Kusuma Darma A362090031

Hachib

A
Insect-Plant Diseases Interaction
Group : Group II (ssDNA)
Family : Geminiviridae
Genus : Begomovirus
Species : Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus
Synonym : Tomato Leaf Curl Virus
Distribution : World wide
On tomato, symptoms develop on young plants after 10 to
14 days after plants are infected
Plants are severely stunted with shoots becoming erect.
Leaflets are reduced in size and pucker. Leaflets curl
upwards, become distorted, and have prominent yellowing
along margins and/or interveinal regions.
Flowers wither, often drop or fail to set fruit. Plants infected
before flowering stage will produce extremely low yields.
The appearance of the fruit is unaffected

Tomato is the main host
Natural infections also occur on lisianthus
(Eustoma grandiflorum), jimsonweed
(Datura stramonium), black nightshade
(Solanum nigrum), pepper (Capsicum)
and beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
Little mallow (Malva parviflora) and
tobacco can also be infected but
symptomsless


The virus is not seed-borne
Transmitted mechanically (?)
Transmitted by the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, which is
commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical
regions, and in greenhouses in temperate areas
The whitefly vector has a very wide host range and
feeds by sucking plant juices from the underside of
leaves of crops such as tomato, tobacco, cucumber,
sweet potato, as well as some weeds
Persistent
Trans stadial but not trans ovarial
Acquisition period : 30 minutes
Incubation period : about 24 hours
Inoculation period : 15 minutes
Retention period : 20 days
Virus does not transmit to its progeny
One-day-old insects were reared on eggplants.
Groups of insects were collected after various
periods of time for a 48 h acquisition access
period, then caged with tomato test plants for a
24 h inoculation access period

Disease incidence varies with location rather than with
season. Disease incidence increases rapidly and can reach
100% infection at harvest.
Hot and dry conditions favor the whitefly, and therefore,
help the spread of TYLCV
Whitefly populations decrease after heavy rain showers.
Under normal conditions whiteflies hover above the crop
during the day or they are passively wind-driven over long
distances
During the night they settle on the lower leaf surfaces
Cultural practices
Chemical control
Resistant variety
Biological control

Prevent early infection
of seedlings by whitefly
feeding :
Insect-proof nethouse
(50-mesh size or finer)
Greenhouse
Insecticides
Pull out diseased
seedlings
Use about 30 days old of tomato plants at the
time of transplanting
Avoid overlapping tomato crops that allow the
vector to subsist and develop new populations.
Practice crop rotation by planting crops that are
not susceptible to whitefly
Rouging of volunteer tomato and tobacco plants
and weed control to reduce sources of virus
inoculum
Spray infected plants with an insecticide before
rouging to prevent migration of whitefly vectors
to neighboring plants
Rouge infected seedlings in the seedbed or
infected plants in the field to reduce spread of
the disease by whiteflies
Rouged plants should be placed in plastic bags
and tied shut to prevent spread of whiteflies
Mulch the seedbeds
Mulch tomato fields with sawdust or straw
Sanitation :
Infected plants
Alternative host of virus and vector
Plant debris after harvest

Border crop, such as maize, around the tomato
crop. These crops should be sown a month or two
before transplanting of tomato.
Inter-planting of tomato with bait plants such as
cucumber. The bait plants are then sprayed with
an insecticide
Use mulches of straw, yellow plastic or UV-
reflective material to reduce landing of whiteflies
Application of systemic insecticides as soil
drenches
Regular sprays (at 7 days interval) of insecticide
like Cypermethrin (0.01%) or Dimethoate (0.1%)
during the seedling stage to reduce the population
of the whitefly vector
A second application may be necessary to control
adults that have emerged from the egg and nymph
stage since the application of the first spray
Spray of 1% soap solution to the leaf undersurface
to control the adult vector.
Oil sprays may also be effective in reducing levels
of infestation
Neem tree seed extracts control young nymphs,
inhibit the growth and development of older adults,
and reduce egg-laying by adults
Whey protein fractions : lactoferrin, -
lactalbumine, and -lactoglobulin.

Antiviral activity of -lactalbumin (ALA) on infected tomato plants treated with: A) native -
Lactalbumin, B) modified -Lactalbumin. 1) Before treatment (zero time), 2) 7 DAT, 3) 15 DAT,
4) Positive control (without treatment), 5) negative control (Healthy plants), 6) infected plants
sprayed with water.

The antiviral effect of the used whey protein fractions can
be arranged in descending order as follows: lactoferrin
(native or modified form) > native -lactalbumine >
modified -lactoglobulin > modified -lactalbumin = native
-lactoglobulin
The inhibition of TYLCV may be related to the degree of
cationisation of esterified whey proteins as well as to the
size of the backbone protein.
Mechanism of inhibition :
1. Saturating binding to viral DNA by purely coulombic
interactions, inhibiting its replication and transcription;
2. Hydrophobic interactions with viral capsid proteins;
3. Perturbation of viral DNA-protein interactions, hence
inhibition of the translation of viral proteins;
4. Interference with/saturation of viral entry sites on the
cellular membranes.
Afrika : Amareto, Peto 86, Fiona F1, Perlina,
Denise, Cheyenne (E448), Rover
Florida : Tygress (Seminis), HA-3068, HA-3073,
HA-3074, HA-3371, TY02-1155, TY02-1184, TY02-
1276, TY02-1298, TY02-1314 (Hazera)
Transgenic tomato plants with the capsid protein of
TYLCV are resistant to the virus (Kunik et al.,
1994)



Gilreath P, et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190-193



Ray Cerkauskas. 2004. Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV). AVRDC Publication 04-610.
www.avrdc.org.
Central Science Laboratory. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus EC listed disease. Sand Hutton, York
YO41 1LZ.
Abdelbacki AM et. al. 2010. Inhibition of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) using whey
proteins. Virology Journal 2010, 7:26.
Gilreath P, et. al. 2000. TYLCV resistant tomato variety trial. Proc. Fla. State Hort. Soc. 113: 190-
193
Rubinstein G and Czosnek H. 1997. Long-term association of TYLCV with its whitefly vector
Bemisia tabaci: effect on the insect transmission capacity, longevity and fecundity. Journal
of General Virology 78: 2683-2689
Ajlan AM et. al. 2007. TYLCV) in Saudi Arabia: Identification, partial characterization and virus-
vector relationship. Arab J. Biotech., Vol. 10(1): 179-192
Tesoriero L and Azzopardi S. 2006. TYLCV in Australia. Primefact 220, NSW Department of
Primary industries State of New South Wales.
Polston, J. 2003. Disease management : tomato yellow leaf curl. University of Florida.