Tim Hiểu Hệ Thống VoIP Tren Asterisk

Tm hiu h thng VoIP trn Asterisk
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Mc lc
CHNG I: GII THIU V MNG VOIP .......................................................................... 4
1.1 Gii thiu v VoIP ...................................................................................................... 4
1.2 u im ca VoIP ....................................................................................................... 5
1.3 Nhc im ca VoIP ................................................................................................. 7
1.4 Cc chun thoi dng trong VoIP ............................................................................... 7
1.5 Cc t chc pht trin VoIP ........................................................................................ 7
CHNG II: TNG QUAN V GIAO THC SIP ................................................................ 9
2.1 Tng quan v giao thc khi to phin SIP ................................................................ 9
2.2 Cu trc ca SIP ........................................................................................................ 10
2.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca SIP ..................................................................................... 10
2.2.1.1 a ch ca SIP ............................................................................................... 11
2.2.1.2 nh v server SIP .......................................................................................... 11
2.2.1.3 nh v ngi dng ........................................................................................ 12
2.2.1.4 Thay i mt phin ang tn ti..................................................................... 12
2.2.1.5 Cc bn tin ca SIP ........................................................................................ 12
2.2.1.6 Tiu bn tin ................................................................................................ 13
2.2.1.7 Bn tin yu cu ............................................................................................... 14
2.2.1.8 Bn tin p ng .............................................................................................. 15
2.2.1.9 Thit lp v hy cuc gi SIP ........................................................................ 17
2.2.1.10 Lin vn gia SIP v SS7 ........................................................................... 20
a. Thit lp cuc gi c bn gia SIP v PSTN .................................................... 20
b. nh hng cuc gi SIP ................................................................................... 21
2.2.1.11 Tnh nng ca SIP....................................................................................... 22
CHNG III: GII THIU BA PHN MM NG DNG VOIP ...................................... 24
3.1 Asterisk...................................................................................................................... 24
3.1.1 Gii thiu v phn mm Asterisk ...................................................................... 24
3.1.2 Tnh nng v li ch ca Asterisk ...................................................................... 24
3.2 OpenSIP .................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.1 Khi nim OpenSIPS ......................................................................................... 25
3.2.2 Tnh nng v li ch ca OpenSIPS ................................................................... 25

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3.2.3 Kt lun .............................................................................................................. 27
3.3 Kamailio .................................................................................................................... 27
CHNG IV: TRIN KHAI H THNG ASTERISK ......................................................... 29
4.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................................ 29
4.2 Kt ni phn cng ..................................................................................................... 29
4.3 Ci t phn mm ...................................................................................................... 30
4.4 Thc hin cuc gi VoIP, bt v phn tch gi ......................................................... 32
4.4.1 Khi to phin .................................................................................................... 32
4.4.2 Qu trnh m thoi ........................................................................................... 33
4.4.3 Kt thc phin: ................................................................................................... 36
CHNG V: KT LUN ...................................................................................................... 37
Hn ch v hng pht trin ca ti .................................................................................... 37
- Hn ch ca ti .............................................................................................. 37
- Hng pht trin ca ti ................................................................................ 37

DANH MC HNH V V BNG BIU
Hnh 2-1: V tr ca SIP trong m hnh OSI. ............................................................................. 9
Hnh 2-2: Cc thnh phn ca SIP ........................................................................................... 10
Hnh 2-3: Hot ng Proxy Server .......................................................................................... 17
Hnh 2-4: Hot ng ca Redirect Server. ............................................................................... 18
Hnh 2-5: Thit lp v hy cuc gi SIP. ................................................................................ 19
Hnh 2-6: Thit lp cuc gi c bn gia SIP v PSTN. ......................................................... 20
Hnh 2-7: nh hng cuc gi SIP. ....................................................................................... 21
Hnh 2-8: OpenSIPS trong VoIP ............................................................................................. 25
Hnh 4-1: Cc thit b trong h thng Asterisk ........................................................................ 29
Hnh 4-2: Giao din h iu hnh ............................................................................................ 30
Hnh 4-3: Giao din ca freepbx .............................................................................................. 31
Hnh 4-4: Giao din ca phn mm X Lite .............................................................................. 31
Hnh 4-5: Cu trc khung ca gi tin RTP .............................................................................. 33
Hnh 4-6: Gi tin th 49 .......................................................................................................... 34

Bng 2-1: Cc tiu bn tin .................................................................................................. 13
Bng 2-2: Gii thch mt s tiu chnh ca SIP .................................................................. 14
Bng 2-3: Cc bn tin yu cu ca SIP. ................................................................................... 15
Bng 2-4: Cc loi bn tin p ng ca SIP. ........................................................................... 15
Bng 2-5: Mt s m trng thi c nh ngha trong SIP ................................................... 17


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Li m u

Trong nhng nm gn y, chng ta nghe ni nhiu v VoIP nh l mt cng ngh
mang tnh cch mng trong vic truyn tn hiu thoi qua mi trng Internet. Cng
vi s bng n Internet, VoIP cng c nhng bc pht trin di, ngy cng hon
thin v cng ngh, cht lng n nh, tch hp c truyn thng a phng tin v
rt cnh tranh v gi cc. Nhiu h thng VoIP ra i v c trin khai rng
khp. V vy vic nghin cu v nm bt cc cng ngh v VoIP ang rt c quan
tm. Trong qu trnh tm hiu v VoIP, nhm 1-07VTA1 quyt nh chn ti
Tm hiu h thng VoIP trn Asterisk, ni dung c trnh by trong 5 chng:
Chng I: Tm hiu khi qut v cng ngh truyn thoi trn nn internet (VoIP). Qua
chng ta c th tng qut hnh dung v VoIP l g, cch thc hat ng ca n ra
sao v u nhc im ca cng ngh ny.
Chng II: Tm hiu mt trong nhng giao thc bo hiu quan trng trong VoIP l
giao thc bo hiu SIP y l mt trong nhng giao thc ca VoIP c s dng
rng ri v SIP cng chnh l giao thc bo hiu s dng trong chng trnh ng dng
Asterisk c trnh by cc chng tip theo.
Chng III: xut 3 gii php VoIP, so snh cc gii php v quyt nh gii php
trin khai chng IV
Chng IV : Trin khai VoIP trn h thng Asterisk, cc bc thit lp phn cng, ci
t phn mm, thc hin cuc gi, bt v phn tch cc gi tin.
Chng V: Kt lun, hn ch, hng pht trin ca ti.

Trong qu trnh lm ti, d c gng song do kin thc hn ch nn khng th
trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng em rt mong nhn c s gp , hng dn gip
ca Thy C, bn b.
Chng em xin chn thnh cm n

Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 6 nm 2011
Nhm thc hin

Nhm 1 07VTA1

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CHNG I: GII THIU V MNG VOIP
Internet Voice, c bit nh thoi qua giao thc (Voice Over IP), l mt cng ngh
cho php to cuc gi dng kt ni bng thng rng thay v dng ng dy in
thoi tng t (analog). Nhiu dch v dng Voice over IP c th ch cho php bn gi
ngi khc dng cng loi dch v, tuy nhin cng c nhng dch v cho php gi
dng s in thoi nh s ni b, ng di, di ng, quc t. Nhng dch v ch lm
vic qua my tnh, hay loi in thoi qua IP (IP phone) c bit. Vi dch v cho
php dng in thoi truyn thng qua mt b iu hp (adaptor)

1.1 Gii thiu v VoIP
1.1.1 VoIP l g
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) l mt cng ngh cho php truyn thoi s
dng giao thc mng IP, trn c s h tng sn c ca mng Internet. VoIP l mt
trong nhng cng ngh vin thng ang c quan tm nht hin nay khng ch i
vi nh khai thc, cc nh sn xut m cn c vi ngi s dng dch v.
VoIP cho php thc hin cuc gi dng my tnh qua mng d liu nh Internet
VoIP chuyn i tn hiu thoi t in thoi tng t analog vo tn hiu s (digital)
trc khi truyn qua Internet, sau chuyn i ngc li u nhn. Khi to mt
cuc gi VoIP dng in thoi vi mt b iu hp, ta s nghe m mi gi, quay s
sau tin trnh ny VoIP cng cho php to mt cuc gi trc tip t my tnh dng
loi in thoi tng ng hay dng microphone.
VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi
c truyn qua mng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network). Ngy nay nhiu
cng ty thc hin gii php VoIP ca h gim chi ph cho nhng cuc gi
ng di gia nhiu chi nhnh xa nhau.
Trc y, khi da vo giao tip thoi trn mng PSTN. Trong sut cuc gi
gia hai a im, ng kt ni c dnh ring cho bn thc hin cuc gi. Khng
c thng tin khc c th truyn qua ng truyn ny, cho d vn cn tha lng
bng thng sn dng Sau vi s xut hin ca mng giao tip d liu, nhiu cng
ty u t cho mng giao tip d liu chia s thng tin vi nhau, trong khi
thoi v fax vn tip tc s dng mng PSTN.
Nhng ngy nay iu ny khng cn l vn na, vi s pht trin nhanh
chng v s dng rng ri ca IP, chng ta tin rt xa trong kh nng gim chi ph
trong vic h tr truyn thoi v d liu. Gii php tch hp thoi vo mng d liu,
v cng hot ng bn cnh h thng PBX hin ti hay nhng thit b in thoi khc,
n gin cho vic m rng kh nng thoi cho nhng v tr xa. Lu lng thoi
thc cht s c mang t do (free) bn trn mng d liu thng qua c s h tng v
thit b phn cng c sn
Mc d nhng khi nim v VoIP l n gin, nhng thc hin v ng dng
VoIP l phc tp gi voice, thng tin phi c tch bit thnh nhng gi

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(packet) ging nh d liu. Gi l nhng phn thng tin c chia nh d dng cho
vic gi gi, cng c th dng k thut nn gi tit kim bng thng, thng qua
nhng tin trnh codec (compressor/de-compressor).
C rt nhiu loi giao thc dng thc hin dch v VoIP, nhng giao thc bo
hiu VoIP ph bin SIP v H323. C SIP v H323 u cho php ngi dng thc hin
cng cng vic: thit lp giao tip cho nhng ng dng a phng tin (multimedia)
nh audio, video, nhng giao tip d liu khc Nhng H323 ch yu c thit k
cho nhng dch v a phng tin, trong khi SIP th ph hp cho nhng dch v VoIP.
RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol) nh ngha nh dng chun ca gi tin cho
vic phn phi audio v video qua Internet.
1.1.2 Phng thc hot ng
Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l
nhng tn hiu analog. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s dng thut ton
c bit chuyn i. Nhng thit b khc nhau c cch chuyn i khc nhau nh
VoIP phone hay softphone, nu dng in thoi analog thng thng th cn mt
Telephony Adapter (TA) Sau ging ni c s ha s c ng vo gi tin v
gi trn mng IP.
Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu
khin (control) cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c
dng cho tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trnh
truyn.
1.2 u im ca VoIP
1.2.1 a dng tnh nng Hiu qu kinh t cao
Tt c tnh nng, ng dng thng tin lin lc mi hin c mt trn th gii
vin thng hi t u h tr nn tng mng IP. Tt c tnh nng ny c sn m khng
i hi thm bt k chi ph u t no bi v chng hot ng trn nn tng mng IP
v c "vn chuyn" trn mng my tnh y nh cc ng dng my tnh thng
thng.
1.2.2 Tit kim chi ph u t VoIP
H thng IP Telephony v VoIP h tr tt hn cho cng vic kinh doanh. Nu
doanh nghip trang b thit b k thut s (nh tng i PBX), th c th tit kim
c ng k chi ph u t bng cch ti s dng hu ht cc thit b ny vi h
thng VoIP mi.
1.2.3 D bo tr
Vic ci t v qun l h thng IP Telephony v VoIP tr nn d dng hn Vi
h thng IP Telephony th mng VoIP s t ng t iu chnh tng thch vi v
tr mi ca ngi dng. Nh qun l h thng c th t bt k my tnh ni mng no
tin hnh kim tra, thit lp mc ch s dng, ti khon v nhiu d liu khc cho
ngi dng. Vi h thng vin thng nn IP, cng vic qun l v bo tr mng in
thoi tr nn kinh t v hiu qu hn

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1.2.4 Linh hot v c ng
IP Softphone l gii php phn mm gi in thoi Internet dnh cho cc my
tnh s dng h iu hnh Windows. Phn mm ny cho php ngi dng d dng
truy xut n cc dch v vin thng thi gian thc v nhng tnh nng ci tin khc
vi cch thc s dng tht n gin: ch cn nhn chut quay s cuc gi. Trong
mt mng vin thng nn IP, nhn vin c th t do i li bt k u trong vn phng
cng ty, ni my tnh xch tay vo mng, bt u lm vic v nhn/thc hin cc cuc
gi.
1.2.5 Nhiu tnh nng hp dn
VoIP vi nhng u im nh gim chi ph lin lc,kh nng tch hp d dng cc
h thng d liu, thoi v video, c s d liu c kh nng kim sot tp trung, tnh
nng thoi di ng ci tin gip tit kim thi gian v chi ph...Vi giao thc SIP
(Session Initiation Protocol) cho php nhiu ng dng, thit b phn cng mi d dng
trin khai gii php VoIP trn mng LAN, WAN hoc Internet. Hu ht cc modem
v router ADSL hin nay u h tr VoIP v giao thc SIP, cc doanh nghip va v
nh c th nhanh chng trin khai m hnh in thoi Internet thng qua ng truyn
internet vi cc dch v VoIP min ph nh ifone, IPTel, DrayTel, MediaRing...
1.2.6 Kh nng qun l ton din
Bn c kh nng kim sot chi tit n tng bit d liu ang c lu chuyn
trn mng IP Telephony (LAN) hay mng VoIP (WAN). Trong cc mng mng vin
thng nn IP, cht lng thoi c th t n 99,99% Ngha l trong mi trng
mng hi t nn IP, kh nng pht hin sm cc triu chng v thay i nhng ci t
trc khi c bt k trc trc no xy ra c ci tin ng k.
1.2.7 Cng tc thi gian thc
Ngi dng c th b sung gii php in thoi km hnh nh Video Telephony
Solution bng cc phn mm ng dng video trn nn IP, qua cho php mt my
tnh bn hay my tnh xch tay gi lp mt chic in thoi IP trong vn phng
Cht lng hnh nh v m thanh khi s dng trn mng ni b thng tt hn khi s
dng qua kt ni Internet do him khi gp phi tnh trng tr ting hay khng hnh.
1.2.8 S dng bng thng hp l
Lu lng truyn d liu my tnh (khng phi l d liu thoi) trn h thng
mng in thoi thng ch chim khong 30% bng thng ca ton h thng u
im ca VoIP l d liu c ng li thnh gi v cc gi d liu ny c truyn
thng qua kt ni T-1 trn mt phn nh bng thng ca knh DSO.
1.2.9 Gim chi ph in thoi ng di
Vi mt h thng VoIP hon chnh, doanh nghip thm ch cn c th trin khai
gii php chuyn tip cuc gi thng minh, cho php "hn ch" cc cuc gi ng
di trc tip t mt khu vc (tnh, thnh ph hay quc gia) sang mt khu vc khc (c
2 khu vc ny phi c vn phng ca doanh nghip ny) bng cch chuyn d liu
thoi thng qua mng VoIP ni b ri sau chuyn tip sang h thng PSTN.

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1.3 Nhc im ca VoIP
Cht lng dch v: do cc mng truyn s liu vn d khng c thit k
truyn thoi thi gian thc cho nn vic tr truyn hay vic mt mt cc gi tin hon
ton c th xy ra v s gy ra cht lng dch v thp.
Bo mt: do mng Internet l mt mng hn hp v rng khp bao gm rt
nhiu my tnh cng s dng cho nn vic bo mt cc thng tin c nhn l rt kh.
1.4 Cc chun thoi dng trong VoIP
Cc chun thoi dng trong VoIP: SIP, H323, IAX2, MGCP...
Chun SIP (Session Initiation Protocol ): chun ca IETF, thng dng nht hin
nay v t tn thit b phn cng v c th m rng h thng d dng y l giao thc
chi tit xc nh nhng ch th v nhng p ng, thit lp hay kt thc cuc gi.
SIP cng m t chi tit v cc tnh nng nh bo mt (sercurity), s y nhim (proxy),
vn chuyn (transport) SIP nh ngha ra c ch bo hiu cuc gi end-to end gia
cc thit b. SIP l giao thc text-base c nhiu tnh nng tng t HTTP, nh l cng
m hnh yu cu (request) v p ng (response).
Chun H323: y l giao thc chun ca ITU. Giao thc ny ban u c pht
trin cho h thng a phng tin(multimedia) phng tin trong mi trng khng
hng kt ni (connectionless), nh LAN H323 l chun nh ngha tt c tin trnh
lin quan n vn ng b cho thoi, video, v truyn d liu H323 nh ngha tn
hiu cuc gi end-to-end.
Chun MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol - Giao thc iu khin cng
truyn thng) n l mt giao thc trong VoIP c a ra theo xut ca Cisco v
Telcordia nh ngha s lin lc gia nhng phn iu khin cuc gi Media
Gateway. MGCP l giao thc iu khin, cho php trung tm iu khin theo di
nhng s kin trong cuc gi IP v nhng Gateway v ch o chng gi thng tin
ti nhng a ch c th.
1.5 Cc t chc pht trin VoIP
Nh cung cp dch v VoIP ln : Skype, Yahoo, Google
Cc thit b phn cng VoIP :
- Tng i IP, VoIP Gateway : Cisco, Avaya, Alcatel, Nortel, Digium..
- Card giao tip PCI : Digium, Openvox, Sangoma
- in thoi IP : Alcatel, Nortel, Welltech
Cc phn mm ng dng tng i VoIP PBX : CCM ca Cisco, Asterisk trn
Linux, Avaya...
Trn h iu hnh WINDOWS: ch yu s dng giao thc SIP, phn mm ny c th
d dng ci t v s dng. Tuy nhin phi mua License ty theo cu hnh doanh
nghip cn ng dng.
- 3CX : ca hng 3CX www.3cx.com
- Brekeke : ca hng phn mm BREKEKE www.brekeke.com
- Axon : ca hng NCH www.nch.com.au/pbx
Trn h iu hnh LINUX:

Nhm 1-07VTA1 Page 8

- CCM ( Cisco Call Manager ) : chy trn h hnh Linux, c bn min ph cho
ngi dng. Tuy nhin, bn min ph cn nhiu tnh nng cha Update, mun s dng
cc tnh nng Update th phi mua thm License.
- Asterisk : chy trn h iu hnh LiNux, hon ton min ph cho ngi dng.
Phn ny s c trnh by r hn phn sau.


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CHNG II: TNG QUN V GIO THC SIP

2.1 Tng quan v giao thc khi to phin SIP
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) l giao thc iu khin bo hiu thuc lp ng
dng trong m hnh OSI (hnh II1), c pht trin nh l mt chuun m RFC 2543
ca IEFT. Khc vi H.323, n da trn ngun gc Web (HTTP) v c thit k kiu
module, n gin v d dng m rng vi cc ng dng thoi SIP. SIP l mt giao
thc bo hiu thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a phng tin nh : thoi IP,
hi ngh v cc ng dng tng t khc lin quan n vic truyn thng tin a phng
tin.
SIP s dng cc bn tin mi (INVITE) thit lp cc phin v mang cc
thng tin m t phin truyn dn. SIP h tr cc phin n b (unicast) v qung b
(multicast) tng ng cc cuc gi im ti im v cuc gi a im. C th s dng
nm chc nng ca SIP thit lp v kt thc truyn dn l : nh v thu bao, kh
nng thu bao, sn sng ca thu bao, thit lp cuc gi v x l cuc gi.
SIP c s dng kt hp vi cc chun giao thc IETF khc nh l SAP, SDP
v MGCP (MEGACO) cung cp mt lnh vc rng hn cho cc dch v VoIP. Cu
trc ca SIP tng t vi cu trc ca HTTP (giao thc client-server). N bao gm
cc yu cu c gi n t ngi s dng SIP client n SIP server. Server x l cc
yu cu v p ng n client. Mt thng ip yu cu, cng vi cc thng ip p
ng to nn s thc thi SIP.

Hnh 0-1: V tr ca SIP trong m hnh OSI.

Ni chung, SIP h tr cc hot ng chnh sau:
- nh v tr ca ngi dng.
- nh media cho phin lm vic.
- nh s sn sng ca ngi dng tham gia vo mt phin lm vic.

Nhm 1-07VTA1 Page 10

Redirect
Server
Location
Server
Registrar
Server
User Agent
Gateway
SIP Components
Proxy
Server
Proxy
Server
PSTN
- Thit lp cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi v kt thc.
- SIP l mt giao thc theo thit k m do n c th c m rng pht
trin thm cc chc nng mi. S linh hot ca cc bn tin SIP cng cho php p
ng cc dch v thoi tin tin bao gm c cc dch v di ng.

2.2 Cu trc ca SIP
2.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca SIP

Hnh 0-2: Cc thnh phn ca SIP

H thng SIP gm 5 thnh phn chnh :
- User Agent (UA) : ng vai tr ca thit b u cui trong bo hiu SIP , c
th l mt my in thoi SIP, c th l my tnh chy phn mm u cui SIP...UA
bao gm hai loi User Agent Client (UAC) v User Agent Server (UAS). UAC khi
to cuc gi v UAS tr li cuc gi iu ny cho php thc hin cuc gi ngang
hng thng qua m hnh client-server.
- My ch y quyn (Proxy server) : l mt chng trnh trung gian, hot ng
nh l mt server v mt client cho mc ch to cc yu cu thay mt cho cc client
khc. Cc yu cu c phc v bn trong hoc truyn chng n cc server khc.
Mt proxy c th dch v nu cn thit c th to li cc bn tin yu cu SIP trc khi
chuyn chng n server khc hoc mt UA Trong trng hp ny trng Via trong
bn tin p ng, yu cu ch ra cc proxy trung gian tham gia vo tin trnh x l yu
cu .


- My ch nh v (Location Server) : l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp
thng tin v nhng v tr c th ca thu bao b gi cho cc phn mm my ch y
quyn v my ch chuyn i a ch.
- My ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server) : l phn mm nhn yu cu
SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang mt s a ch khc v gi li cho u cui. Khng
ging nh my ch y quyn, my ch chuyn i a ch khng bao gi hot ng
nh mt u cui, tc l khng gi i bt c yu cu no. My ch chuyn i a ch
cng khng nhn hoc hu cuc gi.
- My ch ng k (Register Server) : l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k
Trong nhiu trng hp my ch ng k m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh
nh xc nhn ngi s dng Thng thng my ch ng k c ci t cng vi
my ch y quyn v my ch hay a ch hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao.
Mi ln u cui c bt ln (v d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui
li ng k vi my ch. Nu u cui cn thng bo cho my ch v a im ca
mnh th bn tin REGISTER cng c gi i Ni chung cc u cui u thc hin
vic ng k li mt cch nh k.

2.2.2 Hot ng ca cc bn tin SIP
SIP l mt giao thc da trn k t vn bn vi c php bn in v cc trng
mo u ng nht vi giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (Hypper Text Transfer
Protocol). Cc bn tin ca SIP truyn trn cng mt kt ni TCP hoc b d liu
UDP.
2.2.1.1 a ch ca SIP
a ch ca SIP cn c gi l b nh v ti nguyn chung URL (Universal
Resource Locator), tn ti di dng user@host. Phn user trong phn a ch c th
l tn ngi s dng hoc s in thoi. Phn host c th l tn min hoc a ch
mng.
V d a ch SIP :
SIP: ptithcm@ptithcm.edu.cn
SIP: 401160020@203.162.17.8

2.2.1.2 nh v server SIP
Khi client mun gi mt yu cu, client gi yu cu n mt proxy server SIP
c cu hnh hoc gi n a ch IP v s cng tng ng vi URL SIP. Gi yu
cu trc tip n proxy server th d dng nu ng dng cui bit proxy server. Gi
yu cu theo cch th hai th phc tp hn Client phi c gng tip xc vi server
s cng c lit k trong b nh v ti nguyn ng nht URL SIP. Nu s hiu
cng khng c trong URL SIP th client s dng s cng 5060. Nu URL SIP ch nh
mt giao thc (UDP hoc TCP) th client tip xc vi server s dng giao thc
Nu khng c giao thc no c ch nh hoc nu client khng h tr UDP nhng


c h tr TCP th n c gng dng TCP Client c gng tm mt hoc nhiu a ch
server SIP bng cch truy vn DNS (Domain Name System).
Tin trnh nh sau:
- Nu phn host ca URL SIP l a ch IP, client tip xc vi server a ch
cho trc Ngc li n x l bc k tip.
- Client truy vn server DNS cho a ch phn host ca URL SIP. Nu server
DNS khng tr v a ch ca URL SIP, client s ngng v n khng th nh v c
server.
2.2.1.3 nh v ngi dng
Ngi b gi c th di chuyn gia nhiu h thng u cui theo thi gian.
Cc v tr ny c th ng k ng vi server SIP. Mt server v tr c th tr v
nhiu v tr bi v ngi dng ng nhp nhiu trm mt cch ng thi hoc server
v tr c thng tin khng chnh xc. Server SIP kt hp cc kt qu cung cp mt
danh sch cc v tr hoc khng c v tr no.
Hot ng nhn danh sch cc v tr thay i ty thuc vo SIP server. Mt
Redirect server tr v mt danh sch hon chnh cc v tr v cho php cc client nh
v ngi dng chnh xc. Mt Proxy server cng c gng nh a ch cho n khi
cuc gi thnh cng hoc ngi b gi t chi cuc gi.
2.2.1.4 Thay i mt phin ang tn ti
iu ny c thc hin bng cch pht li bn tin INVITE, s dng cng Call-
ID nhng ni dung mi hoc cc trng tiu mang thng tin mi. Chng hn, hai
i tc ang tr chuyn v mun thm v mt ngi th ba. Mt trong hai mi ngi
th ba vi a ch multicast mi v ng thi gi bn tin INVITE n i tc th hai
vi s m t phin mulicast mi, ngoi tr s nhn dng c
2.2.1.5 Cc bn tin ca SIP
C hai loi bn tin SIP:
- Bn tin yu cu c khi to t client.
- Bn tin p ng c tr li t server.
Mi bn tin cha mt tiu m t chi tit v s truyn thng.
SIP c th s dng UDP Khi c gi trn UDP hoc TCP, nhiu giao dch SIP
c th c mang trn mt kt ni TCP n l hoc gi d liu UDP. Gi d liu
UDP (bao gm tt c cc tiu ) th khng vt qu n v truyn dn ln nht MTU
(Maximum Transmission Unit) nu MTU c nh ngha, hoc khng qu 1500 byte
nu MTU khng c nh ngha
Mt bn tin SIP c bn bao gm: dng bt u (start-line), mt hoc nhiu
trng tiu , mt dng trng (CRLF) dng kt thc cc trng tiu v mt ni
dung bn tin ty chn.



Bn tin chung = Dng bt u
Tiu bn tin
CRLF
[ ni dung bn tin]

2.2.1.6 Tiu bn tin
Tiu bn tin dng ch ra ngi gi, ngi b gi, ng nh tuyn v loi
bn tin ca cuc gi C 4 nhm tiu bn tin nh sau:
- Tiu chung: p dng cho cc yu cu v cc p ng.
- Tiu thc th: nh ngha thng tin v loi bn tin v chiu di.
- Tiu yu cu: cho php client thm vo cc thng tin yu cu.
- Tiu p ng: cho php server thm vo cc thng tin p ng.

Tiu chung Tiu thc th Tiu yu cu Tiu p ng
Accept Content-Encoding Authorization Allow
Accept-Encoding Content-Length Contact Proxy-Authenticate
Accept-Language Content-Type Hide Retry-After
Call-ID Max-Forwards Server
Contact Organization Unsupported
CSeq Priority Warning
Date Proxy-Authorization www-Authenticate
Encryption Proxy-Require
Expires Route
From Require
Record-Route Response-Key
Timestamp Subject
To User-Agent
Via
Bng 0-1: Cc tiu bn tin



Gii thch mt s tiu chnh ca SIP:

Tiu Gii thch
Call-ID So khp cc yu cu vi cc p ng tng ng, nhn dng duy
nht li mi hoc s ng k ca client
Cseq Trong mt cuc gi, Cseq tng ln khi mt yu cu mi c gi i v bt
u mt gi tr ngu nhin Tuy nhin, i vi yu cu ACK v Cancel
th Cseq khng tng
To C mt trong tt c cc yu cu v p ng ch ra ni nhn yu cu
From C mt trong tt c yu cu v p ng cha tn v a ch ca
ni khi to yu cu
Via Ghi li ng i ca yu cu cho php cc server SIP trung
gian chuyn cc cu tr li tr li cng ng i
Encryption Ch nh ni dung v mt s tiu bn tin c m ha nh
th no
Content-Length Ch ra kch thc ca ni dung bn tin (tnh bng octet)
Content-type Ch ra loi media ca ni dung bn tin (vn bn/html,).
Expires Nhn dng ngy v thi gian khi bn tin ht hn .
Accept Ch ra loi media no c chp nhn trong bn tin p ng
Subject Cho thng tin v bn cht ca cuc gi
Bng 0-2: Gii thch mt s tiu chnh ca SIP

2.2.1.7 Bn tin yu cu
Cc yu cu cng c th c xem nh cc phng php cho php User Agent
v server mng nh v, mi v qun l cc cuc gi. Bn tin yu cu SIP c dng sau:

Yu cu = Dng yu cu (Request-line)
Tiu chung/tiu yu cu/tiu thc th
CRLF
[Ni dung bn tin]

Dng yu cu bt u vi m phng php, b nhn dng ti nguyn ng nht
yu cu, phin bn giao thc SIP v kt thc vi CRLF. Cc thnh phn c phn
cch bi k t SP.
Dng yu cu = Method SP Request-URI SP SIP-Version CRLF.


Bng 0-4: Cc loi bn tin p ng ca SIP.

C 6 loi bn tin yu cu SIP: INVITE, ACK, OPTIONS, BYE, CANCEL v
REGISTER.

Bn tin
ngha
INVITE
Khi to mt phin
ACK
Khng nh rng client nhn c bn tin p ng cho bn tin INVITE
BYE
Yu cu kt thc phin
CANCEL
Hu yu cu ang nm trong hng i
REGISTER
u cui SIP ng k vi registrar server
OPTIONS
S dng xc nh nng lc ca server
INFO
S dng ti cc thng tin
Bng 0-3: Cc bn tin yu cu ca SIP
2.2.1.8 Bn tin p ng
Cc bn tin p ng c dng nh sau:
p ng = Dng trng thi
Tiu chung/tiu p ng/tiu
CRLF
[ni dung bn tin]

Dng trng thi = SIP-version SP Status-Code SP Reason-Phrase CRLF
M trng thi c 3 ch s ch ra kt qu ca vic p ng yu cu. L do
(Reason-Phrase) l s m t ngn gn v m trng thi.
Ch s u tin ca m trng thi nh ngha lp p ng. SIP phin bn 20 nh
ngha 6 gi tr cho lp p ng :

Bn tin ngha
1xx
Cc bn tin chung
2xx
Thnh cng
3xx
Chuyn a ch
4xx
Yu cu khng c p ng
5xx
S c ca server
6xx
S c ton mng


Mt s m trng thi c nh ngha trong SIP c trnh by trong bng sau:

Lp p ng M trng thi Gii thch
Thng tin 100 ang c gng
180 Rung chung
181 Cuc gi c chuyn
182 c xp hng i
Thnh cng 200 OK
i hng 300 Nhiu chn la
301 c di chuyn thng xuyn
302 c di chuyn tm thi
380 Dch v thay i
Li client 400 Yu cu li
401 Khng nhn thc c
402 Yu cu tr tin (payment required)
403 Cm
404 Khng tm thy
405 Bn tin khng cho php
406 Khng chp nhn
407 Yu cu nhn thc proxy
408 Yu cu timeout
409 Xung t
410 Tip tc (gone)
411 Yu cu chiu di
413 Thc th yu cu qu ln
414 URL yu cu qu ln
415 Khng h tr loi media
420 M rng sai
480 Khng sn c
481 Cuc gi hoc s trao i
482 Vng lp c pht hin
483 Qu nhiu hop
484 a ch khng hon thnh
485 M h
486 ang bn
Li server 500 Li server bn trong


501 Khng thc thi
502 Gateway li
503 Dch v khng c sn
504 Gateway timeout
505 Phin bn SIP khng h tr
Li ton cu 600 Bn mi ni
603 T chi
604 Khng tn ti mi ni
606 Khng chp nhn
Bng 0-5: Mt s m trng thi c nh ngha trong SIP

2.2.1.9 Thit lp v hy cuc gi SIP
Trc tin ta tm hiu hot ng ca my ch y quyn v my ch chuyn i :
a. Hot ng ca my ch y quyn (Proxy Server)

Hnh 0-2: Hot ng Proxy Server

Client SIP userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho userB@hotmail.com mi
tham gia cuc gi.
Cc bc nh sau:
- Bc1: userA@yahoo.comgi bn tin INVITE cho userB min hotmail.com
bn tin ny n proxy server SIP ca min hotmail.com (bn tin INVITE c th i t


Proxy server SIP ca min yahoocom v c Proxy ny chuyn n Proxy server
ca min hotmail.com).
- Bc 2: Proxy server ca min hotmail.com s tham kho server nh v
(Location server) quyt nh v tr hin ti ca UserB.
- Bc 3: Server nh v tr li v tr hin ti ca UserB (gi s l
UserB@hotmail.com).
- Bc 4: Proxy server gi bn tin INVITE ti userB@hotmail.com. Proxyserver
thm a ch ca n trong mt trng ca bn tin INVITE.
- Bc 5: UAS ca UserB p ng cho server Proxy vi bn tin 200 OK.
- Bc 6: Proxy server gi p ng 200 OK tr v userA@yahoo.com.
- Bc 7: userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin ACK cho UserB thng qua proxy
server.
- Bc 8: Proxy server chuyn bn tin ACK cho userB@hostmail.com.
- Bc 9: Sau khi c hai bn ng tham d cuc gi, mt knh RTP/RTCP
c m gia hai im cui truyn tn hiu thoi.
- Bc 10: Sau khi qu trnh truyn dn hon tt, phin lm vic b xa bng
cch s dng bn tin BYE v ACK gia hai im cui.
b. Hot ng ca my ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server):

Hnh 0-3: Hot ng ca Redirect Server.
Cc bc nh sau:
- Bc 1: Redirect server nhn c yu cu INVITE t ngi gi (Yu cu ny
c th i t mt proxy server khc).
- Bc 2: Redirect server truy vn server nh v a ch ca B.
- Bc 3: Server nh v tr li a ch ca B cho Redirect server.


- Bc 4: Redirect server tr li a ch ca B n ngi gi A. N khng pht
yu cu INVITE nh proxy server
- Bc 5: User Agent bn A gi li bn tin ACK n Redirect server xc nhn
s trao i thnh cng.
- Bc 6: Ngi gi A gi yu cu INVITE trc tip n a ch c tr li bi
Redirect server (n B) Ngi b gi B p ng vi ch th thnh cng (200 OK), v
ngi gi p tr bn tin ACK xc nhn, cuc gi c thit lp.Ngoi ra SIP cn c
cc m hnh hot ng lin mng vi SS7 (n PSTN) hoc l lin mng vi chng
giao thc H.323.
Tng qut li trong mng SIP qu trnh thit lp v hy mt phin kt ni:

Hnh 0-4: Thit lp v hy cuc gi SIP.

- Bc 1: ng k, khi to v nh v u cui.
- Bc 2: Xc nh phng tin ca cuc gi, tc l m t phin m u cui
c mi tham gia.
- Bc 3: Xc nh mong mun ca u cui b gi, tr li hay khng. Pha b
gi phi gi bn tin xc nhn chp thun cuc gi hay t chi.
- Bc 4: Thit lp cuc gi.
- Bc 5: Thay i hay iu khin cuc gi (v d nh chuyn cuc gi).
- Bc 6: Hy cuc gi.


2.2.1.10 Lin vn gia SIP v SS7
a. Thit lp cuc gi c bn gia SIP v PSTN

Hnh 0-5: Thit lp cuc gi c bn gia SIP v PSTN.
- Bc 1: Khi ngi dng SIP mun bt u mt phin hi thoi vi ngi dng
PSTN, SIP s pht bn tin yu cu INVITE. Bn tin ny tng t nh bn tin SETUP
ISDN. Gateway bt u x l cc ti nguyn dnh ring cho cuc gi. Cc ti nguyn
ny bao gm cng RTP/UDP bn pha IP v cc khe E1/T1 bn pha PSTN.
- Bc 2: Bn tin INVITE c xc nhn bi Gateway vi bn tin SIP cha m
trng thi 100. Bn tin ny cng xc nhn l Gateway ng iu khin cuc
gi.
- Bc 3: Bn tin INVITE c nh x thnh bn tin IAM ISUP v c gi n
PSTN. V kt ni audio c thc hin.
- Bc 4: PSTN p ng vi bn tin ACM ISUP thng bo rng bn tin IAM
c nhn thnh cng.
- Bc 5: Bn tin ACM cha mt trng c gi l m trng thi ngi b gi
v c nh x n p ng SIP tm thi p ng tm thi l 180 cho thu bao ri
v 183 cho khng ch nh p ng tm thi ny c Gateway gi n SIP. V
Gateway thc hin kt ni audio.
- Bc 6: Xc nhn p ng tm thi ACK (PRACK, Provisional Response
ACK) c gi tr li Gateway t SIP.
- Bc 7: M 200 c gi tr li SIP y l mt ACK.


- Bc 8: Bn tin xl cuc gi (CPM, Call Proceeding Message) c gi tr
v t PSTN vi cc m ch ra trng thi ca cuc gi.
- Bc 9: Thng tin trong bn tin CPM c t trong thn ca p ng SIP 18x
v c Gateway gi n SIP M s kin ISUP c nh x thnh m trng thi SIP
nh sau:
M s kin ISUP

M trng thi SIP

1: thng bo 180: rung chung
2: tin hnh 183: tin hnh cuc gi
3: thng tin inband 183: tin hnh cuc gi
4: chuyn cuc gi, ng dy bn 181: cuc gi ang c chuyn
5: chuyn cuc gi, khng tr li 181: cuc gi ang c chuyn
6: chuyn cuc gi, v iu kin 181: cuc gi ang c chuyn

- Bc 10 v 11: p ng tm thi c tr v v c xc nhn.
- Bc 12: ngi b gi tr li cuc gi, PSTN gi n Gateway bn tin ANM.
Gateway thc hin kt ni audio hai chiu.
- Bc 13 v 14: cuc gi hon thnh bn pha IP ca kt ni.

b. nh hng cuc gi SIP

Hnh 0-6: nh hng cuc gi SIP.


- Bc 1: Cuc gi c khi u t mng PSTN, bn tin IAM c gi n
Gateway. Gateway thc hin kt ni audio n PSTN.
- Bc 2: Da vo thng tin m n nhn c trong bc 1, Gateway gi bn tin
INVITE n SIP 1.
- Bc 3: SIP 1 tr li bn tin 3xx thng bo rng ngi b gi mt v tr khc.
Thng tin ny c m ha trong trng Contact ca bn tin SIP.
- Bc 4: Gateway gi li PSTN bn tin x l cuc gi CPG thng bo rng
cuc gi c chuyn.
- Bc 5: Gateway cng nhn bn tin 3xx.
- Bc 6: Da vo thng tin nhn c trong bc 3, Gateway gi bn tin
INVITE n SIP 2.
- Bc 7: Khi SIP 2 nhn c thng tin a ch y , n tr li p ng tm
thi l 18x. Gateway thc hin kt ni audio n SIP.
- Bc 8: Da vo m trng thi 18x, Gateway gi bn tin ACM n PSTN.
- Bc 9: Bn tin PRACK c gi t Gateway xc nhn vic nhn p ng
tm thi.
- Bc 10: SIP 2 p tr bn tin thnh cng vi m trng thi 200.
- Bc 11: SIP 2 tr li cuc gi.
- Bc 12:SIP 2 gi bn tin 200 n Gateway thng bo rng cuc gi
c trli v audio hai chiu c vt ngng (cut through) bi Gateway.
- Bc 13: Gateway gi bn tin ANM n PSTN v to kt ni audio hai chiu.
- Bc 14: Gateway xc nhn bn tin c SIP 2 gi i trong bc 12
2.2.1.11 Tnh nng ca SIP
Giao thc SIP c thit k vi nhng ch tiu sau:
- Tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca IETF: Cc giao thc khc ca IETF c
th xy dng xy dng nhng ng dng SIP. SIP c th hot ng cng vi nhiu
giao thc nh :
RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol) : Giao thc ginh trc ti nguyn
mng.
RTP (Real-time transport Protocol) : Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc.
RTSP (Real Time Streaming Protocol) : Giao thc to lung thi gian thc.
SAP (Session Advertisement Protocol) : Giao thc thng bo trong phin
kt ni.
SDP (Session Description Protocol) : Giao thc m t phin kt ni a
phng tin.
MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension - M rng th tn Internet a
mc ch) : Giao thc th in t.
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) : Giao thc truyn siu vn bn.
COPS (Common Open Policy Service) : Dch v chnh sch m chung.
OSP (Open Settlement Protocol) : Giao thc tha thun m.


- n gin v c kh nng m rng SIP, khng c cc chc nng tha nhng
SIP c th s dng thit lp nhng phin kt ni phc tp nh hi ngh n gin,
gn nh, da trn khun dng vn bn, v SIP khc phc c im yu ca nhiu
giao thc trc yCc phn mm ca my ch y quyn, my ch ng k, my ch
chuyn i a ch, my ch nh v c th chy trn cc my ch khc nhau v vic
ci t thm my ch hon ton khng nh hng n cc my ch c Chnh v
th h thng chuyn mch SIP c th d dng nng cp.
- H tr ti a s di ng ca u cui. Do c my ch y quyn, my ch ng
k v my ch chuyn i a ch h thng lun nm c a im chnh xc ca
thu bao. V d thu bao vi a ch ptit@vnpt.com.vn c th nhn c cuc gi
thoi hay thng ip bt c a im no qua bt c u cui no nh my tnh
bn, my xch tay, in thoi SIP Vi SIP rt nhiu dch v di ng mi c h
tr.
- D dng to tnh nng mi cho dch v v dch v mi. L giao thc khi to
phin trong mng chuyn mch gi, SIP cho php to ra nhng tnh nng mi hay
dch v mi mt cch nhanh chng. Ngn ng x l cuc gi (Call Processing
Language) v Giao din cng kt ni chung (Common Gateway Interface) l mt s
cng c thc hin iu ny. SIP h tr cc dch v thoi nh ch cuc gi, chuyn
tip cuc gi, kha cuc gi (call waiting, call forwarding, call blocking), h tr
thng ip thng nht



CHNG III: GII THIU BA PHN MM NG DNG
VOIP

3.1 Asterisk
3.1.1 Gii thiu v phn mm Asterisk
Asterisk l phn mm m ngun m min ph v thoi qua VoIP, cho php cc
doanh nghip c th lp t h thng tng i PBX m khng cn phi mua mt h
thng tng i o hay phn mm s hu c quyn cho mt h thng tng i ni b.
Asterisk l cng c phn mm m cho thoi ph bin nht trn th gii. N cho php
cc my tnh ca mt t chc c th lin lc thng tin bng thoi vi nhau thng qua
giao thc VoIP, tch hp chuyn mch TDM, v n p ng c nhu cu giao tip
vi mng in thoi chuyn mch cng cng (PTSNs).
Asterisk hot ng trn nhiu h iu hnh bao gm FreeBSD, Linux, OS X,
Windows, v Solaris. Asterisk c o ch n cho php cc doanh nghip thit
lpmt h thng tng i ni b PBX chuyn nghip vi y cc tnh nng cn
thit, truy nhp s dng dch v thoi khng tnh cc, v n cn cung cp mt mc
ln cc tu bin v tnh linh hot cho cc nhu cu s dng c th ca tng i
tng. i vi cc c nhn, t chc bit cch s dng Asterisk th s c nhiu li ch
v tnh nng m n c th cung cp.
Mt s nh cung cp m ngun m PBX s dng Asterisk nh mt k thut
nn tng cho cc gii php v tng i ring PBX hoc phn mm VoIP ca h Cc
nh cung cp, chng hn nh Free PBX, Elastix, Trixbox v Call Weaver, tt c u
s dng Asterisk nh l k thut li cho cc gii php phn mm ca h
3.1.2 Tnh nng v li ch ca Asterisk
Asterisk c mt s li ch v mt s nhc im. Nhng li ch ca vic s dng
Asterisk lm cho n tr thnh mt gii php ngy cng ph bin cho nhiu t
chc. Mt s li ch ca vic s dng Asterisk :
- Cc c nhn v cng ty c th chnh sa phn mm cho ph hp vi nhu cu c
th ca h.
- u im chnh chnh l tit kim chi ph lp t cng nh chi ph cho thoi.
- Asterisk linh hot v c kh nng chnh sa lm vic vi mt lot cc thit
b phn cng.
- Truy cp vo hng ngn hng dn trn internet to cc gii php PBX khc
nhau.
- H tr k thut v truy cp vo cc din n vi chi ph h tr k thut hng
thng thp.
- Cc chc nng cho mt gii php tng i PBX chuyn nghip thng c
cp nht.


- Asterisk c cc GUI v giao din ngi dng cho php truy cp trc quan v d
qun l.
Mt s nhc im m cc gii php phn mm m ngun m PBX cn l :
- H tr l mt chi ph thm trong hu ht cc gii php
- Kh khn trong vic trin khai thc hin hoc hiu r lm th no s dng
phn mm.
- i vi doanh nghip: cn c thi gian v ngun lc cn thit chi tr cho
vic o to nhn vin bit cch ci t, cu hnh, v s dng phn mm.

3.2 OpenSIP
3.2.1 Khi nim OpenSIPS
OpenSIPS (Open SIP Server) l mt h thng m ngun m ca mt SIP server
N khng ch l mt SIP proxy/router v OpenSIPS bao gm nhng chc nng cp
ng dng, OpenSIPS nh l mt my ch SIP, l thnh phn ct li ca bt k gii
php VoIP trn SIP server a chc nng, a mc ch: router, switch, application-
server, redirect-server, gateway, load-balancer..Vi mt c cu nh tuyn linh hot
v ty bin OpenSIPS hp nht ting ni, video, IM(Instant Message) v cc dch
v Presence mt cch c hiu qu cao nh thit k dng Module c th m rng V
vy, OpenSIPS c hiu qu cao, ng tin cy OpenSIPS l mt trong nhng my
ch SIP nhanh nht, vi mt thng lng c xc nh n nh l mt gii php ti
u cho doanh nghip, cc ngnh cng nghip
3.2.2 Tnh nng v li ch ca OpenSIPS
3.2.2.1 OpenSIPS trong VoIP

Hnh 0-8: OpenSIPS trong VoIP



3.2.2.2 Kin trc OpenSIPS
OpenSIPS l mt SIP proxy, n n gin hn B2BUA trong Asterisk bi v mt
SIP proxy ch lin quan n bo hiu. OpenSIPS bao gm hn 70 module, mi
module c mt chc nng ring, vi giao din module PLUG and PLAY th
OpenSIPS d dng m rng v nng cp cc tnh nng ca m khng nh hng ti
phn li v cng lm tng s n nh ca h thng li.
3.2.2.3 Kh nng kt ni n PSTN
OpenSIPS cn mt SIP gateway kt ni ti PSTN. N khng c kh nng ci
t th in thoi trong server. Thng thng, ngi ta s thc hin Asterisk nh l
mt cng PSTN cho OpenSIPS.
3.2.2.4 Giao tip vi NAT
OpenSIPS c lin quan nhiu n NAT, cho php thoi hoc lung d liu t
in thoi IP hoc phn mm VoIP ca khch hng trc tip n mt nh cung cp
dch v trong nhiu trng hp (khng i xng NAT). OpenSIPS cng cho php bn
thao tc trc tip SIP truyn thng x l cc trng hp c bit, chng hn nh
khi bn c hai my in thoi VoIP pha sau cng mt NAT router v mun gi cc
phng tin truyn thng trc tip gia chng.
3.2.2.5 Cn bng ti
Mt sc mnh c o ca OpenSIPS l kh nng cn bng ti cho cc cuc gi
VoIP. Thut ton chuyn ngnh bm trong OpenSIPS c th c cu hnh cn
bng ti bi cc"tn ngi dng", "ruri", "callid", v cc c tnh khc. OpenSIPS l
"failover aware" v c th lm mt phn b sung rt hu ch ca gii php Asterisk.
3.2.2.6 Giao din qun l v c s d liu
Giao din qun l (cho tch hp ngoi) thng qua FIFO file, XMLRPC hoc
Datagram (UDP hoc Unixsockets).
OpenSIPS a c s d liu backends - MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle, Berkeley,
flat files v cc loi database khc c th x l unixodbc
3.2.2.7 Dch v truyn thng
OpenSIPS l mt Proxy SIP v khng c kh nng ca bt k mng li dch v
truyn thng tin lin quan (phn ting ni ca mt cuc in thoi). OpenSIPS khng
phi l mt nn tng m bn s dng to ra h thng nh IVR, th thoi, TTS v
nhn bit ting ni, iu ny l do thit k.
3.2.2.8 Kh nng nng cp OpenSIPS
OpenSIPS c th chy trn h thng nhng, hiu sut c th ln n hng trm
thit lp cuc gi/giy.
Vi h thng c b nh 4GB, OpenSIP c th phc v hn 300000 thu bao trc
tuyn.
H thng c th d dng m rng bng cch thm my ch OpenSIPS.
OpenSIPS h tr IPv4 v IPv6 v c th phc v c multiple domain.


3.2.3 Kt lun
OpenSIPS l Carrier Class SIP proxy server c s dng ch yu bi cc nh
cung cp VoIP N c thit k x l khi lng ln cc cuc gi, cn bng
truyn ti SIP, gii quyt cc kch bn nng cao cho NAT v lin quan n bo hiu
trong SIP. Ni bt v tinh nng linh hot v s n nh, OpenSIPS ang lin tc pht
trin cc cc tnh nng trong Vin thng. Rt ph bin trong cc dch v cung cp
VoIP/Internet Telephony, OpenSIPS cung cp nn tng truyn thng hon chnh:
Vocie,Video, Instant Messaging v Presence. Hn th na, cu hnh OpenSIPS server
khng phi l d dng, nhng l cha kha thnh cng v bo mt cho d n IP.
Vi c tnh linh hot ca OpenSIPS cho php trin khai dich v tin tin v tit kim
c thi gian v chi ph
3.3 Kamailio
Cng ging nh OpenSIP, Kamailio c pht trin ln t OpenSER, nhng
OpenSIP th li i theo hng khc, hai nhnh ny do s xung t v nhm core nn
c tch ra lm hai n Kamailio phin bn 3.0 th hai nhm li kt hp v cng
chia s nhiu chc nng chung tng thch vi nhau, c th s hp nht li trong
tng lai
Kamailio l SIP Server, gm cc vai tr:
- SIP Registrar
- SIP Proxy
- SIP Redirector.
Asterisk l BUA: Back-to-back User Agent, ngoi x l, SIP cn c mt s giao
thc khc nh:
- IAX
- H323
X l c media ln control, Asterisk ging nh mt media gateway trong m
hnh lm vic ca SIP, ngoi ra cn lm c:
- SIP Registrar
- SIP Client (UA).
Asterisk l IP PBX, h tr rt y tnh nng ca mt tng i ni b, cn
Kamailio th c gi l SIP Server, mt phn ca h thng SIP (ch quan tm ti
control), ch khng gi l IP PBX (mt b hon chnh c control ln media) Cng v
l do ch quan tm ti control, nn kh nng x l ca Kamailio l rt khng khip.
Mt server bnh thng (2 core, vi GB RAM) c kh nng qun l hng chc ngn
subsciber, nh tuyn hng ngn hng khc nhau, v hng trm cuc gi/1 giy.
Asterisk t c kh nng th phi s dng rt nhiu server mnh. Nhn chung
c Asterisk vkamailio u h tr SIP. im khc nhau l ch, trong khi Asterisk l
mt h thng kh hon chnh, h tr c iu khin v cc dch v a phng tin th
Kamailio n thun ch l SIP server trong m hnh VoIP, chnh v tnh chuyn bit
nh vy nn hiu sut ca n l rt cao. Tuy nhin, mt mnh Kamailio th cha


to nn mt h thng VoIP kiu nh PBX m Asterisk vn lm, phi c thm hng
lot cc thit b lin quan n mediana mi gn chc nng nh Asterisk:
Media gateway (v d FXO gate kt ni i PSTN, ci ny Asterisk c th t lm
hoc l s dng ngoi)
- MCU (conference server)
- IVR gateway
- ACD Gateway
- Recording Server
- Voice Mail server
Trong khi cc chc nng ny Asterisk c sn. Nhn chung, Kamailio l mt sn
phm ca hng pht trin VoIP, l chia nh v chuyn bit ha cc thnh phn
ca h thng.
Vi vic bc u lm quen vi VoIP, kin thc cn hn ch nhiu mt, nn
trong chuyn ny chng em s tm hiu v Asterisk, do hin nay Asterisk kh ph
bin v c s dng nhiu, cc ti liu h tr tm hiu cng a dng. Vic xy dng
m hnh mng cng tng i n gin, nm trong kh nng ca nhm.



CHNG IV: TRIN KHAI H THNG ASTERISK

Asterisk l mt phn mm mang tnh cch mng, tin cy, m ngun m v min
ph m bin mt PC r tin thng thng chy Linux thnh mt h thng in thoi
doanh nghip mnh m. Asterisk l mt b cng c m ngun m cho cc ng dng
thoi v l mt server x l cuc gi y chc nng Asterisk l mt nn tng tch
hp in thoi vi tnh ho kin trcb m. Nhiu h thng Asterisk c ci t
thnh cng trn khp th gii. Cng ngh Asterisk ang phc v cho nhiu doanh
nghip Asterisk em n cho ngi s dng tt c cc tnh nng v ng dng ca h
thng tng i PBX v cung cp nhiu tnh nng m tng i PBX thng thng
khng c c.
4.1 Gii thiu chung
- Mc ch:
Thc hin th nghim cc hnh thc truyn thoi qua mi trng IP
Nghin cu cc tnh nng ti u m h thng Asterisk em li.
- Quy m h thng:
Do hn ch v c s h tng, thit b nn th nghim y c xy dng vi
quy m nh, ch yu nhm mc ch nghin cu cc tnh nng mt h thng VoIP.
4.2 Kt ni phn cng
Cc thit b dng cho trin khai h thng Asterisk c kt ni theo m hnh sau:

Hnh 4-1: Cc thit b trong h thng Asterisk

PBX l mt my ch s dng OS l linux (ubuntu), ci t Asterisk 1.6. Cu
hnh my ch:
- RAM: 512MB
- CPU: 2GHz
- HDD: 10GB


2 laptop s dng c ci t softphone.
Switch c cng kt ni ti cc my tnh khc.
Kt qu mong mun t c l thc hin c cuc gi VoIP trong mng LAN,
dng phn mm Wireshark bt v phn tch cc gi tin ri so snh vi l thuyt ca
SIP.

4.3 Ci t phn mm
4.3.1 My ch PBX
Ci t OS l ubuntu version 11.04, giao din ca h iu hnh:

Hnh 4-2: Giao din h iu hnh
4.3.2 Ci t phn mm Asterisk trn my ch
Cp nht th vin:
Cc th vin cn thit cho ci t Asterisk bao gm :bison, bison-devel, ncurses,
ncurses-devel, zlib, zlib-devel, openssl, openssl-devel, gnutls-devel, gcc, gcc-c++
Ci t bng cu lnh :
apt get install *
Vi * l tn cc th vin trn.
Ln lt ci t 5 gi phn mm sau:
dahdi-linux-2.4.1.2
dahdi-tools-2.4.1
libpri-1.4.11.5
asterisk-1.6.2.18
asterisk-addons-1.6.2.3
Tt c cc gi trn u c th tm thy trn website ca Asterisk:
http://www.asterisk.org/downloads


4.3.3 Ci t freepbx qun l server asterisk
Download freepbx-2.9.0 t a ch: http://www.freepbx.org/download-freepbx,
ci t trn my ch PBX, set IP cho my ch l 10.10.10.10. Vic ci t freebpx l
to ra 1 giao din web d s dng v qua , ngi qun l c th cu hnh cho
tng i PBX t bt k my no trong mng LAN min l c ti khon admin. Giao
din ca freepbx nhn t mt laptop trong mng LAN:

Hnh 4-3: Giao din ca freepbx
4.3.4 Ci t softphone trn cc laptop
Softphone c s dng l phn mm X Lite ( download phn mm min ph t
a ch: http://www.counterpath.com/x-lite-4.0-for-windows-download.html)

Hnh 4-4: Giao din ca phn mm X Lite



4.4 Thc hin cuc gi VoIP, bt v phn tch gi
Ta tin hnh khai bo 2 thu bao 101 v 103 ti tng i ri nhp user name,
password vo giao din X Lite, chn domain l IP ca tng i PBX 10.10.10.10, khai
bo cc thng s thu bao. Kch bn cuc gi: sau khi khai bo thu bao xong c hai
softphone, softphone 1(IP:10.10.10.5) thc hin cuc gi ti soft phone 2
(IP:10.10.10.14). Softphone 2 nhc my, m thoi, softphone 1 gc my kt thc
cuc gi Sau y l qu trnh phn tch cc gi tin bt c trn wireshark, lu
rng, my ch PBX thc cht l 1 my o ci trong laptop 1, s dng chung card
mng LAN nhng khc a ch IP, v vy wireshark bt c cc bn tin n v i
trn c laptop 1 v my ch PBX.
4.4.1 Khi to phin
Qu trnh thit lp phin khi to cuc gi gia 2 thu bao 101( 10.10.10.5) v
103 (10101014) c thc hin bi giao thc Sip (session initiation protocol) u
tin, 101 (10.10.10.5) gi bn tin Invite thu bao 103 n PBX (10.10.10.10) gi s
14, PBX xc nhn 103 c trong danh sch thu bao ca mnh (ang IP 10.10.10.14)
v ang trong trng thi kt ni PBX p ng cho yu cu Invite ny bng vic gi
li mt m p ng 100 Trying ( gi s 15) ng thi chuyn tip bn tin Invite ny
n 103 (10.10.10.14)-gi s 16 Sau , p ng Ringing m 180 (gi 17) cho bit
103 ang c cnh bo c cuc gi ti, p ng ny c tc dng nh khi mt thu
bao gi in thoi v nghe hi chung reo t pha ngi b gi. Sau qu trnh rung
chung bt u thc hin, ti lc ny khng c bt k bn tin no c trao i gia
cc thu bao.

Tip theo 103 chp nhn cuc gi nn n gi mt p ng OK vi m l 200 cho
PBX (gi 34), PBX xc nhn li bng bn tin Ack (gi 35) Sau , PBX gi p ng
OK vn vi m l 200 v cho 101 thng bo cho 101 bit c l 103 chp nhn
cuc gi ca 101(gi 36), 101 xc nhn nhn c bn tin OK bng bn tin Ack
n PBX.

Sau khi Ack c gi v nhn th hai user ca cuc gi c th bt u m
thoi vi nhau.


4.4.2 Qu trnh m thoi
Sau khi phin m thoi c khi to, c 2 softphone s thc hin m ha tn
hiu ri truyn i theo giao thc RTP. u tin chng ta tm hiu khi nim giao thc
RTP: RTP ( vit tt ca Real-time Transport Protocol) l mt giao thc Internetchun
c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng thi gian thc nh in thoi Internet,
video streaming. Giao thc RTP nh ngha cch thc cho php cc ng dng qun l
vic truyn ti thng tin vi thi gian thc (real-time transmission).
Di y l cu trc khung ca mt gi tin RTP:

Hnh 4-5: Cu trc khung ca gi tin RTP

- Header RTP gm cc thng tin cn thit cho ng dng ch cu trc li mu
ting ni c chia nh truyn trn ng truyn.
V (Version): Ch ra version ca RTP 2bit
P (Padding) : Cho bit c cc byte m cui vng payload hay khng ( Do
chiu di vng payload ca gi RTP phi l bi s ca 32) 1 bit
X (Extension) : Cho bit header RTP c phn header extension hay khng
1bit
CSRC count: Cho bit s nhn din ngun pht trong vng CSRC 4bit
M (Marker): nh du khi bt u truyn d liu thoi. H tr tnh nng loi
b khong lng 1bit
PT (Payload Type): Ch ra loi chun m ha c dng m ha d liu
thoi trong vng payload 7bit
Sequence number: S th t ca cc gi RTP c gi i Gip u thu xc
nh c s mt gi v th t gi. Gi tr ban u c thit lp ngu nhin
16bit
RTP
packet


Timestamp: Ch ra thi im m mu u tin trong payload c to ra
(Thi im ly mu c tham chiu ti ng h xung clock). Gi tr ban u
ca timestamp l mt gi tr ngu nhin 32bit
Synchonization Source Identifier (SSRC): Gip u thu nhn dng ng b
pha u pht 32bit
Contributing source (CSRC): Cha mt gi tr SSCR cho mt thnh phn
tham gia vo phin giao dch Vng ny c s dng khi dng RTP xut
pht t mt b trn 32bit
- Header Extension: S dng cho cc dng tin yu cu thm thng tin c bit
no 32bit
- Payload: D liu cn truyn trong mt gi RTP, trong trng hp VoIP d liu
ny l tn hiu thoi c m ha bi s ca 32bit
Sau y chng ta s bt mt gi tin RTP trong qu trnh thc hin m thoi
phn tch:
Gi tin c bt l gi tin th 49 trong s cc gi tin giao tip gia hai my trong
qu trnh thit lp cuc gi: My ngun PBX c a ch IP: 10.10.10.10 gi ti my
ch c a ch IP: 10.10.10.5

Hnh 4-6: Gi tin th 49



Giao thc RTP nm bn trn giao thc UDP trong cu trc ca mt khung
Ethernet m chng ta bt c Di y l phn gi tin RTP di dng cc k t h
hexa:

ngha ca cc byte trong gi tin bt c:

So snh vi cu trc khung c a ra trn, gi tin bt c c:
- V=2, tc l RFC 1889 version 2
- P = 0 : Khng c m cui vng payload
- X = 0 : Khng c phn header extension (phn m rng header)
- CSRC count = 0: Do khng c b trn (mixed)
- M=0: y khng phi l gi u tin trong lung ting ni.
- Payload type = 0: Chun m ha d liu trong vng payload l ITU-T G.711
PCMU
- Sequence number = 37116: S th t ca gi tin RTP ny l 37116
- Timestamp = 3025776: Mc thi gian ca mu u tin trong payload
- Synchronization Source Identifier = 4be8f7e4 (1273559012) : Gi tr u thu
s nhn dng ngun ng b ti pha u pht.
- Do khng s dng b trn (mixed) nn khng cn trng Contributing source
(CSRC)
- Paload: Phn cn li ca gi tin


Cc bn tin RTP nh vy c trao i qua li cho n khi kt thc phin m
thoi.
4.4.3 Kt thc phin:
Khi 101 hay 103 mun kt thc cuc gi th chng s a ra yu cu BYE, bt
c bn no trong cuc gi u c th a ra yu cu ny, trong trng hp ny th bn
101 yu cu kt thc cuc gi trc, gi bn tin bye n PBX (gi 681), PBX xc
nhn li bng bn tin 200 OK (gi 682) Sau , PBX gi request BYE ti 103 (gi
687), 101 chp nhn kt thc cuc gi, xc nhn li bng gi 200 OK (gi 688).



CHNG V: KT LUN
SIP l giao thc bo hiu linh hot, mm do v rt thch hp khi s dng trong
mng IP. SIP ngy cng tr nn ph bin v tr thnh mt giao thc bo hiu chnh
trong mng VoIP. SIP c phn m rng s cho nhng tnh nng, ng dng, dch v
v mi trng c th. V vy vn quan trng cn xc nh trc tin i vi nh
cung cp dch v l xc nh phng hng pht trin dch v, trn c s s tip
tc xy dng ti liu chun cho cc phn m rng lin quan.
OpenSIPS l SIP Proxy Server m ngun m ch o. OpenSIPS c kh nng
nh tuyn hng t pht v x l hng triu hot ng cc cuc gi in thoi VoIP
mi thng. Ni bt v tinh nng linh hot v s n nh, OpenSIPS ang lin tc pht
trin cc cc tnh nng trong Vin thng.
Rt ph bin trong cc dch v cung cp VoIP/Internet Telephony, OpenSIPS
cung cp nn tng truyn thng hon chnh : Vocie ,Video, Instant Messaging v
Presence Hn th na.Cu hnh OpenSIPS server khng phi l d dng ,nhng l
cha kha thnh cng v bo mt cho d n IP. Vi c tnh linh hot ca OpenSIPS
cho php trin khai dich v tin tin v tit kim c thi gian v chi ph
Hn ch v hng pht trin ca ti
- Hn ch ca ti
Cha khai thc v th hin c ht cc chc nng ca OpenSIPS Mi thc hin
thit lp cuc gi gia PC PC , cha thc hin c nhng ng dng ca OpenSIPS
trong thc m hnh thc t khc v d nh thc hin cuc gi t IP telephone PC, IP
telephone IP telephone thng qua OpenSIPS
- Hng pht trin ca ti
Tm hiu v nghin cu cch cu hnh OpenSIPS c th ng dng c cc
chc nng ca n trong mng VoIP, phc v cho cc doanh nghip, cc ngnh Cng
nghip mt cch ti u nht



DNH MC T VIT TT
DNS Domain Name System
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
IEFT Internet Engineering Task Force
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol
MTU Maximum Transmission Unit
NAT Network address translation
PBX Private Branch Exchange
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
RTP Real-time transport Protocol)
RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol)
SAP Session Advertisement Protocol
SCTP Stream Transmission Control Protocol
SDP Session Description Protocol
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
SMS Short Message Service
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UAC User Agent Client
URL Universal Resource Locator
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
XCAP XML Configuration Access Protocol
XML Extensible Markup Language
XMPP The Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol


Ti liu tham kho :
[1] Mark AMiller, PE2002 Voice over IP Technologies Building the Converged
Network, M&T Books
[2] Henry Sinnreich, Alan BJohnston, Delivering VoIP and Multimedia Services
with Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition, Wiley Publishing_Inc, 2006
[3] Wiliam CHardy, VoIP service quality, McGraw Hill, 2003

Tim Hiểu Hệ Thống VoIP Tren Asterisk

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