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12:
(Hugh D.
Young).
www.sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
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.
(Hugh D. Young).
2 3,
.
.
.
(,
..) mail:
stelioskontomaris@windowslive.com
vasoula.alex@hotmail.com
sciencephysics4all@hotmail.com
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.1) ............................................................ 4
.1 ................................................................. 4
.2) ................................................................................................................. 6
.2 ................................................................. 7
.3) .................................................................................................. 7
.3 ................................................................. 9
.4) ............................................................................ 9
.4 ............................................................... 11
.5) .......................................................................................... 11
.5 ............................................................... 12
.6) ........................................................................................... 13
.6 ............................................................... 15
.7) ............................................................................. 15
.7 ............................................................... 17
.8) 22
.8
23
.9)
24
.9
25
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.1)
:
.
:
F G
m1 m2
r2
G
.
.
-,
, . ,
.
,
.
, 1 / r 2 . ,
, , ,
. ,
.
G ,
,
m1 m 2 r .
:
G 6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2
.
,
.
.
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sin
8
6
0,6
0,8 cos
10
10
, :
FA G
mA m
6,4kg 0,01kg
42,7 10 11 N
(6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 )
2
2
2
(10 10 m)
r
FB G
mB m
6,4kg 0,01kg
42,7 10 11 N
(6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 )
2
2
2
(10 10 m)
r
sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
, :
.2)
,
. ,
,
, . ,
,
.
w m
( R E ), R E
m E , :
w Fg G
m mE
RE
r ( r RE ),
m :
w Fg G
m mE
r2
, :
w mg
w G
: sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
m mE
RE
, :
sciencephysics4all.weebly.com
g G
mE
RE
g
.
g , G R E 9,8m / s 2 ,
G 6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 6380km :
mE 5,98 10 24 kg
,
:
mE
mE
5500kg / m 3 5,50 g / cm 3
4
VE
3
RE
3
g E G
g M G
mM
RM
mE
RE
. ,
, :
g G
mM
RM
mE
1
( 4 RE ) 2
1
81
1
81
1
16
mE
RE
16
16
g E 9,8m / s 2 1,94m / s 2
81
81
.3)
, .
, M ,
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. , m ,
, .
M m
m:
Fg
m
, g ,
m / s 2 .
, M ,
m . , g
M r :
GM
r2
.
,
:
GM
g 2 r
r
g r .
,
. ,
.
, g
. , g
, .
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g RE
GmE
RE
h :
(1)
g RE h
GmE
( R E h) 2
g RE h
g RE
2
GmE
2 RE
GmE
2 RE
, :
.4)
, W grav
, r1 r2 :
r2
r2
r1
r1
Wgrav Fr dr
GmmE
dr
r2
Fr r ,
. ,
,
. , W grav :
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Wgrav
r2
r1
Wgrav
2
r2 1
1 1
GmmE
1
dr
Gmm
dr
Gmm
GmmE
E
E
2
2
r1 r
r
r r1
r2 r1
GmmE GmmE
r2
r1
r . ,
.
r :
Wgrav U 1 U 2 , :
GmmE
r
r , ,
. , r ,
,
.
, ,
.
U mgy ,
Wgrav
GmmE GmmE
,
r2
r1
,
r1 r2 RE . , :
Wgrav
GmmE GmmE
r r
r r
GmmE 1 2 GmmE 1 2 2
r2
r1
r1r2
RE
GmE
RE
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10
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12-7 ( )
M
R ( ):
2GM
R
, :
)
2GM
2 (6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 ) 7,4 10 22 kg
2,38 10 3 m / s
3
1737 10 m
2GM
2 (6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 ) 5,69 10 26 kg
3,5 10 4 m / s
6
0,060 10 m
)
, ,
, (
)
. , ,
.
.5)
( )
( ).
;
() . ,
. ,
.
,
arad 2 / r . ,
,
:
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11
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F ma Fg marad
GmmE
2
m
r
r2
, :
GmE
r
(1)
( , r
) .
:
2r
2r
r
2r 3 / 2
T
GmE
GmE
(2)
(1) (2) ,
.
2r 3 / 2
GmE
r :
T 2 GmE
4 2 r 3
T
T
r
2
GmE
GmE
4
2r 3 / 2
1/ 3
, :
T 2 GmE
r
2
4
1/ 3
r
4 (3,14) 2
1/ 3
r 4,23 10 7 m
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12
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:
.6)
16 ,
:
) ,
.
F . F F
.
.
, ,
.
)
.
dA
, F d , :
dA
1
1
(rd )r r 2 d
2
2
, :
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13
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dA 1 2 d
r
dt 2
dt
d
d
, r
:
dt
dt
d
r ,
dt
(
) ,
. , :
dA 1
r sin
dt 2
, r sin r ,
( L r m )
m. , :
dA 1 r m
L
dt 2 m
2m
, .
, ,
dL
:
r F . , r F
dt
dL
0 . ,
, r F 0
dt
.
)
.
T
2r 3 / 2
GmE
T2
2r 3 / 2
GmE
4 2 r 3
GmE
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2 10 4 m / s
2 1011 m , :
U 1 K1 G
mS m 1
m12
r1
2
4 1010 m , :
U 2 K 2 G
mS m 1
m 22
r2
2
,
. :
U 1 K1 U 2 K 2 G
m m 1
mS m 1
m12 G S m 22
r2
r1
2
2
1 1
r2 r1
22 12 2GmS
2 7,6 10 4 m / s
.7)
,
, a priori
.
.
, ,
( )
.
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m
M .
, ,
:
dA 2R 2 sin d
dM
, :
dM 2R 2 sin d
1
dM M sin d
2
M
2
4R
:
dU
GmdM
s
dU
( s )
GmM sin d
2s
,
0 (
) s r-R ( 0) r+R ( )
, :
GmM
r
m M.
, ,
.
( ). m
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, M,
, , .
m M,
s R-r R+r.
, : U
GmM
R
m
,
( ).
, m ( ,
-), F
dU
, .
dr
dl
l
l+x
d
x l m. dM
m :
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dU
Gm dM
lx
(1)
, dM
:
dM dl
dl M
dM
M
L
L
, (1) :
dU
Gm dl M
L(l x)
,
- , :
GmM
L
GmM L
GmM L x
ln 1
ln
L
L
x
x
1
GmM
GmM
L
ln( L x) ln x
dl
ln(l x) 0
lx
L
L
x L , L / x (
, : ln(1 x) x x
L / x ) :
GmM L
GmM
L x
x
x . , ,
.
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d m.
x :
d
d
g
Fg
m
. ,
.
d
L x d m. m
:
dF
Gm dM
(L x d ) 2
(1)
, dM
:
dM dx
dx M
dM
M
L
L
, (1) :
dF
Gm dx M
L (L x d ) 2
(
d d+L,
), :
GmM
F dF
L
L
0
1
GmM
1
dx
L L x d
L L x d
0
GmM
1
1
GmM
F
L Ld d
d (L d )
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, :
F
GM
m d (L d )
d L , :
GM
d2
d.
dx
x dx
:
,
dx . ,
g : g II 0 .
:
dx ( dM
:
dF
Gm dM Gm dM
2
r2
x a2
, dM
:
dM dx
dx M
dM
. :
M
2L
2L
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dF
Gm dM GmM dx
2L x 2 a 2
r2
(1)
, :
dF dF ,
dx. :
dF dF dF
a
a
dF
r
x2 a2
(2)
(1), (2) :
dF
GmM
dx
a
GmMa
1
2
2
dx
2
2
2
2L x a
2L
(x a 2 )3/ 2
x a
,
dx,
:
GmMa L
1
dx
2
2L L ( x a 2 ) 3 / 2
(3)
x2 a2
, (3) :
GmMa
x
F
2
2L a x 2 a 2
GmMa
L
L
2
2
2
2
2L a L a
a L2 a 2
GmMa
2L
GmM
2
2
2
2L
a L a
a L2 a 2
g :
F
GM
m a L2 a 2
, a L , :
GM
a a2
GM
.
a2
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.8)
,
, , . ,
( )
( ).
.
,
( F )
: wo
GmmE
, m
RE2
.
, ,
, R E .
(,
)
( wo F , F wo
):
wo F
m 2
RE
( , : wo F 0 F wo
= )
, : F wo
m 2
RE
w :
w wo
m 2
RE
m,
:
g go
2
RE
2
, , 0,0339m / s 2 .
RE
, , 0,0339m / s 2 .
, ,
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0,0339 m / s 2 . (
10m / s 2 , 0,3% g
.)
, ,
g g o 0,0339m / s 2 .
g o ,
(
). . ,
,
.
,
g o .
. , .
, .
, ,
, .
, :
o arad
w wo marad w mg o marad g
w 0
.
. , ,
, --
g
( F mg ma a
F 0 )
.
, ,
(
)
.
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. )
5kg ; )
;
) wo mg o
( ). g o :
go
0,25 10 2 m / s 2 25m / s 2
R2
(7,1 10 7 m) 2
, :
2 3,14 7,1 10 7 m
2RE
10h 3600s / h
m 2
T
w wo
wo m
125 N 5kg
125 N 10,8 N
RE
RE
7,1 10 7 m
2
w 114,2 N
.9 :
- .
,
, M,
, Schwarzschild :
Rs
2GM
c2
, R s ,
, ,
.
R s .
.
,
.
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Schwarzschild
:
Rs
2,95 10 3 m
c2
(3 108 m / s) 2
RS 2,95 10 3 m
0,42 10 5 m 4,2 10 6 m
8
R 6,96 10 m
: FB
F ,
.
. :
r+d ( r
d=6cm), (
,
):
FB F ma
2
rad
GmM
2
F m
rd
(r d ) 2
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GmM
m 2 (r d )
2
(r d )
(1)
m 2 , .
,
F (
). :
GmM
GmM
m 2 r m 2
2
r
r3
(2)
, (1) (2) :
GmM
GmM
(r d )
2
(r d )
r3
1
rd
1
rd
F GmM
GmM
2
2
r 3
r3
(r d )
d
r 1 r
GmM d
F
r 1
r
r 3
r d
GmM
r 1 2d / r r d
r3
GmM
r 2d r d
r3
GmM
(6,673 10 11 N m 2 / kg 2 ) 0,03kg (10 1,99 10 30 kg)
3
d
3 6 10 2 m
3
3
3
r
(150 10 m)
( )
F 2119 N
r-d (
- -,
), :
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2
FB F marad
GmM
2
rd
(r d ) 2
GmM
GmM
(r d )
2
(r d )
r3
1
rd
1
rd
F GmM
3 GmM
3
2
2
r
r
(r d )
r 1 r
GmM d
r 1
r
r 3
GmM
r 1 2d / r r d
r3
GmM
r 2d r d
r3
GmM
3d F 2119 N
r3
r d
( )
, F 2119 N ,
.
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