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SKELETAL SYSTEM
Function Of Bones
Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Hemopoeisis/hematopoiesis
Leverage for locomotion
Transduction of sounds
Bone Development
OSSIFICATION – process of bone development
1. Intramembranous ossification
- direct bone development of membrane bones
2.Endochondral ossification
- development of bones preceeded by cartilages
Classification of Bones
1. Long Bones
Ex. femur, humerus
2. Short Bones
Ex. trapezoid
3. Flat Bones
Ex. Sternum, ribs
4. Irregular Bones
Ex. Hip bones, vertebrae
II. Cartilage
- specialized connective tissue in which fibers are laid down along the lines of stress in long, parallel arrays firm and
flexible
chondrocytes - cartilage cells that live within spaces (lacunae) within cartilage matrix
-CHONDRIFICATION – chondroblast- chondrocytes
TYPES OF CARTILAGES
BASIS HYALINE ELASTIC FIBRO-CARTILAGE
2. Function Cover and protect bones,support Flexible strength Withstand tension & compression
IV. ENAMEL
Developed from ameloblasts
Teeth – important for digestion
V. BONE REMODELING
Frog’s skeleton
AXIAL SKELETON
I. SKULL
*Fronto-parietals – 1
*Sphenethmoid -1
*Vomer -1
* Squamosal -2
*Quadrotojugals – 2
*Exoccipitals -2
* Prootics -2
* Nasals -2 *Mento-Meckelian - 1
*Maxillae -2 *Dentary -2
*Premaxilae -1 *Angulo-splential - 2
* Parasphenoid -1
* Pterygoid -2 II.VERTEBRAL COLUMN
* Palatine -2 10 VERTEBRAE
Lower Jaw • Cervical (atlas) - 1
• typical vertebrae - 7 - Radiale -2
• Sacral - 1 - Centrale – 2
• Urostyle – 1 - Ulnare - 2
III. Hyoid - 1 * Ordinary Carpals - 2
APPENDICULAR SKELETON * Metacarpals - 4 (2)
I. PECTORAL GIRDLE * Phalanges - 11(2)
* Suprascapula - 2 Ratio: 2:3:3:3 (2)
* Scapula -2 HINDLIMB
* Coracoid -2 * Femur -2
* Clavicle -2 * Tibio-fibula - 2
* Epicoracoid - 2 * Tarsals - 2(2)
II. PELVIC GIRDLE - Tibiale(astragalus)-2
* Ilia –2 - Fibulare(calcaneum) -2
* Ishium - 1 * Ordinary tarsals - 2
* Pubis - 1 * Metatarsals - 5(2)
FORELIMB *Calcar -2
* Humerus - 2 *Phalanges - 14(2)
* Radio-ulna - 2 Ratio: 1:2:3:4:3 (2)
* Carpals - 3(2)
HOMOLOGY OF GIRDLES
PECTORAL GIRDLE PELVIC GIRDLE
1. Scapula 1. Ilia
* coracoid process 2. Ischia
2. Clavicle 3. Pubis
Appendicular Skeleton
BASIS FROG MAN
SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
TYPES OF GAIT
PLANTIGRADE
- EX. Man, primates, bear
DIGITIGRADE
- ex. Cats, dogs
UNGULIGRADE
- Ex. Horses, cows, carabao, pigs, goats
FRACTURE HEALING
Clinical Problems: Spina Bifida
Spina bifida is a congenital defect
failure of the vertebral laminae to unite
nervous tissue is unprotected
possible paralysis and other complications
KYPHOSIS
Scoliosis
LORDOSIS
OSTEOPOROSIS
Osteoporosis
Decreased bone mass resulting in porous bones
Those at risk
White, thin, menopausal females
Athletes who are not menstruating due to decreased body fat &
decreased estrogen levels
People allergic to milk or with eating disorders whose intake of calcium is
too low
Smoking, drinking, & family history increase risk
Prevention or decrease in severity
Adequate diet, weight-bearing exercise, & estrogen replacement therapy (for menopausal women)
Behavior when young may be most important factor
OSTEOMALACIA
BURSITIS
OSTEOMYELITIS
ARTHRITIS