ssR na'td #n A"ri( 24, 1221,
A(&ar# 3ua(i&id undr its S'ti#n 10, -!i'! "r#vidsC
S', 10, !tate /itness, An* "rs#n -!# !as
"arti'i"atd in t! '#mmissi#n #& a 'rim and
dsirs t# a -itnss &#r t! Stat, 'an a""(* and, i&
3ua(i&id as dtrmind in t!is A't and )* t!
;"artmnt, s!a(( ) admittd int# t! Pr#gram
-!nvr t! &#((#-ing 'ir'umstan's ar "rsntC
<a= t! #&&ns in -!i'! !is tstim#n* -i(( ) usd
is a grav &(#n* as d&ind undr t! R,P,C, #r its
3uiva(nt undr s"'ia( (a-s;
<)= t!r is a)s#(ut n'ssit* &#r !is tstim#n*;
<'= t!r is n# #t!r dir't vidn' avai(a)( &#r
t! "r#"r "r#s'uti#n #& t! #&&ns '#mmittd;
<d= !is tstim#n* 'an ) su)stantia((* '#rr#)#ratd
#n its matria( "#ints;
<= ! d#s n#t a""ar t# ) m#st gui(t*; and
<&= ! !as n#t at an*tim )n '#nvi'td #& an*
'rim inv#(ving m#ra( tur"itud,
An a''usd dis'!argd &r#m an in&#rmati#n
#r 'rimina( '#m"(aint )* t! '#urt in #rdr t!at !
ma* ) a Stat 5itnss "ursuant t# S'ti#ns 2 and
10 #& Ru( 112 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt ma*
u"#n !is "titi#n ) admittd t# t! Pr#gram i& !
'#m"(is -it! t! #t!r r3uirmnts #& t!is A't,
N#t!ing in t!is A't s!a(( "rvnt t! dis'!arg #&
an a''usd s# t!at ! 'an ) usd as a 5itnss
undr Ru( 112 #& t! Rvisd Ru(s #& C#urt,
$ K"#n 3ua(i&i'ati#n #& A(&ar# t# t! "r#gram, S'ti#n
12 #& t! said (a- mandats !r n#n$in'(usi#n in t!
'rimina( C#m"(aint #r In&#rmati#n, t!usC
S', 12, #ffect of Admission of a !tate /itness into
the Program, %! 'rti&i'ati#n #& admissi#n int#
t! Pr#gram )* t! ;"artmnt s!a(( ) givn &u((
&ait! and 'rdit )* t! "r#vin'ia( #r 'it* "r#s'ut#r
-!# is r3uird @AT TA *@C>JD# T%# /*T@#!! *@
T%# CR*(*@A> CA(P>A*@T AR *@1AR(AT*A@ and i&
in'(udd t!rin, t# "titi#n t! '#urt &#r !is
dis'!arg in #rdr t!at ! 'an ) uti(i8d as a
Stat 5itnss, %! '#urt s!a(( #rdr t! dis'!arg
and :'(usi#n #& t! said a''usd &r#m t!
in&#rmati#n,
$ Admissi#n int# t! Pr#gram s!a(( ntit( su'! Stat
5itnss t# immunit* &r#m 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n &#r
t! #&&ns #r #&&nss in -!i'! !is tstim#n* -i(( )
givn #r usd and a(( t! rig!ts and )n&its "r#vidd
undr S'ti#n 8 !r#&
$ Ptiti#nrQs argumnt (a'.s a""a( &#r it (is #n t!
&au(t* assum"ti#n t!at t! d'isi#n -!#m t#
"r#s'ut is a /udi'ia( &un'ti#n, t! s#( "rr#gativ
#& '#urts and )*#nd :'utiv and (gis(ativ
intr&rn', In trut!, t! "r#s'uti#n #& 'rims
a""rtains t# t! :'utiv d"artmnt #&
g#vrnmnt -!#s "rin'i"a( "#-r and rs"#nsi)i(it*
is t# s t!at #ur (a-s ar &ait!&u((* :'utd, A
n'ssar* '#m"#nnt #& t!is "#-r t# :'ut #ur
(a-s is t! rig!t t# "r#s'ut t!ir vi#(at#rs, %!
rig!t t# "r#s'ut vsts t! "r#s'ut#r -it! a -id
rang #& dis'rti#n, t! dis'rti#n #& -!t!r, -!at
and -!#m t# '!arg, t! :r'is #& -!i'! d"nds
#n a sm#rgas)#rd #& &a't#rs -!i'! ar )st
a""r'iatd )* "r#s'ut#rs, 5 t!us !#(d t!at it is
n#t '#nstituti#na((* im"rmissi)( &#r C#ngrss t#
na't R,A, N#, 6281 vsting in t! ;"artmnt #&
+usti' t! "#-r t# dtrmin -!# 'an 3ua(i&* as a
-itnss in t! "r#gram and -!# s!a(( ) grantd
immunit* &r#m "r#s'uti#n, S'ti#n 2 #& Ru( 112
d#s n#t su""#rt t! "r#"#siti#n t!at t! "#-r t#
'!##s -!# s!a(( ) a stat -itnss is an in!rnt
/udi'ia( "rr#gativ, Kndr t!is "r#visi#n, t! '#urt, is
givn t! "#-r t# dis'!arg a stat -itnss #n(*
)'aus it !as a(rad* a'3uird /urisdi'ti#n #vr t!
'rim and t! a''usd, %! dis'!arg #& an a''usd
is "art #& t! :r'is #& /urisdi'ti#n )ut is n#t a
r'#gniti#n #& an in!rnt /udi'ia( &un'ti#n, >#r#vr,
t! Ru(s #& C#urt !av nvr )n intr"rtd t# )
)*#nd '!ang )* (gis(ati#n dsignd t# im"r#v
t! administrati#n #& #ur /usti' s*stm, R,A, N#,
6281 is #n #& t! mu'! s#ug!t "na( r&#rm (a-s t#
!(" g#vrnmnt in its u"!i(( &ig!t against 'rim, #n
'rtain 'aus #& -!i'! is t! rti'n' #& -itnsss
t# tsti&*,
$ %! rati#na( &#r t! (a- is -(( "ut )* t!
;"artmnt #& +usti', vi",C R5itnsss, &#r &ar #&
r"risa( and '#n#mi' dis(#'ati#n, usua((* r&us t#
a""ar and tsti&* in t! invstigati#nM"r#s'uti#n #&
'rimina( '#m"(aintsM'ass, B'aus #& su'! r&usa(,
'rimina( '#m"(aintsM'ass !av )n dismissd &#r
insu&&i'in'* andM#r (a'. #& vidn', F#r a m#r
&&'tiv administrati#n #& 'rimina( /usti', t!r -as
a n'ssit* t# "ass a (a- "r#t'ting -itnsss and
granting t!m 'rtain rig!ts and )n&its t# nsur
t!ir a""aran' in invstigativ )#disM'#urts,R
Ptiti#nr 5))Qs '!a((ng t# t! va(idit* #& R,A, N#,
6281 'ann#t t!r&#r su''d,
Dispositive Ptiti#ns dismissd
P!OP"! B%BA$
DSKPRA, PAG7 6E
P!OP"! 'APA"
328 SCRA 419
SAPKNAN; ;'m)r 22, 1229
$A#%R!
Aut#mati' Rvi- #& t! ;'isi#n
&AC#'
$ %! R%C #& >ani(a sntn'd a''usd$a""((ant
+imm* Sa"a( t# ;7A%4 a&tr ! -as &#und gui(t*
)*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t #& t! 'rim #& un(a-&u(
"#ssssi#n #& t!r <3= .gs, #& mari/uana,
$ %! "r#s'uti#n "rsntd t-# -itnsss, nam(*
P03 +sus G#m8 and Rn C!'a, a &#rnsi'
'!mist, G#m8 tsti&id t!at t! #&&i' #& t! ;rug
7n&#r'mnt Knit r'ivd a 'a(( t!at a''usd -!#
!ad a standing -arrant #& arrst !ad )n sn at
+#'s#n St,, Sam"a(#' >ani(a,
$ %!ir gr#u" s"#ttd t! 'ar &r3unt(* usd )* t!
a''usd, %! "#(i' #"rativs a""r#a'!d t! 'ar,
t#(d t! a''usd and !is -i&, a(#ng -it! t-# #t!r
'#m"ani#ns, t# gt d#-n #& t! 'ar, F#rt!-it!,
G#m8 '#ndu'td a sar'! #& t! v!i'( and in t!
'#urs t!r#&, a((gd(* &#und a (ig!t grn "(asti'
)ag in t! )a'. sat '#ntaining t!r )ri'.s #&
mari/uana,
$ %! a''usd tsti&id t!at t! "#(i' #"rativs
t##. !is -a((t -!i'! '#ntaind 'as! and svra(
A%> 'ards and t!at t! (attr '#r'd !im int#
divu(ging t! PIN num)rs #& t! A%> 'ards,
$ A''usd gav t!m t! '#rr't PIN num)r t# !is
Far 7ast Ban. a''#unt )ut "ur"#s(* mi:d u" t!
#t!r PIN num)rs t# !is #t!r )an. a''#unts,
$ %! a''usd and !is '#m"ani#ns -r )r#ug!t t#
t! 5P; !ad3uartrs -!r t!ir ma( '#m"ani#n,
+rr*, -as mau(d t# &#r' !im t# admit t!at drugs
-r r'#vrd &r#m t!ir gr#u", %! a''usd0s -i&
and !r #t!r '#m"ani#n -r (i.-is '#r'd t#
admit t! sam, 4#-vr, t!* a(( insistd t!at n#
i((ga( drugs -r r'#vrd &r#m an* #& t!m,
$ A&tr tria(, t! tria( '#urt rndrd t! d'isi#n
undr rvi-,

I''%!
51N t! gui(t #& t! a''usd -as "r#vn )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t t# -arrant t! su"rm "na(t* #&
dat!
(!"D
%! C#urt &inds &#r t! a''usd,
$ 5!i( t! C#urt is mind&u( t!at (a- n&#r'rs n/#*
t! "rsum"ti#n #& rgu(arit* in t! "r&#rman' #&
t!ir dutis, t!is "rsum"ti#n 'ann#t "rvai( #vr t!
'#nstituti#na( rig!t #& t! a''usd t# ) "rsumd
inn#'nt and it 'ann#t, )* its(&, '#nstitut "r##& #&
gui(t )*#nd ras#na)( d#u)t,
$ In t! "rsnt 'as, t!r is su&&i'int vidn' t#
s!#- t!at t! mannr )* -!i'! t! (a- n&#r'rs
&&'td t! arrst #& t! a''usd -as !ig!(*
irrgu(ar and sus"'t,
$ G#m8 '(aimd t!at t!* arrstd a''usd
"ursuant t# t! -arrant issud )* +udg Barri#s
-!i'! :"(i'it(* statd t!at said a''usd +imm* Sa"a(
) A)r#ug!t )&#r !im as s##n as "#ssi)(,B
4#-vr, '#ntrar* t# t! '(ar dir'tiv #& t!
-arrant, t! (a- n&#r'rs nvr )r#ug!t !im )&#r
t! said /udg, G#m8 !ims(& admittd t! sam
and did n#t #&&r an* '#nvin'ing :"(anati#n &#r t!is
#missi#n,
$ >#r#vr, t! r'#rds rva( t!at t! d#'umnts
r(ating t# t! arrst #& t! a''usd and !is -i&
-r "r"ard t!r <3= da*s a&tr t! arrst,
$ Furt!r, t! 'as -as su)mittd t# t! in3ust
"r#s'ut#r #n(* #n A"ri( 25, 1225 and t!
in&#rmati#n against a''usd and !is -i& -as
su)s3unt(* &i(d #n A"ri( 26, 1225,
$ It -as n#t (i.-is s!#-n t!at a''usd -as &u((*
a""risd #& !is rig!ts undr 'ust#dia( arrst,
S"'i&i'a((*, a''usd -as n#t assistd )* '#uns(
-!n ! -as undr 'ust#dia( invstigati#n,
$ Admittd(*, a''usd is dmd t# !av -aivd !is
rig!t t# 3usti#n t! irrgu(aritis attnding !is
arrst &#r !is &ai(ur t# rais t! sam )&#r !
ntrd !is "(a, N#nt!(ss, t! "'u(iar &a'tua(
'ir'umstan's surr#unding t! 'as &&'tiv(*
dstr#* t! "rsum"ti#n #& rgu(arit* in t!
"r&#rman' )* G#m8 and !is '#((agus #& t!ir
dutis, Su'! )ing t! 'as, t! "rsum"ti#n #&
rgu(arit* 'ann#t ) mad t! s#( )asis #& t!
'#nvi'ti#n #& t! a''usd,
$ It !as )n su&&i'int(* sta)(is!d t!at svra(
-it!dra-a(s -r mad &r#m t! Far 7ast Ban.
a''#unt #& a''usd t!r#ug! A%> #n A"ri( 22, 1225
and t!s -it!dra-a(s '#u(d n#t !av )n mad )*
t! a''usd and !is -i& )'aus t!* -r t!n
a(rad* undr arrst,
$ %! C#urt 'ann#t '#m"(t(* disrgard t!is "i' #&
vidn' as it str#ng(* '#rr#)#rats t! tstim#n* #&
a''usd t!at (a- n&#r'rs -r a)( t# -it!dra-
m#n* &r#m is Far 7ast Ban. a''#unt t!r#ug! A%>,
) *t is well)settled that Lwhere the circumstances
shown to e+ist 'ield two 0D4 or more inferences& one
of which consistent with the presumption of
innocence while the other or others ma' be
compatible with the finding of guilt& the court must
ac$uit the accused for the evidence does not fulfill
the test or moral certaint' and is insufficient to
support a judgment of conviction.
Dispositive Rvrsd,
ICAO APA"I'OH
180 SCRA 680
NAR@ASA; ;'m)r 22, 1282
$A#%R!
&AC#'
$ Ptiti#nr %ar'isi# I'a# -as a "r#vin'ia( guard
m"(#*d )* t! Pr#vin' #& Lam)#anga d( N#rt,
4is '!i& &un'ti#n -as t# guard "ris#nrs '#n&ind in
t! "r#vin'ia( /ai( (#'atd in ;i"#(#g Cit*, 4 -as
'!argd -it! t! &(#n* #& in&id(it* in t! 'ust#d* #&
"ris#nrs in t! CFI ;i"#(#g Cit*, and a&tr du
arraignmnt and tria(, -as '#nvi'td,
$ 1n t! sam da* t!at t! /udgmnt -as
"r#mu(gatd, "rivat rs"#ndnt I'a# &i(d a "titi#n
&#r "r#)ati#n "ursuant t# t! "r#visi#ns #& t!
Pr#)ati#n ?a- #& 1296, and -as r(asd &r#m
'ust#d* #n !is #-n r'#gni8an', 4 nvr
t!ra&tr s#ug!t t# ta. an a""a( #r !av t!
vrdi't rvrsd #r m#di&id, A''#rding t# S#($Gn,,
I'a#Qs a""(i'ati#n &#r "r#)ati#n -as a""r#vd,
N#t!ing in t! r'#rd '(ar(* su""#rts t!is assrti#n,
5!t!r #r n#t "r#)ati#n -as grantd is n#t,
!#-vr, matria(, %! 'as -i(( ) rs#(vd #n #t!r
'#nsidrati#ns,
$ A m#nt! (atr, t! rs"#ndnt +udgQs attnti#n -as
dra-n t# a (ttr #& t! Pr#)ati#n 1&&i'r #& ;i"#(#g
Cit*, r"(*ing t# an in3uir* #& t! 1&&i' #& t!
Pr#vin'ia( G#vrn#r, stating t!at "nding &ina( a'ti#n
#n !is "titi#n &#r "r#)ati#n, I'a# '#u(d '#ntinu
"r&#rming !is dutis as "r#vin'ia( guard in
a''#rdan' -it! t! s"irit and intnt #& t! Pr#)ati#n
?a-, %! rs"#ndnt +udg issud an #rdr,
ann#un'ing !is amndmnt #& t! /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n )* s"'i&*ing t! "ri#d #& tm"#rar*
s"'ia( dis3ua(i&i'ati#n #& I'a#, and r3uiring t!
(attrQs "rsn' &#r t! "r#mu(gati#n #& t!
amndd d'isi#n,
$ I'a# m#vd &#r r'#nsidrati#n, arguing t!at t!
C#urt !ad a(rad* (#st /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as, t!
/udgmnt !aving )'#m &ina(, and t! a(trati#n )*
t! rs"#ndnt +udg #& t! d'isi#n undr t!
'ir'umstan's -#u(d "(a' !im in d#u)( /#"ard*,
4is m#ti#n -as dnid, as -as, t##, a s'#nd >FR,
4n', t!is "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari and "r#!i)iti#n n#-
)&#r t!is C#urt,
I''%!
51N rs"#ndnt +udg !ad t! aut!#rit* t# m#di&*
t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n
(!"D
N1
Ratio A /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n ma* ) m#di&id #r
st asid )* t! '#urt rndring it )&#r t!
/udgmnt !as )'#m &ina( #r a""a( !as )n
"r&'td, A /udgmnt in a 'rimina( 'as )'#ms
&ina( a&tr t! (a"s #& t! "ri#d &#r "r&'ting an
a""a(, #r -!n t! sntn' !as )n "artia((* #r
t#ta((* satis&id #r srvd, #r t! d&ndant !as
:"rss(* -aivd in -riting !is rig!t t# a""a(. 0 !ec.
P& Rule 7DI of the Rules of Court of 789:4
Reasoning
% Kndr said ru(, t! rs"#ndnt +udg !ad '(ar(*
(#st t! aut!#rit* t# m#di&* t! /udgmnt #&
'#nvi'ti#n, .a/ %! /udgmnt in t!is 'as )'am
&ina( and :'ut#r* )'aus t! 15$da* "ri#d #&
a""a( "r#vidd )* (a- !ad (a"sd -it!#ut an a""a(
)ing ta.n, A /udgmnt -!i'! !as )'#m &ina( and
:'ut#r* 'an n# (#ngr ) amndd #r '#rr'td
:'"t #n(* as rgards '(ri'a( rr#rs, 4n', vn
t! su)s3unt dis'#vr* #& an rr#n#us im"#siti#n
#& a "na(t* -i(( n#t /usti&* '#rr'ti#n #& t! /udgmnt
a&tr it !as )'#m &ina(, .!/ Kndr Art, 44 #& RPC,
t! "na(t* #& arrst# im"#sd #n I'a# 'arris -it! it
t!at #& sus"nsi#n #& t! rig!t t# !#(d #&&i' and t!
rig!t #& su&&rag during t! trm #& t! sntn', %!
"(ain im"(i'ati#n -#u(d a""ar t# ) t!at '#urts !av
n# "#-r t# &i: a (#ngr trm &#r t!at a''ss#r*
"na(t* #& dis3ua(i&i'ati#n
Dispositive Ptiti#n GRAN%7;, C!a((ngd 1rdrs
annu((d and st asid,
*O'! CA
90 SCRA 259
>KX1L PA?>A; >ar'! 31, 1296
&AC#'
$ +#s -as '#nvi'td #& i((ga( "#ssssi#n #&
:"(#sivs <!andgrnad= and sntn'd t# su&&r
im"ris#nmnt #& &iv *ars, 4 s.s a n- tria( )ut
-as dnid )* t! CFI #& Pam"anga and a&&irmd )*
t! CA,
$ +#s -as arrstd )* t! (#'a( "#(i' &#r i((ga(
dis'!arg #& &irarm, r#))r* and i((ga( "#ssssi#n
#& :"(#sivs, 4#n, R#mr# a'3uittd a''usd +#s #&
i((ga( dis'!arg #& &irarm and r#))r*, )ut
'#nvi'td !im &#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& t!
!andgrnad t!at -as &#und #n !is "rs#n at t!
tim #& !is arrst,
$ A&tr "r#mu(gati#n #& t! /udgmnt, "titi#nr #n
t!at sam da*, &i(d !is n#ti' #& a""a(, Ptiti#nr
&i(d a m#ti#n "ra*ing t!at t! 'as ) r#"nd t#
"rmit !im t# "rsnt, "ursuant t# a rsrvati#n !
!ad mad in t! '#urs #& t! tria(, a "rmit t#
"#ssss t! !andgrnad in 3usti#n, %! tria( '#urt
dnid t! m#ti#n main(* #n t! gr#und t!at it !ad
(#st /urisdi'ti#n #vr t! 'as in vi- #& t!
"r&'ti#n #& t! a""a( )* t! a''usd #n t! vr*
dat t! d'isi#n -as "r#mu(gatd,
$ %! r'#rds -r t!n (vatd t# t! C#urt #&
A""a(s -!r "titi#nr as a''usd$a""((ant raisd
t! issus #& <1= an rr#n#us '#nvi'ti#n &#r i((ga(
"#ssssi#n #& :"(#sivs -!n t!r -as n# "r##& #&
an ssntia( (mnt #& t! 'rim, and <2= rr#n#us
dnia( #& !is m#ti#n t# r#"n t! 'as &#r t!
r'"ti#n #& !is "rmit t# "#ssss t! !andgrnad,
+#s "ra*d &#r !is a'3uitta( #r in t! a(trnativ &#r
t! rmand #& t! 'as )a'. t# t! tria( '#urt &#r a
n- tria(, CA a&&irmd R%C,
$ A m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n andM#r n- tria( -as
&i(d )ut -as dnid,
$ +#s &i(d )&#r t! SC )ut -as dnid, %!us t!is
>#ti#n &#r R'#nsidrati#n,
$ >ani&stati#n -as su)mittd )* t! S#(i'it#r
Gnra( in&#rming t! C#urt t!at in vi- #& t!
R"rsistn' #& a''usd "titi#nr ?#rn8# +#s )#t!
)&#r t!is 4#n#ra)( C#urt and rs"#ndnt C#urt #&
A""a(s as t# !is a((gd :isting a""#intmnt as PC
Agnt andM#r aut!#rit* t# "#ssss !andgrnad,R in
t! intrst #& /usti', ! -as '#nstraind t# ma.
"rtinnt in3uiris &r#m t! PC C!i&, Gn, Fid( @,
Ram#s -!# in r"(* snt !is (ttr datd ;'m)r
29, 1294 t!at stats t!at >r, ?#rn8# +#s -as
a""#intd as PC Agnt, %! S#(i'it#r Gnra( n#-
'#n'ds t!at t! intrsts #& /usti' -i(( )st )
srvd )* rmanding t!is 'as t# t! '#urt #& #rigin
&#r a n- tria(,
I''%!
51N CA '#mmittd an rr#r #& (a- and grav(*
a)us its dis'rti#n -!n it dnid "titi#nrQs
m#ti#n &#r n- tria( R&#r t! r'"ti#n #& <1= t!
-rittn "rmit #& "titi#nr t# "#ssss and us
!andgrnad, and <2= t! -rittn a""#intmnt #&
"titi#nr as PC agnt -it! C#d N#, P$36$68 and
C#d Nam QSa&ariQ <)#t! d#'umnts ar datd 31
+anuar* 1268=R
(!"D
67S
$ %!is is a situati#n -!r a rigid a""(i'ati#n #& ru(s
#& "r#'dur must )#- t# t! #vrriding g#a( #&
'#urts #& /usti' \ t# rndr /usti' -!r /usti' is
du t# s'ur t# vr* individua( a(( "#ssi)( (ga(
mans t# "r#v !is inn#'n' #& a 'rim #& -!i'! !
is '!argd, %! &ai(ur #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s t#
a""r'iat t! mrits #& t! situati#n, inv#(ving as it
d#s t! (i)rt* #& an individua(, t!r)* '(#sing its
ar t# a "(a t!at a mis'arriag #& /usti' ) avrtd,
'#nstituts a grav a)us #& dis'rti#n -!i'! 'a((s &#r
r(i& &r#m t!is C#urt,
$ 5 d# n#t 3usti#n t! '#rr'tnss #& t! &indings
#& t! C#urt #& A""a(s t!at t! vidn' s#ug!t t#
) "rsntd )* t! "titi#nr d# n#t &a(( undr t!
'atg#r* #& n-(*$dis'#vrd vidn' )'aus t!
sam !is a((gd a""#intmnt as an agnt #& t!
P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar* and a "rmit t# "#ssss a
!andgrnad -r su""#sd t# ) .n#-n t#
"titi#nr and :isting at t! tim #& tria( and n#t
dis'#vrd #n(* t!ra&tr,
$ It is indd an sta)(is!d ru( t!at &#r a n- tria(
t# ) grantd #n t! gr#und #& n-(* dis'#vrd
vidn', it must ) s!#-n t!at <a= t! vidn' -as
dis'#vrd a&tr tria(; <)= su'! vidn' '#u(d n#t
!av )n dis'#vrd and "r#du'd at t! tria( vn
-it! t! :r'is #& ras#na)( di(ign'; <'= t!
vidn' is matria(, n#t mr(* 'umu(ativ,
'#rr#)#rativ, #r im"a'!ing; and <d= it must g# t#
t! mrits as #ug!t t# "r#du' a di&&rnt rsu(t i&
admittd,
$ 4#-vr, "titi#nr !rin d#s n#t /usti&* !is
m#ti#n &#r a n- tria( #n n-(* dis'#vrd vidn',
)ut rat!r #n )r#adr gr#unds #& su)stantia( /usti'
undr S', 11, Ru( 124 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt -!i'!
"r#vidsC
RP#-r #& a""((at '#urt #n a""a(, K"#n a""a(
&r#m a /udgmnt #& t! C#urt #& First Instan', t!
a""((at '#urt ma* rvrs, a&&irm, #r m#di&* t!
/udgmnt and in'ras #r rdu' t! "na(t*
im"#sd )* t! tria( '#urt, rmand t! 'as t# t!
C#urt #& First Instan' &#r n- tria( #r rtria(, #r
dismiss t! 'as,R
$ Ptiti#nr assrts, and '#rr't(* s#, t!at t!
aut!#rit* #& rs"#ndnt a""((at '#urt #vr an
a""a(d 'as is )r#ad and am"( n#ug! t#
m)ra' situati#ns as t! instant 'as -!r t!
'#urt ma* grant a n- tria( #r a rtria( &#r ras#ns
#t!r t!an t!at "r#vidd in S'ti#n 13 #& t! sam
Ru(, #r S'ti#n 2, Ru( 121 #& t! Ru(s #& C#urt,
5!i( S'ti#n 13, Ru( 124, and S'ti#n 2, Ru( 121,
"r#vid &#r s"'i&i' gr#unds &#r a n- tria(, i,, n-(*
dis'#vrd vidn', and rr#rs #& (a- #r
irrgu(aritis '#mmittd during t! tria(, S'ti#n 11,
Ru( 124 3u#td a)#v d#s n#t s# s"'i&*, t!r)*
(aving t# t! s#und dis'rti#n #& t! '#urt t!
dtrminati#n, #n a 'as t# 'as )asis, #& -!at -#u(d
'#nstitut mrit#ri#us 'ir'umstan's -arranting a
n- tria( #r rtria(,
$ %!us, admittd(*, '#urts ma* sus"nd its #-n ru(s
#r :'"t a 'as &r#m t!m &#r t! "ur"#ss #&
/usti' #r, in a "r#"r 'as, disrgard t!m, In t!is
/urisdi'ti#n, in n#t a &- instan's, t!is C#urt #rdrd
a n- tria( in 'rimina( 'ass #n gr#unds n#t
mnti#nd in t! statut, vi8C rtra'ti#n #& -itnss,
ng(ign' #r in'#m"tn'* #& '#uns(, im"r#vidnt
"(a #& gui(t*, dis3ua(i&i'ati#n #& an att#rn* d #&i'i#
t# r"rsnt t! a''usd in t! tria( '#urt, and -!r
a /udgmnt -as rndrd #n a sti"u(ati#n #& &a'ts
ntrd int# )* )#t! t! "r#s'uti#n and t!
d&ns,
$ C!ara'tristi'a((*, a n- tria( !as )n ds'ri)d as
a n- invnti#n t# tm"r t! svrit* #& a /udgmnt
#r "rvnt t! &ai(ur #& /usti',
$ Ptiti#nr 'its 'rtain "'u(iar 'ir'umstan's
#)taining in t! 'as n#- )&#r Ks -!i'! ma* )
'(assi&id as :'"ti#na( n#ug! t# -arrant a n-
tria( i& #n(* t# a&&#rd !uman #""#rtunit* t# sta)(is!
!is inn#'n' #& t! 'rim '!argd,
$ %!us "titi#nr -as &a'ing a 'rimina( "r#s'uti#n
&#r i((ga( "#ssssi#n #& a !andgrnad in t! '#urt
)(#-, 4 '(aimd t# ) an agnt #& t! P!i(i""in
C#nsta)u(ar* -it! a "rmit t# "#ssss :"(#sivs
su'! as t! !andgrnad in 3usti#n, 4#-vr, !
&#und !ims(& in a situati#n -!r ! !ad t# ma. a
'!#i' rva( !is idntit* as an undr'#vr agnt #&
t! P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar* assignd t# "r&#rm
int((ign' -#r. #n su)vrsiv a'tivitis and &a'
"#ssi)( r"risa(s #r vn (i3uidati#n at t! !ands #&
t! dissidnts '#nsidring t!at F(#rida)(an'a, t! sit
#& t! in'idnt, -as in t! !art #& R4u.(andiaR, #r
rid #n t! !#" #& a "#ssi)( :#nrati#n #r
a'3uitta( )asd #n insu&&i'in'* #& t! vidn' #&
t! "r#s'uti#n, 5it!#ut rva(ing !is idntit* as an
agnt #& t! P!i(i""in C#nsta)u(ar*, ! '(aimd
)&#r t! tria( /udg t!at ! !ad a "rmit t# "#ssss
t! !andgrnad and "ra*d &#r tim t# "rsnt t!
sam, %! "rmit !#-vr '#u(d n#t ) "r#du'd
)'aus it -#u(d rva( !is int((ign' -#r.
a'tivitis, Cam t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n and -it!
it t! staggring im"a't #& a &iv$*ar im"ris#nmnt,
%! '#m"tnt aut!#ritis t!n ra(i8d t!at it -as
un/ust &#r t!is man t# g# t# /ai( &#r a 'rim ! !ad n#t
'#mmittd, !n', 'am t! dsird vidn'
'#n'rning "titi#nrQs a""#intmnt as a P!i(i""in
C#nsta)u(ar* agnt and !is aut!#rit* t# "#ssss a
!andgrnad &#r t! "r#t'ti#n #& !is "rs#n, )ut, it
-as t## (at a''#rding t# t! tria( '#urt )'aus in
t! mantim t! a''usd !ad "r&'td !is a""a(,
Dispositive PR7>IS7S C1NSI;7R7;, 5 !r)* st
asid t! /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n #& t! !rin
"titi#nr, ?#rn8# +#s, and rmand t! 'as t# t!
'#urt a 3u# &#r a n- tria( #n(* &#r t! "ur"#s #&
a((#-ing said a''usd t# "rsnt additi#na( vidn'
in !is d&ns, %! tria( '#urt s!a(( in&#rm t!is C#urt
#& t! &ina( #ut'#m #& t! 'as -it!in a ras#na)(
tim,
&IR'# 0OM!$R' CR!DI# BA)BA)
CARPI1 >1RA?7S; +anuar* 31, 2009
&AC#'
- First 5#mn0s Crdit C#r" &i(d a "titi#n )&#r
t! S'uritis and 7:'!ang C#mmissi#n <S7C=
against t! '#r"#rati#n0s #&&i'rs +a'int#, C#(a*'#,
Sangi( and Cru8, &#r a((gd mismanagmnt #& t!
'#r"#rati#n,
$ %! S7C, in S7C Cas N#, 11$29$5816, 'ratd an
Intrim >anagmnt C#mmitt <I>C= &#r t!
'#r"#rati#n )* 1rdr #& N#vm)r 19, 1222, %!
1rdr -as u"!(d )* t! S7C n )an' #n +u(* 4,
2000,
$ %! I>C t!ru"#n issud dir'tivs t# t!
'#r"#rati#n0s "rsidnt Ant#ni# %a*a# and '#r"#rat
s'rtar* and trasurr G(i'ri# Pr8,
$ A((gd(* in '#ns"ira'* -it! +a'int# and C#(a*'#,
%a*a# and Pr8 d&id t! im"(mntati#n #& t!
S7C N#vm)r 19, 1222 1rdr
6
-!n I>C attm"td
t# ntr t! main #&&i' #& t! '#r"#rati#n in >a.ati
#n ;'m)r 3, 1222, ;'m)r 22, 1222 and
+anuar* 28, 2000
$ %! I>C t!n "rvntiv(* sus"ndd %a*a# and
Pr8, 4#-vr, %a*a# and Pr8 '#ntinud t# issu
mm#randa t# t! m"(#*s t# dis#)* t! I>C,
?atr, t! I>C dismissd t!m )#t!,
$ %! '#r"#rati#n, r"rsntd )* Sata*ama
<min#rit* st#'.!#(dr=, &i(d )&#r t! >a.ati Cit*
Pr#s'ut#r 'rimina( '#m"(aints against +a'int#,
C#(a*'#, %a*a# and Pr8 &#rC
a= Arti'( 151 -!i'! "unis!s rsistan' and
dis#)din' t# "rs#n in aut!#rit* #r t! agnts #&
su'! "rs#n <20 '#unts=;
)= Arti'( 154 -!i'! "unis!s t! un(a-&u( us #&
mans #& "u)(i'ati#n and un(a-&u( uttran's <2
'#unts=;
'= Arti'( 192<2= -!i'! "unis!s &a(si&i'ati#n )*
"rivat individua(s and us #& &a(si&id d#'umnts <2
'#unts=;
d= Arti'( 315, "aragra"! 2<a= 7sta&a )* &a(s(*
"rtnding t# ) #&&i'rs #& F5CC <23 '#unts=
$ %! invstigating "r#s'ut#r &#und n# "r#)a)(
'aus &#r vi#(ati#ns undr A151, A154 and A315,
4#-vr, it &#und "r#)a)( 'aus &#r 2 '#unts #&
vi#(ati#n #& A 192<2= against +a'int#, C#(a*'# and
Pr8, and 3 '#unts #& grav '#r'i#n against %a*a#
and 3 s'uirt* guards,, %! Cit* "r#s'ut#r a""r#vd
t! invstigating "r#s'ut#r0s rs#(uti#n,
$ %! rs"#ndnts a""a(d t# t! ;1+, %! ;1+
rvrsd t! rs#(uti#n and #rdrd t!at t!
in&#rmati#ns ) -it!dra-n, %! '#r"#rati#n m#vd
t# r'#nsidr )ut -as dnid )* t! ;1+, %!* t!n
assai(d t! ;1+ #rdr )&#r t! CA,
$ In t! mantim, rs"#ndnts &i(d a m#ti#n t#
dismiss t! 'rimina( 'ass, +udg Ba*)a* grantd t!
m#ti#n,
I''%!'
1, 51N t! /udg '#rr't(* dismissd t! 'rimina(
'as
2, 51N t! #n(* rmd* &#r t! "titi#nrs -as a
"titi#n &r# 'rti#rari, n#t an #rdinar* a""a(
(!"D
1, N1
$ As t# -!at m#d #& rvi- "titi#nrs ma* avai( #&
a&tr a '#urt grants an a''usd0s m#ti#n t# -it!dra-
in&#rmati#n andM#r t# dismiss t! 'as, S'ti#n 1 #&
Ru( 122 #& t! 2000 Rvisd Ru(s #& Crimina(
Pr#'dur instru'tsC RAn* "art* ma* a""a( &r#m a
/udgmnt #r &ina( #rdr, un(ss t! a''usd -i(( )
"(a'd in d#u)( /#"ard*,R
$ In avai(ing #& t! rmd* #& 'rti#rari )&#r t!
R%C, "titi#nrs '(aim t!at t!* !ad n# "(ain,
ad3uat and s"d* rmd* t# 3usti#n t! >%C0s
grant #& t! m#ti#n,
$%! r'#rds #& t! 'ass s!#-, !#-vr, t!at t!
m#ti#n -as grantd )* t! >%C )&#r rs"#ndnts
-r arraignd, %!us, t! "r#!i)iti#n against a""a(
in 'as a 'rimina( 'as is dismissd as t! a''usd
-#u(d ) "(a'd in d#u)( /#"ard* d#s n#t a""(*,
$ Ptiti#nrs n#t !aving avai(d #& t! "r#"r rmd*
t# assai( t! dismissa( #& t! 'ass, t! dismissa( !ad
)'#m &ina( and :'ut#r*, 1n t!is s'#r a(#n, t!
"rsnt "titi#n must &ai(,
2, 67S
$ %! /udg mad a &inding ind"ndnt #& t!at #&
t! ;1+0s,
$ %! tria( '#urt did strss in its ;'m)r 3, 2002
1rdr dn*ing t! m#ti#n &#r r'#nsidrati#n t!at it
-as )#und t# ma., as it did, a "r(iminar* &inding
ind"ndnt(* #& t!#s #& t! S'rtar* #& +usti',
$ %! tria( /udg nd n#t stat -it! s"'i&i'it* #r
ma. a (ngt!* :"#siti#n #& t! &a'tua( and (ga(
&#undati#n r(id u"#n )* !im t# arriv at !is
d'isi#n, It su&&i's t!at u"#n !is #-n "rs#na(
va(uati#n #& t! vidn' and t! (a- inv#(vd in
t! 'as, ! is '#nvin'd t!at t!r is n# "r#)a)(
'aus t# indi't t! a''usd,
DSKPRA, PAG7 82E
P!OP"! BA)O#A'
236 SCRA 232
R1>7R1; S"tm)r 2, 1224
&AC#'
$ R#g(i# Ba*#tas -as '!argd -it! Ra" and
vntua((* '#nvi'td t!r#&, Pnding a""a( #& !is
'#nvi'ti#n, Ba*#tas did at t! Nati#na( Bi(i)id
4#s"ita(, C#ns3unt(*, t! Su"rm C#urt
dismissd t! 'rimina( as"'t #& t! a""a(,
4#-vr, it r3uird t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( t# &i( its
'#mmnt -it! rgard t# Ba*#tasQ 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising
&r#m !is '#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns '!argd, In !is
'#mmnt, t! S#(i'it#r Gnra( :"rssd !is vi-
t!at t! dat! #& a''usd$a""((ant did n#t
:tinguis! !is 'ivi( (ia)i(it* as a rsu(t #& !is
'#mmissi#n #& t! #&&ns '!argd,
$ C#uns( &#r t! a''usd$a""((ant argus t!at t!
dat! #& t! a''usd -!i( /udgmnt #& '#nvi'ti#n is
"nding a""a( :tinguis!s )#t! !is 'rimina( and
'ivi( "na(tis, Said '#uns( inv#.d t! ru(ing #& t!
CA in People v, Castillo and Acfemia -!i'! !(d t!at
t! 'ivi( #)(igati#n in a 'rimina( 'as ta.s r##t in t!
'rimina( (ia)i(it* and, t!r&#r, 'ivi( (ia)i(it* is
:tinguis!d i& a''usd s!#u(d di )&#r &ina(
/udgmnt is rndrd,
I''%!
51N dat! #& t! a''usd "nding a""a( #& !is
'#nvi'ti#n :tinguis!s !is 'ivi( (ia)i(it*
(!"D
67S
Ratio Arti'( 82 #& t! Rvisd Pna( C#d is t!
'#ntr#((ing statut, It rads, in "artC Crimina( (ia)i(it*
is t#ta((* :tinguis!d G B* t! dat! #& t! '#nvi't,
as t# t! "rs#na( "na(tis; and as t# t! "'uniar*
"na(tis (ia)i(it* t!r&#r is :tinguis!d #n(* -!n
t! dat! #& t! #&&ndr #''urs )&#r &ina(
/udgmnt, %! trm &ina( /udgmnt m"(#*d in t!
RPC mans /udgmnt )*#nd r'a((, Ra((*, as (#ng
as a /udgmnt !as n#t )'#m :'ut#r*, it 'ann#t
) trut!&u((* said t!at d&ndant is d&init(* gui(t* #&
t! &(#n* '!argd against !im, I& t! "rivat
#&&ndd "art*, u"#n :tin'ti#n #& t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* e+
delicto dsirs t# r'#vr damags &r#m t! same
act or omission complained of& ! must, su)/'t t#
S'ti#n 1, Ru( 111, &i( a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n, t!is
tim "rdi'atd n#t #n t! &(#n* "rvi#us(* '!argd
)ut #n #t!r s#ur's #& #)(igati#n, 5 summari8
#ur ru(ing !rinC
1, ;at! #& t! a''usd "nding a""a( #& !is
'#nvi'ti#n :tinguis!s !is 'rimina( (ia)i(it* as -((
as t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* )asd s#((* t!r#n,
2, C#r#((ari(*, t! '(aim &#r 'ivi( (ia)i(it* survivs
n#t-it!standing t! dat! #& a''usd, i& t! sam
ma* a(s# ) "rdi'atd #n a s#ur' #& #)(igati#n
#t!r t!an d(i't,
3, 5!r t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* survivs, an a'ti#n &#r
r'#vr* t!r&#r ma* ) "ursud )ut #n(* )* -a* #&
&i(ing a s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n
4, %! "rivat #&&ndd "art* nd n#t &ar a
&#r&itur #& !is rig!t t# &i( t!is s"arat 'ivi( a'ti#n
)* "rs'ri"ti#n, in 'ass -!r during t!
"r#s'uti#n #& t! 'rimina( a'ti#n and "ri#r t# its
:tin'ti#n, t! "rivat$#&&ndd "art* institutd
t#gt!r t!r-it! t! 'ivi( a'ti#n, In su'! 'as, t!
statut #& (imitati#ns #n t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it* is dmd
intrru"td during t! "ndn'* #& t! 'rimina( 'as,
'#n&#rma)(* -it! "r#visi#ns #& Arti'( 1155 #& t!
Civi( C#d, t!at s!#u(d t!r)* av#id an*
a""r!nsi#n #n a "#ssi)( "rivati#n #& rig!t )*
"rs'ri"ti#n,
A""(*ing t!is st #& ru(s t# t! 'as at )n'!, -
!#(d t!at t! dat! #& a""((ant Ba*#tas
:tinguis!d !is 'rimina( (ia)i(it* and t! 'ivi( (ia)i(it*
)asd s#((* #n t! a't '#m"(aind #&, i,e,, ra",
Dispositive %! a""a( is ;IS>ISS7;,
MAR#I$!/ CA <"A%R!">
239 SCRA 595
NAR@ASA; 1't#)r 13, 1224
$A#%R!
%!is "titi#n &#r rvi- "ra*s &#r t! rvrsa( #& t!
rs#(uti#ns #& t! C#urt #& A""a(s,
&AC#'
$ >anu( P, >artin8 a'tua((* s.s t! dismissa( #&
t! in&#rmati#n &#r (i)( &i(d against !im in t! %ria(
C#urt,
$ 1n '#m"(aint #& t!n @i'$Prsidnt Sa(vad#r 4,
?aur(, an In&#rmati#n -as &i(d )&#r t! R%C #&
>ani(a )* Assistant Pr#s'ut#r Ant#ni# +, Ba((na,
'!arging >anu( P, >artin8 -it! (i)( arising &r#m
t! a((gd(* dr#gat#r* and s'urri(#us im"utati#ns
and insinuati#ns against ?aur( '#ntaind in
>artin8Q arti'( ntit(d R%! S#rr#-s #& ?aur(R
"u)(is!d #n +anuar* 8, 1220 in !is >ani(a %ims
'#(umn,
$ >artin8 &i(d a R>#ti#n &#r Rinvstigati#nR -!i'!
-as dnid )* +udg >anu( 7, 6u8#n, %! 'as -as
st &#r arraignmnt and "r$tria( '#n&rn' #n +u(*
31, 1220, )ut t!is stting -as 'an'((d in vi- #&
+udg 6u8#nQs rtirmnt,
$ >artin8 &i(d a "titi#n -it! t! ;1+ s.ing rvi-
#& t! rs#(uti#n #& t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r &inding a
"rima &a'i 'as #& (i)( against !im, A''#rding(*, 3rd
Asst, Cit* Pr#s'ut#r ?#urds C, %a)anag &i(d )&#r
t! tria( '#urt a m#ti#n t# sus"nd "r#'dings
"nding rs#(uti#n )* t! ;1+ #& >artin8Q "titi#n
&#r rvi-, -!i'! -as grantd )* +udg P"it#,
$ C#m"(ainant ?aur( attm"td #n' m#r t# !av
t! 'as st &#r arraignmnt and tria(, N# a'ti#n -as
ta.n #n !is said m#ti#n,
$ August 16, 1221C A'ting +usti' S'rtar* Si(vstr
4, B((# III d'(ard intr a(ia t!at -!i( t! (anguag
usd in t! arti'( ma* ) unsav#r* and un"(asant
t# '#m"(ainant, t! sam -as n#t a'ti#na)( as (i)(,
as it m)#did mr(* an #"ini#n "r#t'td as a
"rivi(gd '#mmuni'ati#n undr Arti'( 354 #& t!
RPC, %! a""a(d rs#(uti#n -as st asid and t!
Cit* Pr#s'ut#r -as dir'td t# 'aus t! dismissa(
#& t! in&#rmati#n &i(d against >anu( F, >artin8,
C#ns3unt(*, a m#ti#n t# dismiss -as &i(d #n
August 26, 1221 and st &#r !aring #n ;'m)r
19, 1221, At t! !aring, u"#n mani&stati#n #&
'#m"(ainantQs '#uns(, as "rivat "r#s'ut#r, t!at !
!ad r'ivd n# '#"* #& t! m#ti#n t# dismiss, t!
tria( '#urt dir'td t! 'as "r#s'ut#r t# &urnis!
said '#uns( t! dsird '#"*, giving t! (attr tn
<10= da*s t# rs"#nd t!rt#,
$ >#ti#n t# dismiss -as grantd )* +udg R#)rt#
Barri#s,
$ ?aur( -nt t# CA as'ri)ing rr#r t# t! (#-r '#urt,
$ CA issud a Rs#(uti#n granting t! a""a( and
rmanding t! 'as &#r arraignmnt #& t! a''usd
and tria( #n t! mrits, %! A""((at C#urt ru(d
t!at "rivat '#m"(ainant !ad Rsu&&i'int "rs#na(it*
and a va(id grivan' against t! #rdr #& dismissa(
)&#r arraignmntR and t!at t! rmd* #& a""a(
-as "r#"rt* avai(a)( )'aus t! #rdr #&
dismissa( -as a &ina( #rdr -!i'! trminatd a((
"r#'dings in t! 'as,
$ %! &au(t #r rr#r tainting t! #rdr #& dismissa( #&
t! (#-r '#urt '#nsists in its &ai(ur t# #)srv
"r#'dura( du "r#'ss and t# :r'is its dis'rti#n
"r#"r(* and /udi'i#us(*,
$ %! dismissa( -as )asd mr(* #n t! &indings #&
t! A'ting S'rtar* #& +usti' t!at n# (i)( -as
'#mmittd, %! tria( /udg did n#t ma. an
ind"ndnt va(uati#n #r assssmnt #& t! mrits
#& t! 'as,
$ %! grant #& t! m#ti#n t# dismiss -as )asd u"#n
'#nsidrati#ns #t!r t!an t! /udgQs #-n "rs#na(
individua( '#nvi'ti#n t!at t!r -as n# 'as against
t! a''usd, %! tria( /udg must !ims(& )
'#nvin'd t!at t!r -as indd n# su&&i'int
vidn' against t! a''usd, and t!is '#n'(usi#n
'an ) arrivd at #n(* a&tr an assssmnt #& t!
vidn' in t! "#ssssi#n #& t! "r#s'uti#n,
Petitioners Claim
$ >artin8 m#vd t# dismiss t! a""a( #n t!
gr#und t!at n# a""a( (is &r#m t! dismissa( #& a
'rimina( 'as, and 'rtain(* n#t )* t! "rivat
'#m"(ainant, "arti'u(ar(* -!r dismissa( -as at t!
instan' #& t! Cit* Pr#s'ut#r u"#n #rdrs #& t!
;"artmnt #& +usti',
$ I& an* rmd* -as avai(a)( t# "rivat '#m"(ainant,
it -as a "titi#n &#r 'rti#rari, n#t an a""a(,
I''%!
51N '#m"(ainant is a((#-d t# &i( an a""a(
(!"D
67S
Ratio %! rig!t t# a""a( &r#m a &ina( /udgmnt #r
#rdr in a 'rimina( 'as is grantd t# Ran* "art*R,
:'"t -!n t! a''usd is "(a'd t!r)* in d#u)(
/#"ard*,
Reasoning
S'ti#n 2, Ru( 122 RCP
R5!# ma* a""a(, An* "art* ma* a""a( &r#m a &ina(
/udgmnt #r #rdr, :'"t i& t! a''usd -#u(d )
"(a'd t!r)* in d#u)( /#"ard*,B
$ C#urt ru(d t!at t! -#rd R"art*R must )
undrst##d t# man n#t #n(* t! g#vrnmnt and
t! a''usd, )ut a(s# #t!r "rs#ns -!# ma* )
a&&'td )* t! /udgmnt rndrd in t! 'rimina(
"r#'ding, %!us, t! "art* in/urd )* t! 'rim !as
)n !(d t# !av t! rig!t t# a""a( &r#m a
rs#(uti#n #& t! '#urt -!i'! is dr#gat#r* t# !is
rig!t t# dmand 'ivi( (ia)i(it* arising &r#m t! #&&ns,
<People v. Guido4
$ A1&&ndd "artis in 'rimina( 'ass !av su&&i'int
intrst and "rs#na(it* as Q"rs#n<s= aggrivdQ t#
&i( t! s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n #& "r#!i)iti#n and
'rti#rari undr S'ti#ns 1 and 2 #& Ru( 65 in (in
-it! t! undr(*ing s"irit #& t! (i)ra( '#nstru'ti#n
#& t! Ru(s #& C#urtGB
$ %! "r#'dura( r'#urs #& a""a( ta.n )* "rivat
'#m"(ainant ?aur( is '#rr't )'aus t! #rdr #&
dismissa( -as a &ina( #rdr, It &ina((* dis"#sd #& t!
"nding a'ti#n s# t!at n#t!ing m#r '#u(d ) d#n
-it! it in t! (#-r '#urt,
$ %! rmd* against su'! a /udgmnt is an a""a(,
rgard(ss #& t! 3usti#ns s#ug!t t# ) raisd #n
a""a(, -!t!r #& &a't, #r #& (a-, -!t!r inv#(ving
/urisdi'ti#n #r grav a)us #& dis'rti#n #& t! %ria(
C#urt, , , , <%=! "art* aggrivd , , , did n#t !av t!
#"ti#n t# su)stitut t! s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n #&
'rti#rari undr Ru( 65 &#r t! rmd* #& a""a(
"r#vidd &#r in Ru( 41, Indd, t! :istn' and
avai(a)i(it* #& t! rig!t #& a""a( ar antit!ti'a( t#
t! avai(mnt #& t! s"'ia( 'ivi( a'ti#n #& 'rti#rari,
$ %! ru( t!r&#r in t!is /urisdi'ti#n is t!at #n' a
'#m"(aint #r in&#rmati#n is &i(d in C#urt an*
dis"#siti#n #& t! 'as as its dismissa( #r t!
'#nvi'ti#n #r a'3uitta( #& t! a''usd rsts in t!
s#und dis'rti#n #& t! C#urt, A(t!#ug! t! &is'a(
rtains t! dir'ti#n and '#ntr#( #& t! "r#s'uti#n #&
'rimina( 'ass vn -!i( t! 'as is a(rad* in C#urt
! 'ann#t im"#s !is #"ini#n #n t! tria( '#urt, %!
C#urt is t! )st and s#( /udg #n -!at t# d# -it!
t! 'as )&#r it, <Crespo v. (ogul4
Dispositive Ptiti#n is dnid,
CR%/ DIR!C#OR O& PRI'O$'
19 P4I? 262
%R7N%; N#vm)r 3, 1210
$A#%R!
Ptiti#n &#r -rit #& !a)as '#r"us
&AC#'
$ +uan >, Cru8 -as trid, '#nvi'td, and sntn'd )*
CFI >ani(a &#r vi#(ati#n #& t! "r#visi#ns #& A't N#,
222 )* t! P!i( C#mmissi#n <&&'tiv N#v 4, 1201=,
$ Casg1C '#ns"ira'* against t! g#vrnmnt, 4
-as sntn'd t# 3 *rs im"ris#nmnt, and &in #&
P1,000 -it! su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt in 'as #&
ins#(vn'* in t! "a*mnt #& t! &in,
$ Casg2C sditi#n, 4 -as sntn'd t#
im"ris#nmnt #& 2 *rs, and &in #& KS h2,000
<iP!P4000=, %!is (ast 'as -as a""a(d t#, and
a&&irmd )* SC, -it!#ut su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt,
$ N#v 15, 1205C Cru8 '#mmn'd t# srv t!s
sntn's,
$ N#v 15, 1210C su""#sd :"ir* #& 5*r t#ta( "ris#n
trm,
$ +un 4, 1210C :"ir* #& "ris#n trm #n a''#unt #&
g##d '#ndu't a((#-an', as "r#vidd )* A't N#, 1533
<Cru8 -as n#t a((#-d t! &u(( tim &#r g##d '#ndu't
#n a''#unt #& 'rtain vi#(ati#ns #& "ris#n
rgu(ati#ns=,
$ 1't 14, 1210C "titi#n &#r -rit #! !a)as '#r"us
-as &i(d in )!a(& #& Cru8,
) /arden of Bilibid Prison sa's Cru8 is n#- srving
t! su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt #n a''#unt #& !is &ai(ur
t# "a* t! P1,000 &in in 'asg1, At t! rat #& P2,50
a da*, said su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt -i(( :"ir a)#ut
t! 2t! #& +u(*, 1211,
$ 1't 21, 1210C -rit as "ra*d &#r -as issud,
4aring -as st t! n:t da*,
I''%!
51N t!at "art #& t! sntn' #& t! CFI
'#ndmning Cru8 t# su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt in 'as
#& ins#(vn'* in t! "a*mnt #& t! P1,000 &in is
(ga(
(!"D
N1
$ CFI !ad /urisdi'ti#n #& t! #&&ns '#m"(aind #&, It
!ad /urisdi'ti#n #& t! "ris#nr -!# -as "r#"r(*
)r#ug!t )&#r it, It !ad /urisdi'ti#n t# !ar and
d'id u"#n t! d&ns #&&rd )* !im, )ut it did
n#t !av "#-r t# sntn' t! "titi#nr t#
su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt in 'as #& ins#(vn'* in t!
"a*mnt #& t! &in im"#sd, It is t!r&#r '(ar
t!at t!at "art #& t! /udgmnt is v#id,
$ A't N#, 1932 <&&'tiv N#vm)r 1, 1209=C -!n a
&in is im"#sd as a -!#(, #r as an* "art #& t!
"unis!mnt &#r an* 'rimina( #&&ns mad
"unis!a)( )* an* A't #& t! P!i(i""in C#mmissi#n,
t! '#urt s!a(( a(s# sntn' t! gui(t* "rs#n t#
su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt unti( t! &in is satis&id;
"r#vidd t!at su'! su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt s!a((
n#t, in an* 'as, :'d #n *ar; )ut in 'as t!
'#urt im"#ss )#t! a &in and im"ris#nmnt t!
su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt s!a(( n#t :'d #n$t!ird
#& t! trm #& im"ris#nmnt im"#sd )* su'!
sntn',
$ %!is "r#visi#n is n#t a""(i'a)( t# Cru8 )'aus t!
"na(t* -as im"#sd u"#n !im (#ng )&#r A't N#,
1932 -nt int# &&'t, Pna( statuts 'an n#t !av a
rtr#a'tiv &&'t &#r t! ras#n t!at su'! &&'t
-#u(d n#t ) )n&i'ia( t# t! "titi#nr, <Art, 22,
Pna( C#d; KS v >a'asat=
$ Pri#r t# t! "assag #& A't N#, 1932, CFIs !ad n#
aut!#rit* t# im"#s su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt &#r
&ai(ur t# "a* &ins in 'ass #& '#nvi'ti#n &#r
vi#(ati#ns #& t! A'ts issud )* t! P!i(i""in
C#mmissi#n, Su'! rr#rs <rgarding aut!#rit* t#
im"#s t! "na(t* #& su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt in
'as #& ins#(vn'*= -!n '#mmittd !av )n
'#rr'td )* SC in t!#s 'ass -!i'! -r a""a(dC
KS v 4ut'!ins#n, KS v ?inss, and KS v >a'asat,
am#ng t!m,
$ CFI did n#t !av "#-r t# sntn' Cru8 t#
su)sidiar* im"ris#nmnt in 'as #& ins#(vn'* in t!
"a*mnt #& t! &in im"#sd,
) !C at this time has no power to correct this error
committed b' the court below& neither has it power
to remand the case to the trial court for that
purpose. The fact that Cru" did not appeal can not
affect the $uestion as the two penalties imposed are
separate and distinct.
$ %! '#urts uni&#rm(* !#(d t!at -!r a sntn'
im"#ss a "unis!mnt in :'ss #& t! "#-r #& t!
'#urt t# im"#s, su'! sntn' is v#id as t# t!
:'ss, and s#m #& t! '#urts !#(d t!at t!
sntn' is v#id in toto; )ut t! -ig!t #& aut!#rit*
sustains t! "r#"#siti#n t!at su'! a sntn' is v#id
#n(* as t# t! :'ss im"#sd in 'as t! "arts ar
s"ara)(, t! ru( )ing t!at t! "titi#nr is n#t
ntit(d t# !is dis'!arg #n a -rit #& !a)as '#r"us
un(ss ! !as srvd #ut s# mu'! #& t! sntn' as
-as va(id,
$ 5ardn agrs Cru8 !as srvd #ut t! ntir "art
#& t! sntn's -!i'! CFI !ad "#-r t# im"#s, and
ad!ring t# t! ru( t!at t!at "art #& t! sntn's
im"#sd )* t! '#urt )(#- in :'ss #& its
/urisdi'ti#n is v#id, t! "titi#nr is ntit(d t# !is
r(as,
Dispositive Cru8 #rdrd dis'!argd &r#m 'ust#d*,
P!OP"! C%"A
322 SCRA 101
>7?1; >ar'! 28, 2000
&AC#'
$ A''usd$a""((ants >anu( Cu(a 6 Bandi((a and
+#s(it# ?#"8 6 R#'# -r '!argd &#r ra"ing t!
&#rmr0s 16$*ar #(d daug!tr, >ari'( Cu(a,
$ A''usd$a""((ants -r &#und gui(t* )*#nd
ras#na)( d#u)t #& t! 'rim #& ra" as '!argd in
t! In&#rmati#n,
$ >anu( Cu(a -as sntn'd t# su&&r t! "na(t* #&
dat! -!i( +#s(it# ?#"8, t! "na(t* #& R'(usi#n
Pr"tua,
I''%!
51N t! '#urt rrd in im"#sing t! "na(t* #&
dat!
(!"D
67S
$ It is a -(($sta)(is!d ru( in 'rimina( "r#'dur
t!at an a""a( in a 'rimina( "r#'ding t!r#-s t!
-!#( 'as #"n &#r rvi- and it )'#ms t! dut*
#& t! a""((at '#urt t# '#rr't an rr#r in t!
a""a(d /udgmnt, -!t!r t!is is assignd as an
rr#r #r n#t,
$ In t! 'as at )ar, t! tria( '#urt, "ursuant t#
S'ti#n 11 #& R"u)(i' 9652, im"#sd t! "na(t* #&
dat! u"#n a''usd$a""((ant >anu( Cu(a, ta.ing
int# a''#unt t! min#rit* #& >ari'( as s! is said t#
!av )n #n(* 16 *ars #(d at t! tim #& t! ra"
in'idnt, as -(( as t! r(ati#ns!i" #& &at!r and
daug!tr )t-n t!m,
$ P#"( vs, +avirC 4#-vr it is signi&i'ant t# n#t
t!at t! "r#s'uti#n &ai(d t# "rsnt t! )irt!
'rti&i'at #& t! '#m"(ainant, A(t!#ug! t! vi'tim0s
ag -as n#t '#ntstd )* t! d&ns, "r##& #& ag
#& t! vi'tim is "arti'u(ar(* n'ssar* in t!is 'as
'#nsidring t!at t! vi'timQs ag -!i'! -as t!n 16
*ars #(d is /ust t-# *ars (ss t!an t! ma/#rit* ag
#& 18,
$ At a(( vnts, it is t! )urdn #& t! "r#s'uti#n t#
"r#v -it! 'rtaint* t! &a't t!at t! vi'tim -as
)(#- 18 -!n t! ra" -as '#mmittd in #rdr t#
/usti&* t! im"#siti#n #& t! dat! "na(t*, %!
r'#rd #& t! 'as is )r&t #& an* ind"ndnt
vidn', su'! as t! vi'timQs du(* 'rti&id
Crti&i'at #& ?iv Birt!, a''urat(* s!#-ing "rivat
'#m"(ainantQs ag,
$ %! &a't t!at a''usd$a""((ant >anu( !as n#t
dnid t! a((gati#n in t! '#m"(aint t!at >ari'(
-as 16 *ars #(d -!n t! 'rim -as '#mmittd
'ann#t ma. u" &#r t! &ai(ur #& t! "r#s'uti#n t#
dis'!arg its )urdn in t!is rgard,
$ B'aus #& t!is (a"s, as -(( as t! '#rrs"#nding
&ai(ur #& t! tria( '#urt t# ma. a 'atg#ri'a( &inding
as t# t! min#rit* #& t! vi'tim, - !#(d t!at t!
3ua(i&*ing 'ir'umstan' #& min#rit* undr R"u)(i'
A't N#, 9652 'ann#t ) a""r'iatd in t!is 'as, and
a''#rding(* t! dat! "na(t* 'ann#t ) im"#sd,
$ %! a-ard #& damags mad )* t! tria( '#urt
s!#u(d (i.-is ) m#di&id, As rgards t! 'ivi(
indmnit*, t!is C#urt !as t# dat '#nsistnt(* ru(d
t!at i&, in t! 'rim #& ra", t! dat! "na(t* is
im"#sd, t! indmnit* e+ delicto &#r t! vi'tim
s!#u(d ) in t! am#unt #& P95,000,00; and i& t!
dat! "na(t* is n#t d'rd )* t! C#urt, t! vi'tim
-#u(d instad ) ntit(d t# P50,000, A''#rding(*,
a''usdYa""((ants s!a(( a'! "a* t! am#unt #&
P50,000,00 as 'ivi( indmnit* &#r a'! '#unt #& ra",
In additi#n, as !(d in P#"( vs, Prads, )#t!
a''usd$a""((ants must a'! indmni&* t! vi'tim
t! am#unt #& P50,000,00 as m#ra( damags &#r
a'! '#unt #& ra" -it!#ut t! nd #& "(ading #r
"r##& as t! )asis t!r#&, ?ast(*, a''usdYa""((ant
>anu( is a(s# (ia)( t# "a* t! sum #& P20,000,00 as
:m"(ar* damags t# dtr #t!r &at!rs -it!
"rvrs tndn'is #r a)rrant s:ua( )!avi#r
&r#m s:ua((* a)using t!ir #-n daug!trs
Dispositive Kudgmnt a""a(d &r#m -as a&&irmd
-it! t! m#di&i'ati#n,

A2010 Criminal Procedure Digests

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A2010 Criminal Procedure Digests

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Criminal Procedure a2010 page 1 Prof.

Rowena Daroy Morales

You might also like