Handoff Algorithm

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 5.
Handoff Algorithm
1 Handoff............................................................................................................................. 5-3
1.1 Handoff Type............................................................................................................. 5-3
1.2 Pilot Set..................................................................................................................... 5-4
1.3 Pilot Searching.......................................................................................................... 5-5
Handoff Pro!"d#r".......................................................................................................... 5-$
2.1 Handoff Message Processing Procedure..................................................................5-8
2.2 Handoff Threshold..................................................................................................... 5-
3 Handoff Algorithm.......................................................................................................... 5-11
3.1 Softer Handoff......................................................................................................... 5-11
2.3 Soft Handoff............................................................................................................ 5-15
3.3 !nhanced Soft Handoff "Supports #S-5$ and #S-2%%% Standard&..........................5-1'
3.4 #nter (ell )* Hard Handoff...................................................................................... 5-1
3.5 (o++on )* Hard Handoff...................................................................................... 5-21
3., !nhanced Hard Handoff "Supports #S-5$ and #S-2%%% Standard&........................5-23
3.' -ata Handoff . /eg Selection.................................................................................5-34
3.8 *ccess Handoff....................................................................................................... 5-3,
% Enhan!"d Soft Handoff P"rforman!" &"rifi!ation......................................................5-%'
L(ST OF F()*RES
)igure 5.1 Handoff Message )lo0......................................................................................... 5-8
)igure 5.2 Handoff Procedure *ccording to Pilot !c1#o change supported 2y #S-5*...........5-
)igure 5.3 !nhanced Handoff Procedure *ccording to Pilot !c1#o (hange "#S-5$3 #S-2%%%&.......5-1%
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page #
MODEL NAME
MANUAL TITLE
+. '''.
Ta2le of (ontents P*8T 2. (-M* 8adio !ngineering 1 !- %%
)igure 5.4 Softer Handoff Mechanis+.................................................................................5-11
)igure 5.5 Softer Handoff (all )lo0..................................................................................... 5-12
)igure 5., #ntra $S( Soft Handoff Mechanis+....................................................................5-15
)igure 5.' #nter $S( Soft Handoff Mechanis+....................................................................5-1,
)igure 5.8 #nter $S( 1 MS( Soft Handoff Mechanis+.........................................................5-1,
)igure 5. #nter (ell )* Hard Handoff.................................................................................. 5-1
)igure 5.1% #nter (ell )* Hard Handoff (all )lo0................................................................5-2%
)igure 5.11 (o++on )* Hard Handoff................................................................................ 5-21
)igure 5.12 (o++on )* Hard Handoff (all )lo0................................................................5-21
)igure 5.13 Handdo0n9)* $it-+ap..................................................................................... 5-22
)igure 5.15 Single Search *lgorith+................................................................................... 5-25
)igure 5.1, Periodic Search *lgorith+ 1............................................................................. 5-2,
)igure 5.1' Periodic Search *lgorith+ 2............................................................................. 5-2'
)igure 5.18 !nhanced Hard Handoff 0ith return on failure..................................................5-28
)igure 5.1 Processing Point for !ach *ccess Handoff......................................................5-3,
)igure 5.2% !nhanced Soft Handoff Test (ase....................................................................5-4%
)igure 5.21 #S-5$ Handoff *rea........................................................................................ 5-41
)igure 5.22 #S-5* Handoff *rea......................................................................................... 5-42
L(ST OF TABLES
Ta2le 5.1 Search :indo0 Si;e.............................................................................................. 5-,
Ta2le 5.2 T9T-8<P............................................................................................................ 5-13
Ta2le 5.3 Search9type......................................................................................................... 5-2
Ta2le 5.4 Search9period...................................................................................................... 5-2
Ta2le 5.5 Search9+ode....................................................................................................... 5-2
Ta2le 5., Processing Point and Ter+inal State for !ach *ccess Handoff...........................5-3,
Ta2le 5.' (o+parison 2et0een #S-5* and #S-5$ Ter+inal Handoff Sei;ure Ti+e...........5-41
Page ## 4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td.
CHAPTER 5
Handoff *lgorith+
1 Handoff
Handoff is the procedure that maintains the call path between BTS and the terminal,
when terminal moves from the current BTS service area into the neighbor BTS
service area.
1.1 Handoff T,-"
The type and features of Handoff supported by CDM system are as follows.
1.1.1 Soft"r Handoff
The process of transferring a call in progress from the BTS to another BTS without
channel disconnection. !ower is controlled by both sectors during Softer Handoff,
while subscriber is in the overlapped area covered by the two sectors, so that path
loss caused by other fading is relieved
Softer Handoff type is as below according to the number of e"isting sectors engaged.
# $ay Softer Handoff
% $ay Softer Handoff
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page
5-3
(H*PT!8 5. Handoff *lgorith+ P*8T 2. (-M* 8adio !ngineering 1 !- %%
1.1. Soft Handoff
The process of transferring a call in progress from the terminal with new BTS without
disconnecting the communication with the e"isting BTS. Soft Handoff is performed
only between the CDM channels that have the same fre&uency assigned. nd Soft
Handoff provides diversity to forward call channel path and bac'ward call channel
path in the border of two BTS.
Soft Handoff type is as follows according to BSC configuration and the number of
the e"isting BTS engaged.
(nter BSC Soft Handoff
(ntra BSC Soft Handoff
# way Soft Handoff
% way Soft Handoff
(n addition, )nhanced Soft Handoff is included over (S*+,B standard.
1.1.3 Hard Handoff
Hard handoff is performed when terminal moves between channels of different
assigned fre&uencies or different frame offsets, and between separate BTS.
$ireless lin' continuity is not sustained and temporarily disconnected during hard
handoff.
The type of Hard Handoff supported by SMS-./ CDM system is as follows0
(nter MSC Hard Handoff
(nter 1re&uency Hard Handoff
Handoff between MSC is implemented as Soft Handoff through 2outer e&uipment.
The type of Hard Handoff between assigned fre&uencies is as below according to the
implementation method.
Common 1 Hard Handoff
(nter 1 Hard Handoff
)nhanced Hard Handoff
Handoff between Supplemental Channels for Data Service in (S*#333 standard is
termed as Hard Handoff.
Page 5-4 4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td.
P*8T 2. (-M* 8adio !ngineering 1 !- %% (H*PT!8 5. Handoff *lgorith+
1. Pilot S"t
Handoff starts, when terminal measures and reports !ilot Strength of neighbor BTS
to the system and the system determines whether handoff is processed for the
reported !ilot Strength
$hile engaged, terminal continues to search a new !ilot for handoff as well as
change the !ilot Strength related to the current forward call channel modulated.
(n !aging and Traffic status, terminal receives .eighbor 4ist from BTS to get
informed about .eighbor to be searched.
nd terminal re&uests handoff of the system, when detecting signal over some
strength by searching BTS !ilots included in the .eighbor list.
ll the BTS including the current BTS are classified as below and managed to
improve the !ilot search efficiency.
ctive Set 0 means the pilots related to the forward traffic channel assigned
to terminal and the BTS being engaged.
Candidate Set 0 means the pilots not included in ctive Set, and detected as
sufficient strength to be completely modulated as forward traffic channel.
.eighbor Set 0 means the pilot not included in ctive Set or Candidate Set
of .eighbor 4ist received by terminal, and enabled to be handoff candidate.
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page 5-5
2emaining Set 0 means the set of all the possible pilots other than ctive,
Candidate, .eighbor Set above.
Candidate 1re&uency Search Set 0 (n (S*+,B or over (S*#333 standard,
terminal search pilots of fre&uency being synchroni5ed and other fre&uencies,
and reports the result to the system. Candidate 1re&uency Search Set is the
subset of Candidate 1re&uency .eighbor Set that terminal is directed to search
other fre&uencies.
Terminal manages several sets as above and searches strength of pilot in each set to
re&uest handoff of the system
1.3 Pilot S"ar!hing
Terminal gets the /!S time information by receiving 6Sync Channel Message7 from
BTS.
Terminal may be informed of the time later than BTS reports because of the distance
from the BTS.
s terminal moves, terminal is not guaranteed that it receives the BTS pilot signal at
the e"act time, because of delayed time changes according to the distance.
So terminal defines error range on the basis of the informed time and detects pilot
signal within the range, because of the time delay error.
The search range is named Search $indow. $hen Search window is set up wide,
failure rate for pilot search is reduced, but it ta'es longer time to search. This
increases the possibility of failure in another pilot search.
Search $indow si5e is set up depending on the set sustained by the terminal. s for a
special area 8repeater service area9, Search $indow is set up generally as wide to
offset the delay generated on optical line.
Terminal receives Search window through 6System !arameter Message7 from BTS
in paging status, and through 6 Handoff Direction Message7 in traffic status.
BTS determines and delivers window to terminal for terminal in !ilot Sets to search.
$indow is determined through S2CH: $(.: for pilot in ctive Set or Candidate
Set, S2CH:$(.:. for pilot in .eighbor Set, and S2CH:$(.:2 for pilot in
2emaining Set.
Search $indow types and setup si5e are as follows.
Page 5-, 4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td.
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page 5-'
Ta.l" 5.1 S"ar!h /indo0 Si1"
S8(H9:#69*
S8(H9:#696
S8(H9:#698
S8(H9:#6967H$8
()9S8(H9:#696
:#6-<: S#=!
"P6 (hip&
S8(H9:#69*
S8(H9:#696
S8(H9:#698
S8(H9:#6967H$8
()9S8(H9:#696
:#6-<: S#=!
"P6 (hip&
% 2 "1 chip& 8 4% "2% chip&
1 4 "2 chip& 5, "28 chip&
2 , "3 chip& 1% 8% "4% chip&
3 8 "4 chip& 11 114 "5' chip&
4 1% "5 chip& 12 1,% "8% chip&
5 14 "' chip& 13 22, "113 chip&
, 2% "1% chip& 14 32% "1,% chip&
' 28 "14chip& 15 452 "22, chip&

Handoff Pro!"d#r"
(t is terminal that ta'es the role of master during all procedure of handoff. That is,
terminal determines whether handoff is performed. Terminal delivers handoff DD
re&uest by measuring !ilot Strength of neighbor BTS and reports to the system when
the measurement is over some level.
$hile the current terminal is in handoff status, terminal drives timer when !ilot
Strength decreases less than a certain level. $hen the !ilot Strength remains less than
the level after timer e"piration, terminal delivers handoff drop re&uest.
s for (S*+,, terminal performs handoff dd re&uest, when pilot strength is
measured over the level 8T:DD9. Terminal drives timer8T:TD2;!9, when the pilot
strength is measured less than the level8T:D2;!9. nd terminal performs handoff
Drop re&uest, when the strength remains less than the level after the timer e"pires.
;ver (S*+,B standard, )nhanced Soft Handoff function is supported0 handoff dd
and Drop level is determined according to the current terminal and the pilot strength
of BTS in service to manage efficiently the wireless channel capacity.
)nhanced Soft Handoff is added0 when BTS of sufficient pilot strength and traffic
channel are assigned to terminal, the level of handoff with other signal is enhanced
more than the e"isting T:add or T:drop level, and the enhanced degree depends on
the strength of pilots in the terminal ctive Set.
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page 5-
.1 Handoff 2"33ag" Pro!"33ing Pro!"d#r"
Terminal reports the measured pilot strength to BTS through 2everse 4in'. The
system performs handoff procedure according to the report, and directs Handoff
direction through 1orward 4in'
fter terminal completes handoff processing, terminal reports handoff completion by
transmitting Handoff Completion Message. The system updates the information
about neighbor BTS, and reports the result to terminal by transmitting .eighbor 4ist
-pdate Message.
The basic message flow during handoff procedure is as below.
Fig#r" 5.1 Handoff 2"33ag" Flo0
Page 5-1% 4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td.
Mobile Base Station
PSMM
(Pilot Strength Measurement Msg.)
Order Message (BS_Ack)
HDM
(Handoff Direction Msg.)
Order Message ( MS_Ack)
HCM
(Handoff Completion Msg.)
Order Message (BS_Ack)
!"
(eigh#or !ist "pdate msg.)
Order Message ( MS_Ack)
. Handoff Thr"3hold
The figure below shows handoff procedure according to the change of )c<(o received
by terminal. Handoff Threshold in (S*+, standard is different from the Handoff
Threshold of )nhanced Handoff Case supported by (S*+,B or (S*#333. So the
procedures differ from each other.
During (S*+, standard handoff procedure, DD and Drop processing is performed
through the absolute values of T:DD and T:D2;!. ;n the contrary, as for
)nhanced Handoff of (S*+,B and (S*#333 standard, dd and Drop levels depend on
the pilot strength of current ctive Set and the setup value of related parameters
8Soft:slope, dd:intercept, Drop:intercept9.
..1 (S-45A Handoff Thr"3hold
Fig#r" 5. Handoff Pro!"d#r" A!!ording to Pilot E!5(o !hang" 3#--ort"d ., (S-45A
=9 $hen !ilot Strength e"cess T:DD value, terminal transmits !SMM 8!ilot
Strength Measurement Message9 and transfers the !ilot from .eighbor Set to
Candidate Set.
#9 BTS transmits )HDM 8)"tended Handoff Direction Message0(S*+,9, /HDM
8/eneral Handoff Direction Message0(S*+,B9, or -HDM 8-niversal Handoff
Direction Message9 to terminal.
%9 Terminal transfers the !ilot from Candidate Set to ctive Set and then transmits
HCM 8Handoff Completion Message9 to BTS.
>9 $hen !ilot Strength is reduced less than T:D2;!, terminal drives Handoff Drop
Timer.
,9 $hen the pilot strength remains less than T:D2;! after Handoff Drop Timer
e"pires, terminal transmits !SMM to BTS.
?9 BTS transmits )HDM 8)"tended Handoff Direction Message0(S*+,9, /HDM
8/eneral Handoff Direction Message0(S*+,B9, or -HDM 8-niversal Handoff
Direction Message9 to terminal.
@9 Terminal transfers the pilot from ctive Set to .eighbor Set and then transmits
HCM 8Handoff Completion Message9 to BTS.
.. Enhan!"d Handoff Thr"3hold
1or (S*+,B and (S*#333 standard, the )nhanced Handoff as below is performed,
when !:2)A:(.:-S) value is more than % and S;1T:S4;!) value is not 3. $hen
!:2)A:(.:-S) value is less than % or S;1T:S4;!) value is 3, handoff procedure
is performed as described in #.#.=.
Fig#r" 5.3 Enhan!"d Handoff Pro!"d#r" A!!ording to Pilot E!5(o Chang" 6(S-45B7 (S-'''8
=9 $hen !ilot !# e"cesses T:DD value, terminal transfers !ilot !#from .eighbor
Set to Candidate Set.
Pilot
Strength
T_ADD
T_DROP
Time
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Neighbor
Set
Caniate
Set
A!ti"e
#et
Caniate
Set
Neighbor
Set
($)
1%log&PSi
P1
P2
#9 $hen !ilot !# strength e"cesses B8soft:slope<C9D=3Dlog
=3
8!=9 E add:intercept<#F
, terminal transmits !SMM 8!ilot Strength Measurement Message9 to BTS.
%9 Terminal receives )HDM or /HDM, -HDM from BTS and transfers the !ilot
!# to ctive Set. Then it transmits HCM to BTS.
>9 $hen !ilot != strength is reduced less than B8soft:slope<C9D=3Dlog
=3
8!#9 E
drop:intercept<#F value, terminal drives Handoff Drop Timer.
,9 $hen !ilot != strength remains less than B8soft:slope<C9D=3Dlog
=3
8!#9 E
drop:intercept<#F after Handoff Drop Timer e"pires, terminal transmits !SMM to BTS.
?9 Terminal receives )HDM, /HDM, or -HDM from BTS, and transfers the !ilot
!= to Candidate Set. Then it transmits HCM to BTS.
@9 $hen !ilot != strength is reduced less than T:D2;!, terminal drives Handoff
Drop Timer.
C9 fter Handoff Drop Timer e"pires, terminal transfers the !ilot != from
Candidate Set to .eighbor Set.
3 Handoff Algorithm
This section describes the detail of handoff type supported by CDM System,
lgorithm, Call !rocessing 1low, and the related parameters.
3.1 Soft"r Handoff
This means the handoff between the sectors of the same BTS. This is classified into
#way Softer Handoff and %way Softer Handoff according to the current terminal and
the number of sectors being engaged.
Softer Handoff is performed in the same BTS and through only one Channel )lement
without additional Channel )lement assignment.
Signal transmission and reception is processed by another sector hardware. But as
modulation and demodulation is performed in the same modulator and demodulator,
therefore stable handoff is performed.
Fig#r" 5.% Soft"r Handoff 2"!hani3m
Fig#r" 5.5 Soft"r Handoff Call Flo0
3.1.1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
=9 System !arameters Message 81orward 4in', !aging Channel9
Terminal receives the basic parameter for handoff in (dle status.
S2CH:$(.: 0 search window si5e for the active set and candidate set
Defines the si5e of search window used when terminal searches pilot of BTS
classified into active set.

S2CH:$(.:. 0 search window si5e for the neighbor set
classified into neighbor set.
S2CH:$(.:2 0 search window si5e for the remaining set
classified into remaining set.
T:DD 0 pilot detection threshold
Terminal compares this value with 8*# D =3log8)c<(o99 of a pilot.
$hen pilot value e"cesses this value, BTS, which the pilot belongs to, is
transferred to Candidate set and transmits !ilot Strength Measurement Message.
T:D2;! 0 pilot drop threshold
Terminal compares this value with 8*# D =3log8)c<(o99 of a pilot.
$hen pilot value is less than this value, terminal drives Handoff Drop Timer.
T:C;M! 0 active set versus candidate set comparison threshold
$hen candidate set pilot is more than active set pilot by t:comp D 3.,8dB9,
terminal transmits !ilot Strength Measurement Message to BTS.
T:TD2;! 0 drop timer value
$hen time for t:tdrop passes after pilot strength of active set is reduced less
than t:drop, terminal transmits !SMM to BTS.
s for (S*+,, the pilot is transferred from ctive set to .eighbor set.
Ta.l" 5. T9T:ROP
t9tdrop Ti+er !>piration
"seconds&
t9tdrop Ti+er !>piration
"seconds&
% %.1 8 2'
1 1 3
2 2 1% 55
3 4 11 '
4 , 12 112
5 13 15
, 13 14 225
' 1 15 31
#9 System !arameters Message 81orward 4in', !aging Channel9
Terminal receives the basic parameters for handoff in (dle status.
S2CH:$(.: 0 search window si5e for the active set and candidate set
S2CH:$(.:. 0 search window si5e for the neighbor set
S2CH:$(.:2 0 search window si5e for the remaining set
Page 5-1, 4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td.
T:DD 0 pilot detection threshold
T:D2;! 0 pilot drop threshold
T:C;M! 0 active set versus candidate set comparison threshold
T:TD2;! 0 drop timer value
4 S*MS567 !lectronics (o.3 /td. Page 5-1'
%9 !SMM 82everse 4in', Traffic Channel, !ilot Strength Measurement Message9
Terminal transmits this message to BTS in order to perform handoff dd or
Drop re&uest, when new pilot strength is measured over dd level or the e"isting
pilot strength remains less than Drop level after Drop timer e"piration.
2)1:!. 0 time reference !. se&uence offset
!(4;T:ST2)./TH 0 pilot strength
G))! 0 'eep pilot indicator 8=0 add re&uest, 30 drop re&uest9
!(4;T:!.:!HS) 0 pilot measured phase
>9 HDM 81orward 4in', Traffic Channel, )"tended, /eneral, -niversal Handoff
Direction Message9
The message that BTS directs handoff to terminal, after BTS receives !SMM
from terminal and processes handoff.
S2CH:$(.:, S2CH:$(.:., S2CH:$(.:2
T:DD, T:D2;!, T:C;M!, T:TD2;!
!$2:C;MB:(.D 0 power control symbol combining indicator
This is set up to =, for = Channel )lement is used for Softer Handoff add. ;ther
times this is set up to 3.
,9 HCM 82everse 4in', Traffic Channel, Handoff Completion Message9
The message that terminal transmits to BTS after completing handoff. This
message includes !. information in the current terminal ctive Set.
?9 .4-M or ).4-M
81orward 4in', Traffic Channel, 8)"tended9 .eighbor 4ist -pdate Message9
The message that BTS transmits to terminal when terminal is re&uired to
reconfigure .eighbor list after BTS completing handoff.
.3 Soft Handoff
This is the handoff between CDM channels of the same fre&uencies assigned.
Traffic Channel )lement is assigned to each BTS being processing handoff.
Soft Handoff is divided into (nter<(ntra BSC Soft Handoff according to BSC
configuration, and into #$ay Soft Handoff and %$ay Soft Handoff according to the
number of BTS being engaged with the current terminal.
s for the present Soft Handoff, the system performs Handoff dd processing for
ma"imum % BTS subsystems
$hen terminal re&uests handoff for the >
th
BTS, the system determines whether
handoff is performed by comparing the % BTS )c<(o in ctive Set reported by
terminal.
The system drops the BTS, among the added BTS subsystems, of which the
T:C;M! setup value is less than )c<(o the BTS for which the >
th
re&uest is
re&uested, and adds the BTS for which the >
th
re&uest is re&uested.
This is named Soft Swap and the system processes Soft dd for ma"imum % BTSs.
Fig#r" 5.; (ntra BSC Soft Handoff 2"!hani3m
Fig#r" 5.$ (nt"r BSC Soft Handoff 2"!hani3m
Fig#r" 5.< (nt"r BSC 5 2SC Soft Handoff 2"!hani3m
3..1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
This section is the same as %.=.=.
3.3 Enhan!"d Soft Handoff 6S#--ort3 (S-45B and (S-''' Standard8
Soft Handoff function improves voice &uality through diversity in cell border area,
while it brings degradation of wireless capacity as re&uiring Traffic Channel more
than #. The reason is that, Soft Handoff !rocedure is always performed, when the
signal strengths of the other pilots received are more than T:DD while terminal
communicates with &uality BTS.
But this problem is resolved in (S*+,B and (S*#333 standard0 the parameters such as
Soft:slope, dd:intercept, Drop:intercept are added, manage ctive Set efficiently,
and regulate probability properly for handoff to bring capacity e"pansion.
(n )nhanced Soft Handoff, the system handoff processing procedure is the same as
the Soft Handoff procedure.
The difference is that terminal regulates the probability for handoff by coordinating
the time when !SMM is transmitted through the added parameters.
(n (S*+,, terminal transmits !SMM to BTS and refers to T:DD and T:D2;!
level. ;ver (S*+,B, terminal determines the time when it transmits !SMM, by using
three new parameters as well as T:DD and T:D2;! parameters.
82efer to 1igure %0 )nhanced Handoff !rocedure according to !ilot )c<(o9
3.3.1 2ain 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
=9 )"tended System !arameters Message 81orward 4in', !aging Channel9
Terminal receives the basic parameters for )nhanced Soft Handoff in (dle status.
!:2)A 0 !rotocol revision level
Terminal selects the minimum value from !:rev and mob:p:rev values received
from the system, setting up the value to ! !:rev:in:use. )nhaced Soft Handoff
is performed, only when 8 !:rev:in:use H min B!:rev, Mob:p:revF9
!:rev:in:use value is above % and Soft:slope value is not 3.
S;1T:S4;!)0 The slope in the ine&uality criterion for adding a pilot to
the ctive Set, or dropping a pilot from the ctive Set.
DD:(.T)2C)!T0 The intercept in the ine&uality criterion for adding a
pilot to the ctive Set.
Terminal sorts the .
!ilots in ctive Set according to the order of strength

increment as below.
!S
=
I !S
#
I !S
%
I JJJJJJJ I !S
.
Terminal transmits !ilot Strength Measurement Message 8!SMM9, when !ilot
strength is over T:DD or satisfies the following re&uirement.
D2;!:(.T)2C)!T 0 The intercept in the ine&uality criterion for
dropping a pilot from the ctive Set.
Terminal sorts the .
!ilots in ctive Set according to the order of strength

increment as below.
!S
=
I !S
#
I !S
%
I JJJJJJJ I !S
.
Terminal drives Drop Timer, when the pilot strength in ctive Set reduces less
than T:D2;! or satisfies the following re&uirement.
#9 /HDM or -HDM 8/eneral < -niversal Handoff Direction Message9
S;1T:S4;!), DD:(.T)2C)!T, D2;!:(.T)2C)!T
=3
C
=3
#
=3 =3
+
log
:
log
:
PS
Soft slope
PS
Add
i
i A
intercept
=3
C
=3
#
= #
=3 =3
=
< +
=
>
log
:
log
:
, ,...,
PS
Soft slope
PS
Drop
i PS
i j
j i
NA
intercept
3.% (nt"r C"ll FA Hard Handoff
Terminal is configured in 21 H<$ that processes only one fre&uency at once. nd so
fre&uencies are to be changed temporarily on the BTS border, when the fre&uencies
between BTS subsystems are different from each other.
Call is disconnected temporarily at the time, and call is connected with target BTS.
1or inter*fre&uency handoff, terminal is to search access to target BTS. Therefore, it
is re&uired that !ilot Beacon 8or Dummy !ilot9 transmitter is installed to transmit
pilot signal only of which call channel is not included in target BTS.
(t is named (nter Cell 1 Hard Handoff that inter*fre&uency hard handoff is
performed using !ilot Beacon
(nter*fre&uency hard handoff is mainly performed on the downtown boundary and
inter*operator handoff area that the 1 number used by each BTS is different.
Fig#r" 5.4 (nt"r C"ll FA Hard Handoff
4 )*
3 )*
2 )*
1 )*
Pilot $eacon
3 )*
2 )*
1 )*
(ell * (ell $

Fig#r" 5.1' (nt"r C"ll FA Hard Handoff Call Flo0
3.%.1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
1or (nter Cell 1 Hard Handoff, the messaged and parameters processed during
handoff is the same as the ones for Softer<Soft Handoff.
=9 !ilot Strength Measurement Message
#9 )HDM, /HDM, or -HDM 8)"tended</eneral<-niversal Handoff Direction
Message9
%9 HCM 8Handoff Completion Message9
>9 .4-M or ).4-M 8.eighbor<)"tended .eighbor 4ist -pdate Message9
*6(H<8 $TS T*87!T $S(
*6(H<8 $S(
BRC CEC
2S
BRC 2RC CEC TCC Call ACC
Handoff -irection Message"<T*&
Handoff 6otification
Handoff (o+plete Message"<T*&
(! (onnected
(! (onnected
CON&ERSAT(ON
(! *ssign+ent #nd
(! *ssign+ent 8sp
8elay Message")-(H H< *ssign+ent 8e?
Pilot Strength Measure+ent Message"<T*&
8elay Message")-(H H< assigne+nt (onf @ "fail&
(!-ata )or0ard
(! 8elease 8e?
(! 8elease (onf
(! 8elease #nd
(! 8elease 8sp
(! *ssign+ent #nd
(! *ssign+ent 8sp
(! *ssign+ent #nd
(! *ssign+ent 8sp /inA *ssigned
/inA *ssigned
(!-ata )or0ard
(!-ata 8eBerse "6ull )ra+e&
(!-ata 8eBerse "6or+al )ra+e&
(!-ata 8eBerse "6ull )ra+e&
(!-ata 8eBerse "6or+al )ra+e&
Handoff 8e?uest
Handoff (o++and
8elay Message")-(H H< *ssign+ent 8e?
8elay Message")-(H H< assigne+nt (onf &
)-(H H< *ssign+ent 8e?
)-(H H< assigne+nt (onf
3.5 Common FA Hard Handoff
This is inter* 1 Hard Handoff that is performed without !ilot Beacon or Dummy
!ilot.
!ilot )c<(o strength received from BTS is usually reduced, while terminal moves
away from BTS into cell border area.
The system receives !SMM periodically, when mobile station moves into a BTS of
which 1 configuration is different from neighbor BTS. nd the system directs inter*
1 Hard Handoff, when )c<(o of the BTS becomes less than some level.
The system determines terminal is remote enough from the current BTS by the
reduction degree of current )c<(o value reported by terminal, performing (ntra Cell
1 Hard Handoff through Common 1 of Serving BTS and Target BTS.
Fig#r" 5.11 Common FA Hard Handoff
C"ll A
C"ll B
1FA
1FA
FA
Fig#r" 5.1 Common FA Hard Handoff Call Flo0
3.5.1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
The system parameters for Common 1 Hard Handoff is as follows.
=9 CDM:Ch:Mode
(ndicates whether subcell 1 is common 1.
Sets up the serving subcell 1 to KBorder:1K, when there is not the same 1 in
target cell for Soft H<;. ;therwise, the serving subcell 1 is set up to
KCommon:1K.
Common:1 0 .eighbor Subcell has the same 1 as the one being serving.
Border:1 0 .eighbor Subcell does not have the same 1 as the one being
serving.
#9 !SMM:2)L-)ST:!)2(;D
Ma'es terminal to transmit !SMM periodically by determining the interval that
the system delivers !M2; 8pilot measurement re&uest order9 on 1orward lin'
when subcell 1 is defined as Border.
Default Setup Aalue 0 =sec 8unit 0 sec9
%9 T:D;$.
Directs Common 1 Hard H<;, when the pilot strength received by MS in sector
defined, as Border 1 is less than T:D;$..
Default Setup Aalue0 =3 8*,dB9
>9 T:TD;$.
Directs Common 1 Hard Handoff, after T:TD;$. sec passes while the pilot
strength received by MS in sector defined as Border 1 is less than T:D;$..
Default Setup Aalue0 3 sec 8unit 0 sec9
,9 Handdown:1
This is bit*map that defines Target 1 for handdown when mobile station meets
the handown re&uirements in Border subcell. This can be changed to MMC.
Fig#r" 5.13 Handdo0n9FA Bit-ma-
FA7 FA6 FA5 FA4 FA3 FA2 FA1 FA0
b7 b6 b5 b4 b3 b2 b1 b0
1or Common 1 Hard Handoff, the messages processed during usual handoff
are the same as the ones for Softer<Soft Handoff.
(n addition, !M2; 8!ilot Measurement 2e&uest ;rder9 is transmitted to receive
!SMM periodically from terminal.
3.; Enhan!"d Hard Handoff 6S#--ort3 (S-45B and (S-''' Standard8
)nhanced Hard Handoff is the function that enhances inter*1 hard handoff success
rate without other e&uipment of !ilot Beacon or Dummy !ilot, by terminal
transferring Serving and Candidate fre&uencies and measuring Candidate fre&uency
!ilot strength.
Terminal measures the pilot signal strengths of other fre&uencies 8once or
periodically9. Terminal is enabled to return to the serving fre&uency previous to hard
handoff attempt, when 1 hard handoff is fail.
1or )nhanced Hard Handoff, the system has threshold to limit reports about
unnecessary search and the search result of terminal.
=9 !eriodic Search
Terminal searches Candidate 1re&uency Search Set periodically, and reports the
result through Candidate 1re&uency Search 2eport Message before !eriodic
Timer e"piration.
Terminal measures all the pilot strengths of C1SS 8Candidate 1re&uency Search
Set9 at once, and searches C1SS several times during search cycle. That is,
Searches C1SS periodically.
Transmits the result through Candidate 1re&uency Search 2eport Message.
May measure all pilots in one visit
May visit several times in a search period
!eriodic Search Timer H Search:!eriod
#9 Single Search
This is the same as !eriodic Search e"cept the following.
Searches C1SS once.
!eriodic Search Timer is not necessary.
Terminal supports )nhanced Hard Handoff, by performing Candidate 1re&uency
Search and reporting the result to the system.
Call flow is as below from terminalM Candidate 1re&uency Search to Handoff
processing.
2o.il" Station Ba3" Station
(andidate )re?. Search
8eceiBes 8e?uest +sg.
Trans+its 8e?uest +sg.
(alculates Search Ti+e for Set
Trans+its () Search 8esponse +sg. 8eceiBes (- search 8esponse +sg.
8eceiBes () Search (ontrol +sg. Trans+its () search control +sg.
Perfor+s single1periodic search
Trans+its () search report +sg. 8eceiBes () search report +sg.
8eceiBes 7eneral handoff
direction +sg.
Trans+its 7eneral Handoff
-irection +sg."inter )*&
"return 9if9ho9fail C 1&
*tte+pt to #nter )* handoff
Trans+its H(M 8eceiBes H(M
":hen Handoff atte+pt is fail&
re-tune to serBing )*
Trans+its () search report +sg.
8eceiBes () search report +sg.
(ontinue co++unication on
serBing )*
Fig#r" 5.1% Enhan!"d Hard Handoff Call Flo0
Single Search lgorithm
Fig#r" 5.15 Singl" S"ar!h Algorithm
MS $%& $imer' ()*+
$une to Candidate ,re-.
Candidate ,re-. .% po/er 01
(cand_fre-_p/r)
D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH
677777 and
cand_fre-_p/r 8 a9g_ser9ing_fre-_p/r :
(8 ;7 < =>D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH) ?
yes
No
terminate search in current 9isit
measure 5c@2o
$une to Ser9ing ,re-.
ena#le $%? $imer?
Send Candidate ,re-.
Search .eport msg
C, search control msg AB
/ithin freshness_inter9al
(seconds)
8eceiBes () search control +sg.
Stops MS T> and Ti+er.
Measures (andidate )re?. 8> po0er.
!eriodic Search lgorithm
sf_total_ec_thresh 6CCCCC
D frameE total recei9ed po/er spectral densitF01?
C7G framesH IJ a9g. spectral densitF' K)?
total_ec 01
sf_total_ec_thresh
6 CCCCC and?
sf_total_ec_io_thresh
L CCCCC
sf_total_ec_thresh
6 CCCCC and?
6 CCCCC
sf_total_ec_thresh
L CCCCC and?
6 CCCCC
sf_total_ec_thresh
L CCCCC and?
L CCCCC
(C) (=) (;) (M)
Fes
no
if total_ec N 8 C=7<=>sf_total_ec_thresh disa#le the periodic search timer
periodic search timer OP if total_ec : 8 C=7<=>sf_total_ec_thresh
Fes
no
Fes
(Q)
(C)
no
if total_ec N 8 C=7<=>sf_total_ec_thresh? and
( 8 =7>logC7( 5c@2o) total) R sf_total_ec_io_thresh
disa#le the periodic search timer
periodic search timer OP
if total_ec : 8 C=7<=>sf_total_ec_thresh? or
( 8 =7>logC7( 5c@2o) total) S sf_total_ec_io_thresh
Fes
no
no
Fes
(=)
(Q)
if (8 =7>logC7( 5c@2o) total) R
disa#le the periodic search timer
if ( 8 =7>logC7( 5c@2o) total) S
Fes
Fes
no
no
(Q)
(;)
(M)
(Q)
Measures total receiBed po0er spectral density for each
fra+e. Sustains aBg. spectral density for 1% fra+es3
+easures total9ec
-riBes periodic search ti+e.
Fig#r" 5.1; P"riodi! S"ar!h Algorithm 1
Fig#r" 5.1$ P"riodi! S"ar!h Algorithm
$une to Candidate ,re-.
Candidate ,re-. .% po/er 01
(cand_fre-_p/r)
D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH
677777 and
cand_fre-_p/r 8 a9g_ser9ing_fre-_p/r :
(8 ;7 < =>D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH) ?
yes
No
measure 5c@2o
ena#le $%? $imer
if min_total_pilot_ec_io L 77777? or
(8 =7>logC7(5c@2o)total) R min_total_pilot_ec_io
yes
Send a C, Search .eport msg.
(Q)
Measures(andidate )re?. 8> po0er
)nhanced Hard Handoff with 2eturn on 1ailure 8Terminal9
Fig#r" 5.1< Enhan!"d Hard Handoff 0ith r"t#rn on fail#r"
MS $%& $imer' ()*+
$une to $arget ,re-.
$arget ,re-. .% po/er 01
(target_fre-_p/r)
D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH
677777 and
target_fre-_p/r 8 a9g_ser9ing_fre-_p/r :
(8 ;7 < =>D2,,_.3_P4._$H.5SH) ?
yes
No
LS Handoff Attempt is said to
#e unsuccessful
measure 5c@2o
ena#le $%? $imer
Send Candidate ,re-.
Search .eport msg
THDM AB
Yes
No
M2_$O$A!_P2!O$_5C_2O
6 7777 and?
: (8 =7>logC7(5c@2o)total)
demodulate ,4D $CH
if complete_search L
C?
Candidate fre-. search
setH UV WpilotE
XY' 01
Handoff timerZ e%pire
[\? CGE ]^_`
good frameE aAB
Yes
Handoff Attempt bc
No
8eceiBes 7H-M.
Stops MS T> D Ti+er.
Measures Target fre?. 8> po0er
Measures each pilot
strength in (andidate
fre?. Search set.
Handoff *tte+pt success
Handoff ti+er is e>pired3
and 1 of se?uent good fra+e
is not receiBed.
3.;.1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
=9 Candidate 1re&uency Search 2e&uest Message 81orward 4in', Traffic Channel9
S)2CH:TN!)
Search Command.
Ta.l" 5.3 S"ar!h9t,-"
Search9type "2inary& Meaning
%% -irects ter+inal to stop Periodic Search.
%1 -irects ter+inal to perfor+ single search for (andidate )re?.
11 -irects ter+inal to perfor+ periodic search for (andidate
)re?.
1% 8eserBed
S)2CH:!)2(;D
Time between successive searches on the Candidate 1re&uency.
Ta.l" 5.% S"ar!h9-"riod
Search9Period
"2inary&
Search9Period
"second&
Search9Period
"2inary&
Search9Period
"second&
% %.48 8 3%
1 %., 4%
2 2 1% 5%
3 2., 11 ,%
4 4 12 8%
5 4., 13 1%%
, 1% 14 15%
' 2% 15 2%%
S)2CH:M;D)
Ta.l" 5.5 S"ar!h9mod"
Search9+ode"2inary& -escription
%%%% searches for +ultiple (-M*
Pilots on a (andidate )re?.
%%%1 Searches for analog channels
%%1%-1111 8eserBed
S1:T;T4:)C:TH2)SH0 Serving fre&uency total pilot )c threshold.
BTS sets up this field as below.
B8=3Olog=38total:ec:thresh9E=#39<#F
(f this is set up as K=====K H %=, terminal does not measure total )c of pilots in
Serving 1re&. ctive set during Candidate 1re&. periodic search procedure.

total:ec:thresh is descried as follows.
(f total )c of pilots in Serving 1re&. ctive set is above total:ec:thresh, terminal
does not transfer to CDM Candidate fre&uency for !ilot search.
S1:T;T4:)C:(;:TH2)SH 0 Serving 1re&. total pilot )c<(o threshold
B*#O=3Olog=38total:ec:io:thresh9F
(f this is set up as K=====K H %=, terminal does not measure total )c<(o of pilots in
Serving 1re&. ctive set during Candidate 1re&. !eriodic search procedure.

total:ec:io:thresh is described as follows.
(f total )c<(o value of pilots in Serving 1re&. ctive set is above
total:ec:io:thresh, terminal does not transfer to CDM Candidate fre&uency for
pilot search.
D(11:2P:!$2:TH2)SH 0 Minimum difference in received power
B 8minimum:power:diff E %39 < # F
Set up this field to K33333K, when terminal is to search pilots on CDM
Candidate 1re&. regardless of the power received from Candidate 1re&.
minimum:power:diff is described as follows.
(f 8cand:fre&:pwr * serving:fre&:pwr9 is below minimum:power:diff 8dB9,
terminal does not search pilots on Candidate 1re&.
cand:fre&:pwr, serving:fre&:pwr 0 in dBm<=.#%MH5
M(.:T;T4:!(4;T:)C:(; 0 Minimum total pilots )c<(o
B*#O=3Olog=38total:pilot:threshold9F
Set up this field to K33333K, when terminal is to demodulate 1orward Traffic
Channel regardless of the strengths of pilots in ctive set.
total:pilot:threshold is described as follows.
(f the total of all the )c<(o values of pilot in ctive Set is below total:pilot:
threshold, terminal does not demodulates 1orward Traffic Channel.
C1:T:DD 0 !ilot detection threshold for the CDM Candidate
1re&uency
$hen detecting a pilot that has the strength over this value during periodic
search for Candidate 1re&., terminal transmits Candidate 1re&uency Search
2eport Message.
T1:$(T:T(M) 0 CDM Candidate 1re&uency total wait time
B ma":wait:time < 3.3C F
ma":wait:time, ma"imum time in sec , is the time ta'en until terminal receives
.==m 8=9 of se&uential good frames on CDM Target 1re&uency
C1:!(4;T:(.C 0 !ilot !. se&uence offset inde" increment to be used on
the CDM Candidate 1re&uency after Handoff..
BTS sets up this field to pilot !. se&uence increments in ?>!. chip unit.
Terminal uses this field for 2emaining Set search, after handoff to Candidate
1re&uency is successfully completed.
C1:S2CH:$(.:. 0 Default search window si5e for the Candidate
1re&uency Search Set.
Terminal uses this field for default search window si5e for all the pilots in
Candidate 1re&uency .eighbor Set.
C1:S2CH:$(.:20 Search window si5e for the 2emaining set on the
CDM Candidate 1re&uency.
This is window si5e parameter used in searching pilots in Candidate 1re&uency
2emaining Set, after handoff is successfully completely.
#9 Candidate 1re&uency Search 2eport Message 82everse 4in', Traffic Channel9
S1:T;T4:2P:!$2 0 Total received power in the serving
fre&uency.
Terminal sets up this field as below.
min 8%=, B8total:received:power E ==39 < #F9
total:received:power indicates the average received power on serving fre&uency
8dBm<=.#%MH59.
C1:T;T4:2P:!$2 0 (ndicates the total received power on the target
fre&. or the Candidate 1re&uency.
min 8%=, B8total:received:power E ==39 < #F9
total:received:power indicates the average received power on target fre&uency
or candidate fre&uency8dBm<=.#%MH59.
Terminal includes total received power on Target 1re&. in this message, when the
message is for reporting handoff fail. $hen it is for reporting the measurements
on Candidate 1re&., total received power on Candidate 1re&uency is included.
.-M:!(4;TS 0 .umber of pilots
!(4;T:!.:!HS) 0 !ilot measured phase
!(4;T:ST2)./TH 0 !ilot strength
%9 Candidate 1re&uency Search 2esponse Message 82everse lin', Traffic channel9
T;T4:;11:T(M):1$D0 Search time is the total time, since terminal
stops 1orward Traffic Channel !rocessing and performs candidate fre&uency
searching, until returns to serving fre&. $hen terminal performs multiple
searching for candidate fre&., search time means the total time for candidate
fre&. search during search period. Terminal sets up this field as below.
min 8?%, Bsearch time < 3.3#F9
MP:;11:T(M):1$D0 Ma"imum time the mobile station is away from
the forward traffic channel.
min 8 ?% , Bma":off:time < 3.3#F 9
ma":off:time is the ma"imum e"pected time in sec to stop the current 1$D traffic
channel processing, while transferring to Candidate fre&., performing the re&uested
search partly, and transferring to serving fre&. again.
T;T4:;11:T(M):2)A0 Search time is the total time, since terminal stops
2everse Traffic Channel !rocessing and performs candidate fre&uency
searching, until re*tuned to serving fre&. $hen terminal performs multiple
searching for candidate fre&., search time means the total time for candidate fre&.
search during search period. Terminal sets up this field as below.
min 8?%, Bsearch time < 3.3#F9
MP:;11:T(M):2)A0 Ma"imum time the mobile station is away from
the reverse traffic channel.
min 8 ?% , Bma":off:time < 3.3#F 9
ma":off:time is the ma"imum e"pected time in sec to stop the current 2AS
traffic channel processing, while transferring to Candidate fre&., performing the
re&uested search partly, and transfers to serving fre&. again.
>9 Candidate 1re&uency Search Control Message 81orward 4in', Traffic Channel9
S)2CH:TN!)0 Search command.
,9 /HDM, or -HDM 81orward 4in', Traffic Channel, /eneral<-niversal Handoff
Direction Message9
2)T-2.:(1:H.D;11:1(40 2eturn on failure flag.
Set up to =, when allowed to transfer to serving fre&. after hard handoff fail.
C;M!4)T):S)2CH 0 1lag to complete search
This field is included, when return:if:handoff:fail is =. This is set up to =, when
search for Candidate 1re&uency Search Set is completed before transferring to
serving fre&., after handoff fail.
!)2(;D(C:S)2CH 0 1lag to search the Candidate 1re&uency
periodically.
Set up this field to =, when terminal is to perform periodic search for Candidate
1re&.
3.$ :ata Handoff = L"g S"l"!tion
Handoff method in (S*#333 standard 8cdma#333 =P9 is different from the one of (S*
+,, (S*+,B.
1undamental Channel is assigned and Softer, Soft handoff is supported for general
voice call processing. But as for data call, 1undamental Channel 8Signaling deliver9
and Supplemental Channel 8Data transmission9 are assigned additionally.
SCH employs Hard Handoff method that call is transmitted only through one sector
of the best 21 environment.
This function, named 4eg selection, determines through which sector call should be
transmitted in particular BTS in the current 1undamental channel active set.
Thus, there is difference between 1CH 81undamental channel9 and SCH
8Supplemental channel9 handoff methods.
(t is determined through which BTS Supplemental Channel should be transmitted in
1undamental Channel handoff section, because Supplemental Channel does not
support Soft Handoff for high speed !ac'et Data Service.
This function, named 4eg Selection, reports the BTS Selection result to BTS so that
the result can be applied in 21 Scheduling
L"g S"l"!tion Algorithm
=9 scertain the following two for each leg in ctive Set, and perform leg selection
operation only for leg that the two re&uirements are satisfied.
= Mobile ac&uisition
# 2everse 1)2 statistics in =sec is less than ,3Q
#9 Calculate the 2ate:indicator by adding pilot:strength:dB to power enabled to be
assigned in SCH for leg that the two re&uirements above are satisfied. Then select the leg of
the ma"imum value as new:leg.
%9 Define new:leg as selected:leg, when new:leg is the same as the old:leg
previously selected.
>9 Drive timer when new:leg is different from old:leg. 2eset timer, when leg is
selected as old:leg before Timer e"piration.
,9 Define the new:leg finally selected as selected:leg, when old:leg is not selected
again until Timer e"pires.
?9 2ate:indicator calculation procedure in 4eg Selection algorithm is described as
below.
for 8 each leg in ctive Set satisfying two conditions 9
2ate:indicator8leg9 H pilot:strength:dB8leg9 E
SCH:power:avail:#3ms:dB8leg9
new:leg H argma"
leg
8 2ate:indicator8leg9 9R
3.$.1 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
4eg Selection is processed in MC 8T! Media Control9, one of call processing bloc's
which process Cdma#333 MC layer. The parameters for 4eg Selection are as follows.
=9 SCH:power:avail:#3ms:dB
(ndicates power enabled to be assigned to SCH and delivered in #3ms from C)!
8Channel )lement !rocessor9.
8dB inde"9
#9 !ilot Strength
This is delivered from CC 8one of the call processing bloc's, T! Call
Control9 to MC. This e"ecutes leg selection algorithm referring to the
information of pilot strength of !M2M 8!ower Measurement 2eport Message9
received from terminal and the available power for each subcell reported by
BTS. The interval that terminal transmits !M2M is flooring 8#
pwr:rep:frames<#
D ,9
frame.
;perator controls !M2M interval by setting up pwr:rep:frames through BSM.
%9 )2:H;:Timer, T:H;:Timer
These are the timers for 4eg change and !4D !arameter respectively.
(t is enabled to ascertain the information about service BTS after 4eg Selection
through !ilot !. in )"tended Supplemental Channel ssignment Message
8)SCM9 according to the result of 21 Scheduler and !ower Control !arameter
Message for changing !M2M interval.
(t is also enabled to ascertain Data 2ate assigned through 1or:Sch:2ate
parameters.
3.< A!!"33 Handoff
Terminal performs (dle handoff when the pilot strength of neighbor BTS is more than
the one of the current BTS, while terminal moves to boundaries of cells or sectors in
idle state.
But (S*+, standard does not describe about idle handoff in ccess State.
(n (S*+,B and (S*#333 standards, ccess Handoff function is newly added to prevent
the increase of call setup failure caused by idle handoff disabled in ccess State.
ccess Handoff is classified into % types, ccess )ntry Handoff, ccess !robe
Handoff and ccess Handoff, according to the processing point.
Ta.l" 5.; Pro!"33ing Point and T"rminal Stat" for Ea!h A!!"33 Handoff
Handoff *ccess !ntry H1< *ccess Pro2e H1< *ccess H1<
Mo2ile State #dle to Syste+ *ccess Syste+ *ccess Syste+ *ccess
-uration :hile transferred fro+
#dle to Syste+ *ccess
state.
:hile *ccess *tte+pt is
perfor+ed.
*fter *ccess
*tte+pt is
(o+pleted.
Fig#r" 5.14 Pro!"33ing Point for Ea!h A!!"33 Handoff
BS Ack CAM
ACCESS
Entry
HO
ACCESS
Probe
HO
ACCESS
HO
System Access State
Idle
State
Traffic
Channel
State
Transition
=9 ccess )ntry Handoff
This is handoff that call is performed through !aging Channel of better pilot
strength, when terminal moves into neighbor BTS in (dle State. This is processed
following (dle Handoff !rocedure described in (S*+,.
ccess )ntry Handoff is performed to neighbor BTS, when
(D4):H.D;11:2)C CC)SS:).T2N:H; H = in neighbor BTS.
#9 ccess !robe Handoff
ccess !robe Handoff is performed, when terminal is in !age 2esponse Substate
or Mobile Station ;rigination ttempt Substate
!rere&uisites for ccess !robe Handoff processing are as follows
.ew !ilot is included in CC)SS:H;:4(ST.
CC)SS:!2;B):H; H =
Terminal is in !age 2esponse Substate or Mobile Station ;rigination
ttempt Substate.
Terminal performs ccess !robe Handoff less than
8MP:.-M:!2;B):H; E =9 during the current ccess ttempt.
Terminal performs ccess !robe Handoff, only when the per&uisites above are
satisfied and terminal declares the loss of !aging Channel.
= ccess Handoff
Terminal performs ccess Handoff, when waiting for response from BTS after
ccess attempt, or before transmitting response to BTS.
(t is the transmission of CM<)CM 8Channel ssignment Message<)"tended
CM9 that is to be considered as significant in ccess Handoff. CM<)CM is
broadcasted to all the !aging Channels in ccess:H;:4ist, while terminal
performs handoff between BTS subsystems in list.
ccess handoff is performed in the condition as below.
Case =9 ccess Handoff is performed while terminal waits for response from
BTS in System access state, if terminal is not during ccess ttempt and
satisfies the following.
.ew BTS is included in CC)SS:H;:4(ST.
CC)SS:H; is set up to =.
ttempt Substate.
Case #9 ccess Handoff is performed before terminal transmits response to a
message received from BTS in System access state, if terminal is not during
ccess ttempt and satisfies the following re&uirements.
.ew BTS is included in CC)SS:H;:4(ST .
CC)SS:H; is set up to =.
CC)SS:H;:MS/:2S! H=
ttempt Substate.
$hen M;B:!:2)A is % or less than %, BTS is re&uired to use Channel
ssignment Message to assign = Traffic Channel to terminal. $hen
M;B:!:2)A is above %, BTS is re&uired to use )"tended Channel ssignment
Message to assign Traffic Channels more than =.
3.<.1 R"-orting Pilot3
Terminal reports pilots that are over T:add in CC)SS:H;:4(ST and
;TH)2:2)!;2T)D:4(ST.
CC)SS:H;:4(ST includes pilots up to ?, reports the strength and pn phase of
2eporting pilot, and cannot e"cess ccess Channel message Capsule si5e.

$hen terminal enters System ccess State, terminal creates CC)SS:H;:4(ST
before transmitting the first ccess probe.
Terminal includes ctive set pilot being monitored when entering System ccess
State and the pilot of which strength is over T:DD in CC)SS:H;:4(ST.
$hen all the pilots as above are not fitted in message, terminal includes from the
pilot of more strength. nd terminal creates other:reported:list to include the
e"cluded pilots.
$hen terminal reports the pilots to ccess Channel message as above, pilot types for
report depend on the setup value of !ilot: report parameter.
=9 !ilot:report HS set up to =
2eports pilots of which strengths over T:add to all the ccess Channel
messages.

#9 !ilot:report HS set up to 3
2eports pilots of which strengths over T:add only to ;rigination msg and !age
2esponse msg.
3.<. 2ain 2"33ag" and Param"t"r3
=9 )"tended System !arameters Message 81orward 4in', !aging Channel9
!(4;T:2)!;2T
!ilot 2eporting (ndicator
$hen this is set up to =, strength and pn:phase of pilots on CC)SS:H;:4(ST
and ;TH)2:2)!;2T)D:4(ST are reported to all the ccess Channel
Messages. $hen this is set up to 3, pilot is reported only to ;rigination message
and !age response message.
CC:).T:H;:;2D)2
ccess entry handoff permitted indicator
$hen this is set up to =, terminal is allowed to perform ccess entry handoff.
CC)SS:H;
ccess handoff permitted indicator
$hen this is set up to =, terminal is allowed to perform ccess handoff.
CC)SS:!2;B):H;
ccess probe handoff permitted indicator
$hen this is set to =, terminal is allowed to perform ccess probe handoff.
MP:.-M:!2;B):H;
Ma"imum number of times that the mobile station is permitted to perform an
access probe handoff
#9 )"tended Channel ssignment Message 81orward 4in', !aging Channel9
$hen M;B:!:2)A is over %, )"tended Channel ssignment Message is used
in order to assign Traffic Channels more than =. The following fields are
included for each pilot according to the number of .-M:!(4;T.
!(4;T:!.
!ilot !. Se&uence offset inde".
!$2:C;MB:(.D
!ower Control Symbol combining indicator.

C;D):CH.
Code Channel (nde".
% Enhan!"d Soft Handoff P"rforman!" &"rifi!ation
Test has been given to verify the performance improvements through applying fields
for )nhanced Soft Handoff function, compared with the e"isting (S*+, standard
handoff. The result is as below.
=9 Date 0 +, ?th, #333
#9 Tester 0 Samsung )lectronics, GT1, Gorea Telecom, GT M.Com
%9 Test 4ocation 0 Bundang, Sungnam city, Gyong*gi Do
>9 Test !rocedure
Select Test route through pre*test.
2eferring to the pre*test result, chec' BTS8on a basis of (S*+, terminal9
added to terminal on the path and set up !rotocol revision value of the BTS as
more than >.
!erforms data logging for (S*+,, (S*+,B terminals in SDM using one
Test Aan.
Set up multi call for (S*+,B terminal, and estimate the statistics for
handoff success.
pply as the simulation results, soft:slope, add:intercept, drop:interceptd
values, parameters related with )nhanced soft handoff in Dynamic Threshold
method, and analy5e the result through the field test on simulation.
,9 Test Case Setup
(ase 1& (ase 2&
Soft9slope 8 8
*dd9intercept -5 -3
-rop9intercept - -'
Fig#r" 5.' Enhan!"d Soft Handoff T"3t Ca3"
Handoff !arameter Setup Aalue
0 T:add #? 8*=%dB9, T:drop %3 8*=,dB9, T:comp % 8=.,dB9, T:tdrop ,
?9 Test 2esult
The following table shows the sei5ure time proportion 8Softer T Soft Handoff
included9 of handoff among (S*+, and (S*+,B terminals for each case.
Ta.l" 5.$ Com-ari3on ."t0""n (S-45A and (S-45B T"rminal Handoff S"i1#r" Tim"
Handoff Sei;ure Ti+e
5* 5$
(ase1 ,8.2 E 5%., E
89-59- 1'., E
(ase2 ,8.8 E 42.5 E
89-39-' 2,.3 E
(n Case =, Case #, (S*+,B terminal handoff sei5ure time is reduced by =@.?Q,
#?.%Q receptively, compared with (S*+,.

The following figure shows the handoff area change in Case #9.
(S*+,B Terminal Case
Handoff Area de
Handoff rea 2educed
Fig#r" 5.1 (S-45B Handoff Ar"a
(S*+, Terminal Case
Fig#r" 5. (S-45A Handoff Ar"a
(t is found that Handoff area for (S*+,B terminal is reduced, when comparing 1igure
#=and 1igure ##.

Handoff Algorithm

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

!ilots in ctive Set according to the order of strength

!ilots in ctive Set according to the order of strength

P8T 2. (-M 8adio !ngineering 1 !- %% (HPT!8 5. Handoff lgorith+

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