Compressed Natural Gas Aff MH

Compressed Natural Gas(Aff) Matthew Hamilton, Eveready
Compressed Natural Gas(Aff)

Table of Contents
1. Info/Funding...........................................................................................................................................2
1.1 Summary.........................................................................................................................................2
1.2 What it is..........................................................................................................................................2
1.3 How It's Stored................................................................................................................................2
1.4 How It's Produced...........................................................................................................................2
1.5 How It's Delivered to Transportation Customers............................................................................2
1.6 Funding From the Energy Commission..........................................................................................3
2. Phill........................................................................................................................................................3
2.1 Small, Efficient, and Safe................................................................................................................3
2.2 Past Incentives and Cost..................................................................................................................3
2.3 Residential Fueling Discounts in California ..................................................................................4
3. Cost........................................................................................................................................................4
3.1 Cost of CNG According to Southern CA Gas.................................................................................4
3.2 Can Cut Fuel Costs in Half..............................................................................................................4
3.3 $1.75 to $2.50 Per GGE..................................................................................................................4
3.4 Will Cost Less as Gasoline Costs More..........................................................................................5
4. Emissions...............................................................................................................................................5
4.1 Can Emit 15x Times Less Smog-Forming Nitrogen Oxide Emissions...........................................5
4.2 Average 80% Ozone-Forming Emissions Reduction......................................................................5
4.3 Significantly Less Pollution With CNG..........................................................................................6
4.4 Cost-Effective Way to Alleviate Pollution......................................................................................6
4.5 Bullet Points of Pollution Reduction With Natural Gas Vehicles...................................................6
5. Vehicle Use.............................................................................................................................................6
5.1 Vehicles That Use CNG...................................................................................................................6
5.2 Paves the Way For Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles...............................................................................7
5.3 50% of California's Transit Fleet by 2005.......................................................................................7
5.4 Natural Gas Powred Options ..........................................................................................................7
6. Supply....................................................................................................................................................7
6.1 At least a 120-Year Supply..............................................................................................................7
6.2 Domestic Natural Gas Supply High and Growing..........................................................................8
7. Other.......................................................................................................................................................8
7.1 Flammable Only When Mixture is Less Than 5% Natural Gas......................................................8
7.2 California Likes it............................................................................................................................8
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1. Info/Funding
1.1 Summary
Office of Transportation and Air Quality, “Clean Fuel Options for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks and
Buses”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, June 2003,
http://www.epa.gov/dieselretrofit/documents/f03015.pdf
Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is a gaseous fuel that is a mixture of hydrocarbons, mainly methane,
and is produced either from gas wells or in conjunction with crude oil production. The majority of
natural gas consumed in the United States comes from sources within North America. Increased use of
fuel produced in North America helps reduce our reliance on oil from overseas, which is good for our
nation’s energy security.
1.2 What it is
California Energy Commission, “COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG) AS A TRANSPORTATION
FUEL “, Consumer Energy Center, 2006,
http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.html
Compressed natural gas, or CNG, is natural gas under pressure which remains clear, odorless, and non-
corrosive. Although vehicles can use natural gas as either a liquid or a gas, most vehicles use the
gaseous form compressed to pressures above 3,100 pounds per square inch.
1.3 How It's Stored

In smaller fueling locations and on vehicles, CNG is stored in thick-walled steel, aluminum, or
composite tanks built to last more than 20 years.
1.4 How It's Produced

Most natural gas comes from three types of wells: natural gas-and-condensate wells, oil wells, and coal
bed methane wells. In 2003, California had over 1,200 natural gas-and-condensate wells operating.
Well-extracted natural gas requires a cleanup process before it can be used in vehicles or residences.
1.5 How It's Delivered to Transportation Customers

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In 2004, California produced 15.4 percent of its natural gas from in-state wells. The rest is imported by
pipeline from Canada and the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern states. California gas utilities such as
Pacific Gas and Electric, Southern California Gas, and San Diego Gas & Electric distribute the fuel to
customers. Most CNG vehicle fueling stations are owned and operated by private companies and local
governments.
1.6 Funding From the Energy Commission

The Energy Commission has provided more than $4 million in grant cost-share funding for about 40
CNG fueling stations, the incremental cost of light-duty vehicles, and purchase of 369 CNG-powered
school buses. The Energy Commission has also funded research and development to improve the
performance of natural gas engines.
2. Phill
2.1 Small, Efficient, and Safe

Official Honda Website, “Convenient Home Refueling Appliances Now Available for Natural Gas
Vehicles”, May 6, 2005, http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=2005050968755
The refueling unit is a small, compact gas compressor capable of providing convenient overnight home
refueling for CNG vehicles. The appliance is safe, lightweight, and can deliver 3,000 or 3,600 pounds
per square inch gauge (psig) of natural gas.
2.2 Past Incentives and Cost

[Brackets added]
AQMD[Air Quality Management District]'s Governing Board today approved $400,000 in incentives
to assist consumers with the cost of purchasing or leasing a new natural gas home refueling appliance,
developed by FuelMaker Corp. of Toronto.
AQMD's incentive will match funding recently approved by the Mobile Source Air Pollution Reduction
Review Committee (MSRC).
"The MSRC has a long history of supporting the development of natural gas fueling stations to serve the growing fleet
vehicle market," noted Gwenn Norton-Perry, chair of the MSRC. "Now, with the option of home refueling, we have the
opportunity to greatly expand individual consumer interest in a clean, affordable alternative to gasoline vehicles."
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The refueling appliance - marketed under the name "Phill" - is expected to cost about $3,500. Incentive
funding offered by AQMD and the MSRC will total $2,000 per unit for a total of 400 units, lowering
the cost of each unit to $1,500 for the consumer. Installation of a unit costs an additional $1,000 to
$2,000. Driving a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle can cut fuel costs in half. On average, fueling
a CNG passenger vehicle will cost about 4 cents per mile compared with 8 cents per mile for a similar
gasoline vehicle.
2.3 Residential Fueling Discounts in California

California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, “Fuel Security: NGVs Reduce California’s Oil
Dependence”, copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/fuel-security.php
High-use NGV fleets pay substantially less for natural gas than they would for gasoline or diesel, and
consumers who refill NGV tanks at home get residential fueling discounts from California utilities that
put compressed natural gas costs far below gasoline. Natural gas prices are projected to increase much
less than petroleum prices over the next 25 years, further widening the cost advantage.
3. Cost
3.1 Cost of CNG According to Southern CA Gas

Southern California Gas estimates CNG currently costs about 40 percent less than gasoline. As of July
2005, PG&E charges approximately $1.40 per therm, equivalent to about $1.78 per gasoline gallon, for
CNG used as a motor fuel.
3.2 Can Cut Fuel Costs in Half

The refueling appliance - marketed under the name "Phill" - is expected to cost about $3,500. Incentive
funding offered by AQMD and the MSRC will total $2,000 per unit for a total of 400 units, lowering
the cost of each unit to $1,500 for the consumer. Installation of a unit costs an additional $1,000 to
$2,000. Driving a compressed natural gas (CNG) vehicle can cut fuel costs in half. On average, fueling
a CNG passenger vehicle will cost about 4 cents per mile compared with 8 cents per mile for a similar
gasoline vehicle.
3.3 $1.75 to $2.50 Per GGE

Gas Equipment Systems Inc.[GESI is a California Licensed General Engineering Contractor [A-783360] and
certified by the Texas Railroad Commission, for construction of CNG Fueling stations. The company is
exclusively dedicated to the design, supply, manufacturing Construction and maintenance of CNG fuel station
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infrastructure. GESI has supplied, constructed or maintained over 100 CNG fuel stations over the past 9
years. GESI is the North American Packager for Gardner Denver gas compressors and packages a full range of
compressors from 47 to 700 CFM, There are hundreds of GD compressor packages in use throughout the
world. GESI is also the largest volume dealer for Fuel Maker, Corp. vehicle fueling appliances and is the dealer
for Ingersoll-Rand CNG compressor systems in California and Texas.], “Frequent Asked Questions”, no date
given, http://www.cngfuelsystems.com/faqs.asp#5
This depends upon where it is purchased. There are many CNG public access fueling stations
throughout California. Some are owned by private fueling companies others by various governmental
agencies. Prices currently may range from $1.75 to $2.50 per GGE gasoline gallon equivalent. You can
download a CNG fueling station map book from the California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition
3.4 Will Cost Less as Gasoline Costs More

High-use NGV fleets pay substantially less for natural gas than they would for gasoline or diesel, and
consumers who refill NGV tanks at home get residential fueling discounts from California utilities that
put compressed natural gas costs far below gasoline. Natural gas prices are projected to increase much
less than petroleum prices over the next 25 years, further widening the cost advantage.
4. Emissions
4.1 Can Emit 15x Times Less Smog-Forming Nitrogen Oxide Emissions
Mobile sources account for more than 70 percent of the air pollution emissions in the four-county area.
Natural gas vehicles are one of the cleanest vehicles available and can emit 15 times less smog-forming
nitrogen oxides than a comparable gasoline vehicle. Fleet operators and some private motorists
currently drive thousands of natural gas vehicles and fill them up at one the Southland's approximately
75 existing natural gas fueling stations.
4.2 Average 80% Ozone-Forming Emissions Reduction

Natural gas is produced both worldwide and domestically at relatively low cost and is cleaner burning
than gasoline or diesel fuel. Natural gas vehicles show an average reduction in ozone-forming
emissions of 80 percent compared to gasoline vehicles.
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4.3 Significantly Less Pollution With CNG

“Clean Air Cookbook”, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 11, 2006,
http://www.epa.gov/air/recipes/natgas.html
Compared to gasoline or diesel vehicles, those powered by natural gas emit 80 percent fewer ozone
precursors and over 95 percent fewer particulates. In addition to being cleaner, compressed natural gas
is also 30 to 40 percent cheaper than gasoline or diesel on a same mileage basis.
4.4 Cost-Effective Way to Alleviate Pollution

California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, “Vehicle Options: NGVs Serve an Unmatched Range of
Users”, copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/vehicle-options.php [Brackets added]
Moving from diesel trucks to NGVs[Natural Gas Vehicles] is the most effective way to alleviate the
pollution problems caused by refuse hauling, according to the nonprofit environmental research
organization INFORM. NGVs dramatically cut air pollutant emissions and noise, improving the quality
of life for city residents and refuse workers.
4.5 Bullet Points of Pollution Reduction With Natural Gas Vehicles

California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, “NGVs Fight Air Pollution & Climate Change”, copyright
2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/air-and-climate.php
Natural gas vehicles can start clearing the air right now:
• Heavy-duty natural gas engines met 2010 EPA emissions standards in 2007, making them six
times cleaner than 2007 diesel engines in terms of smog-forming hydrocarbon and nitrogen
oxide (NOx) emissions.
• Light-duty NGVs emit up to 90 percent less NOx and 98 percent less hydrocarbon than
gasoline-powered cars.
• NGVs’ greenhouse gas emissions are about 20 percent lower overall than those of gasoline-
powered cars and heavy-duty diesel vehicles.
5. Vehicle Use
5.1 Vehicles That Use CNG

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CNG vehicles have been introduced in a wide variety of commercial applications, from light-duty
trucks and sedans - like taxi cabs, to medium-duty trucks - like UPS delivery vans and postal vehicles,
to heavy-duty vehicles like transit buses, street sweepers (pictured right) and school buses. In
California, transit agency buses are some of the most visible CNG vehicles.
5.2 Paves the Way For Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles

California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, “Fueling Options Range from Home to Highway“ ,
copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/fueling-options.php
CNG technology provides valuable knowledge about storing a compressed fuel and designing stations.
Many facility and operational changes fleet operators must make to convert from petroleum fuels to
natural gas will also apply to hydrogen-fueled vehicles. And natural gas is widely considered the best
current source for producing hydrogen, so CNG stations are a logical foundation for a hydrogen fueling
infrastructure.
5.3 50% of California's Transit Fleet by 2005

Users”, copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/vehicle-options.php
Transit and school bus operators continue to favor NGVs. By 2005, natural gas powered about 4,100
transit buses in California—about 50 percent of the state’s transit fleet. Natural gas vans, shuttles and
taxis also are helping California airports reduce their emissions.
5.4 Natural Gas Powred Options

California Natural Gas Vehicle Coalition, “NGVs Mean Cleaner Air and Fuel Security Now”,
copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/overview.php
NGV options include Class 8 heavy-duty trucks, transit buses, refuse trucks, school buses, shuttle vans,
delivery vehicles and cars. All provide performance comparable to diesel and gasoline vehicles. Learn
more.
6. Supply
6.1 At least a 120-Year Supply

North America has at least a 120-year supply of natural gas, according to a June 2008 study by
Navigant Consulting. California’s increasing use of renewable fuels for energy generation will free up
more than enough natural gas for the fuel’s highest anticipated use in transportation. And renewable
natural gas could constitute a significant portion of NGV fuel in the coming years.
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6.2 Domestic Natural Gas Supply High and Growing

About 98 percent of the natural gas Americans use comes from North America. About 84 percent is
produced domestically; more than 90 percent of imports come from Canada and Mexico. And the U.S.
Energy Information Administration forecasts a sharp decline in imports as the domestic supply grows.
7. Other
7.1 Flammable Only When Mixture is Less Than 5% Natural Gas

When released, compressed natural gas will mix with air and become flammable only when the mixture
is within 5 to 15 percent natural gas. When the mixture is less than 5 percent natural gas, it doesn't
burn. When the mixture is more than 15 percent natural gas, there is not enough oxygen to allow it to
burn. Because natural gas is lighter than air, it quickly dissipates when released from tanks.
7.2 California Likes it

Users”, copyright 2010, http://cngvc.org/why-ngvs/vehicle-options.php [Brackets added]
All kinds of delivery fleets use NGVs, and the state’s[California's] major ports see natural gas–powered
trucks as a key part of their plans to cut port-related pollution.
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Compressed Natural Gas(Aff) Matthew Hamilton, Eveready

Compressed Natural Gas(Aff)

1.3 How It's Stored

1.4 How It's Produced

1.5 How It's Delivered to Transportation Customers

FUEL “, Consumer Energy Center, 2006,

1.6 Funding From the Energy Commission

2.1 Small, Efficient, and Safe

2.2 Past Incentives and Cost

2.3 Residential Fueling Discounts in California

3.1 Cost of CNG According to Southern CA Gas

3.2 Can Cut Fuel Costs in Half

3.3 $1.75 to $2.50 Per GGE

3.4 Will Cost Less as Gasoline Costs More

4.2 Average 80% Ozone-Forming Emissions Reduction

4.3 Significantly Less Pollution With CNG

4.4 Cost-Effective Way to Alleviate Pollution

4.5 Bullet Points of Pollution Reduction With Natural Gas Vehicles

5.1 Vehicles That Use CNG

5.2 Paves the Way For Hydrogen-Fueled Vehicles

5.3 50% of California's Transit Fleet by 2005

5.4 Natural Gas Powred Options

6.1 At least a 120-Year Supply

6.2 Domestic Natural Gas Supply High and Growing

7.1 Flammable Only When Mixture is Less Than 5% Natural Gas

7.2 California Likes it

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