Toyota’s R&D Activities

for Realizing Sustainable Mobility

Takeshi Uchiyamada
Executive Vice President
Toyota Motor Corporation
December 14, 2009
 Demand & Supply Potential for Alternative Fuels
TMC estimate

Oil demand Demand for

Oil demand & supply (Million b/d)

alternative fuels

Alternative energy supply potential

Oil supply

Electricity/Hydrogen

Bio-fuel

CNG

(Million b/d)
Synthetic-fuel（GTL/CTL）

Super heavy oil

Gap between oil demand and supply will expand gradually in near future
Alternative fuels will be desirable
 Scenarios for Response to Environmental and Energy Issues

Oil Gasoline and Diesel Gasoline and Diesel

(from conventional oil fields) (from deep-
deep-sea oil fields, oil
Technology improvement of gasoline vehicles and diesel vehicles shales, etc.)
Drilling and refining
Natural Gas storage technology Build infrastructure
technology and cost
ICE
gas Gas
Gasification/
synthetic technology /
CO2 reduction technology
cost Synthetic fuels Internal
Coal (during production of fuel) combustion
(GTL/CTL/BTL) engine
Technology
Obtain desired properties utilizing cellulose
Biomass Stabilize supply
Bioethanol/biodiesel
Electrical storage Infrastructure Electrical storage
technology for development technology for EV
Nuclear
generation
Electricity

energy
PHVs and EVs
Electricity EV
CO2 reduction technology
(thermal power station)
Hydrogen storage
Hydro,
production

technology / cost
Hydrogen

CO2 reduction
Solar, Hydrogen
Geothermal
technology (during
hydrogen production) FCHV
energy Infrastructure
2010 development 2030 Future Fuel Issues ＠2009

Each alternative fuel has several issues, meaning oil will remain
main fuel for some time, with liquid fuels and non-liquid fuels coexisting
 Comparison of Energy Density

Diesel
Gasoline
Volume energy density (gasoline = 10)

10 Superior
Superior

Battery Gaseous fuel Liquid fuels

Ethanol

5
High-pressure CNG
Inferior
Inferior hydrogen gas
(20Mpa)
(70MPa)
(35MPa)
Nickel-metal Lithium-ion
hydride batteries batteries
0
(Toyota’s calculations)

Energy density of Li-ion battery is 1/50 of gasoline

 Electric Vehicle (EV)

TOYOTA RAV4 EV 【EV Issues】

1) Cruising range, 2) cost, 3) charging time,
4) dedicated charging infrastructure

Not
Not even
even latest
latest lithium-ion
lithium-ion batteries
batteries
can
can solve
solve EV
EV issues
issues
TOYOTA e-com

2012

Important to take practical approach regarding pure EV cruising range

⇒ Focus should be on achieving widespread use of EVs
as short-distance vehicles
Plug-in Hybrid Vehicle (PHV) Merits

EV (general passenger car)

Surplus-size battery to cope with anxiety
over cruising distance

Plug-in Hybrid merits:

Use a hybrid system to

eliminate EV usability concerns
 PHV Concept

Gas station Household electricity

(100V･200V)

Engine
Battery
Motor

Fuel Tank

Larger battery capacity than Prius; can be recharged from external power source
Serve as EV for commuting; serve as hybrid vehicle for longer drives
 PHV Road Test
Results of road tests Data recorded through road tests in Japan
by PHV prototype

80 100
Period:from August 2007 Cumulative

60
Frequency
（）

40
%

20 Base : 2nd generation

0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Distance traveled daily (km)

Approximately 50% of drivers travel less than 25km per day

 PRIUS PLUG-IN HYBRID (PHV)

PRIUS PLUG-IN HYBRID

 PRIUS PLUG-IN HYBRID Specifications
※
Plug-in hybrid fuel economy 57.0km/L
※
Hybrid fuel economy 30.6km/L
※
EV driving range 23.4km
Approx. 100 min (200V)
Charging time Approx. 180 min (100V)

Battery Li-ion battery

Motor max. power 60kW (82PS)

System max. power 100kW (136PS)

Engine displacement / max. power 1,797cc / 73kW （99PS）

※ measured in JC08 test cycle
 Prius Plug-in Hybrid Countries of Availability

U.S.A.
EU 150
Japan
200 230
France,
France, UK,
UK, Portugal,
Portugal,
Germany,
Germany, Netherlands,
Netherlands, etc.
etc.

Others
20

Approximately 600 vehicles are launched for Japan, U.S.A., EU,

etc, starting from December 2009.
 PHV Expansion Plan

Aiming to begin sales in two years

Volume: Several tens of thousands

Price: Affordable/Reasonable
 Enhance Electricity Use in PHV & EV

Short-distance EV PHV

To be launched in 2012 Market introduction starts at end of

2009 mainly in Japan, U.S.A. and EU

Promote vehicle electricity use through

short-distance EVs and core-use PHVs
 Fuel Cell Vehicle Initiatives
Cruising Range Cold Weather Starting Performance
Long distance driving test from Osaka to Tokyo Cold weather test in Canada (Yellowknife)

Practical cruising range : Started and driven in temperatures

830km for 10-15 test cycle as low as –30 Celsius
on par with a gasoline-powered vehicle
- Toyota FCHV market introduction: 2015 (aim)
- Toyota will actively cooperate with all parties concerned to address
other important hurdles toward market introduction,
including development of hydrogen supply infrastructure.
 Response to Environmental and Energy Issues

Vehicle size HVs & PHVs with FCHVs Heavy-duty

internal combustion engine trucks

Passenger cars Route buses

HV
EVs
FCHV(BUS)
Short-distance Delivery
Small delivery vehicles trucks
vehicles
FCHV

EV PHV

i-REAL
Winglet
Driving
Motorcycles distance

Gasoline, diesel, bio-fuels, compressed

Fuel Electricity natural gas, gas to liquids, coal to liquids, etc. Hydrogen

EVs: short-distance vehicles; HVs and PHVs with ICE: wide-use vehicles;
FCHVs: medium-to-large vehicles.
 Response to Environmental and Energy Issues
EV Motor
Battery

Fuel
Engine
tank

Motor
PHV Motor
Battery Battery

Fuel Engine Fuel

Engine
tank tank

HV FCHV Motor
Battery

FC
H2 tank
stack

Hybrid technology in PHVs, EVs and FCHVs

TODAY for TOMORROW