This document discusses considerations for choosing anti-epileptic drugs. It defines seizures as episodes of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. It describes different types of seizures including generalized, partial/focal, and discusses the pathophysiology involving imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. It lists various etiologies of seizures including CNS pathology, metabolic issues, toxins, and infections. It provides an overview of commonly used anti-epileptic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and interactions. It also discusses neonatal seizures and their incidence.
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Pertimbangan Pemilihan Obat Anti Epilepsi Dr Nelly Edit 23 Jan
This document discusses considerations for choosing anti-epileptic drugs. It defines seizures as episodes of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. It describes different types of seizures including generalized, partial/focal, and discusses the pathophysiology involving imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. It lists various etiologies of seizures including CNS pathology, metabolic issues, toxins, and infections. It provides an overview of commonly used anti-epileptic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and interactions. It also discusses neonatal seizures and their incidence.
This document discusses considerations for choosing anti-epileptic drugs. It defines seizures as episodes of neurological dysfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity. It describes different types of seizures including generalized, partial/focal, and discusses the pathophysiology involving imbalances in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters. It lists various etiologies of seizures including CNS pathology, metabolic issues, toxins, and infections. It provides an overview of commonly used anti-epileptic drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects and interactions. It also discusses neonatal seizures and their incidence.
Dr dr Nelly Amalia R, SpA(K),MKes Definition Seizure an episode of neurologic disfunction caused by abnormal neuronal activity or electricity that results in a sudden change in behavior, sensory perception, motor activity, autonomic function Epileptic seizure Non epileptic Sankar JM, Agarwal R, Deorari A, Paul VK. Management of neonatal seizures. Indian J Pediatr. 2010;77:112935 Clinical Spectrum of Seizure Generalized Absence Tonic Clonic Tonic-clonic Myoclonic Partial/ Focal Seizure Pathophysiology Inbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter Produce number of physiologic changes and systemic response Catecholamine - Hypoxia Hypertensive - Hypertermia Hyperglycemia Lactic acidosis Pathophysiology Prolonged seizure systemic decompensation Hypercarbia Hypoglycemia Hypotension Hypoxia Rhabdomiolisis Etiology Seizure CNS pathology : stroke, trauma Metabolic : hepatic, septic, electrolite imbalance Toxicologic : cocaine, INH, alcohol, theophyline Infection Recurrent seizure Epilepsy Pitfalls should be avoided Failure to recognize seizure Non convulsive seizure in comatous patient, EEG choice of diagnostic modality Control seizure aggresively Low treshold for aggresive treatment of any seizure > 5 minutes Recognize underlying etiology
Ethosuximid Phenytoin Phenobarbital Bromides 1857 1912 1938 196 0 1965 1976 1989 199 1 1993 1996 1997 Anti epileptic drug evolution Drugs Used According to Type of Seizure and Epileptic Syndrome Type of Seizure and Epileptic Syndrome First Line Drug (Generally, the first drug tried) Second Line or Add-on Drug (Those tried when first-line drugs fail)
Primary Generalized Seizures Absence (petit mal) seizures Ethosuximide, valproic acid Note: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are contradicted. Valproic acid (or divalproex sodium), Myoclonic seizures Valproic acid (or divalproex sodium) Note: Carbamazepine and phenytoin can actually aggravate these seizures. Acetazolamide, clonazepam, Others under investigation include zonisamide, lamotrigine, topiramate, primidone (for juvenile myoclonic epilepsies). Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures Valproic acid (or divalproex sodium), carbamazepine, phenytoin. Phenobarbital, primidone Topiramate (including in children two and over) Type of Seizure and Epileptic Syndrome First Line Drug (Generally, the first drug tried) Second Line or Add-on Drug (Those tried when first-line drugs fail)
Infantile spasms (West's syndrome) Corticotropin, vigabatrin. Zonisamide and tiagabine under investigation. Clonazepam, valproic acid (or divalproex sodium), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome Valproic acid (or divalproex sodium). Carbamazepine, clonazepam (absence variant), phenobarbital, primidone, felbamate, lamotrigine, topiramate, low-dose vigabatrin may be used alternatively. Partial Seizures Partial seizures, secondarily generalized tonic- clonic seizures, and partial epileptic syndromes Carbamazepine in children a, phenytoin. A 2002 analysis of evidence comparing carbamazepine VS phenytoin no significant differences Gabapentin and lamotrigine, Topiramate is approved for children over two and oxcarbazepine for those over four. Gabapentin and tiagabine approved for children over 12 and are being studied for younger children. (A French study found no additional benefits for gabapentin in this younger group.) Older add-on agents sometimes used include valproate, phenobarbital, primidone. Original data from a table in Patients with Refractory Seizures, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 340, No. 20, May 20, 1999. By permission of the author Orrin Devinsky, MD. Updated data from American Epilepsy Society and various studies. Actions of antiepileptic drugs on inhibitory (A) and excitatory (B) mechanisms. Stafstrom C E Pediatrics in Review 1998;19:342-351 Decreases blood levels of many medications Increases blood levels of phenobarbital & warfarin Classification of Anticonvulsants Action on Ion Channels Enhance GABA Transmission Inhibit EAA Transmission Na + : Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine Topiramate Valproic acid Ca ++ : Ethosuximide Valproic acid Benzodiazepines (diazepam, clonazepam) Barbiturates (phenobarbital) Valproic acid Gabapentin Vigabatrin Topiramate Felbamate Felbamate Topiramate
Na + : For general tonic-clonic and partial seizures Ca ++ : For Absence seizures Most effective in myoclonic but also in tonic-clonic and partial Clonazepam: for Absence Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Phenytoin (Dilantin, Phenytek) 5-10 mg/kg Membrane stabilization by blocking Na & Ca influx into the neuronal axon or inhibits the release of excitatory amino acids via inhibition of Ca influx
First choice for partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures Some efficacy in clonic, myoclonic, atonic, No effect on infantile spasms or absence seizures Nausea, vomittingm constipation, insomnia, tremor, dizziness, headache Increases blood levels of phenobarbital & warfarin decreases CBZ, chloramphenico l, haloperidol
Topiramat (Topamax) 5-9 mg/kg Blocks sodium channels (membrane stabilization) and also potentiates the inhibitory effect of GABA Focal seizure, toni-clonic, Lennox Gastaut syndrome Headache, dizziness, drowsiness, weight loss VPA << PHT >>
Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Carbamazepine 10-20 mg/kg Block sodium channels
Clonazepam 0.1 to 0.3 mg/kg/day, divided in 2 to 3 doses each day Enhancement of the electric effect of GABA binding on neurons, resulting in an increased influx of chloride ions into the neurons Absence, myoclonic, infantile spasm, partial, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome Drowsiness, ataxia, behavioral and personality changes, excessive salivation Clonazepam decreases the levels of carbamazepine antifungal reduce clonazepam Clonazepam may affect levels of phenytoin Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Phenobarbital 4-8 mg/kg Enhancement of inhibitory process Dimimution of excitatory transmission
Generalized tonic clonic,Partial seizures,Neona tal seizure,Status epilepticus
Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Sodium valproate 20-60 mg/kg May be due to increase in GABA content of the brain (inhibits GABA transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase)
Very effective against absence,,myoclo nic seizures, gen. tonic- clonic seizures (primarly Gen), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Nausea, vomiting and GIT disturbances (Start with low doses), Increased appetite & weight gain Transient hair loss, Hepatotoxicity Thrombocytopeni a,Neural Tube defect Phyenitoin and phenobarbitone decrease the plasma level Clobazam 0.5 to 1.5 mg/kg/day, divided in 2 daily doses Enhance GABA site Tonic-clonic, Complex partial, and Myoclonic Seizures Ataxia, rashes, Steven johnson synd, dysathria, urticaria
Clobazam as with other benzodiazepine drugs can lead to benzodiazepine withdrawal syndromw Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Sodium valproate 20-60 mg/kg May be due to increase in GABA content of the brain (inhibits GABA transaminase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase)
Very effective against absence,,myoclo nic seizures, gen. tonic- clonic seizures (primarly Gen), Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Nausea, vomiting and GIT disturbances (Start with low doses), Increased appetite & weight gain Transient hair loss, Hepatotoxicity Thrombocytopeni a,Neural Tube defect Phyenitoin and phenobarbitone decrease the plasma level Vigabatrin 60-80 mg/kg Inhibits GABA Metabolizing enzyme(GABA -T ) & Increase GABA content in the brain( similar to valproate).
Monotherapy for infantile spasms ( West syndrome) Side effects: Visual field defects (limits its use), psychosis and depression
Lowering concentration of phenytoin Drug Daily dose Mechanism of action Indication Side effect Interaction Levetiracetam 5-10 mg/kg Not known Partial epilepsy Generalized,to nic-clonic seizures;Myocl o nic seizures.
Ataxia,dizziness, blurred vision, pins & needles sensation in extremities No clinical meaningful drug to drug interaction Neonatal Seizure
Adalah manifestasi klinis akibat aktifitas listrik abnormal berlebihan atau sinkron dari neuron Angka kejadian: 1-4 /1000 kelahiran hidup bayi cukup bulan (AS) Kejadian kejang pada neonatus lebih tinggi dibanding usia anak Neonatal Seizure
Penelitian: Kejang pada neonatus akan berpengaruh buruk pada perkembangan otak neonatus imatur : - seizure susceptibility meningkat - critical development period ETILOGI NEONATAL SEIZURE
Penyebab tersering neonatal seizure Hipoxic Ischemic encephalopathy Perinatal arterial and venous stroke Perdarahan periventricular Meningitis dan Abses cerebri
Penyebab neonatal seizure yang jarang ditemui Hipoglikemia Hipokalsemia/ hipomagnesia Neonatal abstinence syndrome Inborn errors metabolism Mekanisme seizure susceptibility pada neonatus Perubahan transmisi sinap: Neurotransmiter Glutamat Periode kritis awal kehidupan neurotransmiter glutamat (eksitatori) overgrowth akson dan dendrit peningkatan sinap eksitatori Ekspresi reseptor GluR2 meningkat reseptor AMPAR lebih Ca permeable aktivasi reseptor glutamat Mekanisme seizure susceptibility pada neonatus Neurotransmiter GABA Berperan sebagai neurotransmiter eksitatori, disebabkan oleh ekspresi NKCC2 tinggi dan NKCC1 rendah konsentrasi Cl- intrasel tinggi depolarisasi / eksitasi
Hypereksitabilitas neuron pada neonatus
Pengaruh Kejang Pada Masa Kritis Gangguan belajar dan memori: Neuronal loss di C3 hipokampus ekspresi dendrit eksitatori longterm potentiation (LTP) (LTP = kemampuan memori dan belajar) Epilepsi: Perubahan ekspresi reseptor AMPAR dan GluR2 perubahan fungsi reseptor GABA fungsi inhibisi hipereksibilitas neuron permanen Hipoksia-iskemik + kejang kerusakan otak lebih besar, retardasi mental, palsi serebral Diagnosis Neonatal seizure Kejang pada neonatus harus mendapat tatalaksana yang baik Identifikasi kejang pada neonatus (merupakan tantangan) tidak sama dengan kejang pada anak: manifestasi klinik tidak jelas manifestasi klinis diduga kuat kejang sering tidak berkorelasi ictal-electrographic (EEG) non epileptic (terapi?) secara klinis tidak ada manifestasi kejang, tetapi pada rekaman EEG terdapat electrographic seizure (terapi?) Keadaan ini disebut Electroclinical dissociation
MANIFESTASI KLINIS NEONATAL SEIZURE Subtle Occular phenomena Oral-bucal-lingual movement Limb movement Autonomic phenomena Apneu Klonik Fokal Multifokal Tonik Fokal Generalized Mioklonik Fokal, multifokal Genealized Kejang Klonik Adalah gerakan ritmik sekelompok otot yang terdiri dari gerakan fleksi cepat diikuti dengan gerakan ekstensi yang lebih lambat Klonik fokal: wajah, mata, mulut , ekstremitas Klonik umum: seluruh tubuh Kejang klonik mirip dengan tremor atau jitteriness Cara membedakan: Fleksi ringan pada ekstremitas, klonik (+), gerakan involunter stop
Kejang Klonik Klonik multifokal ( fragmentary ) adalah bangkitan klonik yang menyebar atau dapat berpindah dari satu bagian tubuh ke bagian tubuh lain, kanan ke kiri Prognosis buruk dengan sekuele berat Kejang Tonik Adalah gerakan fleksi atau ekstensi pada sekelompok otot (axial) bisa fokal atau umum, berlangsung terus menerus 30% tonik tidak ada korelasi EEG Tonik sulit dibedakan dengan distonia atau abnormal posturing, sering ditemukan pada neonatus dengan kelainan neurologi berat brainstem release Kejang Tonik Brainstem release: dekortikasi fungsional akibat cidera korteks cerebri Distonia dan korea atetoid berasal dari gangguan basal ganglia atau jaras ekstrapiramidal Distonia akibat kerusakan neokorteks yang berfungsi menginhibisi gerakan tonik Kejang Mioklonik Adalah gerakan fleksi cepat dari sekelompok otot/jerk, tidak diikuti gerakan ekstensi lambat Mioklonik dapat ditemukan selama active (REM ) sleep, bayi prematur, korelasi EEG (-) benign sleep myoclonus of the newborn Mioklonik patologis dapat ditemukan pada bayi dengan kelainan otak (brainstem release)
Kejang Mioklonik Mioklonik dapat ditemukan selama active (REM ) sleep, bayi prematur, korelasi EEG (-) benign sleep myoclonus of the newborn Mioklonik patologis dapat ditemukan pada bayi dengan kelainan otak (brainstem release) Subtle seizure Paling sering ditemukan pada neonatus Tidak ada kriteria subtle seizure yang jelas Biasanya berupa gerakan paroksismal yang menginterupsi perilaku normal secara stereotipi
Subtle seizure Dapat ditemukan: Bayi normal active (REM), quite (non REM) sleep Neonatus dengan kelainan otak berat Jarang berkorelasi dengan perubahan EEG kecuali disertai manifestasi klinis motorik lain Subtle seizure perlu korfirmasi syncronized video EEG Subtle seizure (epileptic) ada perubahan elektrografik secara simultan
EEG iktal, gelombang ritmik repetitif stereotipi. Gambar atas: 2 fokus EEG iktal sentral kiri (panah tebal) dan occipital kanan(panah tipis). Gambar bawah: gelombang ritmik repetitif stereotipi di frontal kanan OBAT ANTI EPILEPSI (OAE) OAE pada neonatus: fenobarbital dan fenitoin Indikasi: Kejang klinis >3 menit atau kejang singkat serial Semua kejang elektrikal meskipun klinis tidak terlihat kejang, harus diterapi
OBAT ANTI EPILEPSI (OAE) Respon OAE pada neonatus berbeda dengan anak, dan dapat mempengaruhi perkembangan normal otak imatur Hal ini disebabkan karena perbedaan neurofisiologi neonatus Reseptor GABA pada neonatus NKCC2 (Cl extruding cotransporter): ekspresi NKCC2 rendah konsentrasi Cl intrasel menjadi tinggi. Ekpresi NKCC1 (Cl importer): konsentrasi Cl tinggidepolarisasi OBAT ANTI EPILEPSI (OAE) OAE yang memfasilitasi aktivasi GABA: golongan benzodiazepam, phenobarbital, fenitoin dan valproat Rekomendasi WHO-ILAE: Fenobarbital (1 st line) Fenitoin (2 nd line) Penelitian binatang, obat GABA agonis: mengganggu sinaptogenesis. Pada bayi prematur mempengaruhi migrasi, diferensiasi neuronal dan apoptosis
OBAT ANTI EPILEPSI (OAE) OAE meningkatkan electro-clinical uncoupling (manifestasi klinis kejang hilang, kejang elektrografik tetap berlangsung) Scher dkk: 58% neonatus yang diberi OAE terjadi electroclinical uncoupling perlu monitoring EEG setelah terapi OAE Pada bayi dengan pemeriksaan neurologi normal dan/atau EEG normal OAE dihentikan setelah bebas kejang >72 jam
Cerebral Function Monitoring (CFM) Sejak 1990 Cerebral Function Monitoring (CFM) atau amplitude EEG (aEEG) merupakan alat pemantauan kejang di NICU Cerebral Function Monitoring (CFM) Diagnosis Neonatal seizure harus ada bukti ictal electrography Gold standard : rekaman EEG Rekaman EEG sulit dilakukan, interpretasi oleh tenaga ahli dibidang neurofisiologi Dikembangkan alat pemantau neonatal seizure yang dapat dilakukan bedside seperti alat monitor jantung yaitu amplitude EEG (aEEG) interpretasi mudah dan cepat Spesifisitas aEEG rendah, sehingga perlu konfirmasi EEG konvensional Cerebral Function Monitoring (CFM) Amplitude EEG adalah teknik rekaman EEG yang dibuat sederhana menggunakan single channel Signal EEG diamplifikasi kemudian dipadatkan (amplified, time compressed)
Cerebral Function Monitoring (CFM) aEEG memiliki spesifisitas yang cukup tinggi tapi sensitifitas rendah Dengan penambahan 2 channel EEG konvensional sensitifitas menjadi 76% dan spesifisitas 78%
Kejang Neonatus
Kejang teratasi dan antikonvulsan dihentikan Risiko kejang berulang pada bayi dengan EEG normal adalah 10% Terapi pemeliharaan dengan fenobarbital 35 mg/kg
Patel V, Kandhari A, Cherian S. Recognition and management of neonatal seizures. Paediatrics and Child Health. 2011;22(4):14954 Risiko kejang berulang pada bayi dengan EEG & neurologis abnormal adalah 50% KEJANG DEMAM KEJANG Diazepam Rectal(5-10 mnt kmd) KEJANG Diazepam iv Kec. 0,5-1 mg/mnt, (3-5 mnt) KEJANG Fenitoin bolus iv, 15-20 mg/kg, Kec. 0,5-1 mg/kg/mnt, (20-30 mnt), pastikan ventilasi adekuat KEJANG Transfer ke PICU 1. Diazepam rectal 0,5 mg/kg: <12 bln: 2-4 mg 12-36 bln: 5 mg >36 bln: 7,5 mg b. BB<10 kg: 5 mg BB>10 kg: 10 mg 2. Diazepam iv 0,2-0,5 mg/kg A B C Kejang berhenti Lihat keterangan Stop Kejang berhenti Lihat keterangan Kejang berhenti Lihat keterangan PENATALAKSANAAN KEJANG DEMAM Keterangan: 1. Terapi rumatan (profilaksis) diberikan tidak berdasarkan kejang demam sederhana/kompleks dan faktor risikonya 2. Fenitoin bolus drip, dicampur NaCl fisiologis
TERIMA KASIH Diagnosa positif Mulai pengobatan dg satu AED Pilih berdasar klasifikasi kejang dan efek samping Sembuh ? Ya Efek samping dapat ditoleransi ? Tidak Ya Turunkan dosis Kualitas hidup optimal ? Ya Tidak Lanjutka n terapi Tidak Efek samping dapat ditoleransi ? Tingkatkan dosis Turunkan dosis Tambah AED 2 Tidak Ya Sembuh? Hentikan AED1 Tetap gunakan AED2 Pertimbangkan, Atasi dg tepat Ya Tidak lanjut lanjut ALGORITMA TATALAKSANA EPILEPSI lanjutan Lanjutka n terapi Tidak sembuh Tidak kambuh Selama > 2 th ? ya tidak Hentikan pengobatan Kembali ke Assesment awal Efek samping dapat ditoleransi ? Ya Tidak Hentikan AED yang tdk efektif, Tambahkan AED2 yang lain Tingkatkan dosis AED2, cek interaksi, Cek kepatuhan Sembuh ? Tidak Y a Lanjutkan terapi Rekonfirmasi diagnosis, Pertimbangkan pembedahan Atau AED lain