UCSB April 2010

David McKay FRS

Su· tainable Energy - without th . at ai r

Cavendish Laboratory University of Cambridge

ww··_··w···· withouthotair corn

.••.. Ii" ..•.... ," , •..•. IiV···. ,

How wide

would the biofuel plantation be?

One lane of cars 60 miles per hour

25 miles per gallon [US]

1200 litres of biofuel per hectare per year 80 metres car-spacing

8 ki lometres wide

B lt .' ('-'-U- -- lt d K'· d ) ntam '_nle<lng om

e r t A

S --I d -M--i

cot aru = v a,1 ne

Br-- lta iil-_ ----- -«--U- -- - lted K--------ii - ---- -------- d - ---------- ------ --)-----, ,-, _n_in,l-e, ,In,g~-- om_

Ar~e--a-:--s:-~'

, . . ..

woo' '1- N-'- J

----_-----a<-' e .• co _: e-----w---- --- e·-----rs--:9'\/

•• "j •• ~ - ',' ..•• " .••............ :1

E- n--- g---I a:' n d _ N':- e-- -:w--- y-:- ::"0-- r k

.... ':.1 - ", ']

"SytVANl

http. Iwww.maps-of-bl itai n .co .uk/

A UK'; '-N': .. '_.'-." J'."-"-' -_.,._ '.' ',' , 'Y·"_' '-k' 'M'·_:"_·"

, reali '. = \ ' .... , ew .· .. ·,.ersey + ". ew ",or" + ,',8,1

P I tl 'UK'" ('C' I'f I T A' 'I .\ OpU_B-lon: , ... - .. _:,= ".'· ... ~a,1 ornla+ e,x:as +,'rI .• 'ona.'1

Population density: UK, = Massachusetts

'p-' 'I' '!! d ~ 'I'

.... ' " ." , . ... .

Populatio n cens ities

'11i:i'i; 0"6

!wi+,' "

TexaSil

1'00000

ie+06

19+07 population

SWleden· Nor~va y •• Fifl!anq

- - C1 -

•

> " "ru'S'

19+07 population

P 'I tl d n UK'" M husetl

opu' a Ian ' .. ensl y: '., ;: = '""",, ,a,s s a,a ," usetts

IT'-h- b k - f-' I-

--,' I,SOO/, IS tree on me

Sustainable Energy without the hot air

David JC IMac,K,ay

~THIS BOOK IS A TOUR DE FORCE ...

AS A WORK DF PO PULAR SC lEN CE II IS EXE M PLAir

"'THIS IS TD ENEIUIY AND CLIMATE WHATF REAKDN mMI CS IS TO [CDNDMIC.s'.~

E

WI'THD,'U'T THE HO,T AI R

I h h I

wW"''-''~-_, W,--"_,,,,: W',--~" 1" 't- :," 0,':" -':, , U' ,t ':--: 0:- ," ,t a' ,-' .L r1,,:--" C',_:_: -:', 0,,':" :':, ffi'--"''-:''-

,', " . " _ "':- - - ", :-:-' ,-, :', .":' "', -:- '- ,- ',- ',,- -, . ",-, ,--' ", :-:- -, - ,-,

ut of Ga,s

Pharo by T ~r rv a ner

Tt=

[.. ~

III rill' fi;1' :'1101

III~" I.~ II):!I,!"~~JI Ell!

...

40':':'0':':'

.' .'

" "

· .' .. '

· ...

50"

" .' .

~ 350 E c,

a.

~

300

.. r ",,', .. : ',,',

:'.'. ,',: :'.'. ,',:

,..... :J.-

o

·

!!!~ ~-

ro

·

·

~

~ ~-

c Q)

o t:

o o

C\J

.

o

·

·

o

·

25'0'"

: ..

.' '" .

20· .. ··'0· .. ··"

· " ... " ..

" "

:'" ,',: :'" ,',:

150

.. '.

· '. ,

:':" .... :: '.

· " ..

10':':'0':':'

.' .'

· .' .. ' · ...

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

40·····0··

,i i -

. .."r",.",.

3'0:··:·0··

• I I -

'.: '.,'·r·,_",.

26··0·

· ..•• i .i

40·0··

, . ii i

38···0·

.···:.ii

" ...

36·•·•·iOi

...

. . ..

·3'4:· o

. : . ..... .

30·0·

.Hi

1 0,.··; 0"·: 0"··; "'ill ·2···0·n ·14·· 0"··; 0; "'ill ·6···0·:··; ·0·· "'ill ·8· :-'0· ·:0··· ·2·· ... 0:··; 0"··: 0:··;

' .. ".' .. ' , ~I::I .. ul ".i' I~ ....,1.. W j: .. 11 .. 1 •.. ' .. u u .. "

Sources: Keeling and Wharf (2005); Neftel et al (1994); Etheridge et al (199B); Siegenthaler et al (2005); Indermuhle et al (1999)

,380

,3"·6'·"0

.: '_-:'-, ,"

,340

,320

,310.'.'0' -

. . . . . .

28' 0

", ,"

.'", .,'

C b d"' "'d aroln , .•..•. O,X, 91

concentrstlo n

(ppm)

380 ~

36,'·:0'

. _.".

34··,,'0', ~

, ,

320

300

280

1769

260 _I

l' 000 1200 14,00 1600 .800 2000

260

l' 960 1 97'0 1 9801' 990 2000

:.....

m

~ 3 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~

,~ '16-~3Yo charlco ol ~ :2C

N

o (]I ~~

20'50'"

:", .... j'j

i

210'0'

. ····Hi

B & ... M' - d

aer 0", astran c rea,

CI ~ ··t· .. ' .. , .,,. ... t rti .. "t· ' .. ' ., .... , .... ..', td '···d·'· ···t· ;~ .... , '.

I II ·,a .... e SCI e,n ..... 1 SS le;CQ,illll Ile,n·, le:·,ll,c, ..... 1 Ofl

from 5 5 ,t CO, p···· ... er Y·:.·· ear 'p· .. · •. er 'p'eISOIIII (world average)

" .. '" . - ~ .. - 2 ". - - - - - _. - .. .' ..... ,.,. -- - , '... .:

. . ...."_ . . ,".'

to "-' 1 t CO2 per year per person by 2050

GHG emissions, year 2000

Iii \...~

0,',

......

5

i

4

,

'n'Iniclacl. &: Tci~

6,',

.. ~ .:)

2

3

' i

2000

: ",: ",'

..... :i :

21'0'0'

" ",',.H,'",

1

2

3

,4

5

.

6

pOpLU lat ion (bi ~ ~ions)

Data source: Clim ate Analysis Indicators Tool (GAIT) Version 4. O. (Washington~ DG: World R esources lnstltute, 2007).

GHG emi 2000

e

-

10 8.

•

I

6 5

4

,3

n,

5

2050

2'" '0"0'"

. " . .r .• "

~

"'0 ......

'?

, "

pee

01 o

.5

1

3

,4

6

popu lation (b~ I llons]

A IT] el su II -I r ( ashmuton 0 \I\{or I I R I;:: LJt ~ In titute ~007

GHG e

25'-'

>.

AustraJiao

• •

rssron versu energy use

J: .

tjJo' " ~ ....

New .zea~andD ~r.~andD

I

~,s'toniaD

10 -+----

o

~ !U

200

250

300

350

EnergY' U 59 (kWhI'd per person)

UNDP Human Development Heport, 2007; GAIT 2007

GHG e

25'-'

>.

AustraJiao

• •

rssron versu energy use

J: .

tjJo' " ~ ....

New .zea~andD ~r.~andD

I

~,s'toniaD

10 -+----

1 j_ 1 -D-

O

0 50 1 100 1 ,50 200 250 300 350
,II, ,:..:,1_1, EnergY' U 59 (kWh/d per person)

UNDP Human Development Heport, 2007; GAIT 2007

A r ou g ' h g :. U' lde .. ······· to su 'stalna ble e··'···'n···, e .. er g':,". y.,,'" c,'

.. . . . .. .. . .. , ._'" . .. ._. ._.. I.... ".' . .... . "." ..

.... : _.,.. ":".' '"'_.' . " ",_ ," . ", ". . - ",_.'.",.,'" - ", . , . _," " . ,", _,- .: .. "' ': .. :

No millions.billions, or trillions

Ma'k,e quantities comprehensible and' comparable

'D" I I - · -. · f· t f·

"0 ca cu ations per person, to one siqru roan Igure

'Ex'''' a" rn iples .

. ',': ,"' ."' ," :", '"':' .

. . .. . '" .: :" . ': . . . .~. .' -. :

one l'ightbu'lb for 24, h ,- 1 k"Wh food - :3 k'Wh l da,'y(*)

b th 5 k'W'" h'*,"

att -:' ,", .. \ -- ','

litre of petrol - 1 0 k'Wh aluminium can - 0.6 kWh

Power: 1 kWh per day .~ 40 W

80 kWh

'I I I 1

, ",'3'

.. ' liIiii' .

' . ." .....

te

,

.

Fly London to Los Angeles, return... once per year

10.000 kWh

, 26 kWh per day

pe · r p a" " sse n'" g--' e '., r

.. 1 "...., I •• _. ..

. . - r '., .

Run this North-American house

80 kWh per day

June 2007

MAVOR OF LONDON

'If every London household unplug; ged their mobile phone charq ers when not in use

. '. '. '. . . '.' .. . '.' ". c. ::: . '. . ". . .' . '. .,' '. .' '. .'. . c, .: c. '.' .' '. .. . .' c·.·. ~

. . .

.. . . ld . . . 3"1 0·· .. ·0;·:·0; .. tc " .. ". "f C .... ·O· .. :·2··· ." d 7' 75 . ..... . ... I

we cou r s'a,va .. : .• , : ..•... ~".' . annes 0<··,;":,, an·· •• · r .• ····;· .. ····.m per yea.r.

Are they related?

Ilf every London household unplugged their mobile phone chargers when not in Lise. we could save 311000 tonnes of C02 and 7.751TI per year I

Numbers

En- 'e'" r g"-: 'Y' S'" a' "'V' :e" ···d·: b "'-Y'

. , .. ,' ,,-'- " '::

.....• I •

,,- h" f - -

swltchlnq 0 f 'for one day

O 5· W- 8' 6:'"11; 40"'0'"

.' . .' ,. / .... . . ' . ~

~t. _ ", x.· .. " 81

-

-

drivinq an averaqe car for one second

40 000 W x '1 s

O 0· .. , kW'''·· ..

. ..',

II . . . : "

,lrll[~ a:,'I:,1 i~ U,,,,e pail,t

~~and" ; !f~'Yf:!"~ .

~. ,re- '. '.l't h~lS r ;tibial

:W "n::"a~~_j~~

~~~~

0.01 k.Wh/d

80 k,Wh/'d

1 00 krn per day'

26"" k····W'h· "I"d"

.",.". '. '" ' .', I ," .... "

• "l ,."

Average power consumption, UK: 125kWh/d/p

Gets 3\S%

.' lPelnro.leli.il nn 43%%

2004

lndustrv 2'1°/.;;

Do rn e stie ,3,0%%

Transport '3.5%%

LJSer3 '1'.3%

- dti - k WWW.:.- 1.,gOV.U,'

TraTiSpo:rt 3,5%

HD'~air 26%

Li:ghtl:Bg:. a:pp.li~'ll1~_e:s 6%

Pr:0Ge5<Si 1()%

Other 1.5%

12,5 kWh/day' (Europe) 2,50 k,Whlday' (U'SA)

(N-' , I d' b d' d ' ,

---'-- at I no u~ I ng: emo ---Ie enerq '\f' I n I mpo rts

. •....• ",". '."... • .. ::" ", . '... ,"",... I ","', "'::.,:1 . ," ",'

I d b 'It)

nor so 8J energ'y use >"y aqncu 'ours

Fn l' CO2 1)01 u ion. divide by 10: 1010 kWh,/day ~ 10 to mes CO2/y

A r 0'-::'" U' g,--,-,., h g""--: 'U, lde - to S'~:U--S'-,'-'Ita"-·"I·'n""'a'" ble e n e'-'-"'-r·'g"-·-'. 'y'-"',-"

. . .. .., ..., -" ... . ._.. '_". . ..... = , ',' ..

, - ':',': t.. _: .. " ::-,...... ,,'," ',_ " . ',_,' " ", ',_.'.',.,'" "-,.,' ... . ,', _,' .: .. " '" '> .. :'

No millions, billions; or trllllons

M 'k -·t- h ·'bl d bl

axe quantities cornprenensm e ani, cornparac e

Do calculatlons per person, to one siqnificant fiqure

Examples

one liqhtbulb for 2,4, h - 1 k'W'h food -, :3 k'Wh l d'a:y(*)

b - 'h' 5 k'W" h f*)

at ,'- -: .'-,", , \-"

litre of petrol -' 1 0 k"Wh

Power: 1 kWh per day .~ 40 W

P -I -'. d ,I!!- t

opulation density: square me res per person

UK- 4' 0"0-'0""" ')

.: '-'" .. ".,',_.',,'. m..;i per person

2,50 people per sq krn

, Power per unit area: 'W per square metre

_.

100

tOatar ~Wail

• .Trinidad and Tobago l.uxern be u rg

United Area b Emirates

.Oanada

-Botswana .Mong lia

10

• arnlbla

'10

100

. . . '.' . hi ('pll a. ·p·.er ,S:q·.·' km)

pOpU lation densi ~ 1 ~.peo~ ~ .. . ,

1i1"iiO··O"·

u·:· ...... r

100

.Oanada

United Area b Emiratese

-Botswana • Mong lia

10

. ~Un~t09d States

'1S;:;HJ 200.5

ranee

South ~~r~n~"

~.

Wor!d'

" ... ' ..• Me);;'ico

/ .... 'Braz~~ . rlgeria •

~Uda'" .. ·200 '

.....

1.". 0

'10

lD ~iI"~! !g' ~,~ ~ r·I~~· !J.~. '. Q~

100 population densiih~ (p,.eo ple per sq km' r-r. . lIr.l ~., " , .~

eN etherl ands

.f'".j: .. ·m'a.tl'~: r'" n.r""'iI'~'~

.uef ~" ..: .' .,' '. ".'. ~'''''''i ~~

-UI ,.:,~pan 200.5 ,lilted Kmg.rn

o

:)' +/

. /;..,

¥~ ·1>;.;>

1000

1000

100

'10

100

1t'iiO~ noo

1 0·' ""0" ", 0'" o

,"_. ,"_ .. : ".:-:',:

pop ··U· lation d.··., ~·n,~nty ... (P" ieo p ..... ~~ p ···~·r· sq sc ' krn)

v .. UUllLu .. ~ ~ .... ~J •• ~~ •• ' •• ~JV u~ .. ~J. •• r\ .. "

• • • . j • •• • ~ .

\._ rI

Crystal Rig Windfarm

IP~·t1'h .S:trrl in !B1'.

EDWNBUJRGlf ;:. Be;tlM~k~tlpOfl.:lw~ed J~db M (gill Itl S

,.- f • AI nwi-cR: {

,lJumhies.

I€r • e!.'tr;a:nlJaer

16000 ',4DQQ 12ClOQ 1''0000

~[lOO 2.000 ~W~~~~~-v.~~~~~~~,J4~~~~~~-4~~l~~~~~~~~~~~¥¥~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~¥¥~~~~G IJrfC

08

o

g~~~'11 'j'5_;3112

"~2Q;Z34 11110,,4.114

- -,

"II "II '~ ,:51\6

,25.2 ,25.:5

W"m id jLii' t:M iDe ~iI!il

Average 3,fW from 3.5 nn2 Power ner uni area: 3. 7 W!m'2

Si~ ot +Ufbtr.I,e'ikW} 2:,000

Ft.mm dh~'1~ (Irnil~ !BC)

Htb i?!at9~' ~1~ ~o

82m diameter

GI'······, 'M"··, ',. Peterboro rch C·'·,,·····, ·,·· .. ibrld: .. " .hlre

"a,ss ",' ,oar, ,eeroroug,'"a,m"r,I" ges ' ,I,re

SI'Ui (II lUi'rKne [}tw~ 2:,OCIiO

ROf.\:;III' di~llet (m) :el:2:

Hli:i ~~~~t ~~ ~~

f

roClO SQLlD 5000 4000 3-OCiQ zono 10M

~n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~O

.h . .111 [J€'E,

OS,

2004f, 2lQfJ.5 .2:(J{1;6,

2001'

o

--

o

o o

16.000 '16,OOfl

Wffid 1illrb:ltlE! ~Eli

No Q'I'1Jjjrl:Jj~~

o o o o

-_

3164S 38"M5

21'J3

Average 4. 1'vf\V fro 1 2n 2 Power per unr a .ea: 2.2'N/ll 2

Hadyard Hill

EDII~ BU AiGH

..J

o .

DlImfnl"es

Str~n refer

J,q;~bgr~h ,. \ .-)

( jJ

r/

.. e:aJlfi'sHG!

v , -..;;

A verage 29 :lI'1V f ·011 Power Jer U.l1'M'., areal:

F ii d--f"

- -

arr wme rarrn

92M'WC ·

.•..•..••.• ', t. '.',., '. -, •·· •• -ap·' ···,.·ac.··· .·I--'t--'y·",·,:·.,

. . ~ -. -... . .. .

,

Average 27/IW f om 8 kr 12 Power pel" uni , area: 3,4 "v/n 2

Load factor 29.7%

2002 200-3 2004. zcos 2005 2M]'

J

3S0(lQ
300ClO :rJ
" ~ •
\ 2500[l 10
:::moo[] o
100
15(100 ..-...
,~
1 DOOIJ :E:
, 500a ::r
.,.,_.. AI!II1],mil nOO,~k~

Aflrii..lan LF,~~

_~(2..t.Q09 __ 0

'9!2.=00Il=,_:;_. __ __;O~~.·

_~\S.@ __ Q '9!2,(].OO _~t0_QQO 9!2tOO.rJ

W1ri_~-1i.1fbi~ ,mJiixhEl~

NpiflfW~I:JjM 40

,Si_~ ~r 1llt6tiie, {kW) 2,300 RdI!i:I~ di~1~ (m~

5~91 _

'~ 5'3- 411 91

:2,19i ,~o

r _ _.~' _" .:_:

"T'_
I- f If'
1-'
l, .1 co;
r
f 'I
~. ~ ... di,'~~ f.1
J. .~"'"
.~ I
f' .1 1
r f
~ f Powers per unit area of' British wind farms, V farm slze

........

tiiiEiii3!!

C

:l

\;""

ID 0..,

7

B~i nn Tharsu int}(

Scottish hi tops Scottish other W'el.sh hil tops

'-E I'"' h t I 'D_ h' t

'ngs coas a 6. J OpS

E lsh I I d ng IS en ano

Ottshore (England, W'ales)

6

1

*Bryn TiUI Q;olQ No!1-l'lcett

o.

1

wind 'farm area (sq km)

10

Horns rev power drops (VIf~:st! 26B~ .. 27:2·D, 9~ 1 Oro.lS)

'.1 1 ••••• o.

j

· . . . . . .

• ••••••• _ I ••••• _ •• ' •• , •• _ ••• I ••• _ •••• ' _ .

· . . . . . .

· . . . . . .

· . . . . . .

I I I I I I

· . .. ..

. .. . .....•. ~ .. ,.. .. I.. . _ .... ~ .•..... , ..... , .. , _ .• _ ... ; ,. , .... ; ..•. , ..

- . .

· . .

· , ,

· . ;

· .

• : •• ~" '.' •••••• : •••••• ~. I' I'~' : •••••••• : ••• 1'···: '. I--':'~ 'I" •• : •••• '.

· .

.. . .

m, I _

.. . .

.. . .

.. . .

1-

~ 0.7

c

'n. 0.6

: :. . - _ ..

"1"'" ••••••

· .

· .

· .

· .

· .

" .. :'::"·'1

.... , -

· .

0.5 .. ,.{ .-.~ .... ,. ..

· ,

· .

. '.' ... . .. : ... - .

· .

· .

· .

· .

· .

· .

: .. - .... ~. - . ..

.. .

! __ . I ..... _ • L~. • •• , ••••• '. ._~

· . .

· . .

· . .

· . .

· .

· .

... _ ',-' u • _: I" ':" I" -";'

· .

I I

· .

· .

0.4 ,-

0.;:1 0 !SO 0 1 un '1500 ::;!ODD ~51)) 31llJ 3Eill arrn 4ffi]. ,!5O]O

Di~wnce, rrom th e first hubine lml

Fjg;Ul~ili 5. ,(§,R~.z{;l'tim pQl.iileJ" ib"Vp' 9-10n'l/1j

1000

100

'10

100

1t'iiO~ noo

1 0·' ""0" ", 0'" o

,"_. ,"_ .. : ".:-:',:

pop ··U· lation d.··., ~·n,~nty ... (P" ieo p ..... ~~ p ···~·r· sq sc ' krn)

v .. UUllLu .. ~ ~ .... ~J •• ~~ •• ' •• ~JV u~ .. ~J. •• r\ .. "

• • • . j • •• • ~ .

MI th

iscan 'us

-D:" 'E 'I H" t" "51411 (:16"''-'3--''- - )" - 'II

. .r rru '''I ea on 18- '-,>- om_ ta

Photo provided by the University of Illinois

Plant power per unit area

_----_1· sugar beet

short rotation coppice cia orific value ~iiiiiiiiI!!Ii!I~I====:::::;::::::=====1 energy crops calorific Vial ue

I I miscanthus to electricity ----I switchgrass

co··'··r·'n··· to e·· .. .th an····· .. ·0 .. ···1

i.· .it t, ..._,>.. I.. ·,1

... - .. wheat to ethane ~==11 jatropha

"'--l1li===========1 rap,e ~iiiiiiIiIII rape to biodiesel

I

--"maIze

l-i!!I========;:::::= . tropical plantations (eucalyptus)

... -----~ ..... --------4======================================I tropica plantations"

o ~1 ,,2 ~3 ~,4 ,,5, 116 ,,7 118 119 i.o

power density (W/m2)

'8

,~ .: ... :

jj as S!J rn 65" 9 en etlc rn ad i'ftcati a n, terti liz er appl i cati a F.1: and i rrl ~ atlo n

F Jr ..... ur £" ee C J ~ M RLIJ..ay ~(W I u tamable Ener g - lthout the 11 t it

AI-I r-!e .. ·-···n·····e .. ewables .. 1 8···-··r-1e .. ----· d I-f··-f·u-·· s··'e·-··-·-·

. "," . "." ..... .. , .. ",". .. .., . "_.=

", _," , ... . .",. . .. " " .... .' . , "._ ," ",_ '- . . ", ,'-,_ ,"

POIWE-R -PIER UNIT LAND AREA

2.5W/IU2 - -. "/' 2 Oi,,5 WIll

5-20W/rn2 3W/n12 8 W/1112 O.24W/m2 115-20 W/rn'2

Plall' S

Solar -PV panels

Tidal pools

Tid,a stream

Rain-water (highlands) Concentrating solar power (desert)

'To make a difference; renewable facilities have to be country-sized

, .

Solar electric (photovottalc)

25

o

-

- - ---_--1--

-

r-- - .----

15 ----=-------- -1------------_-1-

r- ~ 1,2 kW'h/d

m 10 6-- -----------1'--"-1----- ---

~ ~

o

c... 5 - 0 --------,-,---.- _"!!!!!!!"--

Data and photo by Jonathan Kimrrutt

Power per uni area: 20'¥/ln2

Cover every Soutll-jacin,g roof,

10,[2 per person: 5 k'iVh/day per perso

Bavaria 80 ar Park: 5 Vv/ 112;. II'S picture shows O.7ffl (average)

PV efflclencles

I L.o

~[l

(1)'- 00 .~

.~ .~ "E1

O 'I"""'l!! ,.'1""""11

"~- _.....

~o'·:·

rr. ''''

U~

amorpnous si · con ~

.... iiiiiiiiiiiiiii_ "ll ' .' -erys talli , e silica' :..::I c.:: ~-- .. ' . single crystal silicon ~9

,+J.

-----III. Sunpower WHT §

~~l

L-iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiililiiiiiiliii_1 S-an Y'o HIP ~

~iIiiiiiiiiiiiii_ ISID1teCh poly: -crv - stalline·'~

,. . - H

""",1 thin-film triplle; junct~on

10°/0 ,20°/0 30% 40% 500/0

efficiency'

IL...

(D

:: o

~ !Io..;;I'".

o

40 20 o

o

E 160

0'" 140 1-----+----1----+---- 00 -..:;.,

s: 120 I----+----+__

...._...

1 00 I------+---_+_

8-0 1------+------+

60 --

l

200

400 600

800

1000

lrradl (-W'I ) irraoranee ,',,'.'sq rru

AI-I r-!e .. ·-···n·····e .. ewables .. 1 8···-··r-1e .. ----· d I-f··-f·u-·· s··'e·-··-·-·

. "," . "." ..... .. , .. ",". .. .., . "_.=

", _," , ... . .",. . .. " " .... .' . , "._ ," ",_ '- . . ", ,'-,_ ,"

Plall' S

Solar -PV panels

. id 1 -}-

- .1: .,a. _POQ 8

Tid,a stream

Rain-water (highlands) Concentrating solar power (desert)

'To make a difference; renewable facilities have to be country-sized

IT-d - t·d 'I

,," ", "", .. ," . ,"..", .... " ", ,"", ",

me .. usmq n e pOD S

sea.'

"11 .,

, ,

"'-_ ',' , 'iC, ,

WI

-----~

ro, ~

Tide Mill. Woodbridge, since 1170

S b dl R

. evernarrage an; . a .,ance

'On. I" •. ...., ~u I"iIJIII

- -------

-~-

Tide - using tide pools

h:u~} '~'I,'arl:e[

_.....4.: "

Tl dal Power p er

4ITI

range

Sea

~0.. ..

[North. Sea

Atlantic Ocean

No:"'~h"

.1lll,; I·,

Nonh Sea

4fHJ krn .

m min turbne ('"

_ 111

AI-I r-!e .. ·-···n·····e .. ewables .. 1 8···-··r-1e .. ----· d I-f··-f·u-·· s·"e·-··-·-··

. '." . ".' ..... . . , .. "... .. .., .. _.=

", _," , ... . .",. . .. " " .... .' . , "._ ," ",_ '- . . ", . -,_ ,"

Plall' S

Solar -PV panels - _ id,al pools

Tid,a stream

Rain-water (highlands) Concentrating solar power (desert)

'To make a difference; renewable facilities 'have to be country-sized

, .

AI-I r-!e .. ·-···n·····e .. ewables .. 1 8···-··r-1e .. ---'· d I-f··-f·u-·· s··'e·-·,-'"

. "," . "." ..... .. , .. ",". .. .., . "_.=

',_," , ... . .",. . .. " " .... .' . , '._ ," ',_ '- . . " ,'-,_ ,"

Plall' S

Solar 'PV panels , _ id,al pools

Tida s· rream Rain-water (highlands)

C 'Ii 'I (d - )-.

. ," I ", .[ I . I . I' '~:.'- ,", ,". 'Ii ," . l 1 .... (Ii .:..... - 'I

oncentrating soiar ,P0"\\€I '," lesert

N I:lllt-y-M 11611 by DB. e N ewboul j www prlQln -r hatogr73.phy co l II

'To make a difference; renewable facilities 'have to be country-sized

, .

1000

100

'10

100

1t'iiO~ noo

1 0·' ""0" ", 0'" o

,"_. ,"_ .. : ".:-:',:

pop ··U· lation d.··., ~·n,~nty ... (P" ieo p ..... ~~ p ···~·r· sq sc ' krn)

v .. UUllLu .. ~ ~ .... ~J •• ~~ •• ' •• ~JV u~ .. ~J. •• r\ .. "

• • • . j • •• • ~ .

AI-I r!e .. ·-···n···e .. ewables 8···-··r-1e .. ---'· d I-f··-f·u-·· s·,'e·-·,-""

. ". '." .. ' " "..... . . " " ~ '"., '........' .' . ", ". '.' ." . '- .' ," '. ' -.~

Plall' S

Solar 'PV panels , . id,al pools

Tid,a stream

Rain-water (highlands) Concentrating solar power (desert)

N r:lllt-y-M 11611 by DB. e N ewboul j W~W \1fIQln -r hatogr ph co til

'To make a difference; renewable facilities 'have to be country-sized

, .

1000

100

'10

100

1t'iiO~ noo

1 0·' ""0" ", 0'" o

,"_. ,"_ .. : ".:-:',:

pop ··U· lation d.··., ~·n,~nty ... (P" ieo p ..... ~~ p ···~·r· sq sc ' krn)

v .. UUllLu .. ~ ~ .... ~J •• ~~ •• ' •• ~JV u~ .. ~J. •• r\ .. "

• • • . j • •• • ~ .

Andasol, Spain 10 W/m2

PS S· I

. .,.. . .

10,>0 ucar

5W/m2

140 k:Whld peak. 2,5 k:W'

Concentrating photovoltaic by Arnonix - Photo by David Falrnan

AI-I r!e .. ·-···n···e .. ewables 8···-··r-1e .. ---'· d I-f··-f·u-·· s·,'e·-·,-""

. ". '." .. ' " "..... . . " " ~ '"., '........' .' . ", ". '.' ." . '- .' ," '. ' -.~

Plall' S

Solar 'PV panels , . id,al pools

Tid,a stream

Rain-water (highlands) Concentrating solar power (desert)

N r:lllt-y-M 11611 by DB. e N ewboul j W~W \1fIQln -r hatogr ph co til

'To make a difference; renewable facilities 'have to be country-sized

, .

News

Ell g lan d NOI:tilern Ireland

Scotland Wales

I nte mati 0 n a I

Home ;;.. r'lews J>- Details

a

bar

e

Les! mOQffled: 01 october 2007

Eu:rape"s most dy.namic estuary wI1t be de st(aved by the eanstruction @f B! b~l'Taf;f;: aero:; s the Se'l1ern while cdner ies S strikil"il1' measures WQuid cost Ie 5. 5. anel could do snare to cut carhon emis stems ,

n t1 1 ,- ikin U?

a rer ess str ,-' ig measures ~-

N

"'~ ....

j

~r

r

/ J

~.--/

To make a difference, renewable facilities have to be country-slzed

• .lI'f"!

tG' oo I~ a .. ~ Ut .. ~_··.

:tH ii ll~

Nuclear

F~ '., ission

lODOW/ml

TW',r o

,"' ~ [D_ htt_p:~~,auchencorth,or_[,ukl

~-==.~~."'_h ". -e=r-o r=e=e=e=e=e=e=e=

U OJ tl L. [L I Ifll U I L! L !' I ! i3 i 1 .... U Lill I t, II II I

writil'l~ or try ths E!ol~1BQt QuttQFI on til e web sit 8.

Important

Du·rin~ the- last week of January "ilnd first wlBsk of FebrLl@ry 1007 I tll~ PI.I!!"!!"!iFlg D~pa'ftrn~nt has a~I\nJawledged srnail ebjsctlbns fl3t:Bhre d 'I1i a, 11~ 8 We l':Is it 9 5 i nc E! February "21)0'§. The arnail al;;lclress ~1'li8n to PEP:A':s consultant setJing up the eobjsct sita by a Planning Official was: trrcorrect. FortunrEtaly 8 bscl up fila lias bsen CibtBincE!~ but if yo LJ have. !'1Dt Fe c ~ iVE d 'B F! ackn~wI8dgemef'l1 lly F sbruary- Btll 1007, please resLlbm"it. A !"lEW email :;!tldre·ss IHilS bei3M rrovided :lind IS, cperaflsrtal. If y@w b~d a I r.e:a d y re c...e i~Bd an ~!Xkn~m\i'18d[8rflent prEvrou!5ly for Clbj@cli~n:s 's,bJ~l1litte~ via IEltt@ir I ~ IJ ~fG.J n::i I i3 n et h e F ackni:llwledgem8ni wjJul~ not be

A I ill i it" 1'1 .,

cansu tation exercise m ru sWing

MY'N'O' TOI WIND TURB[NES 1

1- B, 'E- '-N" -I' -v~T~O,:,,' ,N"

~:I . . _". .a.~J. '. .

•

em ",IP-I

, ,I ' '

~. . ."

! .

) II.)

. ...

;...

n to Km

~

.ave

ur

ce"'n'e'

. ,." ," . "" ...' ,:", ,,", .

. \ . ~

~. . ," /' . "._ . . .~.

-

Protecting Our Heritaqe Coastline

BEFORE

FROM LLANDUIJNO PROMENADE

FR.OM COLWYN BAY PROMENADE

Ely Date (Ii;-

ByTopie ....

E1~ LQ.e ~ti Q n ...

By R ~ti'!l g (Ii;-

l!5earch news

Industrial 'Wind . ,," ction Group'

faets, analysis, eKposure of wind energy"s real jmllacts

Home I Contact I Text size: ~ ~ i

Search I ) are springing up on land-based

Subscribe Ii-e-I"A-a-il-a-d-dl-·e-ss-, -- ~sollle are even becoming tourist

- proposals for offshore farms are popular.

News

Printer friendlv S Send to s friend [g] Tag/Bookm.!'lrk

re .~ W;

.--------------, E s ta t e ha s lole 18

J the UK hO'ugh e·ac.h ds to gain

Giant Wind Farm Off EngHsh Coast Pits Town Against shell, E.DN

Or sveney Was the site o f the i as t comb« t on EngN st» soil When Bri ti sh forces

bl) tttea fa do wned German bomber c re IN' ; n t 94C1, No w the vi N age .~ s figh tinq a ne w enemy: the wodd 's biglJ'f= S t wind farm, The toe a' council, sc tinq on behr3~.f c f the to wn 's 4"1:3 resider'} ts 1 re tused to perm; t a subs ts tion tor the it J., 5" bittion London ArraYj "Nhich would put "271 wind 'turbines in the est.uary of the R;ver T.hames, RO"1'al Dutch Shell Pic and E ON A G pI an 'to b.ring po veer cables esnore nesr

G' "... ',. ~\Th' " ,,' ,..ik·:, . the , I ,.,/".. - tne , ' ,j.,.,J .' t 't: tn·" . t: ,hb'·· 'h IJ , ,.,..4 raveneY, 1.! ey say trus ts tne on,y ptece ",ey COLhu PrJ, , . - ,a, s ruoms. I.' seto

re tiree George schreider, '7:3 J S trolling on Saxon Shore W ~y~ a ram.bNng route ecros s the coes tat p.1 ein. ~~ Why use a green - tietd s; te when there ere 0 ther pI see s? ~ j

About News a lnlons Librar Press

1 Iii-'

New,s

J 0 IJ ere attn n

ccepted hy' ° th ers q reo tink,

n strcno

"til S'urfers are w.orried about

:0 schemes the impact

rns in the

and off Portstew.artl.' near the ~ewa'i in Northern Ireland,

In Porthcawl in south Wales, a pressure group called 50S Porthcawl has been set up to oppose plans for a wind farm four miles out to sea,

'Wind farm 'a threat to our airport'

The proposal is for :30 turbines on Sc:arwe.!:ither· S.andsl.' each 4-5:3 feet: high,

.Southend Airoort: has raised serious obiections tonlsns to build a .new 4It" EooOuOldl" provide enough energy' for' more than

,... .1' ~ "'" .. lomes.

wind' 'farm .- eV'en thougll the turbinee w(JfJ/d' be near',. .15 miles to the n . f. ".." I

experts sa.y· a wind farm next' to the defunct nuclear power station; at BI' The production of the turbines could also air tre ffic con trot issues an d mi gh t even in tertere with re dar. ,AiI~f.HJrt truu L re ate 130. job s - til ey s re III a d e in W.EI·I e Sst

'I'~ " ,. . 'Cc, I' h 'sed 'h ".."..' btic in .,» . h"~' h' ~ b .. ·.. ku I' Bangor and more could be produced Cit Port.

,AIs.tau~ Wee . i~alse" to - e concerns at a pU tc Inquiry W,IC, IS~' elng "et Talbot,

•. " ?? ""J.i"'I.A"7. s: h

....tune _ -I e::: Li'U' i" r'7 ~c. 'Q'

Tourism

But 50S Porthcawl says the turbines 'Will be S'Duthend Airport has raised serious objections to plans to build a new Wind farm - even noisy and visible from beauty spots, which

would be nearly 15 miles to tile north. would deter tourists,

Prates ters tarqat wind farm plans

plans ef 11OW' the w:ind farm 1M ill look. are on, d.i5pla.y

Porthca.wl is, a popular spot for' surfers

Project ,_, Is' This ,A Ne'w' Kloncl"yke?

{ Herald (linked above) talks about the views and disa ppeerinq as we used to 'know -thern ,- 'Vast st as they had been' far hundreds of years and 1 ina ustrial scene. As we wa tch the first massive

, '

ai thness and S u therland coast are we watching

other aspect 'Of our scenery _, the coastal vrewSl,7 mother hazard. far flshinq boats and vessels 'to

, f' th f' h

VIew' nDW 0, anyone an the east D' C att 'ness are

ithers as we face up to rising oil prices and the

- I..:J '1 I , - I' i ,,', "-II' i ",.J,

. We a reauy .see en ng~' Wl.tI1 in 'lilH9W., WI 'Wlnu

L,',-" 1 """'- '-'1"-""" .,',',' ""'-" '-1' ,-,- tc b ild ',,- - ,', -' f' ths UVI, b

_ oc:a peap e oppOSIng .p anso, Lll ICl one 0 , " " 8 I"*. S--1

",-,,'- it h W' , I'" ' --',--, st - ,'" t __ , .' f '.,.;j. ,',' Re,-"" id -- -- t ' 'P"-'" rtl ,',' sou '-. '_ a es caas. me ". an rluaY.J3S'1 ". en.s. In ,o-r.1C

to highlight their opposition to the proposed 30-turbin Sands.

N e'ws F runt 'P a g,e World UK

SOS Porthcawl was set. up by' campaigners in the tOWTl V England say' the wind farm, will adversely' affect the holiday resor Nol1;h,ern l:r:-el:and 'which attracts s urters and touris ts from all over the U,l{ demons tra tion coincides with a public cons ul ta tion in to project by developers 'United Utilities Green Energy'. four-times British surf champion. Simon Tucker said thr

1 t f f 1 ' inst th ls wi th ' th t

'v\ras a CL 0 ,88. lng' ag 3'rns r e propos a ,S 'WI In' eO\i\

"Th l' a d ern Ana trati An' l' 'S to .:::"1 c; 1.,- tho ~ if:iIV' elopers net to d es j

. ~ .~.: ~ .. v e 0. .. ,", .-,v. Q~ & . I ~ ub·· .. ·.·~ U _r.;~' ~' . U ,': .j.) .~.: d. -,'

the verv environment they claim they are tryinq .•. to orots

J J J f-"" Sc.ienc,e.lNature

he said. Mr Tucker said. the turbines, which are taller tr Technolog'~'

the statue of Liberty in New York, will destroy the p ••. ano

. E nte rta i'n m e nt.

view's and also have an impact on the sea.

Scotlalld

Blisiness'

'pi 01 iti£:s,

Health

Edm:::ation

"The turbines 'will chanqe the shape of the sandbanks a th B 'W"'":'IV'B-S Ii he said 111'f" th- B 'W· 'a' V-'· es a' .re chan 'g". ed a' nd P"'B;!'"";F"

G '. CL, G __ 'I. c;;;". , --,'. ,".!;;:;;, - , ,,!i::< _' --, !i::< '"'" ":,, C;;, " , ,": -''_ !i::< U '-

- ,

sport because of the turbines then. the town, is going' to

company behind the £100m scheme say the, turbines, 'w,]

, -.'. 1 ,-., ," '. -1 " .: 11 -, .-.. '.,.. t -" ,'"'.,, .-" h . ,-,', , .- - 'f' " 8':- '6' '0' 0·: ("ij he -, . .-,sea ,.eve I WI genera.e Hnoug i powe~r or; ••••. ~ .. : .. ' U ames

Th'" .' 't---' " hl: .h '-- t· - the 'est "f' P'-"-- ,th" " "1 '., --- ., -" " " '~, . 6 S lei W· Ie· ISO .... ewes .. oor .... caw ~ IS apprOXlmc

t h t h h ld

. . .. ... . . . ..

e ne-ares .... '. ouse .... a ••..

H;3'!JE:' 'foui £,03"1' rvI aI g ;:j'Z i ne I PI -p leture s IE 0 u ntry P I~ofi le s Spell::ial Re'~'ort~

R'E LATE n 'RB e SIT6i51

fa E~mail this' to a friend

Last Updated: Frida-v! 2~ Mav~ 2'004~ 115: 5~ GMT 17: 58 UK

_ , -:.. .

~ Printabie v,ersicrn

Pisherrnen oppose wi,nd farm plans

Hu nd ra d:5 of fi 5 h e rrne n qatherad in the! 'W'ash te pretest against. plans to build offshore wlnd turbines;

The man from Boston~, Skegness and Kingls Lynn are urihappv at government: proposals to erect 250 wind turbines 'in the

Greater Wash;

If it goes' ahead, the facifitv would be part of one of the larqast wind farms in the world i

Planning permission has already been granted for 60 turbines 011 two sites off the south

Lincolnshire coast.

.'. ...' • '11

ProJe ct I III pre ct I ca

Hundreds- of turhlne s onuld be built about fiVi2 miles off the, CQast

,Andy Roperi!' who organised the pretest, emphasised the fisherman's livelihoods are being threatened.

From The Times November 231 2002.

WI- Tl . d S .. ···· ·0······· f ch a .. ·· Tl g': e····· will m' : .. e· .. ·:·a··· Tl g'.': 1- a····· Tl :. ·t· '8" ·e .. ·· a .. ···

.",' ':': .: .. : : .. ,::- .. : , ":'" :> :: :-.:: ··w··~·.I. _ .. ," ", : ,-:': ", .. : .. ' _ .. : ',", : .;": u : : ,';",.

. .

," ',"

b-

. . -, '. ..... .: ," ", ':':." ' .. " ... ,~ .:

tur ... /lnes

By Anth a ny Brown e Envi ra nrne nt En ito r

DOZENS of w.ind f6llTI1S, each '1,lliith hundreds of turbines up to 500ft

.~ ~gdh W~r e ~o, ~ ~o ~i~: ~ ~ ~ ev3:~ ~ hi~ a ~.~~~ ~~ g~i~ a:~: r~~~: nT~ ~ ~t~ ~ n d

Estuary. Yesterday's announcement was we-Icome·d by some envi ronrnantel groups;' others helve given warni ng that it will ruin views and damage sea lif'e. Fishermen have said that they will be forced out of business.

Brian Wilson, the E:nergy Minister, said: "ln theory, these

areas could i,';:"ff'iil Ir;!",B enouoh Blnctrl;!"'lhl to F'li"'iwEir thB GI ci'GI~ (,,0..,: .: .. : ~U!d.· l..-G d U.,·: ~." ~ b.·· .' L. !.".y ·u ~0. .····:.:b· . b

whole of Britain! eilbeit intermittently; There is no doubt

IWind power 'a securltv rls

02 November 2007 as: 15

---------------------------------------------!

GIIEEN CENTIl.:\L llLOG :

. ,

Febru:EIIY 4, LOLlS

W··· td -c .. '. '.' ,' .. th I'" .. rt t·· .. · ti " ··1 .. ' '.' ' ty'

In rarms area ·.0 na ..... ana secunr

Defence chiefs threw the future of E.ast

. . ..' . .'., Ambitious plans to meet up to :a third of Britain's energy needs'

An 9 II a IS Win den e rg yin d u strv I n to co n fu: from offshore wind farms 'are in jeopardy because the Ministry of

I a st n i g h t a fte rei aim in g th a t win d tu rb in Defence objects that the turbines interfere with its radar.

Id b th t t tl I lt

cou c ne a . rea ·0 na lana. secuntv.

The MoD has lodge.d last-minute objections to at least four onshore wiind farms in the line of sight of its stations on the east coast because they make it impossible to spot 61 i rc raft , The Times

.' .. ' ' .. '. ,..... .. .' , '.. ..' has learnt. The same objections are likel~ to apply to wind

Experts say the MoD now objects to a bot turbines in the North Sea, pall of the massive re-newable energy

SO pc of a p p Ii ca tlo n 5 to b u i I don 5 h 0 re wi r project announced by John Hutto~ j the ~ne~'gy S.ecretary, barely

. .' .'. '. two months ago. They would be. directlj In line With the three

tu rbi nes bece use of concerns they affect principal radar defence stations, Brizlee Wood, Saxton Wold and

pe rfo rrna n ce of mil ita ry ra da r. Trimin. ham on the NOl1humhel'land Yorkshire and NOlfolk coasts.

G tlt IT fl . ? Ar u 1 . - ee. yIl1g. .., e

bi ofue Is the fu ttl re

fo ravia ti 0111

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _-. ..

---------------------------------------------j

20 green ideas fa r Valentines day

,-J

-- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---

N 0: C·' ::'0:":- n' Ii,':!" t- r '"=ii I" n" - ';

,'" ~. al

Lewlisedl CD/Sts ,of off:shore win,d ,oJe,v,ei,vpm,en1lt all arv,a i lallble :s,it'e,s;,t~/:M:, W" h ~"~An.!O'~1

lE." . ~lLVUD,-

C:arbon,._ Trust -

,BlD .810-87'

S';!7,',_.'iii,i'li

I.:..., liI:J~

:94-100

.. 100-104 10!4~111 111-,11,8

>118

D UI!K_,(;onUnental shelf bo-undary

1000

100

'10

100

1t'iiO~ noo

1 0·' ""0" ", 0'" o

,"_. ,"_ .. : ".:-:',:

pop ··U· lation d.··., ~·n,~nty ... (P" ieo p ..... ~~ p ···~·r· sq sc ' krn)

v .. UUllLu .. ~ ~ .... ~J •• ~~ •• ' •• ~JV u~ .. ~J. •• r\ .. "

• • • . j • •• • ~ .

after t--h"_"'e'~ g r re-= at Britis •. h····· c·····o·· ··.·n·· sultatio ··· .• ·n·-·· exercise .• · _ ..

. . . . ... ....., , ., . . . .. .. ... . . ., . . . ... . . ..

I .. <.: .

Ctlf.OOrrt consumption: l~'kM1.!d per person

This waul e a

15- fold increas of renewables

Part II: How to make an energy plan that adds up

Demand-side

Heduce population

Chanqe lifestyle Technoloqy, efficiency

Current consumption: 125kVfu/d per person

Supply-side 'Olean coal'

Nucle a r power

...... ".' ..... " .,' :. " " . . ...

Use other countries' renewables

W D tTlor E H r:11!11 Cy I D r tr an IU:::O rt

Chanq e litesty ••••• ··· ... rle?

'. .... I .

. . .

A M·' .,~ bl h' W' t d

, ···.·ltSU ·.18 ····I·',arno r, 'yes. er •• a,'y

~ 0 m IB ~" j em .::rD tne r9'"* r) caTI m II .II. m.a.z In g tp. t:r n ~ ~ II C I. of 0 tt-rD lid d n ~

Am !1Zl n ilCf. 0 I I~ I 0 !!I1er~·1 u ~ s::I 0 It-r D Ed. d nv . t:rDverr.

EFFICIENCY

Cartoon Britain, 2008

current con su.:m,p'llon

...---------,___.,-

EneiID' :inputs:~ l!.5 k:tVh/d

losses In eonve rs ion to electrici ty

Electrical things: l~~kWhfd,

<,

Cl ----'

He~Urfg: 401kWhfd

Than~mt:' 40~kWhld,

~

E

~ 100

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0

rl

<, J'I _',

~ 80 -+-----+-------i----+-----II-- plaJ ,,' - '" t: ---+----+

~

, ,

"

" '

+---+-- --+-j' ',-

, ,: A" I ; t " ..... 1

'" i' 1"", I r reSI,$'I: nc~

Why transport uses energy

,e== 01

I::

o 60

Alr resistance

Accel e ratl on/de ce I e rat ion, RolI,ing resistance

Engi'ne inefficiency

internal combustion is 250/0 efficient

+- ~ t- +--+-+~

a 20 40 60 80 1 00 1 20 '140 '160

speed (kmjh)

'H a···· ·'v' .' 9"" C'" m" '", ''!:iI'II'' fro n' t a· · '1" a···· 'F' e· . 0 p.:.: e'·' :. r' p.:.: e' ." rs 0'" n.'

',':.1' ~ UI U. ",1 ",; ·.··.~I ............•.... ~ .

Have small w,ei'ght p,9·,F person Convert: energ'y efficiently Go alowly Go steadily

Avaraqe UK, car uses

80 k'Wh. per 100 person-km (1 person)

H ~ hi'

ow C8,n t IS consumption be reduced?

1 kWh per 100 person-km (3 people)

6 k'Wh per 100 parson-km averaqe (electric) ,:3 kWh per 100 person-krn (electric) if full

E

. . . . .

C· .o-car

.... _. ," _. ,

1 .3 k',Wh per 1 00 person-krn (takea 1 teenaqer) [2200 mpg]

at 15 mph

http://w.teamcrocodile.cm/

2f

Elec'tric cars

21 k,Wh per 1 00 krn (solo) equivalent to 125 miles per gallon

..... ~ '.

0,', L 33 kVlir:h.· ,$'; ..

,'"" i,;,'J" '

S ~r 100 km ..... '!#"~~ ..

G-'Wiz

E: t). ~ i:!'i'

~ I , ..

:5 1- ..•. ,"" x ::>..

~.1" L

C "'I r

!II;

6 kWh per 100 km

1 I

ol~~~ ~-

'1 4 16 1;g 20 22 24 :2(3, 28 30

distance ~ Ini I~s)

elara nom Kel~ 8131 er

1899: Camilla Janatzy, the first man to ex.ceed 82 mph, at Achares, near Paris. Photoqi aph: Hul all Arclliv

T'h!nk,O:x

UK·s tlrst feur-seater all' etectrlc pradu,e'lian car

Ihuf~dijy' ,jiG A,pr.200g, [J9:,OJ

'Tile, UK,'s, first all electrIc four -seater: car is available, ta fnJ]ffmm 'tod_q; the Eledrili:, '[ar ~!!::.i~~§i:~::lili~~iI [or:pofati'on PI'€ (,~CC) 'have announced.,

Th e' tau ne h [,0 i'ndd'iB's: "'Ilith ttl e g O'M'iBffl me nrs

a n no une e n:lent to su PP crt and: s u'b is i,d i'~ iB e,1 e etrte ea F use, anel their "JI: ernrn itment t@ rnakethe UK a world'

. I . .. . ....,' ,., ... . ,. .. .. "

l'e,;!1I,d e ~ in ~lr'lD d u cJ.ng' ,an d: exp crttn g' eJ e ctri c. !k ars'' ..

20 k'Wh, pe r 1 00 km

Th iB e:,. can b-e fu.'II,y c h a fg,iB d, in. (1'- 7' h (I urs 'fnil fin a d:@ rn e,~ti.c t 3' ,a rn p Sill C ke-t: at. a cost, ©f' 's F© [J nd' ~Up" rna ki:n g 'it a.n i'd'e at e'it¥ e ar te r e,ith,e,:r 'P mfiB's,s"i'© n al 13 r d © n1 e,sti~: !J S e.

18 k'Wh per '1 00 km (?)

Tesla, Lightning

11 k'Wh per 1 00 km www.lightningca,rcompa,n'y.co.uk

'1'5 k'Wh per 100 krn www.teala.motara.com

T'REV

A p tile' ·Jr-· a··' .

. • ' -1·."".' , .

6 k'.Wh per 100 km

EI-e----~c- .trlc S':C",--'·"'O-'"-,·"O"_,, -"t'e"' __ '-r- s

'"." .... 1" '" '.' ' •• ".. '.'." ••. ," ' .... ," ","_ .. ",' •.•• ",.... ,,' •

!!i') k'W: ,-, h , ," ,', ,', , l' '0': ,-, -0'''-: k ,', y-, partuu xrn

11ttp:l/www vecti ix .co m

Plug-in hybrids

25 k',Wh per 100 km (running on electric power alone)

EFFICIENCY

Cartoon Britain, 2008

current con su.:m,p'llon

...---------,___.,-

EneiID' :inputs:~ l!.5 k:tVh/d

losses In eonve rs ion to electrici ty

Electrical things: l~~kWhfd,

<,

Cl ----'

He~Urfg: 401kWhfd

Than~mt:' 40~kWhld,

Efficiency for' heating

~

,~

~ ~Red'uce, temperature difference

Turn the .... , thermostat down

. .", ... '.J • ", U. ,:', ~ ....... ""

Heduce leakiness

lncrease CoP of heat-creation

II Heat loss 1= Leakiness x Average temperature differe ee

(kW'hjd) (k,W11/djOC) (OC)

Power requiredc- I Heat loss 1/./CoeffiCjfelnt~ °t·: ,Poertf~nllance

"'=======--" , 0 le,ct Clea Ion

Re .. ed uc·:·e,·· I' e .. ·,·· a .. rklness

" ..... " "'. . . .: .... " .... " ", '" ",' .' ", ", ..... -' . '. .

Glrerman insulation retrofit

t 111- z I.

Enerqy-efficient, award-wlnninq bulldinqs?

Energy fa ting bands \ ~·I A I B I c I -D' I ElF

Homes.

G

European. average • •• • -33~V/m2.

my house. berore,_ .. ----._-- 21.W/m2

,my hOUS€:1 after

the Heatkeeper house _

Offices

1]2 kl'Vh/y 1m2 benchmark for offices

'UI{ service sector . 30 '~V 1m2,

DFID' •• ~1~6;7~kl;.\l~/h~/~y~!~m~' 2~' un:";',i;v:er;,·s~:it):,'!~a~r'bs;, i,ben:"';'-chm~',:, :a:r~"kl, 431¥/m2

Home Office 45 'ltV 1m2

NEFoffice Elizabeth Fry bldg, UEA.

Cambridge Universi ty , OldSchoo~~

...--

Rutherford building

La,vF aculty

Cates Building • I:,._.0I __ tg5

/ ' ~~--------~~--~--~--~---~-------------

o 5 10 15' \ 25 <ao 35 40 45

, ------3-

Power per unit: floor area ~VI m~ l-....._ ___

\ ~

Old Schools

--- ----- -

1_. ----

--_ .. _,-_.,,--

!

- - _. - -_. . . _. -

265 kWh!y /m1 science Lab benchmark m.!:

,37'W/m2 l.--:l-_-_ ••• 34 VVI_m2.

__ ._ .. .• __ 36Vv/mL,

Ru therford building

..,..., t b lldl Ga::es '. ill Ing

1- f··f···· t f" f H- t

n ierease C·---'·'D:-':-'e·--'·' : :IC:-··'Ie·-·,-··-'n·-,··- 0"',--:"- pe r ormance - 'US','--""e'-'-'" ea purn ps

. ,- ..., ... = .. ..... .'. . . . .. = .. ..... ." .., . . . .=- .. .. . .. ...

'. .' ' ... ' "', ,", - . -,_ , .. " .' " .. "'. ".' .... '. .,' '.' .... , '. " .... -. ~.' '. ". ," '."', ,'. ....... ".... '. . _.' '_ _ ....... '. , .. _ -. ," ". . -. _" -,_ ._ .:

[0 10

~ ... ~-.-

. . . .

", ,"'

. .:":.: ".".". . '. .' ~ ..... ' .... ..:

. . . I .

. .

'.<:.:'~' .. '.. . :<.:: .

http://www.acosystem ... japan . co ml

EcoCute water heater - CoP = 4,.91

P '. ,1' '~ ' ..... '.' .', ~. i = TJ:._,. t 1-"'" '1/' Coefficient of pie., -rforlnallce

0" el ]: eq un ec rrea . U;:,8 " f ' t t"

, """ a ea -erea ]011

Heating without fossil fuels

Heat pumps powered by electricity

, '.., :,'-- - •• '., ,. , ' .' - .- ~'; - '., ,- ',,' " ", ' ... '." r- --' '. ..-, - ,',,"----, .-' - ' - ..' - , '

G d haal

rouno-sourca eat pumps

Air-source heat purn ps

" ~"'.'." '," :.; : ".~

._ ... _._- ..... _ ....

.- :'. :':' - : .. -: ': ::---::::=

· - .

· - .

-.: _-_ ;:-:":- .. :-==~

• I. I .'

:.::=.:. =- ----- -:

•• I' r

4--, tim es rn ore efficient t-- h" B",'· n ord in ary electric h" e'·' ratin g--"

• .. ~ • . . • ~ ." • . • . . . . .. • • . . . . • . . I •... ~ • . . . • .•

_ .. .•... . ., •. J. .J "._ .• ..• . _ ...• J : ••

-- - . . .

I •• _

_._-

EOO CUTE

1[1

~ .. ..J,'-'-' ~ ~

~'

C I'~". rned ·C·· 0··; p. " 4 5

'~. ,~ il ·i':.·

EFFICIENCY

Cartoon Britain, 2008

current con su.:m,p'llon

...---------,___.,-

EneiID' :inputs:~ l!.5 k:tVh/d

losses In eonve rs ion to electrici ty

Electrical things: l~~kWhfd,

<,

Cl ----'

He~Urfg: 401kWhfd

Than~mt:' 40~kWhld,

Hea rd 'yo '0·····' ur m .. · '·e .. eters I

" , .. ,~.< ." ...... , '.' .. . ' ... '," ,.. ..." , , •.. : .. i

G as

Electricity

""'0
IlJ 6
(J) 2 5kWh/d ,
::i .--... ~
_c 4 4 4 4
:::n ::3 " 3 4 4 4 4 3
~ .JL. : 3 3 , , , ..
i ./ .- f .' .' ,. 3
,r-! 1 " -' .: - (
r . .
o 0 r i / t ! I
.' r- _. ~ .. ,
,r-! 0 : ./ i ,- ,(' .:
~ ~ .' ,
~ 0 I I j" , r
i _f ; , .. l~
~ "<:'"'I : , t
, , - .1:
U .' .. } /"
.___. / / .' .' :' i
IlJ 0 ,
.--I 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 2000 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
IlJ This is wrong