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Control and Monitoring system
Monitoring system
Example:
monitoring patients vital signs
(uses oxygen, brain activity sensor)
Weather forecasting
(uses temperature, pressure sensor)
o! monitoring system !or"s
#$ Computer continuously collect data from sensors$
%$ &ata is converted using analogue to digital converter ('&C) to enable computer to
(understand) and process the data$
*$ Computer compare new data !ith stored data$
4. if there is a big change between new data and stored data, computer system will warn
user in form of sound (e.g. alarm, siren or beeping sound).
Example:
Example:
ospital monitoring:
stored data (normal oxygen) is +, - #..$
/f new data (collected from patient) is 00, it should give out alarm$
Control system
Examples:
traffic lights (controlling se1uence of lights to maintain optimum traffic flo!)
uses pressure sensor
Chemical and nuclear plant (open and close gas valves)
uses gas sensor
o! control system !or"s:
#$ Computer continuously collect data from sensors$
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%$ &ata is converted using analogue to digital converter ('&C) to enable computer to
(understand) and process the data$
*$ Computer compare new data !ith stored data$
4. Computer system will send signal to device and change the data back to analogue using
DC (digital to analogue converter).
!. "nstruct device to switch on or off.
Example
2raffic control system:
stored data (normal car 1ueue) is %.$
/f new data (collected from north sensor) is 3., and (collected from south sensor) is #.,
it should instruct south light to turn green first$
'dvantages:
Safer (faster response and computer dont get tired and miss key data)
Computer work 24/
!ore accurate and can take more fre"uent readings (#f reading need to
$e taken e%ery &' seconds( )uman may miss it)
control and monitoring system, control system, monitoring system, 2ypes of 4ystem
5et!or" system
3$* 2ypes of 4ystem - 5et!or" 4ystem

3$*$# /ntroduction
5et!or" is a group of computers lin"ed together$
3$*$% 'dvantages and disadvantages of net!or"
'dvantages of net!or":
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6eripherals (e$g$ printers) can be shared$
4oft!are can be shared$
&ata can be shared$
Computers may communicate
4ecurity - user access may be restricted if needed
&isadvantages of net!or":
7ne server brea"ing do!n may affect a number of computer
8ulnerable to hac"ers and viruses
Cabling and installation may be expensive
' net!or" manager may need to be employed to run the net!or"
3$*$* 2ypes of net!or":
' 9ocal 'rea 5et!or" (9'5) - computers are on the same site : building and lin"ed by cables$
4ome 9'5 no! uses !ireless lin"s$
' Wide 'rea 5et!or" (W'5) - computers are on different site and are lin"ed by telephone
lin"s$ ' computer may need to use a modem to lin" to the telephone system$ ' W'5 can cover a
!hole country or even the !orld$
#ardware re$uired to set up network%
Cables
4!itch or router
5et!or" card
Modem (for W'5)

&'tra information
6eer;to;peer net!or"s
- all computers are of e1ual importance$
4oft!are and data are stored on each computer$
Client:server net!or"s
- soft!are and data are held on a file server and may be used by other computers on the net!or"$
4ecurity is controlled centrally$

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3$*$< 5et!or" 2opologies
=our types of net!or" topology are briefly described here$
>ing net!or"s::::

Comments
#$ a faulty connection bet!een t!o stations can cause net!or" failure
%$ it is difficult to add a ne! station:device as it has to come bet!een % existing stations
*$ this type !or"s !ell during heavy loading
<$ it is possible to create large net!or"s using this topology

?us net!or"s
Comments
#$ re1uires less cabling than a star net!or"
%$ less expensive net!or" than the other systems
*. if there is a central cable problem the entire net!or" goes do!n
2. !or"s best !ith a limited number of stations@ performance !orsens as ne! stations added

4tar net!or"s
Comments
#$ if one station:connection fails the other devices are not affected
%$ if the central hub brea"s do!n, the !hole net!or" fails
*$ it is easier to identify faults using this type of topology
<$ it is easy to expand this type of net!or"

2ree net!or"s
Comments
#$ this features star nodes on a bus net!or"
%$ all the advantages and disadvantages of both types of net!or"s described above apply to this
system@ it is 1uic"ly gaining in popularity since it has all the good features of bus and star
topologies

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Computers in control computer studies notesmungazimungazi@gmail.com
net!or" system, ring, star, topology, tree, 2ypes of 4ystem
4ingle user online system
2here are t!o types of single user operating system:
a) 4ingle user, single tas"
b) 4ingle user, multi tas"
A7nline system simply means that the user is connected to the processor$
a) (ingle)user, single task
's the name implies, this operating system is designed to manage the computer so that one user
can effectively do one thing at a time$ 2he 6alm 74 for 6alm handheld computers is a good
example of a modern single;user, single;tas" operating system$
b) (ingle)user, multi)tasking
2his is the type of operating system most people use on their des"top and laptop computers
today$ Microsofts Windo!s and 'pples Mac74 platforms are both examples of operating
systems that !ill let a single user have several programs in operation at the same time$ =or
example, its entirely possible for a Windo!s user to be !riting a note in a !ord processor !hile
do!nloading a file from the /nternet !hile printing the text of an e;mail message$
Multi;users online system
2his system allo!s more than one person to use the same computer at the same time$ 2he
processor is so fast that !e thin"s that !e are online all the time$ /n fact, each terminal is given
some time on the processor, before it moves on to the next terminal$
image from: http:::bcis$pacificu$edu:Bournal:%..0:.%:images:thinclient$png
'c"no!ledge to:
http:::computer$ho!stuff!or"s$com:operating;system*$htm
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multi user, single user, 2ypes of 4ystem
?atch processing 74
/n this process, a number of tas"s (or Bobs) are all collected together over a set period of time$
2hey are then all loaded into the computer system (in a Bob 1ueue) and processed in one go (or
batch)$ 7nce a batch Bob begins, it continues until it is completed or an error is encountered$ 5o
user interaction is re1uired once execution begins$
?atch processing is carried out offline because the input is collected first$
2his has the advantage that Bobs can be processed !hen computer resources are less busy (e$g$
during the evening or at night)@ thereby utiliCing an expensive resource$ ?atch processing is often
used in the follo!ing application areas:
*. $illing systems (gas( electricity( water( etc.)
2. payroll systems
&. processing c)e"ues
+eal time ,S
2here are t!o types of real time 74 :
#) >eal time transaction process 74
%) >eal time control process 74
>eal;time processing is said to be online processing, as the input is immediately processed to
give output$
+eal time (transaction) processing
-)en $ooking seats on a .ig)t( for e/ample( real time (transaction)
processing would $e used. +esponse to a "uery needs to $e %ery fast and
once a seat is $ooked it needs to marked as 0not a%aila$le1 immediately to
a%oid any risk of dou$le $ooking. 2sing t)is e/ample of $ooking seats on a
.ig)t( t)e following se"uence of e%ents would take place3
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*. customer/tra%el agent contacts t)e airline
2. t)e customer/tra%el agents types in t)e day/time of .ig)t and
num$er of tra%ellers
&. t)e customer/tra%el agent types in t)e departure airport and t)e
destination airport
4. t)e airline data$ase is searc)ed and a%aila$ility of seats c)ecked
4. if seats are a%aila$le on t)e re"uired day/time t)en a $ooking is
made
5. t)e data$ase/6le is updated immediately to indicate t)at t)ese
seats are no longer a%aila$le and pre%ents dou$le $ooking from
occurring
. if no seats are a%aila$le a message is sent $ack to t)e
customer/tra%el agent
t)is uses real time (transaction) processing since t)e 6les are updated in real
time7 interrogation of 6les will )a%e access to totally updated information.
(8,9:3 t)e a$o%e is sometimes referred to as pseudo real time since some
applications dont need immediate updating of t)e 6les)
+eal time process control
;rocess control is a real time system. <ut t)is is %ery di=erent to real time
(transaction) processing7 t)is system usually in%ol%es sensors and feed
back loops i.e. t)e output can in.uence t)e ne/t input to t)e system. >ll
input data from recei%ed from sensors are immediately processed( analysed
and immediately act on.
#t is usually used in industry to control and monitor mac)ines. :/ample3 .ig)t
simulator. >s soon as computer recei%es data from mo%ed rudder( t)e
?airplane responds.
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