Professional Documents
Culture Documents
www.digitalspecies.blogspot.com
ភ�ំេពញ ២០០៨
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ northern black wattle, Darwin black wattle, ear-pod wattle,
tan wattle [1], auri, black wattle, ear leaf acacia, earleaf
acacia, Papuan wattle, wattle [8], coast wattle, Japanese
acacia [9]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
1
( GnuRKYsar: Mimosoideae)
ePT : Acacia
RbePT : Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex
Benth.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
8 m [4]) manEmkeRcIn nigedImTab . vaduHEbkEmk nigRbB½nr§ wseRCA [8] (rak; [9]) nigRkas; .
eLIgya:gc,as; [1] (6-8 srésr [3], 3-8 srés [9]) zitenARsbKña sMedAeTAEpñkTabrbs;EKmsøwk rW
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
BIExkkáda dl; tula [3] . enAtMbn;Ca eRcInedImeQIGacecjpáa nigEpøbnþbnÞab;Kañ eBjmYyqñaM [3] .
eTaHbI karecjpáamanlkçN³xusKña GaRs½y tMbn;k_eday . enAPaKxageCIgGURsþalI
karecjpáaekItmanenAExemsa dl;kkáda edayRKab;cab;epþmI TMu bnÞab;BI 4-5 ExeRkay enAExsIha
dl;tula . Sedgley et al. (1992) )anrkeXIjfa eBlEdlecjpáaeRcIn CageK KWekItmanenAEx kumÖ³
dl;]sPa enA Atherton kñgú Queensland (GURsþalI) nigenACitKULaLaMBY enA]bTIbV ma:eLsIu nig Tawau
enA Sabah EdlEpø TMuenArvagEx tula nigemsa . enA Java (\NÐeÚ nsIu) páaeRcInCageK enAkñgú Ex mina
dl;mifuna [1] .
[Epø]: Epøcas;GacRtUv)anRbmUlenAEx sIha dl; kumÖ³ enARbeTséf [1] . Epø (= EpøKYtUc) manTMhM 7-8 x
1.2- 1.4 cm [3] (6.5 x 1.5 cm [1], 6-8 x 1-1.5 cm [8]) ragekag sMEb:t Gacbt;Ebn)an b:uEnþrwg
sréseQI xøI RbEvgRbEhl 0.85 mm [1] nigTTwg 0.2 µm [1] . smasFatuKImI manCatieQI 59% lIjIn
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
24% ePntUesn 19% nigepH 0.4% . sarFatu Flavonoid k_manenAkñg ú enaHEdr [1] .
eQIxwømmanlkçN³rwg nigFn; b:Eu nþeQI Rsay gayrgeRKaHedaykarvayRbhal rbs;keNþó
nigBBYkecaHeQI nigTamTareGay eRbIR)as;nvU sarFatukarBareQI enAeRbIR)as;b:HBal;ngw dI .
kþarbs;vaGaceRbHEbk enAeBleFVkI arGar .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 9]
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
4
2,500 mm (1,000-2,000 mm [3], 700-2,000 mm [2], 650-2,000 mm [9]) . vaRtUvkarGakasFatumsU gu
edaymankMritePøógFøak; BIExFñÚ dl; mina [1] . Gakasüasøkw tUcman karFn;nwg rdUvvsSaBI 0-7 Ex [2] (0-
6 Ex [3]) b:Eu nþvak_qab;st
¶Ü pgEdr nigFn;ngw ePøgI eqHpgEdr . vaminFn;ngw møbe; T BIeRBaHRbePTeQIenH
RtUvkarBnøWxaø gM nigkMritFn;nwgxül;Tab Emkrbs;vaGac)ak;enAeBl EdlRtUv xül;xaø gM .
esµAGacCabBaða enAeBledImeQIRtUv)andaMduHenAdMNak;kaldMbgU .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 8, 9]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 9]
[Gnupl]: vaminRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CacMNIrstV b:Eu nþenA\NÐa cMkarEdlmanGayumyY qñaM
RtUv)anCan;edaystV eKa [9] . karsikSaeTAelI kareRbICacMNIrstV)anbgðajfa
Gakasüasøkw tUcmanpÞkú nUv sarFatucwBa©wmTab [1] . sMbkmanCatitanIn (RbEhl 13% [1], 13-25% [9])
sMrab;eFIVBaNiCk¢ mµ nigRtUv)anekatsresIrGMBI sar³sMxan;rbs;va sMrab;CaeQIfamBleTotpg .
sMbkmanpÞúk 6-14% [9] énl½kçFmµCati EdleRbIenAkñúg ]sSah_kmµvaynP½NÐén batik enA\NÐeÚ nsIu .
6
søwkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RKb edImbegánI KuNPaBdI . pSit Edl GacbriePaK)an (Tylopylus fellus)
manduHenAkñgú cMkarGakasüasøwktUc enARbeTséf nigevotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 9]
[epSg²]: cMkarGakasüaGacCYybegán I nUvlkçN³KImrI bs;dI dUcCa lT§PaBkñúgkarrkSaTwk kabUnsrIragÁ
GasUt nig b:tU asüÚm . Tgsøwkrbs;va pþl;nvU KMrbdIya:gl¥ . GakasüaGacpþl;GasUt
bnÞab;BIduHkMBkrWs Rhizobium nig Bradyrhizobium . vak_manTak;TgnwgRbePTpSit ecto- nig endo-
mycorrhizal [9] . eTaHbI vaminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;RbB½nk
§ sirukçkmµ edaykarduHlUtlas;EbkEmkeRcIn
nigmankarRbKYtRbECg nUvkarduHrWsnwgrukçCatiepSg²eTot kardaMdMNaMCacenøaHk_RtUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr
edaydaMduHCamYy sENþk RsUv sENþk mung nig kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faTTYl)aneCaKC½y EtkardaMduHCamYy eBatKWmin)aneCaKC½yeT .
vak_RtUv)aneRbICaedImeQI sMrab;EfTaM enAkñgú cMkarEtpgEdr .Gakasüa CYnkal RtUv)andaMduH
CamYyeRbgxül; nigRbePTeQI Edlminpþl;GasUteTAeGaydIepSgeTot edIm,IrkSaKuNPaBdI .
RbePTenH RtUv)andaMCaExSRkvat;karBar tamsmuRT nigdaMedImeQIeLIgvij enAtMbn; EdlrgkarbMpaø j
BImIn . edaysarkarduHEbkeRcIn nigkMritRkas;rbs;RbB½nr§ Ws vaGacCYyTb;sáat;karhUreRcaHdIpgEdr .
vaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kardaMduHeQIeLIgvij nigbegánI KMrbdIenARbeTs\NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu nigevotNam .
vaman lT§PaB kñúgkarrkSaesßrPaBdIKaµ nCICati nig tMbn;vaPk; (pH 9.5 [9]) nigdIrgkarbMBulBIGy‘u ra:jÚm
(pH 3.0 [9]) EdlvaCaRbePTeQI EtmYyKt; EdlmanduHenAeRkayeBl 20 qñaM [1] . kenSamsøwkRkas;
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
7
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
9
eRbICCI aCMnyY . Ca]TahrN_ kMritduHlUtlas;l¥ GacsMerc)anenARbeTs\NÐa edaykardak;CI mYyEx
eRkayBIkardaM . kMritCI 30 g énGasUt 25 g pUsrV nig 8 g b:UtasüÚm kñúgrukçCatimyY .
karkat;nUvEmkxag eRkamecj GacCYyeFIeV GayTMrg;edIml¥ b:Eu nþkarGnuvtþenA RbeTséf
min)anTTYleCaKC½yeLIy [1] .
[Tinñpl]: RbePTeQIenHmankMritlUtlas;l¥ eRkaykardaMduHCacMkar nigkMeNInkMBs;RbcaMqañ m M anBI 2-4
m enABIreTAbIqañ d M MbgU eTaHbIenAelIdImanCICatiTabk_eday . eRkaylkçxN ½ Ðl¥ RbePTeQIenH
GacmankMBs; 15-18 m nigGgát;pi©t 15-20 cm enAGayuBI 10-12 qñaM . cMeBaHdImanCICatienAcava:
kMritTwkePøóg 2,000 mm kMenInRbcaMqñamM an 15-20 m3/ha b:Eu nþdIminsUvmanCICatikMenInGacfymkRtwm 8-
12 m³/ha . Tinñpl Gac kat;bnßy enAeBlkMritePøógTab rW karraMgs¶ÜtyUr . kMenInRbcaMqañ M
edaymineRbICI enAelIdI Rkhm lateritic enAtMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFümenA\NÐa KW 2-6 m³/ha .
enAelItMbn;valesµA Imperata nigdIminsUvmanCICati RbePT eQIenHduHlUtlas;elOnCag Albizia,
Eucalyptus, Leucaena nig Pinus . kMritlUtlas;xus²Kña GaRs½y eTAelItMbn; . tMbn;mn i dk;Twk enAéf
EdlmankMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,500 mm kardaMsakl,genA Balamuk (Papua New Guinea)
pþl;nvU kMritCIvma:se; nAelIépÞdI 135 t/ha enAry³eBl 3 qñaM cMEnkkardaMsakl,enA Springvale (GURsþalI)
)anRtwmEt 60 t/ha [1] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: eTaHbI vaminRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;RbB½n§ksirukkç mµ edaykarduHlUtlas;EbkEmkeRcIn nig
man karRbKYtRbECg nUvkarduHrWsnwgrukçCatiepSg²eTot kardaMdMNaMCacenøaHk_RtUv)anGnuvtþpgEdr
edaydaMduHCa mYy sENþk RsUv sENþk mung nig kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus)
RtUv)anTTYlsÁal;faTTYl)aneCaKC½y EtkardaMduHCamYy eBatKWmin)aneCaKC½yeT .
vak_RtUv)aneRbICaedImeQI sMrab;EfTaM enAkñúgcMkarEtpgEdr . Gakasüasøkw tUc
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
manRKab;CamFüm 71,600 RKab;/kg [1] (53,000–62,000 RKab;/kg [8], 55,000-75,000 RKab;/kg [9]) .
[karbnþBUC]: kUneQI EdlenAkñg ú fñalminsUvTamTarkarEfTaMeRcIneT . kUneQIeTIbduHfµIKrY TTYl)anmøbB; I
50% [1] enAeBlvarwgmaMuvaGacTTYl)anBnøW 70% [1] ya:gtic . viFs I aRsþ bnþBCU edaysrIragÁ
rbs;Gakasüa edaykarkat; RtUv)anGPivDÆn_ [9] . edImeQIGacduHExñgeLIgvij enAeBlkat; .
bec©keTs Micropropagation GacRtUv)aneRbI . kardaMedayRKab;paÞ l; edayédTTYl)aneCaKC½ypgEdr
. cMkarRtUv)anbegátI edayeRbIkUneQI EdlbNþúHenAkñgú fñal . CaTUeTA BI 3-4 Ex [2]
eRkayedImeQIGac manTMhM smRsbsMrab;kardaMduH nigmankMBs; 25 cm [2] . karcak;bBa©Úl rhizobia
Gacpþl;RbeyaCn_dl; kUneQI enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenAelIdI Edl)ansMlab;emeraKrYc . RKab;BUC
EdlRtUvkarkñgú kar daMduHmYyhicta enARbeTskm<Cú a : 30,000 RKab;/kg cenøaHdaMduH : 2 x 2 m kUneQIsuT§
sMrab;myY hicta : 2,500 GaRtagab; : 3,000 (20% enAkEnøgdaM ), 3,334 (10% enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ ), 4,168
(20% enAkñg ú fñal) . kMritdMNuH : 60%. PaBsuT§ : 90% cMnnY RKab;srub : 0.27 kg" [10] .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
nigEmk eFVeI GayBYkva )ak;eTotpg . RbePTstVenH RtUvykcitþTukdak; edayvaeFVIkarbMpøaj
edImeQICaeRcIn nigkat;bnßykarlUt las;RbEvgrbs; edIm . enAGURsþalI
eQIrbs;vaRtUv)anvayRbhar edayBBYkecaHrun§ nigkeNþó nigstVl¥ti manRskar
eFIkV arbMpaø jkUneQItUc² . karBiesaFn_ )anbgðajfa GakasüaGacFn;ngw keNþó . Gakasüa søwktUc
CaCMrkrbs; Xystrocera festiva éntMbn;BIr enAkñgú PaKxagt,ÚgsUma:Rta [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 9]
[CMgW]: manCMgWmy Y cMnnY KWeFVIeGaymankarb:HBal;xøaMg eTAelIRbePTeQIenH eT . eTaHya:gNa
CMgWCaeRcInRtUv)aneFVGI tþsBaØaN famanplb:HBal;dl;karlUtlas;rbs;RbePTeQIenH
CaBiess]sSah_kmµcMkarGakasüa. BYkvarYmman dMe)AedIm EdlbNþalmkBIBBYk Botryodiplodia
theobromae, Botryosphaeria spp. nig Hendersonula sp.) nigmanTak;TgnwgBBYkecaHedIm nig pink
digitata [1], Uromyces digitatus [9] ) EdleFIeV GaykarlUtlas;fycuH enA\NÐeÚ nsIu nigGURsþalI .
F> karGPirkS :
Moluccas) .
13
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 8]
[karnaMclU ]:
GasIu: (bg;køaeds Rb‘yu en km<Cú a cin étva:n; \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; hVlI IBnI sigðabUrI
RsIlgáa éf evotNam)
GaeRhVc : (ebnIn b‘rU a:n;DI kugeháa kUDIv½r háaNa eknya: lIebrI ma:daháasáa ma:LavI nIesrIya: ra:va:nd; a
esenháal; esra:eLGUn tg;sSanI esnsI)u a G‘yu ehánda sI)u aev: )
karIebon : (Kuy)a éhTI camIka esnvInesn nigeháNaDIn RTInIedt nigtU)aeháa )
GaemrikkNþal : (kUsaþ rIka)
GaemrikxageCIg: (shrdæGaemrik nig Hawaii)
Gaemrikxagt,Úg : (eRbsIul kULbúM ‘Í eGkVaD½r )
mhasmuRT : (GURsþalI hVICI )a:BUjÚKeI no sama:v ekaHsULmÚ ug evnUTU )
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3]
p> epSg² :
nig A. spirorbis subsp. solandri (Benth.) Pedley nigq¶ayBI A. aulacocarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. nig A.
crassicarpa A. Cunn. ex Benth. (Pedley, 1975) . vaRtUv)anbgáat;CamYy A. leptocarpa A. Cunn. ex
14
[PaBxus²Kña nigkarbgáat; ]: Gakasüa GaceFIVkarbgáat;ExVg nigmanlkçN³esenTicxus²Kña . karsikSa
Isoenzyme )anrkeXIjfa manbNþMbú xI us²Kña éncMnYnrbs;va enATwkdIPaKxageCIg xVnI eLn
nig)a:BUjÚKeI no enAxVIneLn cMnnY rbs;vaRsedognwgcMnnY enA)a:BUjÚKeI no eRcInCagTwkdIPaKxageCIg .
karsikSabgðajfa 73% én isoenzyme manPaKxus²KñaenAkñcú nM nY rbs;va nigTMgn;RtUv)anpþl;TaMgBIr
intra- and inter-population genetic variability . BYkRkumtamtMbn;enH manlkçN³rUbxus²Kña .
15
kUnkat;CaeRcIn bgðajnUvlkçN³BaNiCk¢ mµ Edlcg;)an dUcCakarduHlUtlas;elOn Emkl¥ nigedImRtg;
. Sedgley et al. (1992) rkeXIjfakarbgáat;ExVgrvag A. auriculiformis x A. mangium
KWTTYl)aneCaKC½y . karsMgYteday ma:snIu kMedAénlMGg nigrkSaenAkñgú PaBRtCak;
RtUv)anpþl;CaGnusasn_ edIm,IeGayzitenAry³eBlyUr (3 qñaM) sMrab;eRbIkgñú kmµviFI bgáat;RbePTeQIenH
. karBiesaFn_ rvag A. mangium x A. auriculiformis RtUv)an eFIeV LIgenA\NÐeÚ nsIu
edImbegátI nUvkmµviFIknøÚ éRBeQI . kUnkat; Edll¥RtUv)aneRCIserIssMrab;karbgáat;Ca RTg;RTayFM
enAevotNam . mCÄmNÐlRKab;BCU GURsþalI énéRBeQI CSIRO nigplitpleQIenA Canberra
enAGURsþalI)anrkSaTukRKab;BCU EdltMNageGaycMkarsakl,gnimYy² BITICrM gFmµCatirbs;RbePTenH
[1].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Nor Aini AS, Ådjers G, Bhumibhamon S, Kietvuttinon B, Pan FJ,
Pitpreecha K, Simsiri A, 1994. Three year performance of international provenance trials of Acacia
auriculiformis. Forest Ecology and Management, 70(1/3):147-158; 31 ref.
[1]
Banerjee AK, 1973. Plantations of Acacia auriculaeformis (Benth.) A. Cunn. in West Bengal. Indian
Forester, 99(9):533-540 + 1 pl.
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Boland DJ, 1989. Trees for the tropics. Growing Australian multipurpose trees and shrubs in
Developing Countries. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:ii + 247 pp.; 11 pp. of ref.
[1]
Boland DJ, Pinyopusarerk K, McDonald MW, Jovanovic T, Booth TH, 1990. The habitat of Acacia
auriculiformis and probable factors associated with its distribution. Journal of Tropical Forest Science,
3(2):159-180; 32 ref.
[1]
16
Booth TH, Turnbull JW, 1994. Domestication of lesser-known tropical tree species: The Australian
experience. In: Leakey RRB, Newton AC, eds. Tropical trees: The Potential for Domestication and
Rebuilding of Forest Resources. ITE Symposium No. 29, ECTF Symposium No. 1. London, UK:
HMSO, 189-194.
[1]
dela Cruz RE, Umali-Garcia M, 1992. Nitrogen fixation and mycorrhizae in acacias on degraded
grasslands. In: Awang K, Taylor DA, eds. Tropical Acacias in East Asia and the Pacific. Proceedings
of a First meeting of COGREDA held in Phuket, Thailand. Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International
Institute for Agricultural Research, 59-71.
[1]
Doran JC, Guan BV, 1987. Treatments to promote seed germination in Australian acacias. ACIAR
Proceedings, Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research, No. 16:57-63; [In Australian
acacias in developing countries. Proceedings of an international workshop, Gympie, Qld., Australia, 4-
7 August 1986 [edited by Turnbull, J.W.]]; 5 ref.
[1]
Huang S, Zheng H, 1993. Coppicing of Acacia auriculiformis. ACIAR Forestry Newsletter No. 16, 3.
[1]
Ibrahim Z, 1991. Reproductive biology of Acacia mangium and Acacia auriculiformis. PhD Thesis,
Faculty of Forestry, Universiti Pertanian Malaysia.
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Studies on natural hybrids of Acacia mangium and A. auriculiformis in Vietnam.
In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree Improvement for
Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra, Queensland,
Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie, Australia: Queensland Forestry Research Institute,
328-332.
[1]
17
Marcar NE, Hussain RW, Arunin S, Beetson T, 1991. Trials with Australian and other Acacia species
on salt-affected land in Pakistan, Thailand and Australia. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:229-232;
3 ref.
[1]
Marcar NE, Ganesan SK, Field J, 1991. Genetic variation for salt and waterlogging tolerance of
Acacia auriculiformis.. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 35:82-86; 6 ref.
[1]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1996. Climatic requirements of some main plantation tree species in Vietnam.
In: Booth TH, ed, Matching Trees and Sites. ACIAR Proceedings No. 63, 43-49.
[1]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Acacia species and provenance selection for large-scale
planting in Vietnam. In: Dieters MJ, Matheson AC, Nikles DG, Harwood CE, Walker SM, eds. Tree
Improvement for Sustainable Tropical Forestry. Proceedings QFRI-IUFRO conference, Caloundra,
Queensland, Australia, 27 October-1 November 1996. Gympie: Queensland Forestry Research
Institute, 443-448.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, 1993. Recovery of Acacia auriculiformis from fire damage. Forest Ecology and
Management, 62(1-4):99-105; 9 ref.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Venkateswarlu P, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Three-year performance of
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Acacia auriculiformis provenances at Serdang, Malaysia. Pertanika Journal of Tropical Agricultural
Science, 17(2):95-102; 27 ref.
[1]
Nor Aini AS, Kamis Awang, Mansor Mohd Rashid, Abd Latib Senin, 1994. Provenance trial of Acacia
auriculiformis in Peninsular Malaysia: 12-month performance. Journal of Tropical Forest Science,
6(3):249-256; 25 ref.
[1]
18
Pinyopusarerk K, 1990. Acacia auriculiformis: an annotated bibliography. Winrock International and
Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research.
[1]
Turnbull JW, Awang K, 1997. Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth. In: Faridah Hanum I, van der
Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 11. Auxiliary plants. Leiden, the
Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 52-56.
[1]
Vuthy, C. C. 2004. Study of the effects of potting media on growth performance of Acacia
auriculiformis seedlings in the nursery of Svay Reang Forestry Triage. MSc thesis, Royal University of
Agriculture, Phnom Penh. 78 pp.
[10]
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] NFTA / FACT, 1989-1999: Agroforestry Species and Technologies - a compilation of the
highlights and factsheets. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association (NFTA), Waimanalo Hawaii.
[3] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute. Hanoi
[5] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
19
[6] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species. 7pp.
[9]
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=
10 (Internet source)
[10] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp.
Phnom Penh
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.
htm (Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
20
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Golden Apple, Bengal quince, bael fruit, bael tree;[4,6,9,19]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Aegle
RbePT : Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [11 ; 4 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
minTanmanTinñn½y .
[27] .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
4
vaRtUv)andaMdHu enATUTaMg\NÐa CaBiessenAtamvtþ edaysarEtvaCaRbePTeQIsMrab;eFIVkarbUCar
nigk_mandaM enA)a:KIsßan nigPaKxageCIgma:eLsIu . edImRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpøenATUTaMg GnuTVIb\NÐa
EpøTMuGacbriePaK )anTaMgenARss; eFIVCaePsC¢³ bEg¥mkk (sherbet) TwkesrU: dMNab; rWkat;CacMNit²
nighaleGays¶Üt sMrab;eRbIR)as;éf¶eRkay . Catis¥it EdlenACMuvijEpø EdlminTan;TMu
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Cakav enAkñúghag lk;eRKOgGlgáar . RbGb; d_Rss;s¥at GacRtUveFIVsMbkEpø
nigeQIrbs;va [6,9] .
EpøePñAGacRtUv)ankat;Bak;kNþal rW bMEbkedayfñm² nigsac;rbs;vaRtUv)anlayCamYysáetñat
nigeFIVkar briePaKsMrab;CaGahareBlRBwkpgEdr ehIyvamankareBjniymNas;enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu .
sac;rbs;va manlkçN³dUcTiwkdm . karlaysac;RKab;CamYyTwkedaHeKa nigsá k_CaePsC¢³ d_eBj
niympgEdr ehIyRtUv)anehAfa sherbet enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐa . ePsC¢³ k_GacRtUv)an
eFIVeLIgedaylaysac;EpøCa mYynwg GMBil [20] . Epøcas; EdlminTan;TMuGacRtUv)aneFIVCadMNab;
edaybEnßmnUvGasIutsIuRTic . dMNab; nigsár GacRtUv)aneFIVeLIgedaylaysac; CamYysá køúykUs
TwkedaHeKa nigsarFatuxøaj; Edlrlay kñúgGIuRdUEsn . Gñkbec©kviTüaGahar\NÐa
KitfakareFIVkarEkécñEpørbs;vamaneCaKC½ykMritx<s; [20] .
søwkenAx©I nigBnøkRtUv)anbriePaKTaMgenARss; sMrab;CabEnø enARbeTséf nigRtUveRbIR)as;
CaeRKOgpSMmðÚb enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐÚensIupgEdr . BYkvaGacCYykat;bnßykareRskXøan)an .
páarbs;vak_GaceRbIR)as;CaEt pgEdr . tMélGaharrbs;vakñúg 100 g énEpøRss;RtUv)anviPaKenA\NÐa
nighVIlIBIn : Twk 54.96-61.5 g, RbUetGIun 1.8-2.62 g, xøaj 0.2-0.39 g, kabUnGIuRdat 28.11-31.8
g, epH 1.04-1.7 g, carotene 55 mg, thiamine 0.13 mg, riboflavin1.19 mg, niacin 1.1 mg,
6
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
EpøePñAminsUvmanBBYkstVl¥it nigCMgWmkbMpøajb:N
u ÑaeT elIkElgEtBBYkpSit EdleFIVeGayman
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; [9].
7
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
minTanmanTinñn½y .
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
GnuTVIb\NÐa PaKxagt,Úg Himalayas EdlCaRbPBkMenIt \NÐÚcin dl;\NÐÚensIu nighVIlIBIn
RtUv)annaMcUl nigeFIVeGayduHCalkçN³FmµCati [12].
p> epSg² :
mandarins, satsumas, nig RkUcXVic (C. reticulata), the limes (C. aurantifolia), nigRkUcføúg (C.
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Ahmal,I., Kaur, A.1998: Study on minor seed oils. Journal of Oil Tech. Association of
India. 30(3), 114-116, 15 ref.
Alam, M.M., Siddiqui, M.B., Husain,W. 1990: Treatment of diabetes through herbal drugs
in rural India. Fitoterapia 61(3) 240-242, 2 ref.
Ganguli, L.K. 1994: Fungitoxic effect of certain plant extracts against rice blast (
Pyriaelaria oryzae) and brown spot pathogen (Helminthosporium oryzae): Environment
and Ecology 12(3) 731-733, 10 ref.
8
Singh RV, 1982. Fodder trees of India. Fodder trees of India., xv + 663 pp.; 34 pp. ref.
Troup RS, Joshi HB, 1981. Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Volume III. Delhi,
India; Controller of Publications.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
and nuts. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts., 446 pp.;
[and fig.]; many ref.
Maikhuri, R.K., Semval, R.L., Singh,A.m and Nautiyal, M.C. 1994: Wild fruit as a
contribution to sustainable rural development - a case study from the Garhwal Himalaya.
Int. J. of Sust. Dev.& World Ecology 1(1) 56-58, 19 ref.
Singh, S.P. 1992: Budding in some frruit crops - a review. Advances in Horticulture and
Forestry 2: 84-97, 36 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
9
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf Publ., Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
27)http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/
BotanicList.
asp
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Afzelia xylocarpa (Kurz) Craib]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai te kha, tae kha, kha, go ca te, kha te kha (Laos) [1, 6,
13]- go do, c[af]te, g[ox]d[or], g[ox]t[of]te (Vietnam) [1, 6, 13]-
makha-mong, makhaa-hau-kham, makhaa-laung, makhaa-
mong, makhaa-yai (Thailand) [1, 6, 13]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [2]/ Leguminosae [5]
/ GnuRKYsar : Caesalpinioidae [12]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2, 5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
2
eRkamkardak;halvaenAkñgú lkçxN½ ÐGakasFatutMbn;RtUvBic RbEhlry³eBl 10 qñaM . lkçN³d_éT
eTotrbs;eQImandUcCa enA sMeNIm 15% lkçN³sMelgqøgkat;man 95-125 N/mm² sMBaFRsbkñgú kar
TTYl 53-65 N/mm² nig karkat; RbEhl 17 N/mm²" [7] .
[7, 12]
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A), PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnab;elcTwkbwgTenøsab (C), dIRkhm (c),
3
[TItaMgtMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
esomrab (X:420907 Y:1498999), esomrab (X:422400 Y:1496105), esomrab (X:425135 Y:1492386)
kMBg;FM (X:556470 Y:1461143), kMBg;FM (X:572874 Y:1397114), RBHvihar (X:507787 Y:1517235), RkecH
(X:623145 Y:1419868), RkecH (X:601979 Y:1431509) RkecH (X:606212 Y:1452676), RkecH (X:621558
Y:1349031) .
[3]
Edlman pH NWt .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[5, 6, 7]
4
[1, 3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,13]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIRbNit [3]
5
[1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14]
6
stVl¥ti ]: RKab;gayrgkarbMpaø jBIstVl¥ti . BBYkstVl¥ti rYmman
[ Aristobia spp., Batocera spp. nig
Rhaphuma motschulskyi ganglbauere .
[6]
[CMgW]: CMgWpSitEdlbNþalmkBI Fusarium oxysporum, Phytophthora spp, Pythium spp. nig Rhizoctonia
spp .
[6]
F> karGPirkS :
enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a RbePTenHmanduHenAkñgú extþ kMBg;FM RkecH sÞwgERtg RBHvihar esomrab )at;dMbg
rtnKIrI mNÐlKIrI kMBt nigeBaF×sat; .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3]
7
[6, 12]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Choldumrongkul A, Wasuwanich P, 1994. Insect boring of Afzelia xylocarpa Craib seed and its effect
on seed germination. In: Proceeding of the Forestry Conference, Surat thani. Thailand: Royal Forest
Department, 179-189.
[6]
National Academy of Sciences, 1979. Tropical legumes: resources for the future. Tropical legumes:
resources for the future., 328pp., [ref. at ends of chapters].
[6]
Pitpreecha, K., Kiratiprayoon, S., Ganpinyo, S., Sornsathapornkul, P., 1993. Afzelia xylocarpa. In:
Forest tree species planting. Bangkok, Thailand: Royal Forest Department, 144-150.
[6]
Piananuruk C, 1994. Cutting position and coppicing ability of Afzelia xylocarpa seedlings. In:
Supplementary papers of the National Forest Conference, Surat thani, Thailand, 21-25 November
1994 (Boontawee B, ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Royal Forest Department, 31-35.
[6]
Smittinand T, 1980. Thai plants (botanical names-vernacular names). Bangkok, Thailand: Royal
Forest Department.
8
[6]
Switachart S, 1972. A study on seed germination of Makha Mong (Afzelia xylocarpa) by soaking in
different concentrations of sulphuric acid. Technical Bulletin, Royal Forest Department, Thailand, No.
R.138:5-10, 3 ref.
[6]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
(You can also use your personal experience as a reference. Example:[1] Petri, Mathias (DED, 2006):
own observations)
[3] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[5] Lehmann L. et al., 2003: Forests and trees of the central Highlands of Xieng Khounang, Lao
P.D.R.
[7] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[10] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia
[13] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[14] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C. Nielsen]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae
ePT : Albizia Durazz. [17]
1
RbePT : Albizia lucidior (Steudel) I.C.
Nielsen [4,21]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5 ; 7]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
2
tMbn;RtUBikGasIu ³ b‘Utan \NÐa en)a:l; \NÐÚcin Puma nigéf [21].
\NÐa nig ehma:l½y ³ PaKxagt,Úgcin PUma \NÐÚcin [5] PaKxageCIgéf [5]
eBaF×ebg duHlUtlas;enAéRBeRsag rW el,aH nigEtduHray)a:y CaRkumtUc² enATIval rW éRBbzm
éRBel,aH éRBmUsug valesµA nigtMbn;manrukçCatitUc²duH edaymankMritry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1700 m .
BYkvaduHenAtMbn; EdlmanGakasFatutamrdUv nigRbePTdIxSac; rW eRCobTwk)anl¥ [17].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
3
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
GasIu nigGasIuGaeKñy_ BIRbeTs\NÐa dl;\NÐÚcin EdlCaRbPBkMeNItrbs;RbePTeQIenH .
e
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
p> epSg² :
4
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
PROSEA 5/3 p.58-60: Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998:
Plant Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
5
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth.]
K> sTisn½y ³ Acacia lebbeck (L.) Willd. / Mimosa lebbeck L. [2] Mimosa
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kokko (Trade name) [8] - lebbek (Ethiopia) [8] - daqn el-
Basha, dign el basha, labakh, laebach, lebbek (Arabia) [8] -
sirish, sirisha (Bangladesh) [8] - kokko (Myanmar) [8] -
aninapla, langil (Philippines) [8] - bois noir, bois savane, tcha
tcha (France) [8] - siris, sirs, sirisha (India) [8] - kitoke, tarisi,
tekik (Indonesia) [8] - batai, batai batu, kungkur, oriang
(Malaysia) [8] - kalo siris (Nepal) [8] - acacia chach algarroba
de olor, amor plantico, aroma, aroma fracesca, cabellos de
gel, faurestina, florestina, lengua de mujer, lengua viperina
(Spain) [8] - mkingu (East Africa) [8] - vagai, vagei (Sri
Lanka) [8] - ka `sê (Laos) [8] - cha kham, chamchuri, kampu,
ka se, khago, phruek, suek (Thailand) [1, 8] - bô kêt tây,
h[owj]p hoan, lim xanh, s[os]ng r[aaj]n, trât (Vietnam) [1, 8]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [2]/ Leguminosae [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
ragdUc eGlIb TMhM 8-10 x 6-7 mm zitenATTwgEpø EdlmanRKab; 6-12 kñúgEpønmi Yy² . EpøTmMu in
RCuHBIelIedIm eLIy KWzitenAelIedImry³eBlyUr nigTMeu nAEx ]sPa dl; kkáda .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 8]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RbePTenHduHenAry³kMBs;BI 0-1,800 m a.s.l. [8] (0-750 m a.s.l. [4], 0-1,100 m a.s.l.) enAtMbn;
Edl mankMBs;TwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,300-1,500 mm [8] (500-2,500 mm [5]) nigmanGakasFatu
RtCak;ehIys¶Üt . sItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqañ M : 19-35°C [8] (10-37°C [2]) . bnÞab;BIqañ MTI mYyvaGacduH
lUtlas;enA kñgú rdUv rga nigekþA Edlmanry³eBlyUr manry³eBlBI 2 - 6 Ex [2] (2-7 Ex[5]) .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 5, 8]
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
3
sÞwgERtg (X:613356 Y:1530728) sÞwgERtg (X:597481 Y:1469874) rtnKIrI (X:698999
[eQI]: eRbIR)as;srM ab; veneer eQImlU eRKOgsgðarwm begÁal eQIGar b¤CaCBa©agM nigsMNg;Fn;Rsal
¬kMral nigkþa¦ RbGb; sMPar³eQIsMrab;]sSahkmµ nigeRbIkgñú pÞH tYrbs;yanþCMniH Rkdas nig FüÚg .
vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;eFIVsMPar³ksikmµ nigrukrkEr: . eRcs pþl;nvU eQIfamBlya:gl¥
edaymantMél kMedA 5,200 kcal/g [8] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 8, 11]
Gnupl]: eRcspþl;nvU cMNIstVya:gl¥ . cenøaHrbs;kenSamsøkw GaceGayBnøwcUl)an
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIRbNit .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
[kardaMduH]: cenøaHCaFmµtamsMrab;eQIfamBl 3 x 3 m nig 5 x 5 m [8] sMrab;eQIh‘ub . karpþl;Twk
(10 l/ edImeQImy Y edIm [5]) GacRtUvkarenA rdUvraMgs¶tÜ enAqñadM MbgU bnÞab;BIkardaM .
[karRKb;RKg]: vaduHExñg)anl¥ (kMBs; : 1-1.5 m/mYyqñaM ; épÞmuxkat; : 4-6 cm/mYyqñaM [2])
6
[stVl¥ti ]: søwk nigsMbkRtUv)ansIuedaydgávÚ sIuCBa¢kb; NþlÚ ecaHeQI nigRKab; nigeFIeV GayRCuHsøwk dUcCa
psyllids GacbMpøajRbePTeQIenH . enARbeTsnIesrIya: stVl¥t i EdlmanqñeÚ RKIm ( striped mealy
bug) Ferrisia virgata )anbMpøajedImeQIenHpgEdr . enAGasIuGaeKñy_swøkKWmn i mankarbMpøajBIstVl¥it
eT . kardaMduHCacMkar k_mankarbMpøajedaykarkat;rbs;kNþlú TnSaynigRbePTstVéRBepSg²eTot .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6, 8]
[ CMgW]: "rlYyrWs dMe)AedIm rlYybNþlÚ pSit EdlGacbMpøajedIm .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[ epSg² ]: edImeQIKFW n;ngw xül;xaø gM nigePøgI eqH . karkarBarBIesµA RtUveFIeV LIgenAkñgú cMkardaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 8].
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[RbPBkMenIt ]: GURsþalI bg;køaeds \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:Ks I aß n éf .
[karnaMclU ]: Gal;esrI Gg;ehÁaLa Gg;TIhÁa nig)ab‘dU a GasSg;TIn )a)adus eb‘nnIn bUlIevo bUsVaNa
eRbsIul bUKN I ahVasU kaemrU exbv½d GaeRhVckNþal eqk QIlI kULbMú ‘Í kg;ehÁa kUsDIv½ Kuy)a kg;ehÁa
DIbUTI dUnImkI ar eGkVaD½r eGsIbu eGkVaD½rero hÁeI no GIru IRTa eRhVnKIeno hÁbI un hÁaNa hÁaebo hÁaNada
hÁaetma:La hÁeI no b‘sÍ ‘U camIka eknya: ma:dahÁasáa ma:lI micu siku U mUrku: U mUsg;bíu‘k nIC½ eb:rU ra:va:da s‘Udg;
tg;sanI tugehÁa G‘yu ra:hÁay evens‘yu eGLa . l.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
7
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification,
propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.
[8]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock International, and
Bangkok: FAO.
[8]
NFTA. 1988. Albizia lebbeck - A promising fodder tree for semi-arid regions. NFTA 88-03. Waimanalo.
[8]
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.). 1998. PROSEA 5(3) Timber trees: lesser known
species. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[8]
t Mannetje L, Jones RM. 1992. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 4: Forages. Pudoc Scientific
Publishers, Wageningen.
[8]
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Henman GS. 1984. A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-tropical
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 15, 2nd edition. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford
University Press.
[8]
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba. Zanzibar
Protectorate.
[8]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
8
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project.
Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand. Winrock Interational.
320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM)
[7] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed Sector, 2003:
Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation of Forest Genetic Resources. (CD-
ROM).
[9] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed Sector, 2003:
Gene-Ecological Zonation of Cambodia. (CD-ROM)
[10] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree
Planting. (CD-ROM)
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm (Internet
source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia myriophylla Benth]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae
ePT : Albizia Durrazz.
1
RbePT : Albizia myriophylla Benth.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
GakasFatuRtUBik .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
2
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
RbePTéneQIEGmrWRTnMGaGUtRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;sbM UrfµnigtMbn;mandIrak;edaymanrdUvR)aMgya:gehac
Nas; 4 Ex [17]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
5
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosoideae
ePT : Albizia Durazz. [17]
1
(Samanea Merr.[8]
RbePT : Albizia saman (Jack.) F. Muell.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 7 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[páa]: edImGMBilTwk)araMg CaRbePTpáasmas manBN’páaQUk GacduHEtÉgkñúgTMrg;CaknøHrgVg;
enAekonkenSamsøwkEdlmanGgát;p©itRbEvg 5-7 cm .[6 ]
TgénkBa©Múpáa Rkas;ehIyxøI manduHeram nigmanBN’elOgx©I ehIytMerobenAelIGkS½mineTogTat;cMnYn 2-5
mancMgay 5-10 cm EdlenAxagcugmanragCacegáamRtwm. páarbs;vaCaFmµtamanragCaeRcInEbb
b¤BhusNæan manRbEvg 3 cm manTgtUc manpáaenAkNþalEdlmanRtbkcMnYn 7 b¤ 8.
RtbkpáamanRbEvg 5-7 mm EdlRKbeTAedayeram manragRtIekaNGgáaj;RsYc²dUceFµjcMnYn 5
manRbEvg 0.5-1.0 cm. RsTab;páamanBN’Rkhm b¤elOgx©IEbkRkhm manargdUcCILÚv
EdlmanRbEvg 10-12 mm nigRKbdNþb;eTAedayeram. TgpáamanragRtIekaNRTEvg EdlmanRbEvg
2 mm. Kl;eksr eQµalmanBN’s nigEpñkxagcugmanBN’sVay 20-35 mm
EdlmanRbEvgxøICagRsTablpáa. GUEv sßitenAkNþalpáaehIyrelag. Rtbkpáa manRbEvg 8-9 mm
manragdUcbMBg;ya:gTUlay RKndNþb;eTA edayeram eFµjcMnYn 7-8 manRbEvg 0.5-1.0 mm
ragRtIekaN ehIyRsYc. RsTab;páamanRbRvg 12 mm manragdUcCabMBg; EdlxagkñúgKµaneram
EtxageRkARKb;dNþb;eTAedayeram. eksreQµalmanragCabMBg; ehIyEvgCagRsTablpáa.[8]
páavaragCaséstUc²l¥it ehIyRtwmcugEdlrMelcedayedayeksreQµalBN’s nigfg;lMGgBN’
páaQUk.[13]
[Epø]:EpøGMBil)araMg CaRbePTEpøkYr manRbEvg 12-25 cm nigTTwg 2 cm EdlmanrsCatiEp¥m
vacab;epþImpáa BIEx mina dl; ]sPa nigbnþehUtdl;cugqñaM. páa nig søwk mYyqñaMlas; 2dg.[13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
sac;eQIrbs;edImGMBil)araMgrwg Fn; b¤Fn;)anl¥ nigmanTMgn; 420-640 kg/m³ mansac;eQIRsayBN’
elOgx©I nigeQIxøwmBN’skU ULaRkem:AEbketñat. sac;eQIxøwm manBN’PøWRss;s¥at manBN’dUcedIm
Juglans nigra BN’exµA EdlCaktþamYyeFVIeGaysac;eQImantMélx<s;sMrab;eFVIsgðarwm (Ca]TahrN_
minTan;manTinñn½y .
kþarbnÞH nigkarsagsg;TUeTA.[20]
[GnupléRBeQI]: GMBil)araMg daMsMrab;eFVC I aeQIlMGr b¤ eQIGmsgxagpøÚv sMrablpþlm; øb;
b:uEnþvak¾sMrab; CaeRKOgEtglMGrsMrab;rdUvkalepSg². enAkñúgtMbn;RtUBicesIm GMBil)araMgCaeQIEdl
daMduHsMrab;pþl;møb;dl;dMNaMdéTeTot ]TahrN_dUcCa³ kakav kaehV Et b¤k¾cMkareRmc.[13]
Epø CaRbePTEpøkYr manRbEvg 20-30EdlRKab;rbs;vasMrab;eFVICacMNIstV eKa RCUk nig ecom[8,13]
EdlCaedImehtueFVIeGayRbeTsGg;eKøs ehAedImGMBil)araMg faedImGMBileKa. EpøCaRbePTEpøkYr
EdleBlTMuvaFøak;cuHmkdI manpÞúkCatiRbUetGInu 12-18% (ma:ss; ¶Üt ) sMrab;BEB GacmanlT§PaB
5
rMlaywith 41% ehIyeKa esH BEB nigstVepSg²eTot cUlcitþsIuNas;. RbeTsmYycMnYnenA
GaemricxageCIg cab;epþImeFVIkarnaMecjEpøGBM il)araMg. eTaHbICasøwkrbs;vasMbUrCICati
EteKmincat;Tku fa vaCacMnsI tCEdlsMxan;enaHeT.[20]
famBl: BitNas; GMBil)araMgCaRbePTeQIEdlpþlf; amBl 5200-5600 kcal/kg enAeBlEdleKdut
ehIyvamankarduHlUtlas;ya:gelOn bnÞab;BIkat;ecal b¤kMbutcug eFVIeGayvakøayeTACaFnFan
d¾mantMél nigmanKuNPaBx<s;sMrab;eFVIGus b¤FüÚg. eTaHCaya:gNak¾eday vamantMélsMrab;eFVICa
eQIfamBl nigmanTIpSarya:gxaøMgsMrab;eFVIkarkab;lk;.[20]
Epørbs;vasMrab;briePaK søwkrbs;vaRtUv)anjaMueqA enAeBlEdlmankgVHxatGahar.[4] cMEnkÉsMbk
manpÞúknUvCatiCr½ nigekAs‘U.[6,20]
cMeBaH»sfburaN eKes¶arsMbkxagkñgú nig søwkRss; sMrab;eFVICafñaMraK nigqugsMbkbnþicjaMu
sMrab;Büa)alkarQWeBaH. CatiTwk b¤CatiGakulenAelIsøwk CYykarBar nigTb;sáat;)ak;etrIeraKrebg.
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
BMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
edUvR)aMg.[12]
6
GMBil)arMag RtUvkarTIFaø FMkñúgkarlUtlas;edIm,Ipðl;nUvpl;eQI)anl¥. vapþl;nUvsac;eQIxøwmRss;s¥at
manTTWgFM BiessCaeQIsMrab;eRbIR)as;. manTIFøaFMenACMuvij CaktþamYYyEdl eFVIeGay Ggát;p©itva
mankarduH lUtlas;elOn eFVIeGayedImvaRkas;ehIymansac;eQIxøwmeRcIn. Cajwkjab; Emkrbs;
edImGMBil)araMg k¾manGgát;p©itsmRsbGaceRbIR)as;)an. edImGMBil)araMgrwgmaM nigGaceRbIsMrab;
eFVICaeQIfamBleday sartMbn;ksikmµeFVIeGaymanGgÁt; dUcCaenAhVIlIBInCaedIm(Raintree, 1987)
[20]. RbsinebIedImdaMenAcenøaCit²Kña ]TahrN_ 1.5-2 m x 2 m
eKnwgeFVIkaréRkEmkedIm,IeGayedImmanTMrg;l¥. enAeRkamlkçxNÐGakaaFatuGnueRKaH edImGMBil)araMg
GacmanGgát;p©it DBH (Ggát;p©itenAkMBs;edImRTUg)18cm kñúgry³eBl 5 qñaM. tamkar)a:n;
RbmaNCamFüm valatsn§wgRbEhl 25m³/ha. GaRs½ynwgsarFatusirIragÁenAeRkamedIm
esµAmin)at;bg; ma:ss¶Üt b:uEnþpÞúknUvRbUetGInu . edImGMBil)araMgduHlUtlas;l¥ nigGgÁt;eQI
mankarduHlUtlas;elOn dUecñHva CaFn;FanEdlGacRKb;RKg)ansMrab;eFVICaeQIfamBl.[26]
1982). [12]
8
F> karGPirkS :
GMBil)araMg minEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUveRKaHfñak;.[9]
manduHenAtMbn;TMnab.
p> epSg² :
9
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Hensleigh, T.E.& HolawayB.K. 1988: Agroforestry species for the Philippines. AJA
Printers, Malabon, 404 pp.
Hunter, IR, Stewart, JL ,1993: Foliar nutrient and nutritive content of Central American
multipurpose tree species growing at Comayagua, Honduras. Comm. For. Review 72(3):
193-197; 19 ref.
Perry LM 1980: Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia: attributed properties and
uses.; MIT Press. South East Asia.
Roshetko, JM 1995:Albizia saman: Pasture improvement, shade, timber and more NFT
highlites. No. 95-02. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Association, Arkansas; USA. Winrock
International
Ahn JH, Robertson BM, Elliott R, Gutteridge RC, Ford CW, 1989. Quality assessment of
tropical browse legumes: tannin content and protein degradation. Animal Feed Science
and Technology, 27(1-2):147-156; 25 ref.
Takeda, S, 1990: Lac cultivation and host tree plantations in northern Thailand. South
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Thole, NS, Joshi, AL, Rangnekar, DV 1992: Nutritive evaluation of raintree (Samanea
saman) pods. Ind. J. of Animal Sciences 62(3): 270-272; 6 ref.
Chicco CF, Garbati ST, Muller-Haye B, 1973. A note on the use of saman fruit
(Pithecellobium saman) in pig food rations. Agronomia Tropical (Maracay, Venezuela),
23: 263-267.
10
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
8) Sam, H. V., Nanthavong, Kh. and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.
BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant Geogr. , Nat. Herbar. Nederlande, Univ. Leiden,
Branch. Leiden The Netherlands, 349 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Anacardium occidentale L.]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
1
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Anacardiaceae
ePT : Anacardium
RbePT : Anacardium occidentale L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
RbEhl : 27°N eTA 28°S [2] (20°N eTA 24°S. [5]) . sVaycnÞmI ankarsMrbxøÜnx<s; edayman
duHenAesÞrI RKab;TIkEnøg . vaCaRbePTnaMcUl EdlmanduHenAkñgú éRBs¶Üt BMntU xüac; vaesµA éRB savanna
tMbn; savannas tMbn;eqñr nigenAkñgú éRBd_éTeTotpgEdr . sVaycnÞICaRbePT l,IeQµaHfaCa
RbePTedImeQIsMrab;daMenAeRkaypÞH enAkñgú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 12]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
5
anacardol, cardol nig ginkol . sarFaturav EdlmanenAkñgú sMbkmanpÞkú 39% énGasIut
anacardic EdlCal,ayrbs; alkyl salicyclic GasIut . søwk nigsMbk EdllaybBa©ÚlKña RtUv)an
6
[ kardaMduH]: sVaycnÞIGacRtUv)andaM enAkñgú BnøéW f¶eBj . CaTUeTA reNþAsMrab;daMRtUv)anCIkTMhM 30 x
30 cm [2] . enAelIdIrwg reNþAKYrmanTMhM 50 x 50 x 50 cm [5] nigbMeBjedaydI
7
manEtépÞkenSamsøwk Etb:ueNÑaHEdlGackMnt;plitPaBrbs;edImeQI . edImeQI EdlRtUv)andaMCaCYr
enAcenøaH 2-3 m x 12-15 m esÞrI EtbegánI kenSamsøwkBIrdg kñúgmYyhicta nigbegánI Tinñpl
enAry³eBl 10 qñaMdMbgU . TTwg EdlFMbpM tu éncenøaH GaRs½yeTAelI GakasFatu nig
kUnEdlykmkdaM . karlUtlas; elOn nigedImeQIcab;epþmI ecjEpø enAeBlmanGayu 4 qñaM .
edImeQIGacpþl;nUvTinpñ lx<s; bMputenAeBlmanGayu 10 qñaM [2] nigkMritplitkmµbnþdl;Gayu 20 qñaM
[2] (25 qñaM [1]). kardaMduHeLIg
KW 9% enA 27ºC nigkMritsMeNIm 70% [1] . EpøsaV ycnÞI TMmu uneBlRKab;cab;epþImcas; . EpøEdlTMu
sMrab;kareRbIR)as;Rss;KYrRtUv)anRbmUlCaRbcaMéf¶ .
[Tinñpl]: TinñplmankMritTabenAkñg ú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ CaTUeTA 400-600 kg/ha/qñaM [1]
TinñplmFüm elIBiPBelakKW 670-1,350 kg/ha/qñaM [2] . TnñplkñúgmYyedIm ekIneLIgBI 3 kg
enAGayu 3-5 qñaM 4 kg enAGayu 6-10 qñaM 4.7 kg enAGayuBI 11-15 qñaM nig 5.3 kg BIGayu
th
16 -20 th
[1] . ksikrenAPakxagt,ÚgPUma )anraykarN_faplitPaBmankMrit 6.1 kg/ edIm
8
[1] . CaTUeTA edImeQIeBj v½yGacpþl;Tinñpl 45-100 kg [2] énEpø nig 9-8 kg [2]
9
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 7, 10]
Meyrick .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2].
[CMgW]: enAkñgú GakasFatuekþA ehIyesIm anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)
bMpøajnUvBnøkx; ©I nigpáa EdleFIeV Gays¶tÜ nigRCuH . karraldaleTAelIEpø k_bNþalmkBI necrosis
nigRCuH . RbePTCMgWenH manCab;Bak;B½n§ngw stVl¥ti nigpSit . karRKb;RKgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edaykat;ecjvnigdut bMpøajnUvEpñk EdlrgCMgW nigeRCIserIsRbePT EdlFn;nwgCMgW
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
paconiae Servazzi (Leaf Spots), Pestalotia dichatae (Leaf Spots), Phytophthora
palmivora (Damping off) RtUv)ankt;Rta .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5]
F> karGPirkS :
vamanenA PñeM Bj mNÐlKIrI rtnKIrI kMBg;cam kMBg;FM kNþal sVayerog kMBg;esam )at;dMbg esomrab
eBaF×sat; nigéRBEvg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [16]
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[RbPBkMenIt]: eRbsIlu
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[karnaMcl U ]: GasIu (bg;køaeds Rb‘uyeN km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n
hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI RsIlgøkar éf evotNam),
GaeRhVc (Gg;ehÁaLa emnIn British Indian Ocean Territory ebIKN I ahVasU kama:rU extvWt kugehÁa
kUedv½r hÁeI nob‘sÍ U eknya: eLsUtU ma:dahÁasáa ma:LavI mUsüg;bcíu‘ nIesrIya: esenhÁal; esra:eLGUn
GaeRhVcxagt,Úg s‘dU g; tg;sanI tUeháa G‘yu ehÁnda sImu ebo),
Caribbean ()a)adU Kuy)a dUmn I eI xn éhTI camIka eBrUrIkU RTInIedt nig tU)aeháa ),
GaemrikkNþal (kUsþarIka eG savad½r háaetma::La hugdUra:s; nIháara:hrÁ½ )a:Nama:),
11
GaemrikxageCIg (misciu kU),
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (hÁyÚ a:Na eb:rU sYrIenm evens‘yu eGLa)
mhasmuRT (GURsþalI hVICI )a:BUjÚKeI no)
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 11]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatuenAkñúgRKab;]: RKab;manpÞk
ú RbUetGIun 21% nigeRbgBI 35 eTA 45% . ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[karEkécñRKab;enAtMbn;GasIu]:plitkmµCaRTg;RTaytUc enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ eFIk
V arEkécñ kareRCIserIs
nigvicu x©b; edayeRbIR)as;éd .
[dMenIrlMGg nigkarray)a:yrbs;RKab;]:dMeNIrlMGgRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedayXµMú (Apis mellifera).
12
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Aiyadura SG, Premanad PP. 1965. Can cashew become a more remunerable
plantation crop? India Cashew Journal. 4(1):2-7.
[7]
French JH, Tingsabadh C, Taylor D, Byrnes F, Pan FJ, Wood H, Chung HH, Kamis
Awang, Lasco RD, Bhumibhamon S, Latimer W, 1994. Growing multipurpose
trees on small farms. Growing multipurpose trees on small farms., Ed. 2:li + 315
pp.; 69 ref.
[2]
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18
pp. of ref + refs in text].
[2]
Johnson DV, 1973. The botany, origin, and spread of the cashew, Anacardium
occidentale L. Journal of Plantation Crops, 1:1-7.
[2]
Nayak MG, 1996. Training and pruning practices for cashew. Cashew, 10(2):5-9;
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3 pl.].
[2]
Northwood PJ. 1966. Some observations on flowering and fruit setting in the
cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). Trop. Agriculture, Trin. 43(1).
[7]
13
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East
Asia; 2 - Edible fruits and nuts.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[3] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site
Selection and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
[6] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia,
Trade Names of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[8] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=401&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategor
y=full (Internet source)
14
[9] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species.
[13] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and
Planning Institute.
[15] Purseglove, J-W., 1968: Tropical Crops - Dicotyledonae 1. London. 332 pp.
15
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Anisoptera costata Korth.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai bak, mersawa (Trade Name) [12] - mersawa kesat
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
1
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Anisoptera Korth.
RbePT : Anisoptera costata Korth.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1, 4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
rWmUldUcs‘tu manTMhM 6-20 x 3-11 cm [5] (6-18 cm x 7-11 cm [1], 10-15 x 5-8 cm [2]) . cugsøwkxøI
minRsYc manragmUl rWdcU ebHdUgenAKl; KµaneramenAEpñkxagelI EtmaneramragdUcpáayenAEpñk
xageRkam manrun§xül;zitenAqøas;Kña srésEvn TIBIrmancMnnY 15-20 KU [5] (8-22 KU [1]) .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá ragdUcekan zitenACaG½kS rW duHenAxagcug manRbEvg 10-15 cm edaymaneramragdUcpáay
. páamanBN’Bgman; . RtbkpáamancMnYn 5 maneram nigragRtIekaNmUl . RsTab;páak_man 5 ragTal
nig dUceGlIb . eksreQµalmancMnnY 25-35 [5] (30-35 [2]) . eksrjI ragsILu aMg manrun§ 2 (2
GUvul = RKab;mni Tan;TMu ) . ecjpáaBIEx vickäi ar dl; mina [5] (kum³Ö -mina [2], Fñ-Ú mina [12]) .
2
[Epø]: ecjEpøBEI x kumÖ³ dl; ]sPa [5] (emsa-]sPa [2]) . EpømUl BN’etñat Ggát;p©it 1-1.5 cm
edaymansøabFM²BIrmanTMhM 10-12 x 1.5-2 cm [2] (10-16 x 1-1.5 cm [5]) nigsøabtUc²bI 1.5-2.5 x
0.2-0.5 cm.
Diperocarpus alatus, D.kerri, D. jourdanii, Hopea odorata, Hopea ferrea, Shorea spp.,
nig
Lagerstroemia spp., Pterocarpus macrocarpus, Xylia xylocarpa, Afzelia xylocarpa
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
[epSg²]: CaRbePTeQIpþl;mb ø ; nigCMrk . CaRbePT EdlmanskþanuBlsMrab;karGPirkSdI nig Twk .
RbePTenHRtUv)ancat;Ca RbePTeQImansar³sMxan;sMrab;esdækic©sgÁm enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (edaysikça
salafñak;CaeTAelIRbePTeQIGaTiPaB erobcMedayrdæ)aléRBeQI nig CTSP kñgú qñaM 2000) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
6
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Masano, A.H., 1988. Perkecambahan benih Anisoptera costata Korth. [Seed germination of
Anisoptera costata Korth.]. Buletin Penelitian Hutan 498: 11-21.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[4] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[5] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] Keo Omaliss and Meng Monyrak: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia: Status,
Issues and Prospects
7
[7] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
[9] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04
.htm (Internet source)
[12] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Annona muricata L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Magnoliales
1
RKYsar : Annonaceae [4]
ePT : Annona
RbePT : Annona muricata L. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 6]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
nigmankMritPUmisaRsþBI 23º N nig 25º S [12] . Tab)araMg GacduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;RtUBik
nigGnutMbn;RtUBikesIm . vamanduHenAtameqñrsmuRT nigTICMralpgEdr . vaRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;ykEpø
ehIyGacduHenAkñúgéRBedayFmµCati enAtamKem<aéRBRkas; valesµA nigtamdgpøvÚ [26] .
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
EdlmanvaynPaBRsal [9,12] .
5
reticulata L., RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInenA GaemrikkNþal nigxaglic Indies . mkdl;sBVéf¶
manEtRbePT 2 Edlmansar³sMxan;sMrab;BaNiC¢kmµ KW A. cherimola Mill., cherimoya, nig A.
squamosa L., the custard apple, nigkarbgáat;KñarvagRbePTBIrenH RtUv)anehAfa atemoyas .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; . [18]
6
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
7
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT
RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYnCitpÞH nigCacMkartUc² .
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia. No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.
Trinh Thuong Mai, 1995: Fruit trees in Vietnam. Chronica Horticultura 35(3): 8-9; 3 pl.
Granadino CA, Cave RD 1994: Inventory of arthropods and pathogenic fungi Annona in 4
localities of Honduras. Turrialba 44(3): 129-139; 5 ref.
Chan, YK 1992: Breeding and varietal improvement of tropical fruits at MARDI. Acta
Horticulturae No. 321:138-151; 12 ref.
Williams, L.O. 1981: The Useful Plants of Central America. Ceiba 24(1-4):1-381.
8
Fouque,A. 1976: Espèces Fruitières d´Amérique Tropicale. Institut Franais de
Recherches Fruitières Outre-Mer, Paris.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press,
Bangkok, 234 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
(Internet source)
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Annona squamosa L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Magnoliales
RKYsar : Annonaceae
ePT : Annona
1
RbePT : Annona squamosa L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
5
TabRsukRtUv)andaMduH CaedImeQIplþ ;møb; rW eQIlGM r EdlmankarTak;TajsMrab;sYnc,arpgEdr .
edImeQI duHlUtlas; enAcenøaHedImsVay eck nigkaehV [26].
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
7
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
RtUv)andaMduHenAkñúgsYnCitpÞH nigenAtamcMkartUc² .
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Hensleigh, T.E. and Holaway, B.K. (Eds.) 1988: Agroforestry Species for the Philippines.
US Peace Corps, Manila, Philippines.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia. No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.
Joughin, J.1986: The Market for Processed Tropical Fruit. G 196. Trop. Devel. Res. Inst.
London
Joy, C. 1987: Selected European Markets for Specialty and Tropical Fruit and
Vegetables.G 201, Trop.Devel. Res. Inst., London
8
Broughton, W.J. and Tan, G. 1979: Storage conditions and ripening of the custard apple
Annona squamosa L.. Sciencia Hortic. 10:73-82.
Hocking,D. 1993: Trees for Drylands. Trees for drylands. xiii+370 pp. Oxford and IHB
Publishing, New Delhi
Filipino Farm 1954: How to plant santol, atis, soursop and tamarind. Filip. Farm 1(7):17
Little EL, Wadsworth FH. 1964. Common trees of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Agricultural Handbook. No. 249. US Department of Agriculture. Washington DC.
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation
and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation
Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann
Company.
Smith JHN et. al. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops. Cornell University Press.
Viñas RC, 1972. Atis (Annona squamosa L. Annonaceae). In: Cultural directions for
Philippine Agricultural Crops. Vol. 1 (Fruits). Manila, Philippines: Public Affairs Office
Press, Bur. Plant Indus, 31-36.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. Orchid Press,
Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
9
12) CABI Forestry Compendium Edition 2003 (on CD ROM)
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Aquilaria crassna Pierre ex Lecomte ]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ bois d' aigle, bois d'aloès (France) [11] - ketsana (Laos)
ÉksarBieRKaH : [12]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chan crassna, changkrassna, chankrosna [3], daem chan
kroessnäa [6]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
1
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Thymelaeales
RKYsar : Thymelaeaceae
ePT : Aquilaria
RbePT : Aquilaria crassna
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1, 4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
duHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs;BI 29-1,000 m a.s.l [2] (0-1,000 m [1], 300-800 m [3], 0-850 m [7])
edaymanlkçN³tMbn;xsu ²Kña . enAma:eLsIu vaGacmanduHenAkMritry³kMBs; 750 m [7] .
edImeQImanduH mYy² enAkMrit 2,000 m [3] . c½nÞRksña duHlUtlas;enArdUvePøóg EdlmankMrit 1,500 -
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
22ºC [2] . sItuNðPaB dac;xatTabbMput 5ºC [2] . vaCaRbePTrukçCati EdlTamTarBnøW b:Eu nþmin
Fn;ngw møb; enAeBlenAtUc nigGac duHeLIgvij enAeRkamkenSamsøwkBI 0.4-0.6 [1, 3] . eTaHbI RbPB
epSgeTot )ankMNt;fa c½nÞRksña CaedIm eQIkNþal (neutral tree) cMeBaHtMrUvkarBnøWk_eday [9] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 7, 9]
3
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A), PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabkNþal (d), PaKxagt,ÚgGaNam (g)
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
4
nigdMeNIrkar bMEbkenAbnþ edIm,IbegátI nUvC½r enAkñúgeQIxwmø . C½rRtUv)anbegátI enAeBl
RbB½nk§ arBareqøyI tb nwgkarbMpaø j rbs;pSit nigbegátI nUveRbg Edll¥bMputenAelIEpndI .
enARbeTsCb:un vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab; duHsMGat saksB nigeRbIeFIVCaFUbRkGUbenAkñúgsasnaRBHBuT§
. enAkñgú RBHBuT§sasna vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa FUbmYy ya:gsMxan;enAkñúgrbs;TaMgbIrbs;RBHBuT§
EdlGnuvtþrYmCa mYyeQIc½nÞRksañ nigpáa . eRbgEdlmanKuNPaB l¥bMputRtUv)anehAfa 'Kyara' .
'Kyara' man 4 RbePT : 'ébtg ' 'Edk' 'sVay' nig 'exµA' . eQIc½nÞRksña mantMélx<s;
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 3 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
6
enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ ), 2,668 (20% enAkñgú fñal) GaRtadMNuH : 60% PaBsuT§ : 95% cMnYnRKab;srub
EdlRtUv kar : 1.18 kg [5] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5]
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: RbePTpSit Phialophora parasitica RtUv)ankt;Rta CaRbePT EdleFIm V anecjeRbg
'chankrosna' enAelIedImc½nRÞ ksña . minmanCMgW nigstVl¥itepSgeTotRtUv)ankt;RtaeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
F> karGPirkS :
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) enAkñg ú taragTI BI CITES
(RbePT Edlrg karKMramKMEhg RbsinBNiCk ¢ mµminRtUv)anRtYtBinti ü nigRKb;RKg) [2, 7]
nigRtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca CR A1cd (=gayrgeRKaHfñak;) eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the
Conservation of Nature) bBa¢eI QµaH eQI EdlrgkarKMramKMEhgenAelIBPi Belak .
kar)a:n;sµaneTAelIcMnYnedImeQI EdlRtUv)anKMramenAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a
(kMNt;enAkñúgsikçasalaBIRbePTeQICaGaT§P i aB erobcMeday rdæ)aléRBeQI nigKMeragRKab;
BUCeQIkm<Cú a qñaM 2000): >10,000 [8] RtUv)anKMramedaykarkab;bpM aø j .
7
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 7, 8]
[ karnaMclU ]: bg;køaeds b‘Utan \NÐa \NÐÚensIu GIur:g; PUma hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI nigéf .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 7]
p> epSg² :
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
8
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Barden A. Awang Anak N. Mulliken T. Song M. (2000) Heart of the Matter: Agarwood Use
and Trade and CITES Implementation for Aquilaria malaccensis.
[7]
Chaudhari DC, 1993. Agarwood from Aquilaria malaccensis, (A. agallocha, Roxb.). MFP
News, 3(4):12-13.
2]
Gibson IAS, 1977. The role of fungi in the origin of oleoresin deposits (agaru) in the wood of
Aquilaria agallocha Roxb. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 6(1):16-26; [2 pl.]; 13 ref.
[2]
LaFrankie JV, 1994. Population dynamics of some tropical trees that yield non-timber forest
products. Economic Botany, 48(3):301-309; 28 ref.
[2]
Lok EngHai, Ahmed Zahaidi Yahya, 1996. The growth performance of plantation grown
Aquilaria malaccensis in Peninsular Malaysia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(4):573-
575; 6 ref.
[2]
Rahman MA, Basak AC, 1980. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and
wounding. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 9(1/2):87-93; 8 ref.
[2]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Rahman MA, Khisa SK, 1984. Agar production in agar tree by artificial inoculation and
wounding. II. Further evidences in favour of agar formation. Bano Biggyan Patrika,
13(1/2):57-63; 14 ref.
[2]
Rao KR, Dayal R, 1992. The secondary xylem of Aquilaria agallocha (Thymelaeaceae) and
the formation of 'agar'. IAWA Bulletin, 13(2):163-172; 15 ref.
[2]
9
Singadan, M., Yelu, W., Beko, J., Bosimbi, D. and Boland, D., 2001(draft), Some Aspects of
the Eaglewood Trade in Papua New Guinea.
[3]
Zich, F.A. and Compton J., 2001, The Final Frontier: Towards Sustainable Management of
Papua New Guinea's Agarwood Resource. TRAFFIC Oceania, WWF South Pacific
Programme.
[3]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[3] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[4] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[5] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
[6] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[7] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=3302&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full
(Internet website)
10
[8] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.
htm(Internet source)
[9] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Urticales
RKYsar : Moraceae
ePT : Artocarpus J.R. Forster & J.G. Forster [16]
1
RbePT :Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson)
Fosberg. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 4; 16]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[Epø]: Epøxñúrsmø b¤saekr man 2RbePTKW³ RbePTTI 1 KWEpømanRKab;FMs¶Üt EdldaMsMrab;CaedImxñúrsmø
lMGr. EpømanragmUlRTEvg b¤mansNæan syncarp (EdlmanEpøtUc²CaeRCInduHCab;nwgEpøFMmYy)
manTMgn;enAcenøaH 0.5 nig 3.0 kg. CaFmµta PaKeRcIneKcat;TukedImsaekr b¤xñúrsmøCabEnø
CaCageQIhUbEpø. RbePTTI2 saekr b¤xñúrsmø EdlRbePTEpømanRKab;tic.[1] EpømanTMrg;TaMgmUl
dUckBa©úMpáajI magragmUlRTEvg EdlmanGgát;p©it 10-30 cm BN’ébtglayelOg
CYnkalvamanbnøa. enARKb;EpñkTaMgGs; nwgecjCr½BN’sxab;eBlEdlkab;. [6] EpømanragmUlRTEvg
manGgát;p©it 10-20 cm manBN’ébtg nig manb¤sSenAxageRkA. EpñkxagkñúgénEpø eBlTMu sac;Tn;
manBN’elOglays nwgTMrg;CadMu. RKab;saekr b¤xñúrsmø Rbhak;RbEhleTAnwgEpøekALak;
EdlmanGgátp; ©it 2-3 cm.[13]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
xñúrsmø b¤saekr PaKeRcInmankardaMduHenA New Guinea kalBI 2-3Ban;qñaMmun. enA Pacific Islands
k¾mandaMxñúrsmøEdr b:uEnþtMbn;Edlcat;TukfaCaRbPBkMeNItKW enA Papua New Guinea RbeTs hVIlIBIn
nig ma:eLsIu. [27] naeBlbc©úb,nñ saekr køayCaFnFansamBaØ k¾dUcCaFnFanEdlman
sar³sMxan;mFüm b¤CaGaharbEnßm enAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYn énGaemricxagt,Úg nig GaemrickNþal
3
ekaHenAxaglic RbeTs\NÐa ekaHCaribbean PaKxageCIg nig xagekItRbeTsGaRBic Madagascar,
Seychelles, RbeTs\NÐa sirIlgáa \NÐÚeNsIu nig RbeTsepSg²eTotCaeRcIn.[20]
minmanTinñn½y.
4
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
Malay Archipelago
RbUetGIun 1.5
CatieRbg 0.2
kal;süÚm 0.04
7
pUsVr½ 0.03
CatiEdk 0,5
carotene 15/100g(I.U.)
8
kMTicedImxñúrsmø b¤saekr GaceFVICafñaMRClkBN’elOg. cMeBaHsøwk nigEpøTMuEdlFøak;mkelIdI
eFVICacMNIstV.[9]
[epSg²]: Cr½rbs;edImxñúrsmø b¤saekr sMrab;eFVICaCr½biTTUkEcv eRBaHvaGackarBarTwkcUl nigeFVICaCr½Rta
nigsac;eQIeFVICaRtaKMnUr.[20]
RKb;kEnøgénedImsaekr pÞúkeTAedayCatiCr½s¥it EdlGaceRbIR)as;)aneRcInya:g. enA Caribbean
nigkEnøgepSg²eTot eKykCr½vaeTAeFVICasàrekAs‘U. CaTUeTA enAtMbn; Pacific nigtMbn;epSg²eTot
eKeRbICr½saekr eFVICaCr½)am ¬sMrab;dak;eGayCab;stV¦ sMrab;cab;stVsab eFVICaGahar
nigykeramstV. enARbeTskUer: eKykCr½saekr layCamYyeRbgdUg sMrab;cab;ruy.
enA Hawaii kBa©Múpàasaekr eRbIsMrab;sMlab;RClk;BN’elOgeTACaBN’ etñat. CatieRbg
EdlcMraj;ecjBI RKab; CavtßúravmanBN’elOgx©I nigGn§il²eBlrkSaTukenAkñúgbnÞb;EdlRKb;RKg
sItuNðPaB)an ehIyvamankøinRsedog niwgsENþkdI. vamancMnYnm:UelKulKImI nigrUb Rsedog
eTAnigeRbgGUlIv.
enA Vanuatu nig Hawaii eKsMgYtpáasaekrb¤ xñúrsmø eGayrwgehIyduteFVICaFUbmUs.[20,26]
Cajwkjab; eKeRbIsøwksaekr sMrab;x©b;cMnIGaharcMGin. enAeBlEdlTMu épÞsøwkmanrageRKIm
EdlGaceFVICa Rkdasxat; nig RKab;GacykeTAcgCamYyExS écñeFVICaeRKOgGlgáa.[20]
saekr CarukçCatiEdlplitnUvbrimaNénCatieRbgeRcIn vak¾CaRbePTeQIEdlpþl;møb;)anl¥ nigCa
smasPaBmantMélsMrab; kareRbIR)as;dkI si]sSahkmµeGayGs;lT§§PaB eRBaHvaGacpþl;møb;dl;dMNaM
epSg²dUcCa eRmcexµA kaehV b:uEnþdMLÚgCVa k¾dUcCaRbePTdMNaMpþl;emImepSg²eTot nigeck
GacdaMenAcenøaH edImsaekr)an. enAkñúgkEnøgmYYycMnYnénekaH)a:sIuhcVi saekr b¤xñúrsmø
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
daMsMrab;eFVICabegÁaleGaydMLÚgCVavaetageLIg.[26]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
BMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
9
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
marcotting. [20]
F> karGPirkS :
manduHenARKb;kEnøgtMbn;TnM ab enAkñúgRbeTs.
11
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
saekr b¤xñúrsmø manduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;esImRtUBic nig enABaseBjBiPBelak.[6]
b:uEnþRbPBkMeNItenA New Guinea RbeTsma:eLsIu nig hVIlIBIn nigmankarrIksayPayRKb;TIkEnøg.
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of sSoutheast Asia.No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageningen, 446 pp.
Little, E.L. Jr.& Wadsworth, F.H. 1964: Common trees of >Puerto Rico and the Virgin
Islands. Agricultural Handbook no. 249. USDA. 548 pp.
Suharban M, Philip S, 1987: Fruit rot of breadfruit (Artocarpus incisa L. South Indian
Horticulture. 35(5):397;
12
Cambie RC, Ash J, 1994. Fijian medicinal plants. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial
Research Organisation, Australia.
Matthews RF, Bates RP, Graham HD, 1986. Utilization of breadfruit in the tropics.
Proceedings of the Interamerican Society for Tropical Horticulture, 30:83-94; [34th
Annual Meeting, San José, Costa Rica, 28 Jul.-2 Aug., 1986]; 15 ref.
Ragone D, 1990. Conservation and use of breadfruit in the Pacific Islands. In: Harris W,
Kapoor P, eds. Contributions to an international Workshop on Ethnobotany. Botany
Division, DSIR, Christchurch, New Zealand, 82-85.
Rajendran R, 1991. Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg. In: Plant resources of South-
East Asia. No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts (Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, eds.). PROSEA
foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 83-86.
Cobley L.S & Steele W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops.
Longman Group Limited.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium.
Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
Ragone D. 1997. Breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis. Promoting the conservation and use of
underutilized and neglected crops. 10. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant
Research, Gatersleben/International Plant Genetic Resources institute, Rome, Italy.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
13
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ jaca, jacueiro (Spain) [4] - jacquier (France) [4] - kathal
(Bangladesh) [4] - Jackfruchtbaum (Germany) [4] -
nangka, nongko (Indonesia) [4] - alasa, halasu, kathal,
kathar, phanas, pila, pilavu (India) [4] - miiz, miiz hnang
(Laos) [4] - jak (Sri Lanka) [4] - khnaôr, peignai
(Myanmar) [4] - nangka (Malaysia) [4] - kapiak (Papua
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
1
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Urticales
RKYsar : Moraceae [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[Epø]: EpøduHecj BIedIm nigEmk . EpøFMml U RTEvg manTMhM 30-100 cm × 25-50 cm [7],
edaymanBkrag BIra:mtI xøIenABIelI rW manrWs . TgEpømanTMhM 5-10 x 1-1.5 cm . sMbk xageRkArbs;
EpømankMras;RbEhl 1 cm enACab;KñanwgbNþlÚ kNþal edayminGacEjk)an BIC½r rwgrWTn; BN’mas
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 6, 7]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
vaecjEpøenAkñgú kMritrvag 30°N nig S enAtMbn;EdlKµanG½BÞ nigdMNaMenH duHlUtlas;l¥ cenøaH 25°N nig
S . xñrú manRbPBkMeNItBIRbeTsma:eLsIu EdlvamanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsag b:Eu nþkR_ tUv)andaMduH
minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
[epSg²]:
4
EdlenAtUcGaceRbIR)as; RbePTdMNaMesdækice© nAcenøaH dUcCa eck eBat nigsENþkdI . vak_RtUv)aneRbI
R)as;srM ab; EklMGrdI kardaMeQIeLIgvij nig eFIeV GaydImanCICativij .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6]
6
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[ CMgW]: pSit: Corticium salmonicolor, Phomopsis artocarpina, Rhizoctonia koleroga, Rhizopus
artocarpi , Rhizopus stolonifer, Septoria artocarpi.
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: bg;køaeds \NÐa ma:eLsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
[karnaMcl U ] : GaesrI Gg;ehÁaLa GURsþalI ebnnIn busVaNa eRbsIul bUKN I a hVasU bUrUDI kamarU: exbevI
saFarN³rdæGaRhVci kNþal eqk cin kUmrU: Us kugehÁa kUedv½ eGsIub eGkVaT½rerol hÁeI no eGrIeTo eGsüÚBI
hVCI I hÁabug hÁaebo háaNa hÁeI nob‘sÍ U \NÐeÚ nsIu eknya: elsUtU lIb½ero ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI m:rU ukU
7
mUsg;b‘cí PUma nIesrIya: hVlI IBnI ra:van;da esenhÁal; esra:elGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg RsIlgáa
sU‘dg; tg;sanI TuyensIu G‘uyehÁnda sImu )aev .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Acedo AL. 1992. Multipurpose Tree Species Network Series: Jackfruit biology, production,
use, and Philippine research. Forestry/Fuelwood Research and Development Project.`
[1]
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and
uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.
[1]
Roshetko JM and Evans DO. 1997. Domestication of Agroforestry trees in Southeast Asia.
Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
[1]
8
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible
fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock
Interational. 320pp.
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Averrhoa bilimbi L]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ trôlüng tüng [4]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Oxalidaceae[4], (Averrhoaceae)[11]
ePT : Averrhoa
1
RbePT : Averrhoa bilimbi L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
4
[epSg²]: kMritGasIutGuksIuLicd_x<s; eFIVeGayvaGaceRbIsMrab;sMGat Kris (kaMbit rW davbUraN)
BIPaBeRcH sMGateRcHecjBIsMelokbMBak; nigsMGatsMPar³eFIVBIR)ak;eGaymanPaBPWørelageTotpg
[26] .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
5
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Mackeen MM, Ali AM, El Sharkawy SH, Manap MY, Salleh KM, Lajis NH, Kawazu K. 1997.
Antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of some Malaysian traditional vegetables (ulam).
International Journal of Pharmacognosy. 35(3): 174-178
Morton J. 1987. Bilimbi. p. 128-129. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami,
Florida.
Nagy S, Shaw PE, Wardowski WF (eds.). 1991. Fruits of tropical and subtropical origin:
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
composition, properties and uses. Florida Science Source, Inc. Lake Alfred, Florida.
Warren JM, Emamdie DZ, Kalai. 1997. Reproductive allocation and pollinator
distributions in cauliflorus trees in Trinidad. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 13(3): 337-
345.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
6
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Averrhoa carambola L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Oxalidaceae (Averrhoaceae) [11]
ePT : Averrhoa
RbePT : Averrhoa carambola L. [6]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 6 ; 11]
1
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
cMnYnsøwkBI 7-9 . søwkgayrgkarb:HBal; dUcBBYk Mimosa spp. [1] . mancMnYn 3-6 KUr manRbEvgBI
4-10 cm ragmUl nigzitenAEtÉg [6] . Casmassøwk [13] .
[6].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
2
manRbPBkMeNItBItMbn;RtUBikGasIuGaeKñy_ ma:eLsIu nig\NÐÚensIu RtUv)annaMcUleTAcin \NÐa \NÐÚcin éf
hVIlIBIn GURsþalI nigCaRbePTnaMcUl enAGaeRhVcxagt,Úg PaKxaglicekaH\NÐa GaeRhVc
nigshrdæGaemrik [1,26) . vaduHlUtlas;eRcIn enARbeTstMbn;RtUBik CaRbePTeQIlMGr
nigeQIhUbEpø b:uEnþ RtUv)andaMduHya:geRcInpgEdr enAGnutMbn;RtUBik [1] .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
3
Epø nigTwkrbs;va RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CafñaMbBa©úH edaymanpÞúk GasIutGuksIuLic [1] vak_RtUv)aneRbI
R)as;Ca»sfbUraN sMrab;Büa)alCMgWEs,k nigRKun [26] .
[epSg²] TwkEpø EdlmanCatiGasIut RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaTwklagsMGatPaBERcHrbs;Edk enAkñg ú RbeTs
mYycMnYn niglagsMGatkarRblak;enAelIRkNat; (linnen textiles) [1] . eRbgRtUv)ancMerjyk
sMrab;eFIVCaeRKOgsMGag [6].
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
4
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Nicholson B.E, Harrison S.G, Masefield G.B & Wallis M. 1969. The Oxford Book of Food
Plants. Oxford University Press.
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and
uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann
Company.
Rice RP, Rice LW, Tindall HD. 1987. Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates.
Macmillan Press, London.
Sedgley M, Griffin AR. 1989. Sexual reproduction of tree crops. Academic Press. London.
Tankard G. 1987. Tropical fruit. A guide to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking O’Neil.
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for
International Development. Washington D.C.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible
fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba.
Zanzibar Protectorate.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
6
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen
(Colour Atlas Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ.
Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Azadirachta indica A. Juss.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ neem (Trade name) [8] - kinin (Ethiopia) [8] - neem, nim
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
1
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rutales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Azadirachta
RbePT : Azadirachta indica
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
sIuCm<Ú .
[páa]: kBa©Mp
ú aá manpáaRbEhl 150 CYnkalmanrhUtdl; 250 . páamanBN’s mankøni RkGUb manbeNþay
4-6 mm nigTTwg 8-11zitenAelIGk ½ Srbs;Emk Edlminmaneram manKYrpáaeRcIn rWtic nigRbEvg 25 cm
. Rtbkpáa 5 nigRsTab;páa 5 manragRTEvg maneramtic²enAxageRkA . kenSamekseQµacMnnY 10 nig
srIragÁ eksjIKµaneram manrun§cMnYn 3 . RkeBjbeBa©jTwkdmmanragdUckg nigpþMúcUlKñaenAEpñkxag
eRkamén srIragÁeksjI . vaecjpáaenAEx emsa eTA ]sPa (RbeTs)a:KsI aß n) .
2
[Epø]: Epøminmaneram nigragmUl manTMhM 1.4-2.8 x 1.0-1.5 cm enAeBlcas; nigmanragdUcs‘utRTEvg
manftcMnnY mYy nigRKab;mYy . manBN’ébtgenAeBlenAx©I nigBN’elOgébtg rWRkhmenAeBlTMu .
sMbkxageRkAesþgI nigsac;manrsCatilVIg manBN’elOgx©I nigsMbUrsrés mankMras;BI 0.3-0.5 cm .
sMbk RKab;BN’s zitenACMuvijRKab;EtmYyb:ueNÑaH vakMrmanRKab;cnM nY 2 rW 3 Nas; ehIy
RKab;ragRTEvgmansMbkBN’etñat . BYkvamanTMhM 0.9-2.2 x 0.5-0.8 cm Edlmansac;RKab;TMhM 0.8-
1.6 x 0.4-0.5 cm .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 9]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQIxwømmanBN’Rkhm rwg nigFn; . dg;seIu teQIKW 0.72-0.93 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm 12% [8] .
vabgðajnUvPaBsmRsbsMrab;eFIVtTu U vamanlkçN³eRKIm nigminrelagl¥.
eQImankarFn;ngw karbMpaø jrbs;keNþó.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8, 9]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 8, 9]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
4
[Gnupl]: eRbgesþARtUv)anplitenAtMbn;GasIuGs;ry³eBlCayUrmkehIy sMrab;]sSah_kmµplitsab‘U
eRKOgsMGag »sf nigplitplEdlminGacbriePaK)anepSg²eTot . eRbgEdl)anBIRKab;
KWCnY kalmanTMgn;F¶n;dl;eTA 50% énTMgn;sac;RKab; . eRbgesþAmantMélRbEhl US$ 700/t (1990)
[7] . RKab; Edl )anBIedImesþAmanpÞúksmasFatu EdlehAfa azadirachtin . karcMraj;ykGac
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
subsessilis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
7
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[ r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[karnaMclU ] : Gal;esrI Gg;ehÁaLa GaTIháa nig)ab‘Uda GasSg;TIn GURsþalI )a)adUs ebnIn bUsVaNa
eRbsIul ebKINa hVasU bU‘ran;DI km<Cú a kaemrU exbv½ GaeRhVckNþal eqk qIlI cin kULeMú bo kugehÁa kUedv½
Kuy)a kg;ehÁa CIb‘UTI dUmInkI a dUmnI eI kn eGkVad½r eGsIub eGkVaT½rero hÁeI no eGrIeTo eGsüÚBI hVCI I
eRhVnhÁN I a hÁabug
háaebo háaNa háaetma:La hÁeI no hÁeI nob‘sÍ U háyÚ a:Na éhTI hugdUrus camIka eknya: eLsUtU lIb½rero
ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI ma:rItaeno ma:rITus mUrukU mUsüg;bíc‘ NamIbÍ‘ en)a: nIháara:K½r )a:Nama: )a:ra:h áay
eb:rU
hVlI IBnI BUtUrIkU ra:van;da Gara:b; esra:lIGUn sgðabUrI sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg sU‘dg; tg;sanI tueháa
RTInIedt , Gue‘ knda Gaemrik G‘ru a:háay evens‘yu eGLa sIumebo sImu )aev .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Boa E.R. (1995) A Guide to the Identification of Diseases and Pests of Neem (Azadirachta
indica)
[9]
Childs FJ et.al. 2001. Improvement of Neem and its potential benefits to poor farmers.
HYDRA Publishing.
[9]
Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No
11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
[9]
Hocking D. 1993. Trees for Drylands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
[9]
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their identification,
propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral communities. ICRAF.
[9]
National Research Council. 1992. Neem. A tree for solving global problems. National
Academy Press, Washington D. C.
[9]
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Read M.D. French J.H. (1993) Genetic improvement of neem: strategies for the future.
[9]
Schmutterer H. (1995) The Neem Tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. and Other Meliaceous
Plants. Sources of unique natural products for integrated pest management, medicine,
industry and other purposes.
[9]
9
Stoney C. 1998. Use of neem as a biological pest control agent. A publication of the Forest,
Farm, and Community Tree Network (FACT Net). Winrock International, Morrilton, Arkansas,
USA.
[9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock
Interational. 320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Baccaurea ramiflora Lour]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Euphorbiales/Malphigiales [27]
RKYsar : Euphorbiaceae/Phyllanthaceae [27]
1
ePT : Baccaurea Lour.
RbePT : Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 27]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
manRtbkragmUl rW dUcmYk manRbEvg 1.5 mm rW EvgCagenH . ekseQµalmanBI 6-7
e)øaklMGgmanRbEvg 0.4 mm zitenAesrI TgeksmanRbEvg 0.5- 0.9 mm nigmanlkçN³Rtg; .
fg;lMGgmankMBs; 0.6 mm relag nigmanragCasIuLaMg . kBa©úMpáajI manRbEvgRbEhl 16 cm
manBN’Rkhm nigmaneram Tgrbs;vaman RbEvg 2 mm nigpáamanRbEvg 3 mm [2] .
páatUc manBN’TwkRkUcRsal rW elOgébtg CYnkalmanBN’ sIuCMBU nigpáajI
nigeQµalduHenAelIedImepSg Kña . páaeQµalmanragsþÜc CakBa©úMKµanEmk zitenAeRkamsøwk manRbEvg
10 cm . páanimYy² manTgxøI nig ragRTEvg manRtbkzitenAKgKñacMnYn 4 RbEvgRbEhl ± 2 mm
. RKab; mancMnYn 1-2 RbEvg 10 mm nigkMras; 4-6 mm nigmanBN’Rkhm red [2] . EpømanRbEvg
2.5-3.5 cm manBN’TwkRkUcRsal nigRkhm rW sIuCm<ÚenAeBlTMu manragmUl rW eGlIb
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
1000 m [8] . manRbePTeQI enH RbEhl 55 EdlduHlUtlas;enA \NÐÚcin PaKt,ÚgRbeTscin
ekaHGadaEmn éf tMbn;ma:eLeson nigekaH)a:sIuPic [17] . enAPaKxagt,Úgcin
vamanduHtaméRBRClgPñM nigeCIgPñM [27].
nigtMbn;dIesIm [17].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
5
[Gnupl]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMsMrab;plþ ;møb; rW CaTMrsMrab;kardaMduHepþA [6] .
Epømanrs;CatiCUr-EGm GacbriePaK)an b:uEnþKuNPaBrbs;vaminl¥dUc Baccaurea harmandii [2] .
RbePT Baccaurea PaKeRcInRtUv)andaMduH sMrab;ykEpø Edlmanrs;CatiCUr Edlrs;man : B. dulcis,
B. motleyana, B. racemosa nig B. ramiflora . RbePTenH PaKeRcInGacbriePaK)an
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
minmancMNat;fñak; .
6
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Verheij E.W.M. & Coronel, R.E. (Eds.) 1991: Plant Resources of sSoutheast Asia.No.2,
Edible fruits and nuts. Pudoc, Wageneingen, 446 pp.
Burkill, IH 1966: A Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula. 2 vols.,
Min. of Agriculture and Co-Operatives; Kuala Lumpur.
7
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research 1948-76. The Wealth of India. Raw
Materials. ii vols., 2nd Ed. 1985. Publications and Information Directorate CSIR, New
Delhi.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. and W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
8
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Bombax ceiba L]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Indian bombax, red cotton tree, silk cotton tree [2], red
ngui, ngui ban (Thailand) [2] - ngiu pa, ngiu deng (Laos) [12]
- gao, moc mien (Vietnam) [12]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
1
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Bombacaceae
ePT : Bombax
RbePT : Bombax Ceiba L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICrM uHsøwk manTMhMFM kMBs; 30-35 m [3, 10] (-45 m [2], 10-20 m [5, 11])
eday mankenSamsøkw FM . edImmanragsILu aMg nigRtg;RsLÚn EdlmanGgát;pit© DBH dl;eTA 150 cm
[2] (340 cm [12]) nigrMB u T½ §edayRBWgCaeRcIn . EmkmanlkçN³epþk nigRtg;enAeBledImenAtUc
ragKUTex©A Edlman lkçN³Rkas; eFIeV dImmanragCaRsTab;². Emk RtUv)anRKbedaybnøaFM²
eTaHbIsbM krelag k_eday . rWs manpÞkú nUvsarFatu mucilaginous (Caekasika EdlrIkenAeBlb:HTwk)
EdlGaceFIRV bePTenHFn; nigrwgmaMu .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHetñat rW BN’Bgman; EdlmanbnøaRsYc enAeBltUc
nigeRbHsMbkEtmanlkçN³ relagenAeBl cas; .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; zitenACabNþMú mansøwkcMnYn 5-9 [2] . søwknimYy²manTMhM 12-20 x 5-8 cm [2] (8-15
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
RbEvg 1-2 cm [2] (1.5-2.5 cm [3]) nigsréscMnYn 15 KU . Tgsøkw FMCageKgmanRbEvg 15-25 cm [2]
(10-19 cm [3]) . enAGasuG I aeKñy_ søwkERbCaBN’elOg nigRCuHenAExFñÚ . bnÞab;mk edImeQInwgKµansøkw
ry³eBlBI 3-4 Ex nigcab;ecjsøkw vijenAExmina-emsa [2] .
[páa]: rkaCaTUeTAecjpáabnÞab;BImanGayu 8-10 qñaM [2] . páaCaRbePTpáaGePT nigpáa EdleraylMGgmun
[Epø]: EpøTMB
u IExmina-]sPa [2, 7] (\NÐa: emsa [9] Lav/evotNam: ]sPa- kkáda [12]) .
EpømanragRTEvg Rtg; Kµaneram manTMhM 9-15 x 2.5-3.5 cm [2] (10-17 x 4-6 cm [3])
edayminmanlkçN³Ggáaj;² b:uEnþ mancg¥rÚ 5 . RKab;eRcIn relag nigmanCatieRbg manRbEvg 0.5 cm
[2] rMuedaysMLIsBIeRkA .
3
éRBCMuruHsøwks¶Üt éRBeRsag nigvalesµA BItMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tab eTAx<s; [10]
(tMbn;manry³kMBs;Tab eTAmFüm[8]). vaGacrkeXIjenAtamPøEW Rs rWRBMdI. enARbeTsevotNam
edImeQIduHenAry³kMBs;BkI rM itnIv:TU wksmuRTdl; 1,200 m [2] (0-800 m [10, 12]) . enAkñgú éRBFmµCati
EdlmankMritePøógFøak; (500-4,500 mm/qñaM) nigkarduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAtMbn;EdlmanrdUv
R)aMgcMnnY tic Cag 5 Ex [2] . eTaHbIya:gNa vaminrgeRKaHedaysarkarraMgs¶tÜ ehIyk_
Fn;ngw ePøgI eqHeTotpg eday sarvamansMbkRkas; . kMritsItuNðPaBmFümRbcaMqaMñ 20-30ºC
kMritsItuNðPaBmFümenAExekþAbMptu 30-37ºC nigsItN u ðPaBmFümTabbMputenAExRtCak;bpM tu 10-24ºC
. vaFn;nwgsenSIm nigsItNu ðPaBTabbMput -2ºC . vak_Fn;nwgkarlicTwkmþgmáalpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 10]
minTan;manTinñn½y.
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
[eQI]: CaTUeTAeQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV vIna eQIGar eQImxu tMNr eks RbGb;Et nigekAsU‘ kþapøan
begáa kMsrY sÞÚcRtI TUensaT TUk (dUcTUetñat) sMPar³ekµgelg Es,keCIgeQI kþarmQUs nigeQIfamBl
. kareRbI R)as;epSgeTot kþar dgRcas; eQIemSARkdas FugeQImanTMgn;Rsal ]bkrN_t®nþI nigs‘um .
enARbeTs \NÐa eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMbgsMrab;eFIVCaRbGb;eQIKsU nigexµAéd [2] .
rkak_CaeQIsmRsb sMrab;eFIV Bum<kþasIum:g; eQIsMrab;emkanic nigKImI srés kþakMTiceQI nigRkdas
eTaHbIvamansrésxøkI e_ day .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 10, 12]
[Gnupl]: rkamansar³sMxan;kúg ñ karplittanIn : sMbkbeBa©jCatiC½r 'semul gum' rW 'morcharus'
Edlman CatitanIn nigGasIut gallic . C½rGacRtUv)anlayCamYyepH nigeRbg castor sMrab;CMnYssIumg: ;
edIm,Ibti xÞHEdk . sréssMLI (=rMuB½T§RKab;) smRsbsMrab;eFIVExSRkvat;svu tßiPaB exñyI BUk saLúgBUk
nigeramsøab kar . BUk nigexñyI RtUv)aneFIBV sI LM I nigRtUv)ancat;TukfaFn;nwgstVl¥iteTotpg .
vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca sarFatumni cMlgkMedA rW GKÁsI nIenAkñgú TUTwkkk nigkarBarsMelg . EpøCYnkal
eRbIRtUv)aneRbICaRTnab; eQI rWkaþ nigsÁreTotpg . sMbkxagkñúgpþl;nUvsrésya:gl¥
EdlsmRsbsMrab;eFIVExSBY . eRbg EdlTTYl)an BIRKab;GacbriePaK)an nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CMnYs
eRbgsMLI rWdsMu rM ab;dutbMPøWeTotpg . kaksMNl;RKab; sMbUreTAedayRbUetGInu nigCacMnId_l¥srM ab;eKa .
søwk nigBnøkpáax©IRtUv)anbriePaKCabEnø nigBnøkx©I nig søwk k_GaceRbICacMnsI tVpgEdr . enARbeTs\NÐa
edImx©IRtUv)anykeTARCk; edIm,IeRbIR)as;CMnYssøa (RKab; Areca catechu) . páaRtUv)anykeFIVdMNab;
edayes¶arlayCamYy RKab;GaePon sár nigTwkedaHBEB rW lays¶ÜtsMrab;eFIVCaemSAnMbgu½ . rWs
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
5
corns on foot ( CamYy fenugreek) kameraK eraKXøg; nigBs; rWBgI BagxaM .
kareCobrbs;vaeFIVeGayekItRkmr (layCa mYy mustard, tumeric nig sulphur) . kMBk rW
edImRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaC½rXat;Qam (edaypSMCamYy Zyzyphus rugosa nig Ichnocarpus frutescens
enAkñgú eRbgés<exµA nigRtUv)anpþl;eGaybriePaK ) . sMbkmaneQµaHl,I RbqaMgnwgGasnñeraK
eraKrlakeRsamsYt stVl¥ti Tic rW xaM nig bBa©úHTwkenam [5] . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cabg;rMu
nigdaMfñaeM lIeFµjmun eBleTACYbeBTüeFµj . kUneQIGacRbqaMg CMgWRKun (layCa mYysøkw fistula nig
Semecarpus anacardium) bUs (layCamYy Vitis sp.) sMrab;karbeBa©jTwkenam haematuria
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
[kardaMduH]: RbePTenHduHlUtlas;elOn nigRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM nigcenøaHduHlUtlas;FM . enAeBldaMdMbgU
vaTam TareGaymankarEfrkSa . CaBiess enAtMbn;EdlminsUvmanTwk EdlGacbNþal
eGayvaRCuHsøwk ehIyRtUv eCosevogkareRsacTwkeRcIneBk . bnÞab;BIry³eBl 2 qñaM vaGac
RbKYtRbECgCamYyesµA)an . enA Assam (\NÐa) cenøaHénkardaMduHKW 6.7 x 6.7 m (225 edIm/ha) [2]
EtcenøaH 2.7 x 2.7 m k_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;enA Kerala (\NÐa) . enA savannas kUneQI nigeQIbun: efñal
RtUv)aneqHCajwkjab; edayFmµCati rW mnusS b:Eu nþvaGacduHlUtlas;ya:gelOneLIgvij . enA Java
(\NÐeÚ nsIu) rkaRtUv)andaMenA cenøaH Bischofia javanica edayeRbIcenøaH 1 x 3 m [13] .
7
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
[stVl¥ti ]: stVlt¥i mandUcCa Dysdercus cingulatus, Lohita grandis nig Tonica niviferana .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[CMgW]: BBYkpSitmandUcCa Corticium rolfsii, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Macrophomina
8
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[epSg²]: enAtMbn;manesµAeRcIn kUneQIGacduHlUtlas;)an enAeBlEdlBYkvaRtUv)ankarBarBIeKa .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
bUt‘ an km<Cú a \NÐÚensIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI éf étva:n; evotNam GURsþalI )a:BUjÚKeI no
tMbn;RtUBki én Gaemrik .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 8]
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
9
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Alexander TG, Mary MV, Thomas TP, Balagopalan M, 1983. Influence of site factors in
Bombax plantations. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research Institute, No. 17:ii + 19
pp.; 12 ref.
[2]
Chaturvedi AN, 1973. General standard volume tables for Semal (Bombax ceiba L.). Indian
Forest Records, Silviculture, 12(7):1-7.
[2]
Forest Research Institute, 1973. Indian Timbers - Semul. Information series. Dehra Dun,
India: Forest Research Institute.
[2]
Nair NR, 1971. Commercial volume tables for the forest trees of Kerala.
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Department.
[2]
Sehgal RN, Venkaiah K, Satish Kumar, Khosla PK, 1991. Variation in wood specific gravity
in different morphoforms of Bombax ceiba Linn (Semul). Journal of the Indian Academy of
Wood Science, 22(2):13-16; 16 ref
[2]
Venkatesh CS, Arya RS, 1980. Establishment, management and productivity of Bombax
ceiba L. grafted seed orchards. Indian Journal of Forestry, 3(2):103-110; [1 pl.]; 9 ref.[2]
10
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[3] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[4] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[5] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[10] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[12] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[13] PROSEA, 1998: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (3) Timber trees: Lesser-known
timbers.
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Borassus flabellifer L]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ fan palm, palmyrah, toddy, toddy palm, palmyra palm, wine
Becc. [1]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Arecales
RKYsar : Arecaceae
1
ePT : Borassus
RbePT : Borassus flabellifer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
esdækic© man RbEhl 80 qñaM [11] . edImFM Rtg; Ggát;pit© dl;eTA 1 m [6] ragekan enAkMBs;RbEhl
4 m [6] eRkay mkrag CasIL u aMg nigGgát;p©it 40-50 cm [6] CYnkalmanEmk EmkRKbedaysøkw
enAeBltUc eRKIm nig manrWseRcIn enARtg;Kl; . kenSamsøwk manragdUckgða . eRkamlkçx½NÐ
eGkULsÚ uIrbs;va KWmansøkw cMnYn 14 kñúgmYyqñaM EdlsøwkmYyduHecjkñúgry³eBl 26 éf¶ [11].
søwkticGacman cMeBaHkEnøgEdlminsm RsbsMrab;karlUtlas; (8 kñúgmYyqñaM rW 1 kñúg 45 éf¶) .
Borassus EdlmanduH enA\NÐeÚ nsIu BIPaKxag ekItcava: manlkçN³xusBIetñatbnþc i (Rtbkpáa) Epø
imbricate enAKl; minmanRska elIbnÞHsøkw kBa©púM áa eQµal manEmkticCag
nigRtUv)ankMNt;faCaRbePTxusKña: B. sundaica Beccari [6] .
[søwk]: søwk (30-60 [5] kñg ú mYyedIm) tMerobCarages<ó . søwkmanlkçN³dUcEs,k BN’ébtgRbepH
rag mUl nigsMEb:t dUckgða Ggát;pi©t 1-1.5 m [6] (1.3 m [5]) nigbt;tambeNþayEKmsøwk .
søwkRtUv)an EckCa 60-80 eTogTat; ragCaes<ózitenACabnÞat; manRbEvg 0.6-1.2 m [5] rwg
mankarbt; CaEpñk² EdlmanTMhMenAKl;RbEhl 3 cm . Tgsøkw manlkçN³maMu nigragTwkrlk
RbEvg 1-1.2 m [5] BN’exµA enAKl; nigCaysøwk enAeBlenAtUc nigkøayCabnøa rwgenAeBlcas; .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
60 eTA 70 éf¶ . (karecjpáa : mina dl; emsa [8] kumÖ³ dl;emsa [9]) . ecjEpø : ]sPa dl;
kBaØa [8] (]sPa dl; tula [9]) .
[Epø]: CaEpøsac; RsedogdUg manragbIRCug enAeBlx©I nigragmUlenAeBlcas; manTTwg 12-15 cm [6]
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
vacUlcitþduHenAelIkMritry³kMBs;BI nIvs:U muRT b:Eu nþGacdl; 800 m a.s.l. [6, 11] (0-300 m [1]) .
vaman karFn; nigGacduHlUtlas;enAkEnøg EdldIKµanCICati . etñatRtUv)andaMduH enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki
nigGnuRtUBki EdlmanrdUvBIKW R)aMg nigvsSa edaymankMritTwkePøóg 500-900 mm/qñaM [6] enAtMbn;
EdlraMgs¶Üt nigkMrit 5,000 mm/qñaM [6] enAtMbn;esIm . etñatgaysMrbxønÜ eTAnwgtMbn;raMgs¶Üt
nigduHlUtlas;)anl¥eTotpg ehIyFn;nwgrdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBlBI 4-8 Ex [1] .
kMritsItuNðPaBmFüm 30ºC [6] (20-29ºC [1]) nigsItN u ðPaB x<sb; MputenArdUvekþA 32-45ºC [1]
nigTabbMputenArdUv RtCak; 18-25ºC [1] b:Eu nþvaGacduH enAkMritsItuNðPaB 8ºC [1] (0ºC [11]
)pgEdr . kUneQI nigeQICT M uggayrgeRKaHedaysarsenSIm nig ePøgI eqH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 6, 11]
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 11]
[Gnupl]: RKb;EpñkénedImetñat KWmanRbeyaCn_ . enA\NÐa vaRtUv)anehAfa edImEdlmankareRbIR)as;
800 ya:g .
5
nigeRKOgpSMepSgeTot . vaRtUv)anesñIr eGaymankareFVI BaNiCk¢ mµeTAelICatiemSA enHpgEdr [5] .
Twkdmpáa mansar³sMxan;Nas;sMrab;karplitTwkXµúM .
»sf : EpñkCaeRcInetñat RtUv)aneRbI (Epø rWs Tgpáa sMbk nigTwketñat) RtUv)aneRbICa»sfburaN :
edIm eQIxIG© ackat;bnßykarqab;xgw rWmYlem:A eraKmYl nigRbemH . rWsx©ImanCati diuretic nig
anthelmintic ehIyRtUv)anes¶ar edIm,IsMrab;Büa)alCMgWdegðmI . rWss¶ÜtRtUv)andutykEpSg
edIm,IBüa)alCMgWRcmuH . epHrbs;páa GacRtUv)aneRbIkat;bnßykarrlak . sMbkRtUv)anes¶ar
RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;sGM atmat; nig eFICV a FüÚgsMrab;Büa)aleFµj . Twk Edl)anBIpaá eRbIsMrab;CaePsC¢³
elIkMlaMg diuretic fñaMbBa©úH nigRbqaMgkar minrMePIb nigCa amebicide . sár Edl)anBITwketñat
manCatiBlu nigRtUv)anhamcMeBaHGñkmaneraKefømI . sárRKab; EdleFIBV sI rá etñat GacbM)at;kark¥k;
nigeraKsYt . TwketñatRss; RtUv)andutkMedA eGayeLIgem nigykeTAlabkEnøgQWcab; . Kmetñat rW
bNþlÚ TgsøWk nigpáas¶tÜ mansarFatu diuretic . sac;EpøTMu GacBüa)aleraKrlakEs,k [5] .
vamansar³RbeyaKkñgú karkarBar ePIgø eqHEs,k nig BgEbkelIEs,k nigCMgWRkBH . vak_manskmµPaB
eFIeV GaymankarsaMnu gw eraK rWCgM WpgEdr . manpÞúk C½r xøaj; nig albuminoids [2] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11]
[epSg²]: enA\NÐa PUma nigkm<C ú a etñat RtUv)andaMduHCar)aMgkarBarxül; nigCaRBMdIERs . etñatk_plþ ;
nUv CMrkFmµCati eTAdl;BBYkstVsaø b sVa nigrukçCati (ferns nigG½rKIed) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 6, 11]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
6
vaGacmanduH enAtampøÚvenAelI PWEø Rs rW RBMdIsMrab;eFIkV sikmµ nigCYnkalk_manenAkñgú éRBpgEdr .
etñatGacRtUv)andaM enAeRkamBnøxW øagM nigminTamTarkarEfrkSaeRcIneT enAeBldaMduH . vaduH
)anl¥ebImanTwk nigCIlamstV CaCMnyY . edImduHlUtlas;kúgñ kMritkMBs; 30 cm [6]kñgú mYyqñaM . eTaHbI
vaRtUvkareBlyUr edIm,I eBjv½y (8-14 qñaM [1]) EdlGackMNt;nUvkareRbIR)as;rbs;va . enAkñgú cMkar
karkab;rMelaH RtUv)aneFIV edIm,IeGayedImjIkan; EtmanplitPaB . enAPUma nigkm<Cú a etñatRtUv)andaMduH
CaRTugRTaytUc tamRKYsar edIm,Ipþl;cMNUlbEnßm nigeRbIR)as; . kargar GacEckCaBIr .
RsUvTamTarkMlaMgeRcIn enArdUvvsSa cMEnkkargaredImetñatGacRtUv )aneFIVenArdUvR)aMg [6] . enAkm<Cú a
nigPUma ksikrGacmanedImetñatpÞal;xøÜn BI 30-40 edImCamFüm (25 edImeQµal nig 15 edImjI) [6]
b:Eu nþ ya:gticNas;k_man 10 edImEdr [4] . karRbmUlplcab;epþmI BI edIm EdlmanGayu 25-30 qñaM
nigGacbnþdl; 80 qñaM [6] . edIm EdlmanplitPaBTab RtUv)ankat;srM ab;eFIVCa eQI
enAeBlBBYkvamankMBs;elIsBI 10 m nigmanGayurvag 70-100 qñaM [4] .
[kardak;Twketñat]: TaMgpáajI nigeQµal GacRbmUlTwketñat)andUcKña . eTaHbI
páaTaMgBIrGacRbmUl)andUc Kña BBYkvaGacpþl;pleRcInenArdUvvsSa . GñkeLIgetñatenAkm<Cú a
eFIkV arGPivDÆn_ bec©keTseLIgetñat edIm,IkarBarpáa [4] . BYkeKeRbICeNþIrb¤sSI sMrab;eLIg . erogral;
6-12 Ex CeNþrI RtUv)andkecj sMrab; suvtßiPaB . enAeBledImeQI enACitKña begÁalb¤sSIEvgmYy
7
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill), rWskøw sVaycnÞI (Anacardium occidentale L.) nig
Schleichera oleosa (Loureiro) Oken RtUv)aneRbIR)as; nigdak;cUleTAkñúgbMBg; . RkUc EdlcitrYc
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 6, 9]
8
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
9
[epSg²]: Bs; nigstVmanBisepSg²eTot Gacrs;enAkñúgkenSamsøwk EdlGaceFIeV GayGñkeLIgetñat
man eRKaHfñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
F> karGPirkS :
PaKkNþalRbeTskm<Cú a
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
kMBg;s<W taEkv eBaF×sat; kMBg;cam kMBg;qñaMg kMBg;cam kNþal éRBEvg sVayerog kMBg;FM )at;dMbg
esomrab bnÞaymanC½y PñeM Bj .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU (taMgBIyUrmkehIy)]: bg;køaeds PUma éf km<Cú a Lav nigevotNam
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU (fµI²)]: \NÐeÚ nsIu RsIlgáa
[ French Polynesia )a:BUjÚKeI no .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
10
p> epSg² :
phosphorus; manpgEdrnUv 11.01 mg Edk kñúg 100 g nig 0.767 mg énsMN kñúg 100 g [5] .
PaKkNþal km<Cú a (1.8 lanedIm) \NÐeÚ nsIu (0.5 edImelI 15,000 ha) . enAqñaM 1968 etñat
RtUv)anplitCasárenA RbeTskm<Cú a EdlRtUv)ansµanfaRbEhl 35,000 t kñúgmYyqñaM
nigeRbIR)as;kúgñ RsukmanRtwm 10,000 t.
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Davis TA, Johnson DV, 1987. Current utilization and further development of the palmyra
palm (Borassus flabellifer L., Arecaceae) in Tamil Nadu State, India. Economic Botany,
41(2):247-266; 27 ref.
[1]
Flach, M. & Paisooksantivatana, Y., 1996. Borassus flabellifer L. In Flach, M & Rumawas,
F. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 9. Plants yielding non-seed
carbohydrates. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 59-63.
[6]
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization. New
Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
[1]
Hocking D, 1993. Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands., xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
published by Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India]; 12 pp. of ref.
[1]
[1]
Kovoor A, 1983. The palmyrah palm: potential and perspectives. FAO Plant Production
and Protection Paper, No. 52:v + 77 pp.; [6 pl.]; 90 ref.
[1]
12
Khieu Borin. 1996. The sugar palm tree as the basis of integrated farming systems in
Cambodia.Contribution to Second FAO Electronic Conference on Tropical Feeds. Livestock
Feed Resources within Integrated Farming Systems.
[4]
Khieu Borin & Preston, T.R. 1995. Conserving biodiversity and the environment and
improving the well-being of poor farmers in Cambodia by promoting pig feeding systems
using the juice of the sugar palm tree (Borassus flabellifer). Livestock Research for Rural
Development, (7)2: 25-30.
[4]
Khieu Borin, Preston, T.R. & Lindberg, J.E. 1996. Juice production from the sugar palm
tree (Borassus flabellifer) in Cambodia and performance of growing pigs fed sugar palm
juice. In Sustainable Tropical Animal System, p. 1-11. Swedish University of Agricultural
Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. (M.Sc. thesis)
[4]
Mahendran S, 1994. The activities of the Palmyrah Development Board and some
aspects of agronomic research and development needs of the organization. Journal of
the National Science Council of Sri Lanka, 22(SUP A):S47-S53; 5 ref.
[1]
Morton JF, 1988. Notes on distribution, propagation, and products of Borassus palms
(Arecaceae). Economic Botany, 42(3):420-441; [12 pl.]; 81 ref.
[1]
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade
Names of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
13
[4] Khieu Borin: Sugar palm (Borassus flabellifer): Potential feed resource for livestock
in small-scale farming systems (internet source)
[11] PROSEA, 1996: Plant Resources of South East Asia 9 - Plants yielding non-seed
carbonhydrates.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ lacquer tree, Bengal kino tree, flame of the forest [4].
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Papilionaceae
ePT : Butea
RbePT : Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 4 ; 5 ]
1
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
manlkçN³ekagxøaMg . ekseQµalmancMnYn 10 Edl 1 esrI nig 9 Cab; zitenAekag [5] . páaFM
manTTwgBI 3 - 5 cm manBN’RkhmdUcQam eTABN’TwkRkUc CYnkal manBN’elOg [13] .
[Epø]: FM manRbEvg 12-16 cm TTwg 3-4 cm ragRTEvg mansøabCMuvij rMuB½T§edayeramBN’sTwkR)ak;
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
[eQI]: mantMélsMrab;karsagsg; b:Eu nþ kMrmaneQI EdlmansrésRtg; [4] . eQIGaceRbI
CaeQIfamBl EdlmanKuNPaBmFüm eTaHbI vapþl;nUvFüÚg EdlmankMritfamBlx<s;k_eday [2] .
søwkCYnkal RtUv)aneRbI CafamBl . eQIRtUv)andutsMrab;CarMesvkaMePøIg .
[Gnupl]:sMbksMbUreTAedayCatitanIn nigmanC½r nigCatiekAs‘UpgEdr . CatiBN’elOg rW
RkhmTwkRkUc RtUv)anehAfa butein Edl)anmkBIpáa RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’sURt .
BN’enHRtUv)aneRbI enAkñúgsa snahiNÐÚ sMrab;labenAelIf¶as [20] . carRtUv)andaM
CaRbePTeQIlMGr edayEtvamanpáaBN’Rss;s¥at nigrWs EdlenAx©GI acbriePaK)anpgEdr .
carRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;plitl½kç BN’Rkhm Edl)anmkBIrWs nigelOg Edl)anmkBIpáa [13] .
sMPar³cg nigExS nigsMPar³sMrab;Bak;nwgeCIg GacRtUv)anplitecjBIsréseQI Edl)anmkBIsMbk
[4] .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minRtUv)anrYmbBa¢Úl
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
6
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Indian Farming 1976: Special Issue on Lac. Indian Farming 27(8): 3-35
Ganeshaiah KN, Shaanker RU, 1991. Seed size optimization in a wind dispersed tree
Butea monosperma: a trade-off between seedling establishment and pod dispersal
efficiency. Oikos, 60(1):3-6; 32 ref.
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of
ref + refs in text].
7
Kumar P, 1989. Vegetative propagation in palas (Butea monosperma) through air
layering. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(3):188-190; 3 ref.
Lal S, Ram M, Singh BP, Shrivastava SC, 1976. Bhalia: a versatile lac host plant. Indian
Farming, 27(8):9-11; [3 pl.].
Pathak PS, Patil BD, 1985. Seed weight affecting early seedling growth of Butea
monosperma (Lam.) Taub. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 3:23-24.
Sharma SK, 1993. Butea monosperma with abnormal leaves. Indian Forester,
119(11):948.
Vershney RK, 1967. Some observations on the stink bug (Cyclopelta siccifolia)- a pest of
Butea monosperma. Indian Forester, 93(11):765-767.
Viswanath S, Kaushik PK, Chand S, Pandey DK, 1994. The butea tree - for lac and rice
production in India. Agroforestry Today, 6(2):10.
afar R, Parminder Singh, Siddiqui AA, 1989. Antimicrobial and preliminary phytochemical
studies on leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(4):328-329;
5 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
8
13) Baertels, A. 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ., Stuttgart, illustrated,
384 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ ambrévade, pois d'Angole (France) [5] - kacang Bali, kacang
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguiminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Leguminosae / Papilionceae
ePT : Cajanus
RbePT : Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
qñaM [5] .
[rWs]: rWsEkvduHcak;eRCA nigmaMu edaymanCMerA 2 m [9] . sßanénrWsman CabYnmuM .
2
[søwk]: søwkBIr zitenAelIEmk EdlmanlkçN³samBaØ nigQmKña . kartMerobrbs;swkø mansnøkw cMnYn 3
EdlmanragCaes<ó BN’èbtgenAelI nigèbtgR)ak;enAxageRkam . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1-2 cm [9]
TgTIBIr EvgCag Bak;kNþal. xñaysøkw manlkçN³RsYc RbEvg 2.5-5 mm [9] nigFn; .
søwkmanrages<ó rWeGlIb RKbedayeram enAépÞsgçag EdlmanTMhM 7.5-8 x 2.8-3.5 cm [9] (10 x 3
cm [10]) edaymanTgsøwkRsYc . srés Veins RsbKña CabNþaj nigemIleXIjc,as;enAxageRkam
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
vacUlcitþduHenAtMbn;valesµA enAtMbn; savannas tMbn;manBBYkrukçCatitUc²duH nigtMb;ricril
EdlminEmnCaéRB .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 9, 10]
RbePTenH CaFmµtaduHlUtlas;enAkMritry³kMBs; BInvI sU: muRTdl; 2,000 m a.s.l. [6, 9, 10] (200-2,000
m [5]) b:Eu nþenAevens‘yu eGLa kUneQIxHø GacduHenAry³kMBs; 3,000 m [13] . kMritePøógFaøk;RbcaMqñaM
sMrab; karlUtlas; 400 enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt eTAdl; 4,000 mm enAtMbn;mansMenIm [10]
edaymankMrimFüm 600-1,500 mm [10] (400-2,500 mm [9], 600-2,000 mm [5], 600-1,000 mm
[6]) . vaGacFn;ng w rdUvR)aMg Edlmanry³eBl 6 Ex [5] . kMritsItuNðPaB manBI 10-45°C [9] (15-
40°C [2], 13-32ºC [5]) edayman kMrtimFümBI 18-38°C [6, 9, 10] (20-29ºC [5]) .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
lUtlas; enAelIdImni dk;Twk eRCAlµm dIl,ayxSac; . RbePTdI dUcCal,b; vertisols nig alfisols eday
mankMrit pH BI 5 eTA 7 rW x<sC; agenH [6, 9] ( pH EdlGacdaMduH)aneCaKC½yKW 4.5-8.4 [10] edayman
kMritmFüm 5.0 nig 7.0 [10]) . vagayrgeRKaHedaydImanCatiéRb . edImeQIFn;nwgkMritGKÁIsnI
(CatiGMbl i ) BI 0.6 eTA 1.2 S/m [6] . vagayrgeRKaH enAtMbn;licTwk eRcInCag 3-4 Ex [2, 9] .
dImni sUv manCICati dIxSac; nigsMeNImTab k_vaGacFn;)anpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 6, 9, 10]
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 6, 9]
[Gnupl]: Gahar : RKab;rbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; bEnøpgEdr . Epø EdlenAx©IRtUv)anRbmUl muneBlTMu
5
nigmanCatisrésrx<s; . BYkvaRtUv)aneRbICa cMebIgu s¶Üt sMrab;eKa
nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;;karciBa©wmman;Ta eTotpg . enA Hawaii kMeTcsENþkRKab;s nigeBatlayKña
Gacpþl;Gahardl;l¥sMrab;karciBa©wmman;Ta [9] .
fñaM : vaRtUv)aneRbICa»sfbUraN . enA Java søkw x©IRtUv)anlabeTAelIkEnøgQWcab; [9] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 9]
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)andaMduHCajwkjab; enACitpÞH eFIC V arbg nigdaMCaCYrenAtamPøEW Rs CaedIm .
vaRtUv)andaMCa eQIpþl;mbø ; KMrbdI rW r)aMgkarBarxül; . RbB½nr§ Ws eRbHEbkenAeBlP¢rÜ dUcenH
vaGacCYybegánI KuNPaBdI eFIeV GaygayeRCobTwk kat;bnßysMNl; nigesµA . søwkRCuH
Gacpþl;nUvsarFatusrIragÁCYydl;dI nigbEnßm GasUtdl;dI . vamanlkçN³Biesskñgú karnaMykpUsVr
BIRbePTdIexµAeTotpg . edayeRbIviFIsaRsþtulüPaB GasUt vabgðaj enAPaKxageCIg\NÐa
EdlCaRbePT Edlmanry³eBlEvgkñgú karpþl;GasUt KW 200 kg N/ha kñgú ry³eBl 40 s)þah_ [9] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 9, 13]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
6
[karRKb;RKg]: sENþkRKab;s EtgduHlUtlas;CaRbcaMqñaM b:Eu nþkC_ aRbePTrukCç ati legume duHCaerogral;
qñaMpgEdr . sMrab;kardaMCaCYr BYkvaRtUv)ankat;enAkMBs; 0.5-1 m enAeBledImeQIeBjv½y .
CYrRtUv)ankat; 2-3 dg kñgú mYyqñaM enAkEnøg EdlmanrdUvR)aMgya:gehacNas; 4-6 Ex .
enAeBlEpøcas; EmksENþk RKab;s RtUv)ankat;eGaymankMBs; 0.5 m . kMritéRkEmkx<s;
GaceFIVeGayrukçCatigab; . esNUTIbrbs; edImx<s; mankarBi)akkñgú kardaMduH .
karkMcat;esµARtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,IeGayrukçCatiduHlUtlas;elOn . xül;GaceFIVeGayedIm ekag
b:Eu nþkardak;begáalsMrab;Tb;mni RtUv)aneFIeV LIy . enAkñgú kardMadMNaM Edlman ry³eBlxøI
RtUvTamTareGaymankareRsacRsB . kardak;CkI G_ acRtUv)aneFIpV gEdr KWkgñú kMrit 20-100 kg/ha.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[karRbmUlpl nigkarEkécñ]: edImRtUv)anhaleGays¶tÜ nigeFIkV are)ak edayéd
edIm,IykRKab;mksMGat . CRguksMrab;dak;RKab; GackarBarRKab;BsI tVl¥ti . karrkSaEpø
Edle)akrYcGackat;bnßykarbMpaø jBIBBYk bruchid . karEkécñrYmman kareFIV dhal TaMgs¶Üt rW esIm
edaykarkinRKab; . enAxaglic \NÐa kardak; kMbg:u nigeFIeV GaykknUvRKab;Rss; KWCaCMnYj
EdlTTYl)anrab;landUløa sMrab;karnaMecj CaBiessenA shrdæGaemrik [6] .
[TinñpleQI]: dMNaMduHral;qñaM pleQI 2-10 etñat/ha/qñaM [2] éneQIRtUv)anRbmUl [10].
8
[ CMgW]: sENþkRKab;s manPñak;bgáCMgWeRcInCag RbePT EdlrYmmanpSit )ak;etrI vIrus dgávÚ (cyst
100
blight nig cercospora leafspot [9] . pSitepSgeTotmandUcCa Gibberella indica nig Heterodera
cajani .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
xageCIgPaKxaglicGaeRhVc
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
karnaMclU ]:
[
GahàanIsaß n Gg;ehàaLa GasSg;TIn GURsþalI )ahama:s; bg;køaeds Eb‘Lay EbnnIn b‘tU an eRbsIul
b½rKINa hVasU b‘rU ugDI kaemrU km<Cú a kULbMú ‘Í kUsþarIka Kuy)a dUmnI kI a eGkVaD½r GIru IeRTo eGsüÚBI hVCI I háaNa
9
RhIN
Á ada Cb:nu eknya: ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:eLsIu ma:rITus en)a:l; jÚsEIu Ln hVlI IBnI RsIlgáa
sVasIeu Ln tg;sSanI èf G‘yu ehànda shrdæGaemrik sSamebo esnsI)u a esnsIu)a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
p> epSg² :
-10 nig -11 bars (1.0 amd 1.1 Mpa) énTwkenAkñg ú søwk nig -20 bars Citdl;krM itsUnü . enA -50
bars kMBUlgab; eFIVeGayEmkmankarkMritcMnn Y søkw [10] .
[karRsUbyksarFatuciBa©wm]: karRsUbykGasUt pUsrV nigb:t U asüÚmekItmanenAeBldMNak;kalbnþBCU
. enAkMLúgrdUvlUtlas; PaKryrbs;sarFatuTaMgenH manlkçN³xus²Kña . PaKryGasUt
enAkñgú søwkfycuH BI 5% eTA 1.5% enA nigpUsVr 0.3% GacticCa 0.1% [10] .
10
karecjEpø]: manpáa 90% RtUv)anRCuH edayminecjCaEpø . páa EdlmanskþanuBlkñúgkarbgákMeNIt
[
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Ali SI, 1973. Flora of Pakistan. Caesalpiniaceae. Karachi, Pakistan: University of Karachi.
[9]
Borkar SL, Patil PP, Ingle SN, 1996. Infestation of pod borers in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan
L.) as influenced by different pesticides and spraying schedules. Journal of Soils and
Crops, 6(2):146-150.
[9]
Katayama K, Ito O, Matsunaga R, Adu-Gyamfi JJ, Rao TP, Anders MM, Lee KK, 1995.
Nitrogen balance and root behavior in four pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan]-based
intercropping systems [in India]. Fertilizer Research, 42(1/3):315-319; 14 ref.
[9]
Prasad K, 1995. Weed control in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) maize (Zea mays) intercropping
system under rainfed condition. Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University,
7(1):57-59; 4 ref.
[9]
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=527687
[9]
Rai RK, Singh KP, 1995. Efficacy of certain oilcake amendments on Heterodera cajani,
Fusarium udum and associated wilt of pigeonpea. International Journal of Tropical
Plant Diseases, 13(2):213-219.
[9]
Rao DLN, Gill HS, 1995. Biomass production and nutrient recycling through litter from
pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.). Bioresource Technology, 54(2):123-128; 8 ref.
11
[9]
Reed W, Lateef SS, 1990. Pigeonpea: pest management. The pigeonpea., 349-374; 27 ref.
[9]
Vandenbeldt RJ. 1988. Cajanus cajan: it’s more than just a pulse crop. NFT Highlights.
Waimanalo, USA.
[9]
van der Maesen, L.J.G., 1985. Cajanus DC. and Atylosia W. & A. (Leguminosae). A revision
of all taxa closely related to the pigeonpea, with notes on other related genera within
the subtribe Cajaninae. Agricultural University Wageningen Papers 85-4. 225 pp.
[9]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[7] CTSP (Cambodia Tree Seed Project), 2003: Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree
Seed Sector , Dec. 2003, Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation
of Forest Genetic Resources.
12
[8] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th),
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
13
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr.]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ tromê:ng [4]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Rhizophoraceae
ePT : Carallia Roxb. [17].
RbePT : Carallia brachiata (Lour.) Merr. [17]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [8 ; 11 ; 17 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
mansñameRbHtambeNþay eRCA manrun§ mansñamrgVg;² BN’RbepH eTA Rkhmetñat rW etñatcas;
sMbkxag kñúgragqñÚt² BN’elOgetñat eTA sIuCm<Úetñat [17] .
[søwk]: samBaØ QmKña manxñaysøwk . bnÞHsøwkmanRbEvg 4-10 cm nigTTwg 2.5-4.5 cm manrUbrag
3
eksjIzitenAxageRkam manftcMnYn 5-8 edaymanGUvulBI 10-12 enAkñúgft nimYy² (kMrmanftmYy
edaymanGUvul 10-12 ) stigma manragdUcfas rW cegáam [17] .
[Epø): EpøragmUl manGgát;p©it 0.5 cm manRtbkenACab;nwgcugEpø manBN’TwkRkUcenAeBlcas; [2] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
EdlkMNt;nUvTTwg RbEhl 20 cm . eQImanlkçN³Fn; b:uEnþenAeBleRbIb:HpÞal;nwgdI vaminsUvFn;eT
edaygayrgkarbMpøajBIkeNþó nigBBYkstVl¥itecaHrun§ . kMriténkareRCob nUvsarFatuKImIsMrab;karBar
manlkçN³mFüm (95-130kg/m³) eQIRsaygaynwgRtUv)anbMpøajeday Lyctus [17] .
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
5
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 3 . [4]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaH [17].
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
4) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh, 915 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press,
New York; 336 pp.
7
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Carica papaya L.]
K> sTisn½y ³
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ lhông [4]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Violales
RKYsar : Caricaceae
ePT : Carica
RbePT : Carica papaya L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
kat;pþac; [6] edImeQI mankMBs;BI 6-8m kMrmanEmk BN’ébtg manedImTn; rMuB½T§edaysñam ragRtI
ekaN nigkBa©úM søwkzitenAelIEpñkxagcug [13] . søkw FM CaRbePTeQIduHlUtlas;elOn maneQITn;
páajI nigeQµalzit enAelIedImepSgKña RbePT EdlRtUv)annaMecjeRcInCageKKW "solo" eday
manpáaCaRbePT hermaphrodite . RbePT RtUvkaredImeQµalmYyedIm sMrab; edImjI 25 edIm edIm,I
FananUvkarecjEpø rbs;edImjI [19] .
[søwk]: tMerobCarag zitenACakBa©Mú enAcugrbs;edIm edaymanTgsøwkrbs;vaRbEvg 1 m nig ragCabnÞH
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
3
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
vItamIn B6 0.1mg 8%
vItamIn C 61.8 mg 103 %
kal;süÚm 24 mg 2%
4
Edk 0.10 mg 1%
ma:ejsüÚm 10 mg 3%
pUsVr 5 mg 1%
b:UtasüÚm 257 mg 5%
sUlüÚm 3 mg 0%
EtRtUv)anerobcMBI páa nigsøwk sMrab;Büa)alkarBulGahar . Epø EdlxUc
nigsøwkRtUv)aneRbIsMRab;eFICV acMNI RCUk . søwkmansarFatufñaM alcaloid carpain
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; . [18]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[27].
F> karGPirkS :
minmanCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; .
6
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Brücher H, 1989: Useful plants of neotropical origin and their wild relatives. Useful plants
of neotropical origin and their wild relatives., 296 pp.; [ref. at ends of chapters, many
fig., many pl.].
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991: Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
and nuts. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts., 446 pp.;
[and fig.]; many ref.
Nair PKR, 1980: Agroforestry species. A crop sheets manual. Agroforestry species. A
crop sheets manual., ix + 336 pp.; [1 fig., 20 pl. Publication no. ICRAF 003e]; many ref.
Conover RA, Litz RE, Malo SE, 1986: 'Cariflora' - a papaya ringspot virus tolerant papaya
for South Florida and the Caribbean. Hortscience, 21:1072.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
7
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia fistula L]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ golden shower, golden rain tree, pudding-pipe tree; Indian
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpinioideae
1
ePT : Cassia L.
RbePT : Cassia fistula L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 8 ; 13]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
BIragdUcs‘utEtFM eTABgRkeBI mancMnYn 3-8 KUr nigmanRbEvg 7-12 cm TMhM 4-6 cm Edlcugsøwkman
ragRsYc Kl;søwkmansNæanesñót nigedImeQIcas;BMumanerameT. TgtMerobsøwkrbs;edIm raCq<ws
manRbEvg 7-10 cm nigTgsøwk manRbEvg 5-10 mm. xñaysÞbsøwksac; ehIyRCuHCaRbcaM.[2]
søwkraCaq<ws manRbEvg 30-40 cm EdlmankUnsøkw cMnYn 3-8 KUr ehIymanTMhM 7-12 x 4-8 cm
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
Kl;søwkmanragCaesñótTal ehIymaneramTn;Rsal²dUckaMmJI enAeBlEdlsøwkx©I nigrelagenAeBl
Edlcas; b¤TMu nigBMumansrIragÁRkeBjeT ehIymanRTnugTI 2eRcIn nigTgsøwkRbEvg 4-10 mm.[8]
[páa]: edImraCq<ws mankBa©MúpáatMerobenAelIGkS½ CacegáamdUcpáaek¶ak. TgpáamanRbEvg 15-25 mm
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
BMuTan;manTinñny½.
5
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
6
enA\NÐÚrnsIu páa nigsøwkraCq<ws eRbICafñaMbBa©úH nig b¤s eFVIfañ MlabdMe)ArlYyelIEs,k eGayeLIg
Rkm:.[9] edaysarEtpáarbs;raCq<wsrelag ehIysMbUr eKehAedImraCq<ws faedImRKab;ePøógmas[9]
ehIyCajwkjab; eKdaMvasMrab;eFVICarukçCatilMGr.[8,9]
b¤s sMbl RKab; nig søwk rbs;edImraCq<ws eFVICa»sfburaN. vamansarFatuCaeRcIn EdlsMrab;eFVIfñaM
nigeFVICafñaMRKab;sMrab;briePaK. dUecñHehIy GñkKImvI iTüa)anpSMnUvsar³FatuTaMgGs;enaH. antidiabetic
Ca»sftiNeTs EdleKsakl,geFVeI cjBIraCq<ws.[12] enA Ayurveda sakl,geFVIfñaMEdl
EkécñecjBI raCq<ws edaysMraj;BIRKab; páaRkBMu nigEpø. RKab;raCq<ws eFVICafñaMk¥Üt.
enA Zimbabwe nig Ghana eKykraCq<wseFVICa»sfburaN. enA Est Asia eKbriePaKeqA edIm,I
Büa)al karTl;lamk nigenAekaH Caribbean yksac; nigsøwkraCq<ws eFVICafñaMBüa)alkar
QWcab;.[20,22]
[epSg²]: enAsirIlgáa eKykpáafVayRBHenAÉvtþ enAeBlbuNüsasna.[12]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
raCq<ws CaRbePTeQIminmancMNat;fñak;.
7
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
8
F> karGPirkS :
raCq<wsBMuEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUveRKaHfñak;enaHeT. [9]
BMuTan;manTinñny½.
p> epSg² :
kkþda dl;sIha.
C. moschata CaedImeQIx<s² ; enAtMbn;GaemricRtUBic EdlmanpáaBN’TwkRkUc b¤BN’RtIsUm:ug BN’
páaQUk.
C. multijuga manRbPBmkBItMbn;GaemricRtUBic manpáaBN’elOgx©I ehIyCapáaQrRtg;eTAelI.
FMEvg. [13]
9
tamr)aykarN¾ FAO (Gohl, 1981) bgðajfaenAelIsøwkrbs;raCq<ws BMumanpÞúksMenImeT
vamanpÞúkRbUetGIun 17.6 g kabUnGIuRdat 66.8 g sés 30.2 g epH 7.8 g kal;süÚm 3 270 mg
nigpUsVr½ 330 mg kñúgmYyRkam 100 g. páaraCq<ws manpÞúknUvCatiGakul ceryl kaempferol, rhein
nig a bianthroquinone glycoside EdlenAelI hydrolysis Tinñpl fistulin nig rhamnose.
søwkraCq<wsmanpÞúk rhein, rheinglucoside nig sennosides A, B. sMbkb¤smanpÞúknUvCati tannin,
phlobaphenes, nigsarFatu oxyanthraquinone EdlRbkbeTAeday emodin nigGasIut
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Murthy VK, Rao TVP, Venkateswaran V 1967: Chemical examination of Cassia fistula L.
Tetrahedron 23(1):514-518
Misra TN, Singh RS, Pande HS, Pandey, RP, 1996: Chemical constituents of hexane
fraction of Cassia fistula pods. Fitoterapia 67(2): 173-174;6 ref.
Vishnava MM, Tripathi AK, Gupta KR 1993: Constituents of Cassia fistula roots.
Fitoterapia 64(1): 93;14 ref.
Abraham KJ, Daniel M, Sabins SD, 1988: Phytoalexins of Cassia fistula L. and Morinda
tomentosa Heyme: National Academy of Science Letters 11(4): 101-102;5 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Barthakur, NN, Arnold, NP, Alli,I, 1995: The Indian Laburnum(Cassia fistula L.) fruit. an
analysis of chemical constituents. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 47(1):55-62[1 pl]; 22
ref.
Kashiwada Y, Iizuka H, Yoshioka K, Che RF, Nonaka G, Nishioka I 1990: Tannins and
related compounds, XCIII. Occurrence of enantiomeric proanthocyanidins in the
Leguminosae plants Cassia fistula L. and C. javanica. Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Bulletin 38(4):888-893;13 ref.
10
Fagbayide JA and Fawusi MOA 1994: Comparative studies in seed germination and
seedling management in Cassia fistula L. and Cassia nodosa (Buch-Ham ex Roxb).
Indian Journal of Agriculture Research 28(2):133-140.
Chowdhury SA, Kamal AKMM, Alam MN, Gafur MA, Ray BK, Ahmed K, Faruq O, 1996.
Sennoside, B. rich active concentrate from Cassia fistula. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific
and Industrial Research, 31(2):91-97.
IMorimoto S, Nonaka GI, Chen RF, Nishioka I, 1988. Tannins and related compounds.
LXI. Isolation and structures of novel bi- and triflavonoids from the leaves of Cassia
fistula L. Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 36(1):39-47; 9 ref.
Prakash A, Rao J, Gupta SP, Behra J, 1993. Evaluation of botanical pesticides as grain
protectants against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae Linn. Botanical pesticides in integrated
pest management., 360-365; 17 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
11
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia javanica L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpinioideae
ePT : Cassia L.
RbePT : Cassia javanica L.
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [17]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
bnÞab; mknwgRCuHGs; søwkmanRbEvg 5-6 cm nigTTwg 2.5 cm . srésEv:n mmaçgmancMnYn 15-18 KUr
EdlemIl minsUveXIjc,as;eT srésEv:nbnÞab;duHlUtlas;CabNþaj . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 10-15 cm
. xñaysøwk manragmUl nigbnÞHsøwkragebHdUg [2] . søwkmanTMhM 2.5-5.0x1.5-2.5 cm [5] .
søwkqøas; duHlUtlas;CaCYr (distichous) edaymancMnYnsøwkBI 17/-20 KU xñaysøwkmanBIrft
EdlnwgRCuHecjBIedIm [17] .
[páa]: kBa©úMpáa zitenACaG½kS mank,alpáaragsMEb:t manRbEvg 15 cm rW EvgCagenH Tgrbs;vamaneram
2
[Epø]: CaEpøKYr ragsIuLaMg Cab;Kña manRbEvg 35 cm rW EvgCagenH TTwg 15-20 mm
EdlmanpÞúknUvRKab; FM² ragmUl [2] . EpømanRbEvg 20-60 cm BN’exµA ragsIuLaMg mineRbH rW ebIk
[5] . EpømanCatieQI Føak;reyag TgxøI manEpøEvg edaymanRKab;CaeRcInenAkñúgenaH minEbkecj
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minmancMNat;fñak; .
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Guzman E de, Umali RM, Sotalbo ED, 1986: Guide to Philippine flora and fauna. Natural
Resources Management Center, Ministry of Natural Resources and University of the
Philippines. Manila, Philippines: JMC Press Inc.
Gupta RK, 1993: Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization. New
Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Hocking D, 1993: Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands. xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
published by Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India]; 12 pp. of ref.
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation trees. Plantation trees. xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
Singh SP, 1989: Wasteland development. Wasteland development. xx + 227 pp.; 96 ref.
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S, eds. 1998: Plant Resources of South-East Asia.
No 5(3). Timber trees: lesser-known timbers. Leiden, Netherlands; Backhuys Publishers.
Todaria NP, Negim AK, 1992: Pretreatment of some Indian Cassia seeds to improve their
germination. Seed Science and Technology, 20(3):583-588; 10 ref.
7
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
17) SOSEF, M.S.M., HONG, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cassia siamensis (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ angkanh' [1]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales/Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpiniaceae
ePT : Cassia
RbePT : Cassia siamensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: søk w qøas; smasragdUcsøab RbEvgBI 23-33 cm [8] (15-30 cm [5]) ragRsLÚn
BN’Rkhmébtg. mansnøwkcMnnY 6-12 KU [8] (6-14 [5]) enAelITg EdlmanRbEvg 3 mm ragRTEvg
beNþay 3-7 cm nigTTwg 12-20 mm manBN’ébtgcas; ragmUlenAEpñkxagcugTaMgBIr
edaykMBUlrbs;vamanerampgEdr .
[páa]: páaecjCakBa©Mú enAxagcugEmk CaBiessEmkEdlFM RbEvg 20-30 cm TTwg 13 cm
3
niggayrgeRKaHedaysarePøgI eqHeTotpg . vaduHlUtlas;enAeBl EdlrWsGacduH cak;dl; RbPB
TwkeRkamdI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 8, 9]
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 5, 8]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
4
[Gnupl]: søkw nigRKab;RtUv)aneRbIR)as;CacMNIstV b:Eu nþGacmanCatiBulsMrab;RCUk . søwkx©I
nigpáaRtUv)aneRbI enAkñgú smøkarI . søwkk_RtUv)aneRbIsrM ab;eFICV afñaM bBa©úHsMrab;Büa)alkarFøak;s nig
karenameRcIn páaeRbICa fñaeM lIsQam fñasM nøb; nigfñabM Ba©úH . CaBiess enAkm<Cú a vaRtUv)anes¶ar
sMrab;RbqaMgnwgkar eLIgRkmr rbs;dMe)A . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CarukçCatisrM ab;RKb (mulch)
CaBiessenAkñgú RbB½nd§ MNaMqøas; . edImeQI EdlduHlUtlas;l¥Gacpþl;pl 500 kg/qñaM
énTMgn;swøkRss; . edImRbePTenH KWCaRbPBsMrab;karplit TwkXµúM nigtanIn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 9]
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQITMr sMrab;edImc½nRÞ ksña (Santalum album) nigpþl;mb ø ;dl;RbePT
dMNaM dUcCa Swietenia mahogani edIm,Ikat;bnßykarvayRbharrbs;RbePTstVecaHeQI . vasmRsb
sMrab;dMNaMqøas; kardaMCarbg r)aMgxül; ExSRkvat;ébtg karRKb;RKgkarhUreRcaH
nigsMrab;pþl;mbø ;dl;ckM ar kakav nig Et . vaCaRbePT edImeQIpþl;mbø ;cMbg enAtamTIRkug
nigTIRbCMCu nkñgú tMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHrukCç atieLIgvij enAelIdIksikmµ
nigRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú RbB½n§ Taungya . vak_RtUv)aneRbICaRbePTpþl;møbs; rM ab;kaehVpgEdr .
Ggáaj;mni EmnCaRbePTeQI Edlpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI tamry³ kMBkrWs Rhizobium
eTaHbImanP½sútþ agxøHfavaCaRbePT EdlGacpþl;GasUteTAeGaydI EdlGac ekItmaneLIgenAkñgú rWs
nigsMbk lenticellate. dUcenH vaminRtUv)anpþl;eyabl;eGaydaMduHenAelIdI Edl KµanCICatienaHeLIg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIRbNit .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
las;rbs;edImeQIenA tMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFüm . enAkñgú cMkareQIdaMsrM ab;ykeQIfamBl cenøaHénkardaMKW
1 x 1 m eTA 1 x 3 m [5] (2 x 2 m = 2,000 kUneQI [2]) . enAkñg ú kardaMduHCaCYr sMrab;dMNaMqøas;
nigExSRkvat;ébtg cenøaHKWrvag edImeQI nigrg KW 0.25-0.5 m .
[karRKb;RKg]: Ggáaj;minEmnCaRbePT Edlpþl;GasUtdl;dIeT . vaduHlUtlas;elOn . kMeNInkMBs;
24.1 cm enAkñg ú ry³eBl 3 qñaM [5] . vaGacmankMBs; 15 m nigGgát;p©it DBH 15 cm enAkñgú ry³eBl
10 qñaM [2] . RbsinKµankaréRkEmkeGay)anl¥eT eFIT V Mrg;edImminl¥ nig manEmkduHFøak; cuHmk
eRkameRcIn . vamanlT§ PaBduHedayExñgelOn bnÞab;BIkarkat; . enAkñgú cMkardaMykeQIfamBl Tinñ
pleQImanRbEhl 10-15 m³/ha/qñaM [2] rW 74-198 t/ha enAxYbry³eBlBI 7-10 qñaM . vaRtUv
)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQITMr eGayRbePT eQI c½nRÞ ksña (Santalum album) nigmøbd; l;sMrab;
Swietenia mahogani edIm,Ikat;bnßykarbMpaø jBI BBYkecaHrun§eQI . vamansar³sMxan;sMrab;dMNaMqaø s;
karRtaMenAkñúgGasItu s‘lu pYrIc ry³eBl 10-30 naTIKmW anRbsiT§ PaB . CamYynwgviFsI aRsþTImyY
GaRtadMNuHRbEhl 90% enAkñgú ry³eBl 60 éf¶ . GaRtadMNuHedaymin manRbRBwtþkmµRKab; man
75% enAkñúgry³eBl 4-29 éf¶ [8] (40% [2]) . GaRtars;Gac RtUv)anrkSasMrab; ry³ 3
qñaMenAkñúgbnÞb;bti Cit edaymansMeNIm 11-15% [8] . RKab;sTu § EdlRtUvkarenAkñgú mYy ha: 2,500
RKab; . cMnYnRKab;RtUvkar : 10,420 RKab; rW 0.26 kg/ha . PaBsuT§rbs;RKab; : 95%. GaRtadMNuH :
40%.kMrit)at;bg;rbs;kUneQI : 20% (3,000) enAkEnøgdaM , 10% (3,334) enAkñg ú kardwkCBa¢nÚ nig 20%
(4,168) enAkñg ú fñalbNþHú kUneQI [2] .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 8]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
7
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[karnaMclU ]: GaTIKu nig)ab‘dU a )a)adUs Kuy)a dUmnI kI a eGRTIero eGsüÚBI hÁaNa RhIN
Á ada éhTI camIku a
eknya: nIesrIya:eb:rU esra:elGUn GaeRhVxagt,Úg LÚsIya: tg;sanI tugeháa RTInIedt nigta)aeháa
ekaHvIsIeu no sIum)aev .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 5, 8]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Banik S, Nadaf AB, Bhosale LJ, 1995. Growth performance of Cassia siamea and Acacia
auriculiformis plantations under pit method. Journal of Non-Timber Forest Products,
2(1/2):63-66; 3 ref.
[5]
Faridah Hanum I, van der Maesen LJG (eds.). 1997. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No
11. Auxillary Plants. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, the Netherlands.
[8]
8
Farnsworth N.R. Bunyapraphatsara N. (1992) Thai Medicinal Plants Recommended for
Primary Health Care System.
[9]
Kannan D, Paliwal K, 1995. Effect of nursery fertilization on Cassia siamea seedling growth
and its impact on early field performance. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, 8(2):203-212;
21 ref.
[5]
Kiepe P, 1995. Effect of Cassia siamea hedgerow barriers on soil physical properties.
Geoderma, 66(1-2):113-120; 15 ref.
[5]
Kiepe P, 1996. Cover and barrier effect of Cassia siamea hedgerows on soil conservation in
semi-arid Kenya. Soil Technology, 9(3): 161-171.
[5]
Pradhan PC, Behera BP, 1997. Efficiency of planting methods on establishment of Cassia
siamea in slopy red lateritic soils of Orissa. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 25(1): 86-87.
[5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Rath B, Pradhan PC, Behera BD, Sahu D, 1997. Efficacy of planting methods and
establishment of Cassia siamea in slopy and red laterite soil of Orissa. Environment and
Ecology, 15(1): 49-51.
[5]
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for International
Development. Washington D.C.
[8]
9
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Henman GS. 1984. A guide to species selection for tropical and sub-
tropical plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers No. 15, 2nd edition. Commonwealth Forestry
Institute, Oxford University Press.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuel wood Research and Development
Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock International. 320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[7] AUTHOR, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th). Paris.
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Casuarina equisetifolia L. ]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ coast she-oak, whistling pine, Australian pine, Australian oak,
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Casuarinales
RKYsar : Casuarinaceae
ePT : Casuarina
RbePT : Casuarina equisetifolia L.
GnuRbePT: Casuarina equisetifolia
equisetifolia, Casuarina equisetifolia incana (Benth.)
L. Johnson
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
páa páaCapáaGePT (monoecious) . Rtbk nigRsTab;páa minman nigRtUv)anCMnYyedaysøkw cMnYn 2 .
[ ]:
s¶avpþl;nvU eQI xømw EdlrwgmaMu nigF¶n; edaymankMritdg;sueI t (r15) én 0.9-1.0 g/cm³ [1, 4] (0.978
g/cm³ [7]) . eQIRsaymanlkçN³F¶n;Cag eQIxwm ø . eQImni Tan;s¶Üt mankMritsMeNIm 40-60% .
eQIxwømman BN’Rkhmetñat RkhmRsal etñatRsal nigminGacEckdac;BIeQIRsal EdlmanBN’
elOg rW elOgetñat . sréselceLIg manC½r enAelIépÞmnu eQI enAeBlkat; nigmanrgVg;
lUtlas;xsu ²Kña . srésman lkçN³Rtg; rW Twkrlk . srésrmanRbEvg 895-1,230 µm [1] .
sac;eQIrelag nigesµI . kMritrYjKW mankMritmFüm eTAx<s; nigsac;eQImankarBi)akkñgú karsMgYt
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
nigsmRsbsMrab;kareRbIR)as;kúgñ Twk . tMélfamBl 24,000 kJ/kg [1] (5,000 kcal/kg [4])cMEnk
tMélfamBlFüÚgman 33,500kJ/kg [1] (7,000 kcal/kg [4]).
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 7, 8, 10]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl : 20°N eTA 32°S [1] (22°N eTA 22°S [10]) . s¶avRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;RtUBci tamtMbn;eqñr
nig tMbn;raMgs¶ÜtmFüm . GnuRbePTrbs;vamanduH enAtameqñr nigkMrenAtMbn;xs< r; ab . vamanduH
enAtamval xSac; nigtMbn;CrM almFüm enACitsmuRT . vaduHlUtlas; enAkEnøgmanCatiéRB
nigtMbn;licTwk Edlman kMritTwkeCarx<s; . Subsp. incana k_manduHenAtamsmuRT nigFn;nCw atiéRb .
edImeQImanduH layCamYy BBYk Barringtonia asiatica, Calophyllum inophyllum, Eugenia sp.,
Heritiera littoralis, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Pongamia glabra, Thespesia populnea nig Pandanus sp
m [1]) enAtg;sSanI manry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1,800 m [10] nigenA Andes Gacdl; 2,000 m [10] .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)ancat;TukfamanKuNPaBx<s; sMrab;CaeQIfamBl nigFüÚg . tMélfamBlrbs;eQIKW
24,000 kJ/kg (5,000 kcal/kg [4]) nigFüÚgGacpþl; 33,500 kJ/kg (7,000 kcal/kg [4]) [1] .
[Gnupl]: s¶avmansar³sMxan;srM ab;plit l½kç nigtanIn . sMbkmanpÞúk 6-18% [2] éntanIn Edlman
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
7
[karRKb;RKg]: s¶av manGayuBI 40-50 qñaM [1] nigduHlUtlas;enAdMNak;kaldMbgU (RbEhl 2-3 m/qñaM
[1] énkMBs;rbs;va) nigmanTMrg;edIml¥ . xYbrbs;RbePTeQIenH KW 4-5 qñaM [4] (8-15 qñaM [10])
KW 6-18 m³/ha [10] (15 m³/ha enAGayu 10 qñaM [1]) . eTaHya:gNa kMeNInmaD RbcaMqañ M Føak;cHu Rtwm 4-
5 m³/ha/qñaM [4] . enAevotNamkNþal kMeNInmaDmFümman 8-12 m³/ha [1]
8
edImRkUclUtlas;FMCag s¶av enAeBldaMCacMkarsuT§ [4] . enAGasIu s¶av RtUv)andaM layCamYy
Leucaena leucocephala rW enAelItMbn;minsUvmanCICati CamYyRbePT Vitex spp. .
9
nigBnøRW Kb;RKan; eCosevogkEnøgdk;Twk mansar³sMxan;Nas; . kareRsacTwkeRcIneBk RtUveCosevog
nigkMritmøb; 50% KWsmRsbsMrab;kUneQI rhUtdl;vaRtUv)andaMenAxageRkA . karcak;bBa¢Úl pSit
mycorrhizal fungus Frankia KYrRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAeBl kUneQIRtUv)andaMduHenAkEnøgfµI . bnÞab;BI 5-8
eFIeV Gaysøkw manBN’elOn nigesøak RBmTaMggab; EdlekIt manenAcin nig\NÐa [4] . RbePTCMgW
epSgeTotmandUcCa dMe)AedIm nigRCuHsøwk bNþalmkBI Phomopsis casuarinae nig Botryosphaeria
ribis nig pink disease (Corticium salmonicolor) . Brown rot bNþalmkBI Phellinus noxius
eFIeV GaycMnnY edImeQIfycuH enAétva:n; [1] . CMgW actinorhizal plants nig endomycorrhizal (VAM)
qøgya:ggaybMput . RbePTCMgW)ak;etrIepSgeTot bNþalmkBI Ralstonia solanacearum .
sMrab;karRKb;RKgCMgW karkat; nigéRkEmk KYrRtUv)anbBaÄb; edIm,IkarBarCMgW . CMgWedIm
eQIKrY RtUv)ankMcat;ecj eGay)anqab; .
[epSg²]: kUneQIRtUv)anbMpøaj edaystVkrek nigkþam . s¶avminFn;nwgePøgI eT enAeBl
enAtUckarkarBar mansar³sMxan;Nas; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 10]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
enAkm<Cú a vamanduHCaRkumtUc² BItMbn;eqñr nigenAkñgú RkugRBHsIhnu Ekb ekaHkug kMBt nigPñeM Bj . [11]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
p> epSg² :
junghuhniana .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
B> GMnanepSg²eTot : Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
CATIE, 1991. Casuarina equisetifolia, multiple use tree in Central America [Casuarina
equisetifolia L. ex J.R. Forst & G. Forst., árbol de uso múltiple en America Central]. Rep. No.
173, Tech. Series. Turrialba, Costa Rica: Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigacíon y
Enseñanza (CATIE).
[1]
Ha Chu Chu, Le Dinh Kha, 1996. Planting and uses of Casuarina equisetifolia in Vietnam. In:
Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Recent Casuarina Research and
Development. Proceedings of the 3rd International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra,
Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, 223-225.
[1]
12
Dahl N, 1996. Cauarina equisetifolia: its use and future in mine rehabilitation in Northern
Australia. In: Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Proceedings of the 3rd
International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest
Products, 201_203.
[1]
Kondas S, 1983. Casuarina equisetifolia - a multipurpose tree cash crop in India. In: Midgley
SJ, Turnbull JW, Johnston RD, eds. Casuarina Ecology, Management and Utilization.
Proceedings of the 1st International Casuarina Workshop. Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO,
66_76.
[1]
National Research Council, 1984. Casuarinas: nitrogen-fixing trees for adverse sites.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
[1]
Phi Quang Dien, 1996. Preliminary results of Casuarina equisetifolia provenance trials in
Vietnam. In: Pinyopusarerk K, Turnbull JW, Midgley SJ, eds. Recent Casuarina Research
and Development. Proceedings of the 3rd International Casuarina Workshop. Canberra,
Australia: CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, 113-118.
[1]
Turnbull JW, 1983. The use of Casuarina equisetifolia for protection forests in China. In:
Midgley SJ, Turnbull JW, Johnston RD, eds. Casuarina Ecology, Management and
Utilization. Proceedings of the 1st International Casuarina Workshop. Melbourne, Australia:
CSIRO, 55-57.
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Hocking D. 1993. Trees for Drylands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
[4]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock
International, and Bangkok: FAO.
[4]
13
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[7] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[8] PROSEA, 1997: Plant Resources of South East Asia 11 - Auxiliary plants.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Silk cotton tree, true kapok, white silk cotton tree, [6] kapok
tree, [26]
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ K
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Bombacaceae
ePT : Ceiba
RbePT : Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 27 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: smas mansnøwkcMnYn 5-7 manTgRbEvg 7-14 cm [2]. søwkmanTMhM 6-12 x 1.5-3.0 cm
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
r)a:yrbs;vamanenAPUma cin km<úCa Lav evotNam ma:eLsIu nig\NÐÚensIu nigPaK xagekIt lic
nigkNþalGaeRhVc nigtMbn;RtUBki énTVIbGaemrik [2,6,26] . edImeQIGacmanduH
enAkñúgRbePTéRBxus²Kña dUcCaéRBeRsagesIm éRBCMruHsøwk éRBtamRClgPñM . eTaHya:gNa
vaCaRbePT EdlgayduHeLIgvij enAtMbn;éRBricril [26] .
minTanmanTinñn½y .
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
Cercospora [20].
6
F> karGPirkS :
minTanmanTinñn½y .
minTanmanTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
White F, 1983. The vegetation of Africa. Natural Resources Research, UNESCO, 20:356
pp.; [Also available in French]; 50 pp. ref.
Berni CA, Bolza E, Christensen FJ, 1979. South American timbers - the characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species. South American timbers - the characteristics,
properties and uses of 190 species., x + 229 pp.; 154 ref.
Dileep M, Sudhakara K, Santhoshkumar AV, Nazeema KK, Ashokan PK, 1994. Effect of
seed size, rooting medium and fertilizers on the growth of seedlings of Ceiba pentandra
(Linn.) Gaertn. Indian Journal of Forestry, 17(4):293-300; 8 ref.
Lamprecht H, 1989. Silviculture in the tropics; tropical forest ecosystems and their tree
species, possibilities and methods for their long-term utilization. Deutsche Gesellschaft
für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ), GmbH, Eschborn, Germany.
Mashingo MSH, Mtenga LA, Lekule FP, 1994. Kapok (Ceiba pentandra) seed cake in diets
of fattening pigs. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa, 42(4):311-315; 13
ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide.
Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University
Press, New York; 336 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources
of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Chrysophyllum cainito L]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ star apple, golden leaf tree, cainito [6, 32]
C. brachycalix Urb.,
C. claraense Urb.,
C. oliviforme subsp. oliviforme,
Achras caimito Ruiz & Pavon.,
Cynodendron oliviforme (L.),
Baehni.,
Guersentia oliveforme Raf.,
Cainito pomiferum Tuss.,
C. bonplandii Klotzsch. ex Miq.,
C. monopyrenum Spreng.,
C. sericeum Salisb. [32]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Ebenales
RKYsar : Sapotaceae
ePT : Chrysophyllum
RbePT : Chrysophyllum cainito L. [4,27,32]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [- ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[páa]: páaduHeLIgBIRCugrbs;søwk EdlCaBnøk zitenARkum EdlmancMnYnBI 5-35 tUc² BN’elOg
eTAsIuCm<Ú Rsal páamanRtbkcMnYn 5 RbEvg 1-4 mm [6] . kBa©úMpáazitenACaG½kS ragCa
ramiflorous rW cauliflorous . páaCaRbePTGePT rW BIrePT duHCa)ac; rW dac;eTal tUc² nig
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; [18].
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
6
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
7
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; [9].
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR, New Delhi,
India.
Dassanayake MD, Fosberg FR. 1983. Flora of Ceylon. Vol. 10. Amerind Publishing Co. New Delhi.
Hearne DA. 1975. Trees for Darwin and northern Australia. Australian Government Publishing
Service.
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium. Handbooks for
Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann Company.
Sosef MSM, Hong LT, Prawirohatmodjo S. (eds.). 1998. PROSEA 5(3) Timber trees: lesser known
species. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
8
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for International
Development. Washington D.C.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible fruits and
nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom Penh,
915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide.
Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press,
New York; 336 pp.
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Color Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Chucrasia tabularis Ant. Juss.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ surian batu, trade name in Indonesia and Malaysia; repoh,
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
1
RKYsar : Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae
ePT : Chukrasia A.H.L. Juss. [16]
RbePT : Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 4 ;8 ; 11 ; 12 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
manragRTEvg ehIymanragRsYcenAxagcug nigEpñkKl;manragbBa¢it bnþic. søwkx©I maneram
søwkTMurelag manRTnugsøwkTIBI cMnYn 7-10 KUr. TgkUnsøwkmanRbEvg 0.3-0.5 cm nigTgFMmanRbEvg
7-11 cm. [5]
3
ehIymanragerovtUcenAEpñkxagcug nigmane)øaklMGgrelag cMnYn 10 nigEKmmanragGgáaj;². GUEv
manduHeram.[8]
páarbs;va CaRbePTpáaeTVePT ehIytMerobenAcugelIGkS½ mancMnYn 4 b¤ 5 manRbEvg 16 mm
Rtbkpáarag Bk² RsTab;páaesrI ragrmUlenAeBlEdlpáarIk ehIymanBN’s
eksreQµalmanragCabMBg;sIuLaMg nigmanragerovenAEpñkxagcugehIyTn;
mane)aøklMGgEdlmanEKmragGgáaj;² manragtUcsMEb:t GUEvman ragtUcsþÜc manekasikacMnYn 3-5
EdlekasikamYy² manGUv:ulCaeRcIn nigbMBg;eksrjIragRsav.[16]
[Epø]: vlø×eyag manEpøragCaeGlIb mancugRsYcbnþc i manbeNþayRbEvg 4.0-4.5 cm nigTTwgRbEvg
2.5-3.5 cm manRKab;eRcInenAkñg ú EpønImYy². RKab;manbeNþayRbEvgBI 1.0-1.2 cm nigTTwg 0.4
cm nigminmanGg;dUEs<m.[2]
4
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
5
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
6
mm b:uEnþvamankarduHlUtlas;yWt. vaduHenAtMbn; GDÆeKalxageCIg eTAxagt,ÚgKW 27º N to 0º
N.[12] vaRbePT EdlmanlkçxNÐduHlUtlas;elOn nigCaRbePTEdlFn;nwgmøb;enAeBlEdlvaenAtUc
minTan;manTinñn½y.
TU[4] eRKOgcMlak; eFVICaTVar bg¥Üc rnab sMrabqøak; nigRkLwg. vak¾eRbIsMrab;eFVICaTUreTHePøIg TUk k)a:l;
sgðarwm ]bkrN_ePøg dUcCaBüaNUr eFVILaMg sMPar³kILa TUrrfynþFM² k,alGnøgÚ k,alsVa
bøúkEdkRTnab; ]bkrN_KUrKMnUr dgkaMePøIg vIenor kþarbnÞH nigeFVICakþaregO.[12] enARbeTs\NÐa
eRbIsMrab;eFVICakarsagsg; epSg²EdlmanTMgn;mFüm dUcCassr Fñwm nigkþar. [8,16]
[Gnupl]: søk w Edlx©I nigsMbk manpÞkú nUvCati tannin x<s; ehIysMbkrbs;vapþl;Cr½BN’RkhmRsal
Edl Gaclk;laymYyCr½eQIepSg²eTot.[12.16] sMbkrbs;va GaceRbIeFVICa»sfburaN
Büa)aleraKRKun. ehIysMbkrbs;va k¾manpÞúknUvCati Tannin 15% cMENksøkw manp;ÞúkeRcInCag
7
22% . søwkeFVICafñaMRClk; BN’elOg nigRkhm.[12] enAxagt,ÚgRbeTscin eKykEmktUc b¤Exñg
eFVICafñaMEdleFVIeGaystVmni ha‘n mkCit Pieris rapae nigfñaMkarBarstVli¥tbMpøajRsUv.[12]
vlø×eyagGacdaMeFVICaksirukkç mµ. BIRBaH vaGaceFVIkaréRkEmkedayxønÜ va nigmanedImRtg;l¥ EdlGaceRbI
sMrab; daMlayCamYyedImeck RkUcqµar RtEbk nigeQIhUbEpøepSg²eTot.[12]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
8
vlø×eyag GaceFVIkardaMduHExñgEdlduHecjBIedIm nigkarbgátb; ¤s (Rashid et al., 1986). kargáat;
ExñgEdlduHecjBIedImeBjvy½ nigTTYl)anGaRtaénPaBeCaKCy½dl;eTA 97%
EdlCaeRKOgpSMCYybegáIteGayman carbofuran.[12]
10
F> karGPirkS :
minmanTinñn½y.
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Gamble JS, 1984. A manual of Indian timbers. (Reprint) Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh
Mahendra Pal Singh.
Latif MA, Younus-uzzaman M, Gupta SRD, De BC, 1989. Natural durability of some
important timber species of Bangladesh. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 18(1-2):31-35; 6 ref
11
Mabberley DJ, 1995. Meliaceae. In: Dassanayake MD, ed. A Revised handbook to the
flora of Ceylon. Vol.9. Washington D.C., USA: Smithsonian Institution and National
Science Foundation, 229-30
Rai SN, 1985. Notes on nursery and regeneration technique of some species occurring in
southern tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Karnataka (India) Part II.
Indian Forester, 111(8):644-657; 3 ref.
Sekhar AC, Sharma RS, 1965. Physical and mechanical properties of woods tested at
FRI. Report 9. Indian Forest Records.
Venkataramany P, Rashid MA, Joshi HB, Venkataramanan SV, Ram Parkash, 1981.
Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. 3. India: Govt. of Indian Press, 160-164.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
12
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
13
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cinnamomum cambodianum Lecomte ]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
lMdab; : Laurales
RKYsar : Lauraceae
ePT : Cinnamomum Schaefer
RbePT : Cinnamomum cambodianum
Lecomte
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5, 8]
1
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
manBN’elOg nigmankøin .
[søwk]: søwkragmUl zitenAQmKñaCaragmUl manTMhM 6-15 x 3-8 cm [1] (9 x 4 cm [7], 12-14 x 7-9
cm [2]) .
.
[Epø]: EpømanragdUcs‘ut nigmanGgát;p©it 6-8 mm [1] . manBN’elOgRbepHeBlminTan;TMu
nigERbCaBN’Rkhmcas;enAeBlTMu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 7]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
(BIBN’ébtgeTA 12% mc): 1.6% (radial), 4.8% (tangential) . kMritrYj (Rates of shrinkage)
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 9]
2
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 7, 8]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
Annamites kNþal
[1]
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 8]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [8].
F> karGPirkS :
5
Cinnamomum cambodianum KWCaRbePTcMbgkñúgkar GPirkSCabnÞan; nigeFIV
Lecomte
[sarFatuKmI I]: "eRbg Volatile dl;eTA 4% (cinnamaldehyde 65-75% & eugenol 4-10%), tanIn
(tannins), coumarins nig mucilage . " ÉksarBieRKaH [7].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[2] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[7] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[9] PROSEA, 1995: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (2) Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[10] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krôôch chhmaa muul [1], kroôch chmâa [4], kro:ch chma:
khmè [7]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rutales [2] / Sapindales [5]
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus aurantifolia
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) ragmUldUcs‘t u manGgát;pit© 3-6 cm [1] (4-6 cm [5]) CYnkalmankNþlÜ ekItelIEpø .
sMbkd_esþgI manBN’ébtgelOg enAeBlTMu ragdUcEs,k eRKIm nigmaneRbgEdlmankøin .
EkøbmanpÞkú nUvsac;Casrés² EdlmanBN’ébtgelOg EdlmanCatiGasIut sMbUrTwk nigkøinRkGUb .
RKab;manTMhMtUc e):ag nigrelagedaymanGMRb‘yÍ g:u BN’s (polyembryonic) . CaTUeTA RbePT
RkUcqµaPaKxaglic\NÐa EdlmkBIGaemrikkNþalmanEpøFMCagtMbn;epSg²eTot . EpøTbMu nÞab;
BIry³eBl 5.5-6 Ex [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
RkUcqµaduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatienAkñúgtMbn;TMnabRtUBci PaKeRcInenAtMbn;eqñrnigRtUv)andaMduHya:g
eRcInenAkñgú tMbn;RtUBci nig subtropic .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 5].
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
[Gnupl]: RkUcqµaCaeRKOgpSMragral;éf¶sMrab;Gahar enARbeTsGasuIGaeKñy_ . EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
esÞIrEtral;éf¶enApÞH sMrab;CnM yY Gahar b:Eu nþk_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFVICaePsC¢³pgEdr . rs;Cati
nigCatiGasIuteFIVeGayRkUcqµasmRsbsMrab;Gahar Edlhil nigsMbUreKOgeTs TaMgRss; rWCaRbePT
RCk; nigTwkRClk; . KuNPaB EdlenARss;Edl)anBIRkUcqµa RtUv)aneRbICa TwkRkUcqµa EtRkUcqµa nigeRbI
CamYyEpøeQIepSg²eTotdUcCa lðgú CaedIm . enARbeTsma:eLsIEu pø RtUv)ankarBarTwkGMbli nigTwkexµH
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaePsC¢³ rW Gahars enAeBldak;econCamYyeRbg nigsár . enARbeTskm<Cú a
Epørbs;va RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIsV árRKab;nigdak;bEnßmeTAelImbðÚ EdleFIBV sI ac; . vak_RtUv)aneRbI ya:g
eRcInenAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a sMrab;Ca»sfburaNsøwk nigEpømanpÞkú CatifñaMeRcIn nigmYycMnYneTotTak;Tgnwg
CMenO EdlfaRkUcqµaGacedjnUvviBaØaNGaRkk;eGayecjq¶aypgEdr . Epø nigsac; manpÞkú nUv GasIut
citric nig vitamin C . TaMgsøwkcas; nigx©ImanpÞúknUv coumarin isopimpinellin . eRbgrbs;vamanpÞk ú
limonene. sabinene, terpinolene, citral, alpha- nig beta pinenes, alpha terpinol, linalool, alpha
labkarBarkMedAéf¶ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 7]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; [3]
4
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
vaRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTskm<Cú a enAkEnøgEdlmankardMaduHeQIhUbEpøeRcIn .
[ karnaMclU ]: GasIu (Rb‘eu N km<Cú a \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu hVlI IBnI )a:BUNUKeI no éf nigevotNam )
6
GaemrikkNþal : (misu uikU, dUmnI kI a)
GaRhVci : (hÁaNa)
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 7]
p> epSg² :
kñúg 100 g .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [1].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Sethpakdee, R., 1992. Citrus aurantifolia (Christm. & Panzer) Swingle. In Coronel, R.E. &
Verheij, E.W.M. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 2: Edible fruits and nuts.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 126-128.
[6]
7
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[4] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[5] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=2242&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source)
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus hystrix DC.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Mauritius papeda, leech-lime [1], kaffir lime, kieffer lime
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ citron combera, citron ride (France) [1, 3] - jeruk purut,
limo purut, jeruk obat (Indonesia) [1, 5] - limau purut
(Malaysia) [1] - kabuyau, kulubut, kolobot (Philippines)
[1] - shouk-pote (Myanmar) [1] - 'khi 'hout. (Laos) [1] -
ma kruut (Thailand) [1] - tr[us]c, chanh s[as]c (Vietnam)
[1]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rutales [4] / Sapindales [6]
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus hystrix DC.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
1
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQItUc rW culøRBwkS EdlmankMBs; 12 m [1] (5-10 m [3, 8], 6-8 m [6]) .
edImragekagnigtUc edaymanbnøaRsYc²CaeRcIn . manTMrg;kat; ( hybrid forms) rvag C. hystrix and
C. aurantifolia.
[Epø]: Epø (=berry) manragdUcs‘ut eTACaeGlIb RbEvgGgát;pit © 5-7 cm [1] (4 cm [5], 8 cm [6])
manBN’exov eTACaelOn edaymanbnøamineTogTat;enAelIsMbk nigmansac;Edl GacbriePaK )an
tictYc EdlmanBN’exovragelOg mancMnYn 10-12 Ekøb . sMbkrbs;vamankøinxøagM nigmanrsCati
CUrxøaMg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 6, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
2
minTan;manTinñn½y .
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
[eQI]: minTan;manTinñn½y.
[Gnupl]: enARbeTskm<C ú a vaRtUv)andaMduHsMrab;eRbIR)as;enAkñúgpÞH . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; ya:geRcIn
enAkñgú kareFImV bðÚ rbs;éf nigLav . søkw rbs;va k_mankareBjniymenAPaKxaglic RbeTskm<Cú a
b:Eu nþminsUveBj niymenARbeTsevotNam . enAma:eLsIu nig\NÐeÚ nsIu (CaBiess Balinese)
mðbÚ PaKeRcIneRbIR)as;BkY va CamYyman; nigRtI. søwkGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;TaMgRss; rWsMgYteGays¶tÜ
nigRtUv)anTukenAkñgú kEnøgRtCak; . eTaHbICa plitplEdl)anmkBIswøk (EdlmaneRbgsøwk
sMrab;mÚbð éf dUcCa tom yum nigmðbÚ \NÐeÚ nsIu 'sayur assam' Edlmann½yfa bEnøCrU ) .
enAkñgú kareFImV bðÚ rbs;éf RkUcesIcRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Cajwkjab; edaylayCamYyxÞmw s galanga xJI nig
fingerroot CamYynwgemÞspgEdr . CIRkhmRss;rbs;éf RtUv)an lay edIm,IeGaymankøn i l¥ .
Twkrbs;Epø Edlmanrs;CatiCUrxøaMg nigmankøindUcsøwkrbs;vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; CaeRKOgpSMsMrab;eFImV ðbÚ
nigCYnkalRtUv)anbEnßmeTAelImbðÚ EdleFVBI RI tI rWsac;enAkñgú RbeTséf nigma:eLsI.u vak_
RtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CaePsC¢³pgEdr . EpøGacRtUv)anbriePaK b:Eu nþRtUv)ancitCacMnit sMrab; eRbIR)as;
enAkñgú BiFIsasna EdlvaRtUv)anlayCamYyTwk . EpøRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CafñaMsMlab;stVl¥ti sab‘kU k;sk;
nig eRbIsMrab;slM ab;eQIgø EdlTameCIgpgEdr . søwk nigsMbkEpøeRbIsMrab;eFICV aeRKOgeTs .
BYkvaRtUv)anlk; enARKb;haglk;eRKOgeTsrbs;RbeTsGasIu enATUTaMgBiPBelak .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 7, 8]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMnat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
RkUcesIcRtUv)andaMduHenAtMbn;ekþA énRbeTskm<Cú a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
karnaMclU ]: RbeTsm<úCa PUma \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav Rb‘uyeN hVlI IBnI )a:BUNUhÁIeN RsIlgáa éf
[
nigevotNam .
4
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 9]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[2] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[3] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
5
[6] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=713&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krôoch thlông [1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rutales
1
RKYsar : Rutaceae
ePT : Citrus
RbePT : Citrus maxima
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 7]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
1
briePaKTaMgenARss; rWeRbIR)as;CabEnß . EpñksEdlenAxagkñúgénsMbkGaceRbIR)as;eFICV asá bnÞab;BIcit
ykecjnUvEpñkxageRkAEdlmanpÞúkCatieRbg . CYnkarTwkRkUcRtUv)ancMerjykmkpgEdr . páaEdl
manxøinRkGUbRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIVCaTwkGb;enARbeTsevotNam . eTaHEpørbs;vaminsUvmanKuN
PaB nigtMélx<s; edImrbs;vaenAEtRtUv)andaM sMrab;eRbIR)as;CafñaM Edlsøwk páa Epø nigRKab;GacBüa)al
CMgWk¥k RKun nig RkBH .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 7]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; [2]
kardaMnUvRbePTRkUcepSg²layKñaenAtMbn;EtmYyGacCYykarBarcMkarpgEdr .
[stVl¥t i ]: stVlt¥i bMpøaj RkUcPaKeRcInrs;enAelIRkUcføúg EdlmandUcCa RbePTecaHsøkw Phyllocnistis
citrella (enA Java karkarBarRtUv)aneFIeV LIgedaykardak;sN M aj; b¤mgu enAelIedImeQItUc²) dgávÚ sIusøwk
dgávÚ ecaHEpø (Citripestis sp.) keNþóRkhm ruyEpø RBUn nigBBYkNþlú .
1
[CMgW]: RkUcføgú gayrgnwgCMgWdMe)Aedaysar)at;etrI enAelIEpøedaysarkarTicrbs;ruy . kar)aj;fñaM
sMlab; pSitEdlmansMNr enARbeTséfminTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT . karrlYyrWs enAedIm nigrlYyEpø
TaMgGs;enH bNþalmkBI pSit Phytophthora EdleFIeV GayedImeQIqab;gab;enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_
eTaHCaRkUcføgú minRtUv )ancat;TukCaRbePTEdlgayrgnUvCMgWenHk_eday .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
2
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Chaiwongkeit, D. & Chaireongyod, T., 1988. Som O - The pummelo. Bangkok. 76 pp.
[1]
Chomchalow, N., 1984. Genetic wealth of pummelos in Thailand. IBPGR Newsletter, Regional
Committee for South-East Asia 8(3): 27-29.
[1]
Fachzurozi, L., 1978. Apakah benar jeruk besar (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck) mulai menghilang? [Is
the pummelo really disappearing?]. Buletin Kebun Raya 3(4): 133-136.
[1]
Martin, F.W. & Cooper, W.C., 1977. Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with promise. Part 3: The
pummelo. ARS-S-157, U.S. Department of Agriculture, New Orleans. 17 pp.
[1]
Ochse, J.J., Soule, M.J., Dijkman, M.J. & Wehlburg, C., 1961. Tropical and subtropical agriculture.
Vol. 1. Macmillan, New York, pp. 486-488.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[2] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names of
[3] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ethnobotanical Uses.
1
[7] Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Cocos nucifera L]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ daung, dong
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Palmales / Principes [3] / Arecales [4]
RKYsar : Palmae [3] / Arecaceae [4]
1
ePT : Cocos
RbePT : Cocos nucifera
ÉksarBieRKaH: [3, 4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
kMritRbEhl: 27°N eTA 25°S [4], 20°N eTA 20°S (BaNiCk¢ mµ) . vaEtduHlUtlas;enA
cenøaHExSry³TTwg xagt,Úg nigeCIgeGkVaT½r éntMbn;RtUBik . CYnkalduHenA 30°N nig S [9] nigtMbn;ekþA
50°+ N nig S [9] (sMKal;ExSry³kMBs;kan;Etx<s; kMritry³TTwgkan;EtTab edaymansItuNðPaBTab
2
EdlCaktþaRtUvRKb;RKg) vaGacekItmanenAtMbn;RtUBikesIm dUcCatMbn;smuRT EdlmanéRBduH rWRtUv
)andaMduH EdlzitenAtamRcaMg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8, 9]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
dUgduHlUtlas;enAry³kMBs; 520-900 m a.s.l. [8] (0-1,000 m [2], 0-1,200 m [4]) b:Eu nþRtUv)andaM
sMrab;BaNiCk¢ mµenAeRkam 300 m [9] . "enA 1,000 m BYkvaGacduHlUtlas;)an Etminpþl;EpøeLIy
(sMKal; kMritry³kMBs;kan;EtTab enAeBlry³TTwgkan;Etx<s; nigsItuNðPaBkan;EtTab ) [9] . kMBs;
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
3
vaGacduHlUtlas;BI kMrit 5.0-8.0 [2] . dIEdlmanRbPBTwk nigsMeNImenAEpñkxagelI smRsbbMptu
. dUgKWmankarFn;ngw CatiGMbli enAtameqñr nigGaceFIVeGaymanCIICatil¥ edaysarsUlüÚm kørYl
enAeBlenAq¶ayBIsmuRT b:Eu nþ vaminEmnCa halophile nigkarekIneLIgnUvCatiGMbli TamTarkarkat;bnßy
edaykarhUrrbs;TwkeRkamdI ePøóg nig RbB½nF§ arasaRsþ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 8, 9]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; [1]
4
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
RkugRBHsIhnu kMBt ekaHkug PñeM Bj kNþal esomrab )at;dMbg kMBg;cam RkecH kMBg;s<W kMBg;qñaMg
kMBg;FM eBaF×sat; éRBEvg sVayerog bnÞaymanC½y taEkv .
ÉksarBieRKaH [10]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI sgðabUrI éf evotNam .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[karnaMclU ]: GasSg;TIn ebnIn bU‘lIevo eRbsIul b½rKINahVasU kama:rU eqd qIlI cin kULbúM ‘Í ekaHkUk kIDIv½r
eGkVad½r hVCI I eRhnhÁINa ehÁmebo hÁaNa hÁeI no hÁaya:Na éhTI \NÐa caém:ka eknya: KIrI)aTI
lIebrIya: ma:daháasáa ma:lI ekaHma:sal; jÚvkalIdeU no nIesrIya: nIC½rero )a:BUjÚKeI no )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU
sama:v esenháal; esra:eLGUn el)anun ekaHsULmÚ un RsIlgáa sUrInam tUehÁa tughÁa shrdæGaemrik
G‘yu ra:hÁay evNaTU evens‘yu eGLa esnsI)u a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Edmonson CH, 1941. Viability of coconut seeds after floating in the sea. Bishop Museum.
Occasional Papers 16, No. 2.
Foale M.A. (1986) Tabular descriptions of crops grown in the Tropics. 10. Coconut (Cocos
nucifera L.). http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=7887
7
Frémond Y. Ziller R. Nucé de Lamothe M. (1966) Le cocotier. G.P.
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=524485
Gallego VC, San Juan NC, Gallego CE, Concibido EC, Aterrado ED, 1987. Survey and
Evaluation of Coconut Pest and Disease Incidence in the Philippines. PCA-ARDB
Annual Report, 77-78.
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. Multipurpose
trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of ref + refs in text].
Haas A, Wilson L, 1985. Coconut wood. Processing and use. FAO Forestry Paper, No. 57:ii
+ 58 pp.; [18 pl.]; 12 pp. ref.
Harries H.C. (1978) The evolution, dissemination and classification of Cocos nucifera L.
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=524389
Ohler JG. 1984. Coconut, tree of life. Plant Production and Protection Paper No.57. FAO,
Rome. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=212303
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ohler J.G. (1999) Modern Coconut Management. Palm Cultivation and Products.
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=497805
Parrotta JA, 1993. Cocos nucifera (L.) Palmae. SO-ITF-SM-57. USDA Forest service,
Southern Forest Experiment Station, Institute of Tropical Ecology, New Orleans, LA.
8
PCARRD, 1993. The Philippine Recommends for Coconut. Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines:
PCARRD-DOST.
Ratnambal M.J. Nair M.K. Muralidharan K. Bhaskara Rao E.V.V. Pillai R.V. (1995) Coconut
descriptors Part 1. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=500163
Thanh-Tuyen NT, Apurillo DI, 1992. Plant Regeneration through Somatic Embryogenesis
from cultured zygotic embryos of coconut. Philippine Journal of Coconut Studies, 17(1):June
1992.
Velasco JR, 1997. Review of studies on the cadang-cadang disease of coconut. Botanical
Review 63: 2, 182-196; 33 ref.
Sources: [1, 4, 5, 9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[6] CTSP, Cambodia Tree Seed Project-Institutional Capacity Building of the Tree Seed
Sector , Dec 2003, Forest Gene Conservation Strategy-Part A: Conservation of Forest
Genetic Resources.
9
[7] Microsoft ® Encarta ® Encyclopedia 2005 © 1993-2004 Microsoft Corporation. (CD-
ROM).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wallich ex Hook]
[8,27]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Trade name: melur; in Indonesia all timber of the genus
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
1
lMdab; : Pinales
RKYsar : Podocarpaceae
ePT : Dacrydium Sol. ex J.G.Forster [16].
RbePT : Dacrydium elatum (Roxb.) Wall. ex
Hook.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 4 ; 11 ; 16 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
mm [16] . EmkEdlRTpáa nigEpømansøwklkçN³dUcRskar ragekag RtYssIuKña mancugRsYc nigRbEvg
0.3-0.5 cm RBmTaMgeRbHtambeNþay [2] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
PaBekagGacekItmaneLIg enAeBleQIrmYl rW enAeBlkat;min)anRtwmRtUv . vaRtUv)anpþlG; nusasn_
eGayeFIVkarsMgYtedayL (sMrab;karsMgYtedaysib,nimiµt) edayeRbIGMBUlePøIg
EdlmankMritsItuNðPaB 65-80 ºC . karsMgYtedayL 25 mm (=1 inch ) énRbePTeQI D.
nidulum BIRss;rhUtdl; kMritsMeNIm 12% EdlRtUvkareBlRbEhl 3-4 éf¶ nigkMras;kþa 50 mm
ehIyvak_manenALavpgEdr [7] .
ePT Dacrydium mancMnYn RbEhl 25 RbePT nigduHenAkñúgtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ rhUtdl;eTA Malesia
ekaH)a:sIuPic jÚsIueLn nigPaKxagt,Úg Chile (Gaemrikxagt,Úg) . 5
4
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Fokienia hodginsii nig Illicium griffithii enAkñúgéRBeRsagtMbn;PñM [4,8,
16] .
minRtUv)andwg .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
F> karGPirkS :
minEmnCaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; [9].
6
p> epSg² :
minTanmanTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Brown FG, 1955. Forest trees of Sarawak and Brunei and their products. Kuching:
Government Printing Office.
de Laubenfels DJ, 1969. A revision of the Malesian and Pacific rainforest Conifers I.
Podocarpaceae, in part. Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, 50:274-314.
Burkill IH, 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula (2nd
edition). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives.
de Laubenfels DJ,1988
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh,. 915 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
7) Lehmann, L.,Grejmans, M. and Shenman, D., 2003: Forest Trees of the Central
Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. – A field guide. DANIDA-DED-NAWACOP,
Vientiane-Laos. 246 pp.
8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam:
A field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax.
and Plant Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ. Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
7
18) Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.(in
Khmer and English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect., Phnom Penh, Cambodia,
97 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dalbergia cochinchinensis Lanessan , Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ mai ka young [1], khanhung (Laos) [2] - payoong (Thailand)
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kra-nhourng [4]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae [1] / Leguminosae [6]
ePT : Dalbergia
1
RbePT : Dalbergia cochinchinensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1, 6]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIFéM btgCanic© mankMBs;BI 8-30 m [5] (15-30 m [2], 25-30 m [4])
edaymanGgát;pi©t DBH rhUtdl; 60 cm [5] (CYnkal 120 cm [5]) sMbrU EmkeRcIn
edaymankenSamsøwkragCaes<ó .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’elOgRsal eRbHtambeNþay CYnkalrbkCadM² u .
[søwk]: søwkCaRbePTsøab manTgcMnn Y BI 7-9 Tg EpñkenAxagelImanTMhMFMCageK . søwkman beNþay
RbEvg 13-25 cm ragdUcEs,k TMrg;dUcs‘ut manTMhM 3-8 (-10) x 1.8-4 (-5) cm cugsøwkminRsYc rWxøIRsYc
Kl;søkw mUl Kµaneram srésTIBIr mansréscMnYn 7-9 KU manrujxül;CabNþaj enAxageRkam .
Tgsøwk manRbEvg 3-4 mm .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá enAelIGk½ S rWCakenSamenAelIk,alRKab; manbeNþay 10-20 cm . páamanBN’s
manbeNþay 5-6 mm kMrmaneram . ecjpáaenAEx ]sPa nigmifuna .
[Epø] Epø (=pods) TMeu nAEx vick äi ar nigFñÚ . BYkvamanlkçN³sMEb:t tUc Rtg; TMhM 4-7.5 x 0.8-1.2
cm,Edl manRKab; 1 rW 2 RKab; CayTaMgBIzitenARsbKña enARtg;kEnøgEdlmanRKab; sMbkesþg I
Kµaneram . RKab;ragdUcRklan manTMhM 6 x 4 mm zitenAcMkNþal manBN’Rkhm rWetñat .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 5]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
EdnCMrk : duHlUtlas;enArvag 22°N nig 10°N [1] . manRbPBkMenIt enA\NÐcÚ i nig RbeTsCitenH .
kMrduHlUtlas;enATIval nig éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk CYnkalduHCaÉkRbePT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 6]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
PñRM kvajEb:ksmuRT (A), xageCIgPñRM kvaj (B), TMnabPaKBayBü (D), TMnabkNþal (d),
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
3
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 6, 9]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan :
eQIRbNit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
5
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
kMBg;Fm RBHvihar rtnKIrI eBaF×sat; esomrab RkecH ekaHkug sÞwgERtg nig mNÐlKIrI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[ RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTskm<Cú a \NÐa Lav PUma cinxagt,Úg étva:n; éf evotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 7]
[ RbePTnaMcUl]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Asia Regional Workshop, 1997. Conservation and sustainable management of trees project
workshop held in Hanoi, VietNam, August 1997
[6]
Chính, N.N, Chung, C.T., Cân, V.V., Dung, N.X., Dung, N.K., Dào, N.K., Hop, T., Oanh, T.T.,
Quynh, N.B., Thìn, N.N., 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Forest Inventory and Planning
Institute. Agricultural Publishing House: Hanoi. pp.788.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[6]
Phan Thuc Vat 1996. Red data book of Viet Nam. Volume 2 Plants. Science and Technics
Publishing House.
[6]
Vu Van Dung (Ed.) 1996. Viet Nam Forest Trees. Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.
[6]
6
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of
[4] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[8] Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife, 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.
[9] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Institute.
[10] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dalbergia oliveri ]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ kham phi leung, padong deng, cam lai, cam lai bong,
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
1
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
ePT : Dalbergia
RbePT : Dalbergia oliveri
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1- 6]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQICrM uHsøkw mFüm eTAFM kMBs; 15-30 m [1] (20-25 m [7], 20-35 m [2]) Ggát;p©it
DBH 50-60 cm [2] (40-60 cm [7], 60-90 cm [1, 6]) . kenSamsøwkebIkFM enAeBleBjv½y . EmkFM
maneramtic² .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanBN’RbepHcas; mancMnucBN’elOg nigs EtmineRbHrbkCadMt u Uc² .
[søwk]: søwkmanRbEvg 15-25 (-30) cm . TgsøwkzienAqøas;Kañ 13-17 minsUvman 9-11 b¤ 19-21
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[ TItaMgRbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
3
RBHvihar (X:491881 Y:1560352), RkecH (X:575520 Y:1453205), kMBg;FM (X:570229 Y:1406639),
RBHvihar (X:498262 Y:1514060), RkecH (X:606741 Y:1423572), RkecH (X:631083 Y:1419339),
RBHvihar (X:494558 Y:1517764), RkecH (X:586368 Y:1412724), RkecH (X:594306 Y:1376211),
rtnKIrI (X:710881 Y:1547976), RBHvihar (X:511900 Y:1531250), RBHvihar (X:519800
Y:1541250), RBHvihar (X:511900 Y:1534350), RBHvihar (X:515564 Y:1536686), rtnKIrI
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIRbNit [2, 3]
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 7]
[ karRKb;RKg]: edImeQIduHlUtlas;ytW TaMgenAkñgú éRBFmµCati nigéRBdaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 8]
minTan;manTinñn½y.
5
F> karGPirkS :
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
6
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA
[2] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM)
[3] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names of
Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[4] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer)
[6] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of
Northern Thailand.
[7] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[8] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection and Tree
Planting. (CD-ROM)
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ seinban (Burma); fang han nhoung, in si (Laos); hang nok
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Caesalpinioideae
ePT : Delonix
1
RbePT : Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 11 ; 4 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
[Epø ]: Epøek¶ak)araMg CaRbePTEpøkYr EdlsMbUreTAedayCatieQI manBN’RkhmRsal etñat b¤exµA
manragsMEb:t nigmanRbEvgGacrhUtdl;eTA 40 cm.[6] vaCaRbePTEpøkYrEdlmanragerovmUl RTEvg
sMEb:t manragekagbnþic ehIyBüÜrTMlak;cuHeRkam EdlmanTMhM 30-80 x 3.5-7.0 cm sMbUreTA
edayCatieQI manBN’RsedogexµA nigRsYcsgxag. Epørbs;vamanRKab;cnM Yn 20-40 RKab; manragBg
RkeBI ehIysMEb:t EdlmanTMhM 25 x 8 mm. Epørbs;vaCaEpøkYr EdlenAeBlx©TI n;
ehIymanBN’èbtg nigERbeTACaBN’etñatcas;ehIyrwg nigcugsgxagmanragRsYcenAcas; b¤TMu
manRbEvg 30-75 cm mankMras; 3.8 cm nigTTwg 5.0-7.6 cm EdlEpñkxag
kñúgRKab;tMerobepþk²edaymansnÞHxNв½ enAeBlTMu minEbkecjCaBIeT. Epørbs;vaCaRbePT
EpøkYrEdlBüÜrsMy:gcuHeRkam gayemIleXIj EdlKYreGaymankar cab;GarmµN¾ enArdUvsøwkeQIRCuH.
RKab;rbs;varwg EdlEpønImYy²manRKab;cMnnY BI 30-45RKab; relagehIy manBN’RbepHRsal
EdlmanRbEvg 2 cm manragRTEvg nigTMrg;RKab;mansNæandUcRKab;elµI Edlman
BN’cMruHenATTwg²RKab; nigmansMbkrwgdUcq¥wg. RKab;nImYy² tMerobRCUgeTAtambeNþayénEpøkYr.
RbePT "Delonix" KW)anmkBIPasaRkic "delos" (GacemIleXIj) nig "onyx" (RkjaMu)
Edlmann½yfaRtbkpáa rbs;vamanragCacegáamelceFøa. eQµaHtamtMbn;eKehAfa "regia"
)anmkBIBaküLataMg "regis" (RBHraCa b¤esþc EdlrugerOg b¤RbesIrelIslub).
PaKeRcInvamaneQµaHsamBaØ Edl)anmkBI kenSamsøwkFM nigpàaBN’ePøIgRkhmdUcGNþatePøIg.[26]
ek¶ak)araMgcab;ecjpáaBI Exemsa dl; Exkkáda nig ecjEpøBI Ex ]sPa dl; ExsIha.[8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
sac;eQITn; F¶n; EdlmanTMgn; 800kg/m³ (440kg/m³ [12] sac;eQIeRKIm Rsal puy b¤RsYy
EdlmanPaBgay RsYlkñúgkarxat; ehIyvamanPaBFn;eTAnwgsMenIm nigstVl¥itpgEdr
eTaHbICavagayrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYk keNþórEdlbMpøajeQIs¶Ütk¾eday. [20,26]
4
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbeTs\NÐa.[26]
5
rdUvR)aMgRbEhlCakñgú kMLúgeBlcenøaH 1 nig 6 ExcugeRkay. vaRtUvkarsItuNðPaBRbcaMqñaM cab;BI 14
eTA 26ºC. b:uEnþminFøak;cuHTabCag 6ºC eT. [12]
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
páarbs;va GaceFVICacMNIXMúµ.[20,26]
edImek¶ak)araMg pþl;nUvCr½s¥itd¾Rkas; EdlGacrlayeTACaCr½Twk EdlmanBN’elOgRsal b¤Rkhm
Rsal laynwgsès²BN’etñat RKab;manpÞúknUvCatiCr½EdlGaceRbIenAkñgú vaynPNЬtM)aj¦ nig
]sSahkmµcN M I Gahar. [20,26] Cr½Edl)anmkBIsbM k eFVIVCafñaMRClk;BN’sMBt;.[13]
RKab;rbs;vaGacbriePaK)an. [8]
sMbkrbs;va CaFnFansMrab;eFVIfñaM nigsøwkrbs;vaGaces¶arrMgas; briePaKedIm,IBüa)aleraKsnøak;q¥wg.
[4, 26] RKab;ek¶ak)araMg EdlEvgrwg eKeRbIeFVICaRKab;GgáaM.[26]
6
sMbkek¶ak)araMg pþl;nUvRKab;Cr½tUc²CaeRcInEdlmanBN’elOgRsal b¤BN’RkhmRsallay BN’
etñat. Cr½rbs;vanwgrlaynUvedUvrMehIy eTACakard¾Rkas;Xµwk. vamanpÞúknUvbrimaN kal;süÚmd¾
eRcIn.[12]
RKab;ek¶ak)araMg GaceFVICaExSk ehIyvamanpÞúknUvCatiCr½ EdlGaceRbIeFVICavaynPNЬtM)aj¦ nig
]sSahkmµcN M IGahar. Epørbs;vaGacbriePaK)an nigmanskþanuBll¥ edayCaRbPBRbUetGuIn
sMrab;mnusS nigcMNIstV. søwk ¬pÞúknUvCati 39.5%¦ pþl;nUvsarFatuciBa©wmeFVICacMNIstV
nigstVBahn³¬eKa RkbI>>>>>¦. enAekaH Virgin karRbmUlplcMNIstVCamass¶ÜtRbcaMqñaM
Edl)anmkBIek¶ak)araMg manRbEhlCa 13.45 t/ha nigRbUetGIunRbEhlCa 1.45 t/ha. [12]
karTajykCatiTwkrbs;ek¶ak)araMg manpÞúknUvsarFatuTaMgGs;rYmman GasIutehVNul alkaloids nig
flavonoids EdlGaceRbIeFVICatiNXatFmµCati nigeFVICafñaMsMlab;stVl¥it sMrab;eFVIeGayTinñpldMNaM
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
7
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
8
nigedIm,IeGaymankarenArs;zitefr. RKab;rbs;vaeFVIRbRBwtþkmµCamYyGasIuts‘ulpYric RbEhlCa 3
ema:g RtaMnwgTwkekþAry³eBlRbEhlCa 24 ema:g b¤qabedaym:asIun muneBlykeTAsab.
edayRtaMenAkñúgTwkekþAEdlmansItuNðPaB 90°C ry³eBl 10 vinaTI EtebIRtaMnUvkñúgTwkekþAry³eBl 24
ema:g enAeRkam lkçxNÐsItuNðPaB 28.2°C nigkMritsMenIm 83% EdlGacpþl;nvU BnøkRbEhlCa
80%. qabvaehIy RtaMvaenAkñúgGasIut Gibberelic 400 ppm ry³eBl 48 ema:g
k¾CaktþaEdleFVIeGaydMNuH manPaBRbesIeLIg. [12]
sabRKab;ek¶ak)araMg enAsßanIy¾bNþúHkUneQIkñúgfñalsab kñúges,ag b¤kñúgfU ehIyminRtUvkarmøb;eT.
ehIy kUnsMNabGacykeTAdaMduHenATIval)an eRkayBMubNþúHry³eBl 4 Ex. cMeBaHkUnEdlsÞúM
GacTukrhUtdl; ry³eBl 10 Ex eTIbykeTAdaM KWrhUtdl;BnøkedImmankMBs; 5 cm nigmanb¤sRbEvg
25 cm. kUneQI EdlduHecjBIRKab; GacmanpàaBN’xus²Kña. dUecñH
karbNþúHrukçCatiedaybgáat;edImGacmanlkçN³l¥KYrsm
CaBiesscMeBaHkarbgàat;edImeQIEdlmanpàaBN’Rkhmeq¥A. enAeRkamlkçxNÐFmµta
karbgáat;b¤sBMuTTYl )anpll¥eT b:uEnþvaGacduHlUtlas;)anedaybEnßmsarFatuciBa©wm dUcCa IBA.
karbgáat;edayb¤sk¾mankar duHlUtlas;)anEdr ebIGnuvtþtambec©keTsbgáat; edayrkSabnÞb;bgáat;
eGaymansMeNImCanic©. ek¶ak)araMg k¾Føab;TTYleCaKCy½edaykarbgáat;ekasika Edltamry³
Bt’manbgðajfamanbrimaNxus²Kña. [12]
bnÞab;BIRKab;EdlsabenAkñúgfñalsabEdlRtUvéf¶ vacab;duHBnøkkñgú ry³eBl 5-10 éf¶
EdlmanGaRtadMNuH rhUtdl;eTA 90% nigkarduHlUtlas;bnþbnÞab;mk cab;epþImduHyWteTA².
pÞúymkvij RKab;ek¶ak)araMgGac eFVIkarsabRKab;edaypÞal;enAkñúges,ag Edlkñúg 1 es,ag
dak;RKab;cMnYn 4-5 RKab;. RtUveFVIkareRsacTwk nigdkesµACaRbcaM ehIyRtUvykkUnek¶ak
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rs;)anedaysarePøIg dUecñHehIyKYrEteFVIkarEfTaMvaeGayrYcputBIePøIgeqH.[20,26]
ek¶ak)araMg manPaBgayRsYlkñúgkarbNþúHedayeRbIRKab;Edlrwg b:uEnþeRbIry³eBlyUrkñúgkarecjBnøk.
eRBaHRKab;rbs;vaGacsMgMenAkúñgdIry³eBl 2-3qñaM edayBMuecjBnøk EdlCaFmµtaeRbIry³eBlEt 12-
9
349 éf¶ b:eu NÑaHkñúgkarecjBnøk. edIm,IkMcat;karminduHlUtlas;enH KYrEtGnuvtþkareFVIRbRBwtþRKab;
edaykMcat; sMbkRKab;d¾EsnrwgCamunsin b¤edayes¶arRKab;enAkñúgTwkekþA bnÞab;mkRtaMry³eBl 24
ema:g. ek¶ak)araMg k¾GaceFIVkarbNþúHedaybgáat;EmkpgEdr. [20]
10
Etvak¾rMxandl; rukçCatiepSg²eTotEdr CaBiessBBYkrukçCatiDIkUTIeldUnTaMgGs; EdlrYmmanek¶ak)araMg
nigsrlkUl¬snþan edImRsl;¦ pgEdr.
Orthezia insignis KWmanrayeBseBjenAtMbn;RtUBic sab;RtUBic nigtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmansIutNðPaB
11
BN’Rkhmcas;. nigeFVIeGayEpñkxagkñúgènb¤smanBN’s nigmankarsaykøinEdl)anmk BIskmµPaB
bBa©ÚlKñarbs;pSit nig )ak;etrI.[12]
F> karGPirkS :
p> epSg² :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anon. 1986: The useful plants of India. Publications and Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India
Bein E. 1996: Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU),
Nairobi, Kenya.
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993: Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority
(SIDA).
12
Birnie A. 1997: What tree is that? A beginner's guide to 40 trees in Kenya. Jacaranda
Designs Ltd.
Gbadegesin RA, 1993: Root rot of Delonix regia caused by Fusarium oxysporum in the
northern Guinea zone of Nigeria. Discovery and Innovation, 5(3):255-259; 18 ref.
Grant G, More LJ, McKenzie NH, Dorward PM, Buchan WC, Telek L, Pusztai A, 1995:
Nutritional and haemaglutination properties of several tropical seeds. Journal of
Agricultural Science, 124(3):437-445; 32 ref.
Hutchinson J, 1964: The genera of the flowering plants. Oxford, UK: The Clarendon
Press.
Luna RK. 1996: Plantation trees. International Book Distributors, Dehra Dun, India.
Saxena SC, Yadav RS, 1986: A preliminary laboratory evaluation of an extract of leaves
of Delonix regia Raf. as a disruptor of insect growth and development. Tropical Pest
Management, 32(1):58-59; 10 ref.
Streets RJ. 1962: Exotic forest trees of the British Commonwealth. Claredon Press,
Oxford.
Vogt K. 1995: A field guide to the identification, propagation and uses of common trees
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
4 ) Dy Phon, Pauline, 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House; Phnom
Penh, 915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field guide. Orchid
Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
8) Sam, H. V.,Nanthavong, Kh.and P.J.A. Kessler 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: A field
guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species.BLUMEA J. Plant Tax. and Plant
13
Geogr. 49(2004) p. 201- 349 pp., Univ. Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands,
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide Encyclopaedic Guide.
Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford University Press, New
York; 336 pp.
13) Baertels, A., 1993: Farbatlas Tropenpflanzen-Zier- und Nutzpflanzen (Colour Atlas
Tropical Plants- ornamental and fruit plants) Eugen Ulmer Publ. Stuttgart, illustrated, 384 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
18) Dept. of Forestry and Wildlife 2003: Cambodia Forestry Statistics to 2002.(in Khmer and
English) Planning & Accounting Off., Statistics Sect., Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 97 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics. Josef
Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002: Agroforestree
Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM). Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
(Internet source)
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dimocarpus longan Lour]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ longan [1], dragon's eye, longan tree, lungan [5]
K> sTisn½y ³ [for ssp. longan var. longan]: Dimocarpus longan Lour. (1790),
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ longanier, oeil de dragon (France) [1] - lengkeng, buku, ihau,
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ emon
ÉksarBieRKaH : [7]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ mien [1]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae
ePT : Dimocarpus
RbePT : Dimocarpus longan Lour.
GnuRbePT 1
: Dimocarpus longan longan
Lour. / Dimocarpous longan malesianus Leenh.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[søwk]: søwkqøak;CaKU EdlmancMnnY BI 4-10 [4, 5] snøkw (2-6 søkw [1], 6-8 snøkw [11]) ragCaeGlIb
nigdUcs‘ut rW ragRTEvgdUces<ó nigminRsYnenAkMBUl . sønkw nimyY ² manTMhM 10-20 x 3.5-5 cm [5]
(3-45 x 1.5-20 cm EvgCagTTwgBI 1-5 dg [1], 9-18 x 3.2-6 cm [8], 7-20 x 2.5 x 5 cm
RbEhlkMrit: ExSRsbBI 15°N eTA 15°S edaymankMritdac;xat 20°N eTA 20°S [3]. GnuRbePT
malesianus GacRtUv)anrkeXIjenAkMrit 10°N nig 10°S [1] . GñkniBn§xHø )ankMnt;nUv
CaBiessenARsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm rW CYnkaléRBricril .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 8, 10]
eTA 3,000 mm [3] . kMritePøógFaøk; sMrab; ssp. malesianus KWBI 2,500 mm eTAeRcInCag 4,000
mm kñúgmYyqñaM [1] edaymankMritsMenIm 65-95% [1] . vaRtUvkarkarpÁt;pÁg;TwkeGay)anRKb;RKan;
4
nigGacelcTwkry³eBlxøI b:Eu nþminmankarraMg s¶ÜtyUr . sItuNðPaBsMrab;karlUtlas; 7-36°C [4]
edaymankMritmFüm 18-30°C [4] [15°C [5]] cMeBaH ssp. longan nig 25-30°C [1] cMeBaH ssp.
malesianus . cMeBaHGnuRbePTRtUvkarsItuNðPaB RtCak; BI 7-12°C rW 2-3 ExedaymansItuNðPaB
minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
Sarawak, ssp. malesianus duHlUtlas;enAelIdIl,b; CaBiessenA tammat;Tenø . enAtMbn;epSg
eTot edImeQIduHlUtlas;enAelIRbePTdIxsu Kña . kMrit pH BI 4.5-6.5 KW sMbrU enAkñgú tMbn;enH .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4]
6
RKab;karBarmineGaymankarEbkejIsxøaMg nigkMTicRKab; manpÞkú nUv saponin tanIn nig xøaj; .
søwkmanpÞkú quercetin nig quercitrin nigpáaRtUv)anlk;enAkñgú TIpSar»sf buraNrbs;cin .
páas¶tÜ RtUv)annaMecjeTARbeTsma:eLsIu sMrab;eFIVCafñaM . RKab; nigsMbkRtUv )andutsMrab;
CaeQIfamBl .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 6]
[epSg²]: enAPaKxagekItRbeTséf ssp. longan var. obtusus RtUv)andaMduHCarukC ç atlMGr . enA
Bengal nigkEnøgepSgeTot edImemonRtUv)andaMduHCarukçCatilMGr nigpþl;møb; ehIyRtUv)an cat;TukfaCa
RbePTeQI EdlmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;RbB½½n§ksirukçkmµ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
RsTab;xageRkaménéRBbzm rW CYnkaléRBricril .
[kardaMduH]:cenøaHénkardaMKW 6 m x 6 m eTA 12 m x 12 m [1] EdlkardaMenACitKña
7
[karRKb;RKg]: edImeQIcab;ecjEpøenAGayu 4-5 qñaM [3] bnÞab;BI)andaM .
Gayurbs;eQIRbePTenHGacdl; eTA 25 qñaM [3] . edImemon EdlenAtUc RtUv)anéRkEmk edIm,IkMnt;
cMnnY Emk . edImeQIGaceRbIR)as;CaTMr bgáat; tamry³karkat; EdlvaGacduHnUvBnøkfµyI a:gelOn .
kñúgkarRbmUlpl edImRtUv)ankéRkEmk BIeRBaHTg nigEmkxøHRtUv)ankat; . bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl
karkat;nUvEmktUcRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karkat;Emk TaMgenH eFIeV GaykenSamsøkw lUtlas;)anl¥
nigeGayBnøcW lU eTAkñúgedImeQI)an ehIyeKk_Gackat;ecjnUv EmkEdlTMngCapþl;Epøtic
enAqñaeM RkaypgEdr eTaHbIvamanEpøenAqñaeM nHk_eday . RbsinmineFIVdUcenHeT BnøknwgduHecjtamkEnøg
Edl)ankat;RbmUlpl . BnøkTaMgenHeFIVeGaykenSamsøkw Rkas; nigyUrecjpáa.
eyagtamGñkdaMduHenAkñgú extþ Fukien enARbeTscin )anraykarN_fa karkat;rMelaH
páaenAqñaMCabnþbnÞab; Gacpþl;nUvEpøya:geRcIn ehIyeRKaHfañk; EdlekItBIkarkat;rMelaH
eRcInhYsehtuKmW ankMritTab nigenAeBl 50% éncegáampáaRtUv)ankat; (3/4 = 75% énk,alkBaM©pú aá
RtUv)ankat; [5]) . karecjBnøk eRkaykar kat;smRsb GaceFIVeGayqab;ecjpáakñúgedImrdUv .
karGnuvtþkarkat;rMelaHfµ²I enH KW edIm,Ikat;ecjnUv RbePTkUneQI EdlduHBIedIm nigEmk
EdleFIeV Gay)at;bg;nUvkBa©púM áa EdlenAsl;bnÞab;BI karRbmUlpl . karkat;rMelaHenHminkMNt;nUvTMhM
edImeQIeT . emonRtUvkareRsacTwkeGay)anRKb;RKan; nigGacrs;enA kñúgTwk)anry³eBlxøI
b:Eu nþminFn;nwgkarraMgs¶ÜtyUr . kareRsacTwkmansar³sMxan;Nas;enA rdUvR)aMg .
sMeNImTamTarenAeBlecjpáa rhUtdl;muneBlRbmUlpl nigGackarBaredaykarRKb . enAeBledIm
eQIbBaÄb;karlUtlas;enAcugrdUv ePøógGacCYyCMrujkarduHlUtlas;BnøkfµI eFIeV Gaymankarecjpáa
xusrdUvU nigRCuHpáa . minmanB½tmanCak;lak;GBM Ikardak;CIeT . CnCaticinbgðajfa TinñplmankMritx<s;
mankarTak; TgnwgkMritsarFatucBi a©wmrbs;søwk dUcxageRkam ³ GasUt (N) x<sC; ag 1.70% pUsVr (P)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
relag nigmanrsCatiEp¥m . edImemonRbmUlplBIrdg enAcenøaHry³eBlBI 7-10 éf¶ Epø 'mata
kucing' RtUv)an ebHRbmUlplEtmþgeT . cegáamEpøRtUv)ankat;edaykaMbt i rW ké®nþ . cegáamEpø
minKYrebHTMlak;eT . BYkvaRtUv)anerobcM nigcgCa)ac;eGay)anl¥ .
[Tinñpl]: enARbeTséf TinñplCamFümKW 0.99-1.65 t/ha BIqañ M 1981 eTA 1987 [1] (1-6 t/ha
t/hakñg ú mYyqñaM . sMrab;edIm EdlmanGayuBI 10-15 qñaM pþl;plBI 60-190 kg/edIm [1] (120
kg/edIm [3]). enAPaKxag ekIt Java edImeQIEdll¥bp M tu Gacpþl;Epø 150-300 kg [1]
enAqñaEM dlsmRsb (200-300 kg [3]) . enARbeTscin edImeQIEdllUtlas;l¥
edaypþl;nUvlMhRKb;RKan; ya:gehacNas; 12 m BIKñaGacpþl;pl 180-225 kg [5] . enA Florida
cMeBaHedImeQImankMBs; 6 m nigTMhMFM TTYlnUvplxus²Kña tic (22.5-45 kg [1]) mFüm (68-113
kg [1]) nigeRcIn (135-225 kg [1]) . kMrkmanedImeQI EdlGacpþl;pl 272-317 kg Nas; [5] .
eTaHbIvaGacduHecjedIm
eRcInCamYyk_eday . dMnuHGacRtUvkarry³eBl 7-10 éf¶ . kUneQIRtUv)andaMenAkñgú fñaleRkammøb;
nigRtUv )anykeTAdaMenAeBlmanGayuBI 2-3 qñaM . karlUtlas;rbs;kUneQImankMrityWt
nigRtUvkarry³eBl 7 qñaM edIm,IeBjv½y .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: enARbeTséf edImemonRtUv)anbnþBC U edaykarbMe)A enARbeTscin
vaRtUv)anpSauM edayeRbIR)as;edImTMr)anBIkUneQI edayeRbIviFIsaRsþ Forkert . eTaHbI karduHBnøkmin
esµIKañ k_edayKWCa bBaða EdlekItmaneLIgk_eday . enArdUvvsSa rWsGacduHecjmktamry³karbMe)A
enAkMLgú 2-2.5 Ex BYkvaRtUv)anEfrkSaenAkñúgmøbr; y³eBl 6-12 Ex bnÞab;BIkarkat;ecj . edImeQI
Edl)anBIkarbMe)A KWgay rgeRKaHfñak;edayxül; CaedImeQIEdlpSaMu dUcenH BYkvaRtUv)andaM
edaymanbegáalb¤sSITb; karBUndIenAKl; rW enACitkUneQI EdldaMedayRKab; edIm,IbegánI nUvesßrPaBedIm
. enAextþ Kwangtung (cin) enAeBl karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁRtUv)aneFIeV LIg vaRtUv)andaMenACit edIm
'Wu Yuan' EdlmanGayu 3-5 qñaM nigman kMBs; 5 eTA 6 ft (1.5-1.8 m) . cenøaHKWmineGayticCag
10
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS :
edayehtufaRbePTenHRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInenaH vaminRtUv)ancat;TukfaCaRbePTEdlrgeRKaHfañkeLIy
.
ÉksarBieRKaH [12]
11
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
p> epSg² :
10600, 2950 nig 0.4 t enAqñaM 1986 . enAkEnøgepSgeTotenAGasIG u aeKñy_ enARtwmEtxagekIt cava:
(Java) KWCakEnøgEdlplit emon EdlmanbrimaNx<s. ; Epød_éTeTotdUcCa 'mata kucing'
manlk;enAtamrdUv enAkñgú TIpSarkñgú tMbn; . ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[sarFatu EdlmankñúgEpø]: kñúgEpø 100 g énEpñkEdlbriePaK)anman : Calories: 61 (Rss;), 286
(s¶Üt) sMenIm : 82.4 g (Rss;), 17.6 g (s¶t Ü ) (458 kJ/100 g [1]) . Protein: 1.0 g (Rss;), 4.9
g (s¶Üt) . xøaj; : 0.1 g (Rss;), 0.4 g (s¶Üt). Carbohydrates: 15.8 g (Rss;), 74.0 g (s¶Üt)
(25.2 g [1]). sarFatusrés: 0.4 g (Rss;), 2.0 g (s¶Üt). epH: 0.7 g (Rss;) (0.5 g [1]), 3.1 g
12
(s¶Üt) kal;süÚm : 10 mg (2 mg [1]) (Rss;), 45 mg (s¶Üt) pUsrV : 42 mg (Rss;) (6 mg [1]),
196 mg (s¶Üt) Edk : 1.2 mg (Rss;) (0.3 mg [1]), 5.4 mg (s¶Üt). Thiamine: 0.04 mg (s¶t Ü ).
Ascorbic Acid: 6 mg (Rss;), 28 mg (s¶t Ü )" [6] . "Vitamin A 28 IU, vitamin B1 0.04 mg,
vitamin B2 0.07 mg, niacin 0.6 mg nig vitamin C 8 mg . smasFatupSMénEpø 'mata kucing'
nig 'Shi Xia' (TaMgenAkñgú extþ) KWkEnøgEdlplitkUnd_FM enAétva:n; 'Yong Tao Ye' nig 'Chiau On
Diao'" [1] .
13
[FnFanesenTic]: RKab;BCU manCivitxøeI BksMrab;karRbmUlsMPar³tMnrBUC (germplasm collection).
RbeTséfKWCaTIkEnøgEdlRbmUlpþMúnUvRbePTemonya:geRcIn enA Chiang Mai nig Lamphun.
kUneQIrbs;
éfmanlkçN³xusKañTaMgBnøk páa niglkçN³EpøBkI nU eQIrbs;cin b:Eu nþPaBcMruHrbs;EsnmankMritTab .
mankarRbmUlnUvkUneQICaeRcInRbePTenARbeTsGURsþalI karRbmUleRcInbMptu KWenA Kamerunga
Horticultural Research Station zitenACit Cairns nig Queensland .
saklviTüal½yksikmµma:eLsIu (The University of Agriculture Malaysia) edaymansaxaenA
Bintulu nig Sarawak \LÚvkøayCaGñk RbmUlsMPar³tMNBUCrbs; D. longan ssp. malesianus
14
[karrkSaTukEpø]: enAkñgú bnÞb;rkSasItuNðPaB emonenArkSalkçN³l¥)anry³eBlCaeRcInéf¶ . BIeRBaH
sMbkd_rwgmaMu CYyeGayEpøminqab;sy¥ú rlYydUcCa KUelneT . karsakl,genA Florida
bgðajfaEpøemon Gackk nigminEbkya:gelOn dUcKUeln enAeBlvarlayenaHeT .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anonymous, 1987. Lychees and longan. Union Offset, Bangkok. pp. 44-71. (Thai).
[1]
Holtum, R.E., 1953. Gardening in the lowlands of Malaya. The mata kucing. The Straits
Times Press, Singapore. pp. 294-295.
[1]
Knight Jr., R.J., Manis, W.E., Kosel, G.W. & White, C.A., 1968. Evaluation of longan and
lychee introductions. Proceedings Florida State Horticultural Society 84: 314-317.
[1]
[1]
Liu, X., Zheng, J., Pan, D. & Xie, H., 1986. An investigation on the leaf nutritional
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
diagnosis criteria of longan (Dimocarpus longan Lour.). Journal of the Fujian Agricultural
College 15 (3): 237-247.
[1]
Menzel, C.M., Watson, B.J. & Simpson, D.R., 1989. Longans - a place in Queensland's
horticulture? Queensland Agricultural Journal 113(5): 251-265.
[1]
15
[4]
Tongdee, S.S., 1977. Study on the characteristics of longans during storage. Kasikorn
50(2): 95-97. (Thai).
[1]
Verheij, E.W.M. & Koopmans, A., 1984. Flowering and fruiting of longan (Euphoria
longana Lam.) in East Java in 1983. Agrivita 7(1): 14-19.
[1]
van Welzen, P.C., Lamb, A. & Wong, W.W.W., 1988. Edible Sapindaceae in Sabah.
Nature Malaysiana 13: 10-25.
[1]
Wong, K.C., Ibrahim Yusof, Pearce, K.G. & Alau Tayan, D., 1988. Isau - A potential
tropical longan (Dimocarpus longan) of Sarawak. Proceedings of the Third National
Biology Symposium, Subang Jaya (in print).
[1]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
16
[5] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database -
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Species
Info.asp?SpID=17976 (Internet source)
[6] Morton, J. 1987: Longan. p. 259–262. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F.
Morton, Miami, FL.
[9] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[10] Rehm, S.; Espig, G., 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics.
[11] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and
Planning Institute. Hanoi
17
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G. Don]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing yang, keruing (Trade name) [9, 10] - yang-na
(Thailand) [7] - dàu rái, d[aaf]u r[as]i , dau nuoc, dzau con rai
trang, dau con rai (Vietnam) [5, 11, 12, 16] - nha:ng, nha:ng
kha:w, nhang, nhang khao, nhang mouk (Laos) [9, 10] -
hairy-leafed apitong, apinau, ayamban (Philippines) [10] -
keruing, kruen (France) [9] - dulia garjan, garjan
(Bangladesh) [9] - gurjin (India) [9] - kanyin, kanyin-byu
(Myanmar) [9]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chhe tiel tuk, chhe tiel thom [3], chhë: ti:ël bângku:ëy, chhë:
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
1
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. ex G.
Don
ÉksarBieRKaH: [9]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
nigpþl;nvU RKab;ya:geRcIn . EpømanRbEvg 1.8-2.4 cm [4] Ggát;p©it 2-3 cm [12] kMBUl (Ggáaj;² )
cMnnY 5 Edlman RbEvg 8 mm [16] BN’ébtgenAeBlenAtUc nigERbCaBN’RkhmetñatenAeBlTMu
nigmaneramesþgI ragdUc páayRKbBIelI . vaRtUv)anrMuB½T§ edaybMBg;Kµaneram
edaymanRtbkpáaxageRkAcMnYn 5 EdlmancMnnY 2 FM EdlmanTMhMrhUtdl; 14 cm x 3 cm [11] (12 x
2.5 cm [4], 10-14 x 2-3 cm [16]) nig 3 eTotxøI Edlman TMhM 1.2 x 1.4 cm [11] (1-1.4 x 1-1.3 cm
vamandg;sIeu t 0.62-0.905 g/cm³ enAkMritsMeNIm 15% [10] (0.78 g/cm³ eQIst¶Ü [12] TMnajEpndI
0.574 [4], 0.72-0.8 g/cm³ enAkMrit 12% mc [4]) . lkçN³eQIepSgeTot : PaKry³énkarrYj (ébtg
eTAs¶tÜ ): Radial 3.0%, tangential 7.5% nig maD 10.8% . kMritsMelgqøgkat; (kg/cm²): 661.5
(ébtg), 1020.7 (sMgYt edayxül;) . kMrit elastic (kg/cm²): 103,900 (ébtg), 151,900
(sMgYtedayxül;) . kMrtibEM bk (kg/cm² ): 318.4 (Rss;), 552.1 (s¶t Ü ) [4] . emKuNrYjmaD : 0.51
kMriteRCob : 26% kMlaMgsMBaF (tam beNþay): 586 kg/cm² . kMlaMgbt; : 0.6 [12] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 10, 12]
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl: 22°N eTA 2°N [9] (15°N eTA 5°N [6]) . eQITalTwk manRbPBkMeNIt BI\NÐeÚ nsIu éf
xaglic \NÐa (ekaH Andaman) ]bTIbV ma:eL nighVlI IBnI (Luzon) . vaGacsMrbeTAnwg
tMbn;éRBeRcInRbePT BItMbn; TMnab dl;tMbn;PñM nigCaBiess duHenAkñgú éRBeRsagesIm éRBeRsags¶Üt
éRBBak;kNþalCMruHsøwk éRBCMruHsøkw esIm nigéRBCMruHsøkw s¶tÜ . vamanduHtictYc enAtamsÞwg RcaMgTenø
nigRClgPñM . enAtMbn;éRBeRsag rW mUs sug vaEtduHlayCamYy Dalbergia cochichinensis,
Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Pterocarpus macrocarpus nig Sindora siamensis . enAkñg ú éRBtMbn;PñM
vaduHlayCamYy Swintonia floribunda nig Artocarpus chaplasha ehIyk_manduHlayCamYy
Shorea cochinchinensis nig Irvingia spp. enA cenøaHrvagéRBeRsag nigéRBel,aH
eQITalTwk CaedImeQItMbn;PñM nigTMnab EdlmanenAkMritry³kMBs;BI 0-500 m a.s.l [2, 11, 17] (30-
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
500 m [9], 0-450 m [6], 300-900 m [3], 0-800 m [5], 200-500(-800) m [16]).
GakasFatumsU gu RtUBki (RtUBki esIm nigs¶Üt (Aw) [6]) edaymankMritsMeNImCamFüm 75-85% [12]
kMritePøógFøak;CamFüm 1,100-2,200 mm/ qñaM [9] (1,500-2,200 mm [12], 3,500-4,500 mm
(x<sb; Mput) [6], 3,000-5,200 mm (dac;xat) [6]) nigrdUvR)aMgBI 3-6 Ex [9] (4-6 Ex [12])
KWsmRsbbMptu . cMnYnrbs;va enARbeTshVlI IBnI KWGaRs½yeTAtamrdUv eRcInCagenAtMbn;\NÐcÚ in [11]
.kMritsItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput sMrab;karlUtlas; 22-32ºC [6] (20-30ºC [9], 25-27ºC [12])
edaymankMritsItuNðPaBTabbMput enAExRtCak;bpM tu 12-18ºC [9] nigsItuNðPaBTabbMput 10ºC [6, 9]
4
. sItuNðPaBx<sb; Mput 30-40ºC [9] (36ºC [6]) enAExekþAbMput . eyagtamRbPBxøH eQITalTwk
CaRbePTFn;ngw møb; [4, 9] RbPBepSgeTot )aneGaydwgfa vaCaRbePT eQI RtUvkarBnøWenAeBlFM
nigFn;ngw BnøeW nAeBlenAtUc [5, 16] . vaGacsmrb eTAnwgry³eBl eFIrV sµI sMeyaK ry³eBlxøI ticCag
12 ema:g/éf¶ [6] (eBléf¶ manry³eBlxøI) . Fn;nwgkarlicTwk eTaHbIgayrg eRKaHedaysarePøg I
nigxül;k_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 16, 17]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
GaceRbIR)as;Ca sMng;Epñkxagkñúg vIna eQIemSARkdas kþakMral kþarCBa¢aMg TU begáal Fñmw
sMPar³sMrab;Ekécñ sarFatuKmI I sMPar³eFIBV eI QI TUrrfePøgI eQIfamBl nigsMng;TUk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 9, 10, 11, 22]
[Gnupl]: eRbgBN’s EdlTTYl)anBIeQIRsay RtUv)ansÁal;faCa 'minyak keruing', 'damar
balsam' . enHminEmnCa balsam mankøin nigminmanpÞúk GasuIt cinnamic rW benzoic acid [17] .
eFIeV RKOgsgðarwm bitTUk eFIkV ERBa¢g nig labeTAelIeQI edIm,IkarBar . enAkñgú »sfburraN
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;sMlab;emeraK fñabM Ba©úH fañM sMrab;elIkkMlaMg nigCafñaMrwteGays<kW . sMbk
edImeQItUc² Edlmansøwk 2-4 RtUv)aneCOfa mansarFatu RbqaMgeraKsnøak;qg¥w CMgWeføIm nigCacMNId_l¥
sMrab;eKa . enAkñgú sgÁmrIkcMerIn eRbgRtUv)aneRbI sMrab; (manCatisg½ ásI) fñaKM UrKMnUr TwkfñasM rM ab;e)aHBum<
lagsMGatCBa¢aMg nigeRKOgsgðarwm nigCaRm½kSN_sMrab;lab . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
CaeRbgenAkñgú ma:sIunma:s‘UtpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 9, 11, 12, 13, 17]
[epSg²]: eQITalTwkk_manskþanuBl sMrab;ksirukk ç mµpgEdr . enARbeTséf viFsI aRsþ taungya
RtUv)an Gnuvtþ edIm,IsþaréRBeQIeLIgvij enAelIdImni sUvmanCICati . sarFatusrIragÁ nigdIman NPK
enAxageRkam smRsbsMrab;karlUtlas; [11] . vaCaedImeQI eRbIkgñú kardaMCacenøaH
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIlMdab;fñak;TI 2 [1].
6
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
nigéRBkarBarbnÞab;BIkareFVGI aCIvkmµ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 11, 16, 17]
[kardaMduH]: kUneQIsMrab;daMduH KYrRtUv)andaMenAeBlBYkvamanGayu 12-14 Ex [12] edaymankMBs;
7
. vaRtUv)andaMCa cMkarsuT§ enAeRkammøbe; dImeQIdUcCa Indigofera teysmanii, Cassia siamensis,
Acacia auriculiformis nig Paraserianthes falcataria edaymandg;seIu tdMbUg 1,000 edIm/ha (3 x 3
m) [12] rW 600 edIm/ha [12] (km<C ú a : 625 edIm/ha [19]) (4 x 4 m) [12] . kardMaedaypÞal;
enAeRkamedImeQI k_GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIgpg Edr RbsinebIvamanmøb;RKb;RKan; . kUneQI
GacduHlUtlas;l¥ CamYy ectomycorrhizae énePT (genus) Russula .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 9, 12, 17]
[karRKb;RKg]: karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIg ry³eBl 7 bnþbnÞab; . BIqñaMTI 1 eTA 3 : karsMGatesµABIrdg
9
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: manRKab;BI 130-500 RKab;/kg [11] . RKab;Gac)at;bg;dMNuH ya:gqab;rh½s
(eRkayry³eBl 10-15 éf¶ kMritdMNuHRtUv)ankat;bnßy 50% [12]) dUcenH BYkRtUv)anlagsMGat
siamensis .
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[ CMgW]: The cerambycid, Celosterna pollinosa sulphurea (Synonym: Cerosterna pollinosa
10
scabrator) k_bpM aø jeQITalTwkpgEdr . RbePTpSitepSgeTotdUcCa Croton lucidum, Croton
11
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: km<C
ú a Lav xagekIt\NÐa (ekaH Andaman ) PaKxageCIg\NÐeÚ nsIu PUma hVlI IBnI
(Luzon) éf evotNam .
p> epSg² :
eRbg Rkhm nig C½r 30% . enAkMLgú qñaM 1920 enAxagt,ÚgevotNam manC½rcMnYn 1,000 t
RtUv)anRbmUlBIeQI TalTwk [17] .
12
[BNiCk¢ mµeQIhb‘u ]: tMéleQImlU enAqñaM 2003 enAkñgú BiPBelak RbEhl US$ 1,500-2,000/m³ [12]
.
[sarFatuBul]: kMTiceQI rW Gacm_rNa rbs;eQITalTwkGacbNþaleGayrmas; [11].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Aniwat C, 1989. Common forest tree diseases in Thailand. Thailand Journal of Forestry,
8:216-226.
[10]
Hans JW, Valeriano SB, 1982. Aspects of Management and Silviculture of Philippine
Dipterocarp Forests. Philippine-German Rain Forest Development Project, Schriftenreihe
der GTZ No. 132, 17-34.
[10]
[10]
RAPA, 1985. Dipterocarps of South Asia. FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific
(RAPA) Monograph 4/85. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.
[10]
13
Sabhasri S, Boonnitee A, 1967. Growth and Development of Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb. in
Natural Forest. Bangkok, Thailand: Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University.
[10]
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ, 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber
trees: major commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees:
major commercial timbers., 610 pp.; [Also published by Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 817 ref.
[10]
Watanabe H, Sahunalu P and Khemnark C. 1988. Combinations of trees and crops in the
taungya method as applied in Thailand. Agroforestry Systems. 6(2): 169-177.
[11]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
14
[4] Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA
Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
[5] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[7] Forest Herbarium (BKF) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department,
Thailand – http://www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[10] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[14] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[16] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
15
[17] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[18] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy,
Species Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-
ROM).
[19] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp.
Phnom Penh
[20] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K.
Panzer).
[21] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04
.htm (Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
16
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus costatus Gaertner f.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing bukit (Malaysia) [6] - kanyin in, kanyin po,
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae[4]
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.[6]
RbePT : Dipterocarpus costatus
Gaertner f.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4, 6]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
2
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIcMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
[karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñny ½ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 9]
4
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
5
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd
edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-
1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[6]
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
6
[7] CTSP/DANIDA, 2004: List of Tree Species. 7pp.
[8] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[9] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing
exudates.
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing etoi, keruing daun besar (Malaysia) [1] - kanyin thi
ÉksarBieRKaH : [5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| Datasheet Report
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ chhë: ti:ël chngâ:(r), chhë: ti:ël pruhs, chngâ:(r). [1], royieng,
chhe tiel pruhs, chhe tiel th’ngor [3], cheuteal chngo [4],
chhoeuteal chhngar [9]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus dyeri Pierre
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ ragdUcs‘ut b¤eGlIb TMhM 16-40 x 7.5-14 cm [1] (13-45 x 8-20 cm [2] RbEvg 5-25 cm
2
[páa]: kBa©Mpú aá maneram RbEvg 10-18 cm [6] (10-20 cm [2]) EdlmanpáacMnYn 6-8 [6] . RtbkpáamanTMrg;Ca
eGlIb nigbMBugeksKµaneram manRbEvg 1.7 cm [6] mancg¥tÚ Uc²cMnnY 5 [1] Edlrt;kat;BkI BM lU man
beNþay 2/3 énbMBug . RsTab;páamanBN’sCIu MBU nigKµaneram RbEvg 5 cm [6] . páamanekseQµal 30
[1, 6] . BnøkpáarIkEvgRbEvg 4-5 cm [2] . rdUvpáaKWeBjmYyqñaM BIExmkra dl;FñÚ [2] (mifuna-sIha [6]).
[Epø]:EpøTMeu nAkMLg ú Ex mkra dl;FñÚ [2] (kkáda-FñÚ [6]) . EpømaneramRsYc ragRTEvg rWekaNedaymanTMhM
4 x 2.8 cm . vamansøabcMnn Y 5 Edl 2 TMhMFMGacTMhM 20 x 5.5 cm [1] (18-25 x 3.5-4 cm [2], 20-23 cm
x 3-4 cm [6]) EdlmanséssMxan; 3 nig 3 eTotxøICagTMhM 1.5 x 0.6 cm [1] (1.5-2 x 0.5 cm [2]).
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 6]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 6]
[ epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIenHRtUv)ancat;CacMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2 .
møbx; øaMg. enA BIrqñaMdMbgU karebIBnøWTaMgRsugKWew FIeV GaykUneQImni GacFn;)aneT b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIkUneQIman
PaB rwgmaM (kMBs; 120 m )KMrbmøbG; acRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegátI karduHlUtlas; . RbePTeQICa eRcInduH
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| Datasheet Report
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
[ karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinnñ y½ .
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry
of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[1]
Choo, K.T. & Sim, H.C., 1981. Malaysian timbers - keruing. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet
No 48. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 18 pp.
[1]
Daljeet-Singh, K., 1974. Seed pests of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 37: 24-36.
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| Datasheet Report
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960-. Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
[1]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251 pp.
[1]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland
South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[1]
7
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No 16. Forest
Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[1]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[1]
Wong, W.C. & Ong, C.L., 1986. Particleboard from oily keruing. Malaysian Forester 49: 65-71.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[4] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[6] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[8] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[9] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ may sa beng (Trade name) [4] - krat, hiang krat, chik, cha
baeng, tabaeng, hiang khon, sat, tat (Thailand) [1] - dau trai,
dau long (Vietnam) [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krai, trai [1], trach, trach sa, trach snaeng, trach sra [2]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
1
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus intricatus Dyer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]CaedImeQIFCM MruHsøkw kMBs;BI 20-30 m [4] (15-30 m [2]) Ggát;pit© 60-80 cm enA
kMBs; DBH . Emk nigedImRKbdNþbe; dayeramCaeRcInEdlmanragCapáay nigmanBN’elOgcas;
eTACaetñat . [sMbk]:épÞsMbkmanBN’etñatcas; b¤RbepHcas; nigeRbHtambeNþay . sMbkxagkñúg
manBN’TwkRkUc EdlmankMras; 8-10 mm [4] GacRkas;CagenH .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ qøas; nigmanragdUcs‘ut zitenACaesñótsNþk Ú tambeNþayKl;skøw nigmancugril
TMhM 10-30 x 8-14 cm [4] nigmaneramenAelIépÞTaMgBIr ¬xageRkam nigelIskøw ¦ CaBiessenAEpñk
xageRkamén søwk . sésTI2man 14 (-21) KU [4] (10-15) KU [1] . Tgsøkw manRbEvg 3-4.5 cm long [4]
sMrab;karBarBnøk . sÞbsøwkmanRbEvg 3 cm [4] . RtacCMruHsøkw rbs;vary³eBlBIr eTA bIéf¶enA
erogral;qañ M . søwkcas;Føak;enAExFñÚ ehIysøwkfµIcab;epþmI duHlUtlas;enAExmkra [4] .
[páa]: kenSampáamanRbEvg 16-18 cm [4] manEmkBI 2-4 EmknimYy²manpáa 6-8 flowers [4] tMerobCa
2
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 7]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 7]
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minmanB½t’man b¤Tinñn½y .
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[6].
[ karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
Tukdak; 'of least concern' (LR lc) eTaHmankarGHGagfa enAPaKxageCIgRbeTséf nig \NÐcÚ ni
manvtþmanrbs;RbePTenH k_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5]
karnaMclU ]: CakarBit RbePTminTan;RtUv)annaMykcUleTAdaMenAtMbn; epSgeRkABItMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;
[
CalkçkN³ FmµCatieLIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[3] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[4] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[6] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[7] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm. ex Miq]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ keruing (Trade name) [1], keruing beludu, atoi (Malaysia) [1]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus obtusifolius Teijsm.
ex Miq.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMmFümkMBs;dl; 30 m [1] (25-30 m [5], 10-15 m [3], -28 m [6])
. edImmanragCasILu aMg Rtg;[5] (EtmanTMrg;mni l¥ [1]) kMBs;dl;eTA 20 m [1] Ggát;p©it DBH KW 80 cm
[1] (50-80 cm [5]). kenSamsøk w manBN’ébtg-R)ak; cMhr nig EbkEmksaxa . EmkeQIFrM agsMEb:t
bnþic nig RKbeTAedayeramEvg . BnøkmanragCaes<ó rMueTAedayeramBN’etñat nig CYnkalmin maneram
eT .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAKeRKIm BN’RbepH RbepHetñat eTACaRbepHcas; mansñameRbHbeNþayeRCA .
sMbkxagkñúgmanBN’Rkhmetñat b¤Rkhm .
[søwk]: søk
w samBaØ qøas; ragdUceGlIb b¤st‘u mancugsgçagTal b¤mlU TMhM 15-30 x 10-18 cm [6] (14-22
cm x 10-16 cm [1] RbEvg 9-15 cm [5]) . EKmsøwkmaneram nigeFµjtUc² . épÞxagelIKaµ neram
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
[Epø]: EpøTMeu nAkMLgú Exmkra-FñÚ [2] (emsa-sIha [5]) . EpømanragmUl nig relag manGgát;p©it 2.5-3 cm
[5] (2.5-3.5 cm [6]) manEpøFM RKbedayeram nig mansøab 2 FM nig 3 tUc . søabFMmanTMhM 15 cm x 3 cm
[1] (8-15 x 1.5-4 cm [2], 10-14 x 2.3 cm [6]) nigmanragekagcuHeRkamenAEKm . søab 3 tUcmanTMhM 15
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 6]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
vaduHlayKñaCamYy Pinus keysia nig Pinus merkusii nigRbePTénGMbrU Fagaceae [5]. enARbeTskm<Cú a
vaduHlUtlas;enATIval EdlmanBBYk dipterocarpsduHlUtlas; enAkñgú éRBRkas; b¤éRBrukranEdl
duHeLIgvij ehIyman Pinus merkusii ticb¤eRcIn. vak_duHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBRsl; elIx<g;rabéndI sila
xSac; Edlman Pinus merkusii . vak_manvtþmanenAkñgú tMbn;éRBricril (shrub savannas) pgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7]
karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: kUneQI Dipterocarpus GacFn;enAkñgú éRB)an eRcInqñaMeRkam TIkEnøgman
[
møbx; øaMg. enA BIrqñaMdMbgU karebIBnøWTaMgRsugKWew FIeV GaykUneQImni GacFn;)aneT b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIkUneQIman
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
PaB rwgmaM (kMBs; 120 m )KMrbmøbG; acRtUv)anebIk edIm,IbegátI karduHlUtlas; . RbePTeQICa eRcInduH
lUtlas; eLIgvij)anl¥enAkñgú éRBcMbg ¬minTan;mankarrunran¦.
[8].
[karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñny
½ .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
Yin, Tenasserim).
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 7]
[ karnaMclU ]: RbeTs PUma \NÐeÚ nsIu ma:eLsIu ¬bUeNGU¦ .
6
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry
of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[1]
Choo, K.T. & Sim, H.C., 1981. Malaysian timbers - keruing. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet
No 48. Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 18 pp.
[1]
Daljeet-Singh, K., 1974. Seed pests of some dipterocarps. Malaysian Forester 37: 24-36.
[1]
Flore du Cambodge du Laos et du Viêtnam (various editors), 1960-. Muséum National d'Histoire
Naturelle, Paris.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
[1]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251 pp.
[1]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland
South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[1]
7
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No 16. Forest
Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[1]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[1]
Wong, W.C. & Ong, C.L., 1986. Particleboard from oily keruing. Malaysian Forester 49: 65-71.
[1]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[4] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[5] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[6] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of
Northern Thailand.
(Internet source)
[8] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[9] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
9
[10] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
1
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: søk w samBaØ ragCaes<ór nigFM CaBiessenAelIBnøkeTIblUtlas; nigkUneQI 20-50 x 18-34 cm [4]
(12-70 x 10-50 cm [1], 30-45 x 12-35 cm [5]) ragdUcs‘ut b¤eGlIb edaymancugsøwkTal . Kl;søk w
manragdUcebHdUg enACaysøkw manragCaeFµjrNatUc²cMeBaHsøkw cas; nigmanséscMnYn 9-16 KUr [4]
EdllyecjenAépÞswøkEpñkxageRkam edaytMerobenACit²Kña . TgsøwkFM ragsMEb:t nigmanRbEvg 5-
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
manTMhM9-15 x 2.5-4 cm [1] (RbEvg 9-16 cm [4], dl; 20 cm [5])mansés 3-5 [5](sés 3 [4])manRbEvg
3/4énsøab. søabbIeTotxøI ragsMEb:t TMhM 1.5-2 x 1.5 cm [1] nigmanragekaN cuHeRkam eTAEKm søwk .
2
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
3
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIelx 2 .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
4
CMruHsøkw dipterocarp én dipterocarp pine-oak" [1] . vaCaRbePTEdlmaneRcInbMptu enAextþ eQogém:
eday duHlUtlas;enAkñúgtMbn;éRBricrilxøaMg edaysarePøgI eqHEdlmanRsl;swkø BIrduHlUtlas; .
enARbeTs km<Cú a vaduHlUtlas;enAkñgú éRBcMruH EdlCaRbePTlb;myY kñúgcMeNamRbePT Shorea
obtusa nig Terminalia tomentosa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 9]
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: "kUneQI nigedImb:unefñal mankarFn;RTaMngw møbx; øaMg . enABIrqñaMdMbgU kar
ebIk enSamsøkw TaMgmUlminKYreFIeV LIy b:Eu nþbnÞab;BIknU eQIrwgmaMl¥ (kMBs; 120 m) kenSamsøwkRtUv)an
ebIkedIm,I begánI karlUtlas; . RbePTeQIPaKeRcInduHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkñúgéRBminTan;mankarrukran .
[7].
[kardaMduH]: "enAeBlkUneQIRtUv)andaMenATIval edImeQIpþl;mbø ;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; dUcCa Acacia
[karRKb;RKg]:minTan;manTinn ñ y½ .
karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijedayFmµCatiKWmanlkçN³l¥ . kUneQIk_RtUveRbIsMrab;kardaMduHpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ stVl¥ti ]:søwkrbs;RbePTenHmingayrgkarbMpøajBIstVl¥iteLIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
5
RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)ancat;fñak;enAkñúg IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbICa sßanPaB rbs;RbePT
edImedaysarePøgI eqH.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 10]
p> epSg² :
kUnkat;]: "eyagtam Pooma (2002) manTMrg;BIr énkarbegátI kUnkat; : Pooma et al. 3387 (BKF) søkw man
[
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[3] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[4] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[5] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of
Northern Thailand.
[7] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[8] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[9] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
[10] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm
(Internet source)
7
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F. Gaertn.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ common gurjun tree, wood oil tree of Assam [8]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ garjan, gurjan (Trade name) [8] - yang daeng, yang bai
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Dipterocarpus Gaertner f.
RbePT : Dipterocarpus turbinatus C.F.
Gaertn.
andamanica King,
Dipterocarpus turbinatus
var. turbinatus
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1,8]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
énkMBs; srub . RbePTenHGacmanGgát;p©it DBH dl;eTA 170 cm [8] nigCYnkalrhUtdl; 460 cm [8]
(200 cm [4]). vagayRclMCamYy D. costatus b:uEnþvamankenSamsøwkRkas;Cag EmktUcmanxñay
(3 cm [4], 2.5-3.5 cm [5]), gayRCuH (caducous = easily falling) xñaysøk w manRbEvg 1.5-9 cm [8]
2
(Gacdl;eTA 12 cm [8]) BN’RbepH nigmanlkçN³Rkas; . søwkEdlcas;RtYv)anRCuHenArdUvR)aMg
¬ExmIna¦ nigsøkw x©Icab;duHlUtlas;enArdUv rMehIy .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[páa]: kBa©úpM aá manpáa 3-5 [4] niglUtlas;BIekøóksøkw . páaTaMgmUlmanRbEvg 2.5-3.5 cm [5] (3.0-3.5 cm
[8]) enAExñgeRkamsøwk . Rtbkpáaxagkñúg 5 zitenACaragsIL u aMgKµankMBUl EdlmanRbEvg 1 cm [4] .
RsTab;páaxageRkA 5 zitenACabnÞat; manBN’s sIuCm<Ú rWRkhm . páanimyY ²manekseQµal 30 nig
eksjIzitenACasnÞHRKbdUceramenAelIkMBUl . ecjpáaBI Ex mIna-emsa [8] (RbeTséf: kum³Ö -FñÚ [1]) .
[Epø]: "Epøcab;TeMu nAEx emsa dl;]saPaenARbeTsbg;køaeds nig ]sPa-mifunaenARbeTsPUma .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
eFIRV bRBwtþikmµedayviFsI aRsþeRbInUvsMBaF dUcCa dMeNIrkaeFIeV GayGs;ekasika (Lowry's empty cell
process) nig karbMeBjekasika (Bethel's full cell process)" [8] . tMélénkMedAKW 5,300 Kcal/kg
kMritRbEhl : 27°N eTA 5°S [8] (10°N to 25°N [7]) . Dipterocarpus turbinatus duHlUtlas;ray)a:y
b:Eu nþ vaCaRbePTEdlBRgay enARbeTs\NÐa (West Bengal, Assam, Andaman Islands) bg;køaeds nig
BIPUma dl;\NÐcÚ ni . enARbeTséf vaduHray)a:yenAPaKxaglic nig kMrmanduHenAtMbn;ekaH . CaTUeTA
vaduHenA tMbn;RClgPñM EdlmaéRBeRsagesIm ¬dIRbepH¦ nigéRBBak;kNþaleRsag éRB dipterocarp-
esIm nig éRBel,aH enAtMbn;éRBbzm nigéRBrgkarrukran . enAéRBel,aH dipterocarp
vaduHlUtlas;CabNþMCú aRbePT suT§ nigCYnkallayCamYy Irvingia malayana, Scaphium lychnophora
nig Parinari annamense. vaEtgEtduHlayKñaCamYy D. costatus,
ebIeTaHCavakMrmanenAtMbn;Edlmanry³kMBs;Tabk_eday .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10]
vaduHlUtlas;enA tMbn;RtUBci esIm (RtUBci esIm nigs¶Üt (Aw) [7]) edaymankMBs;TwkePøógCamFüm 2,000-
4,000 mm/qñaM [8] (kMBs;TwkePøógx<sb
; Mput: 2,500-3,500 mm/qñaM [7],TabbMput: 1,500-5,100 mm/qñaM [7]) .
kMritsMenImRbEhl 100% [8]. vaTamTanUvkMriGakasFatu EdlmanePøógeRcInCag 130 éf¶ [8] nig
rbbePøógenArdUvekþA 0-4éf¶ [8] . eTaHCa rdUvR)aMgmanEt 0-4 Ex [8] k_vaGacFn)anEdr . D. turbinatus
GacsMrbry³eBlrsµsI eM yaK Edlmanry³eBlticCag 12 em:ag [7] (eBléf¶xIø) . sItuNðPaBTabbMput
24-32°C [7] (sItuNðPaBmFüm RbcaMqañ M 20-24°C [8]) sItuNðPaBx<sb ; Mput 40°C [7] . vasmRsbnwgtMbn;
EdlmansItuNðPaBTabbMput enAExEdlRtCak;bMput 6-18°C [8] nig sItuNðPaBmFümx<s;bpM tu 28-45°C
4
[8]enAExEdlekþAbMput . Tinñn½yGakaFatubgðajfa D. turbinatus minsmRsbkñgú karduH lUtlas;
enAtMbn; EdlmankMrit sItuNðPaB eRkam 10°C" [8] . vagaybMpaø jedaysarePøgI eqHéRB nigeQIbu:n
efal EdlRtUv)anbMpøajedayePøgI KWmni GacduHlUtlas;eLIgvij)aneT . RbePTenHmankarFn;ngw
xül; enAtMbn;skIu Únø RtUBic dUcCaenARbeTs bg;køaeds Andamans (\NÐa) nigPUma [8] . D. turbinatus
Fnnwgmøb; enAeBleBjv½y nigRtUvkarBnøWenA eBlcas; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 6, 7, 8]
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinyñ½ . .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 7, 8]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2.
6
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
ÉksarBieRKaH [8, 9]
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: kUneQIGacRtUv)anbNþHú enAkñgú fñal edayeRbIR)as;fñalEdlmanmøbR; Kb eday
fg; pøas;sÞci . RKab;RtUv)ansabkñúgry³eBl 2-3 éf¶eRkayBIkarRbmUlRKab; nigRKbedaydI nigTuk
søabeGay lyecjmk . kareRsacTwk nigsMGatesµAmansar³sMxan;Nas; nigkarkat;bnßymøb; edIm,I
eGayedImduH )anl¥ RtUv)aneFIeV LIg . kUneQIGacmankMBs; 50 cm enAExmifuna (RbEhl 12-13 Ex).
RKab;ngw beBa©j nUvrWs EdlrwgmaMenAeRkamlkçxN½ ÐfñalFmµCati . eyagtamkar duHlUtlas; ya:g
8
elOgrbs;rWs (RbEhl 20 cm ry³eBl 2 Ex) kUneQIRtUv)anbNþHú enAkñgú fg;p; aø s;sÞic bnÞab;mkRtUv)an
ykeTAdaM .
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁlUtlas;]: D. turbinatus GacbnþBUCedaysrIragÁlUtlas;edaykarpSaM EdlRtUv
F> karGPirkS :
9
Workshop on Tree Species Priorities organized by DFW and CTSP in 2000) KWmancMnYneRcInCag
10,000 edImRtUv)anKMramkEhgedaykarkab; nig eRcInCa 1,000 edImRtUv)anKMramkMEhgedayePøg I .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 6, 11]
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 6, 8]
[ karnMacUl]: \NÐeÚ nsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anon, 1983. Bangladesh Standard Specification for General Purposes. Dhaka, Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Standard and Testing Institution.
[8]
10
Anon, 1985. Dipterocarps of South Asia: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, bangkok,
Thailand.
[8]
Anon, 1988. Bangladesh Standard Code of Practice for Preservation of Timber. Dhaka, Bangladesh:
Bangladesh Standards and Testing Institution.
[8]
Banik RL, 1980. Studies on sowing position of garjan seeds on their germination and seedling
behaviour. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 9(1/2):43-52; 6 ref.
[8]
Das DK, 1970. Anatomy of Dipterocarpus Species Timbers of East Pakistan. Bull. 2, Wood Anatomy
Series. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Forest Research Institute.
[8]
Das S, 1980. Dipterocarp forests of Bangladesh and their management. Bano Biggyan Patrika,
9(1/2):71-86; 7 ref.
[8]
Dochnal EF, 1987. Review of Provisional Yield Tables Set-up. Assistance to the Forestry Sector of
Bangladesh - Phase II. FAO Project BGD/85/085. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organizations of
United Nations.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[8]
[8]
Haque MA, Rahman AHMM, Choudhury JH, 1985. Effect of harvesting time and sowing interval of
garjan seeds on germination. Bano Biggyan Patrika, 14(1/2):30-35; 10 ref.
[8]
11
Haque SMS, Osman KT, 1993. Performance of gurjan (Dipterocarpus turbinatus) and teak (Tectona
grandis) in pure and mixed plantations at Kaptai, Bangladesh. Indian Forester, 119(9):738-743; 9 ref.
[8]
Khan MS, 1984. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora of Bangladesh, No. 25. Dhaka, Bangladesh: Bangladesh
National Herbarium.
[8]
Kirtikar KR, Basu BD, 1935. Indian Medicinal Plants. 2nd edition, Vol 1. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen
Singh Mohendra Pal Singh.
[8]
Latif MA, Dey BC, Das Gupta SR, 1978. Treatability of nineteen timber species of Bangladesh. Bano
Biggyan Patrika, 7(1/2):1-8; 5 ref.
[8]
Limye VD, 1939. Properties of woods grown in India. Dehra Dun, India: Forest Research Institute.
[8]
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of sections].
[8]
Martindale, 1958. The Extra Pharmacopocia, Vol 2. London, UK: Pharmacuetical Press.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
[8]
Rai SN, 1978. Pre-treatment of seeds of Albizia falcata, A. chinensis and A. richardiana.. Myforest,
14(4):241-245; 1 ref.
[8]
Rai SN, 1983. Notes on nursery and regeneration techniques of some species occurring in southern
tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Karnataka (India). Indian Forester, 109(3):127-
136.
12
[8]
Rashid MH, Serajuddoula M, Banik RL, Matin A, 1986. Vegetative propagation of forest trees in
Bangladesh. Bulletin 1. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Silviculture Genetics Division, Bangladesh Forest
Research Institute.
[8]
Rashid MH, Serajuddoula M, 1984. Vegetative propagation of dhakijam and garjan by air-layering.
Bano Biggyan Patrika, 13(1/2):64-66; 5 ref.
[8]
Sattar MA, 1980. Kiln drying schedules for indigenous timbers of Bangladesh. Bulletin, Forest
Research Institute, Chittagong, Wood Seasoning, No. 4:ii + 11 pp.; 9 ref.
[8]
Sattar MA, 1981. Some physical properties of 116 Bangladeshi timbers. Bulletin, Forest Research
Institute, Bangladesh, Wood Seasoning, No. 7:15 pp.; 1 ref.
[8]
Sen Gupta JN, 1937. Seed weights, plant percents, etc. for forest plants in India. Indian Forest
Records, Silviculture, 2(5):175-221.
[8]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Tewary PK, Sarkar AK, 1987. Lectotypification of Dipterocarpus andamanicus (King) Tewary & Sarkar
comb. nov. & stat. nov. (Dipterocarpaceae). Indian Journal of Forestry, 10(1):63-64.
[8]
Thangam ES, 1982. Regeneration methods of Dipterocarpus species in India. Indian Forester,
108(10):637-647; 18 ref.
[8]
13
Joshi HB, 1980. Troup's The silviculture of Indian trees. Volume II. Dipterocarpaceae. Troup's The
silviculture of Indian trees. Volume II. Dipterocarpaceae., xxxv + 471 pp.; [148 pl. (4 col.)]; 43 pp. ref.
[8]
Yakub M, Bhattacharjee DK, Ali MO, 1972. Strength Properties of some Bangladesh Timber Species.
Bulletin 2. Chittagong, Bangladesh: Bangladesh Forest Research Institute.
[8]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[3] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[4] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[5] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees of
Northern Thailand.
[6] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe (Internet source) Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
[9] PROSEA, 2001: Plant Resources of South East Asia 18 - Plant producing exudates.
[10] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K. Panzer).
14
[11] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.htm(Inter
net source)
15
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Durio zibethinus Murray.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ durian [2], civet fruit, civet-cat tree, thurian [7]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ durian (trade name) [7] - du-yin (Myanmar) [7] - dulian
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malavales
RKYsar : Bombacaceae
1
ePT : Durio
RbePT : Durio zibethinus
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk] søwkmanragCaeGlIb rW es<ór RbEvg 10-15 cm [7] (10-17 cm [5]) TTwg 3-4 cm [7] (3-4.5(-
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl : 18°N eTA 18°S [4] . vaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAtMbn;Cti eGkVaT½r . edImduHEttMbn;RtUBki nig
Qb; lUtlas;enAkMLgú ExRtCak; . CaFmµCati vaduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBRkas;tMbnTMnab
b:Eu nþRtUv)andaMduHya:g eRcInenAkñgú cMkar nigsYnCitpÞH éntMbn;GasIueKñy_ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 7, 8]
3
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
4
nigstV . eyagtamCMenOd_manRbCaRbiyPaB karbriePaKFuernCamYy RsaRBmKña GacbNþaleGayQW
rWkG_ acsøab;pgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 6, 7]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 7]
[karRbmUlpl]: edImeQIduHlUtlas;ya:gx<s; nigmankarBi)akkñg ú karkMNt;nvU PaBcas; rWTrMu bs;Epø
ehIyCa FmµtaeKGaccaMrhUtdl;EpøRCuHmkelIdEI tmþg . enARbeTséf edImEdlmanEpøeRcIn
eBkGackat;bnßynUv kMlaMglUtlas;rbs;edIm nigkarebHEpøRtUv)aneFIeV LIg . karRbmUlpleday
eRCIserIsmansar³sMxan; nig GñkCMnajxagebHEpøGaceRbIR)as;lkçN³vinicyä½ CaeRcInkñúgkarkMNt;
EpøEdlcas; . edayKitBIcMnnY éf¶cab;BI eBlecjpáa BYkvak_GackMNt;edaylkçN³dUcCa BN’ PaByWt
nigrIklUtlas;rbs;bnøa kMritkøinrbs;Epø sMelgenAeBlykRmamédeTAGUsqøgkat;cenøaHrbs;bnøa
karERbRbYlrbs;TgEpø nigkarGENþtrbs;EpøenA kñgú Twk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[Tinñpl]: enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ Tin
ñ plKWmankMritTab nigmineTogTat; edaysarEtpáatic nigkarecj
Epømin RKb;RKan; . enARbeTséf bBaðaenHKWminsUvFn;F¶reT EtTinpñ lCamFümRtUv)anKNna BIsißti
enAtamtMbn; nigplitkmµenAqñaMbnþbnÞab; EteTaHya:gNak_edayvaenAEtmankMritTab EdlmanBI 3.1
eTA 8.3 t/ha kñúg mYyqñaM . cMkarEdll¥enAkñúgRbeTséf nig Perak EdlzitenAma:eLsIu
Gacplit)andl; 10-18 t/ha kñúgmYyqñaM EdlmanEpøRbEhl 50 kñúgmYyedIm nigTMgn; 1.5-4 kg
cMeBaHEpønimyY ² [5].
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
7
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
ÉksarBieRKaH [5].
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
[stVéRB]: enAkñgú éRB dMrI xøa rmas nigstVéRBdéTeTotRtUv)anTak;TajedaysarEtkøin rbs;FuernTMu nig
RbkYtRbECg deNþmI ykEpøEdlRCuH .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Kostermans AJGH, 1958. The genus Durio Adans. (Bombacaceae). Reinwardtia 4: 47-150.
[4]
Burate Bamrungkarn, L., 1971. Durian plantation. Prae Pittaya Publishers, Bangkok (in
Thai). [5]
Corner, E.J.H., 1949. The durian theory of the origin of the modern tree. Annals of Botany
13(52): 367-414.
[5]
Hasan, B.M. & Yaacob, O., 1986. The growth and productivity of selected durian clones
under the plantation system at Serdang, Malaysia. Acta Horticulturae 175:55-58.
[5]
Kostermans, A.J.G.H., 1958. The genus Durio Adans.(Bombac.). Reinwardtia 4(3): 357-460.
[5]
Punsri, P., 1970. Observations on durian plantation. Puech Suan 6(4): 49-59 (in Thai).
[5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Punsri, P., 1972. Wild durian. Puech Suan 8(2): 17-22 (in Thai).
[5]
Soegeng-Reksodihardjo, W., 1962. The species of Durio with edible fruits. Economic Botany
16: 270-282.
[5]
Soepadmo, E. & Eow, B.K., 1976. The reproductive biology of Durio zibethinus Murr. The
Gardens' Bulletin Singapore 29: 25-33.
[5]
9
Valmayor, R.V., Coronel, R.E. & Ramirez, D.A., 1965. Studies of floral biology, fruit set and
development in durian. The Philippine Agriculturists 48: 355-359.
[5]
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East Asia; 2 -
Edible fruits and nuts. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=369920
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ river red gum, red gum [1], Murray red gum, river gum [3],
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ bach dan trang [2], b[aj]ch d[af]n [us]c, bajch dafn usc, pré;ng
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
1
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
kMritry³kMBs; 0 (30) eTA 600 m a.s.l. [1, 2, 3, 9] (0-1,500 m a.s.l [12]) . kMriteGkULsÚ uIxs< ;
Fn;ngw kar raMgs¶tÜ nigkarelcTwk enAry³eBlxøI . smRsbeTAnwgGakasFatumsU gu nigFn;karCaMTwk
b:Eu nþsmRsb cMeBaHtMbn;raMgs¶Üt nigraMgs¶tÜ mFüm . manRbPBkMeNItBItbM n; EdlmanrdUvrMehIy
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
250 edIm/ha enAGayu 10 qñaM nig 100 edIm/ha enAGayu 15 qñaM nigRbmUlplcugeRkayenAGayu 25 qñaM
5
sMrab;eFIVeQIemSARkdas; edImeQIGacRtUv)ankab;RbmUlplenAGayu 6-10 qñaM . kMritTinpñ leQIRbcaMqñaM
KW RbEhl 20 - 25 m³/ha enAGasSg;TIn 30 m³/ha enAGIRu saEGl 17 - 20 qñaMenATYKI enAxYbdMbgU nig
25 - 30 qñaMCabnþbnÞab; . enAtMbn;raMgs¶Üt TinñplTTYl)an 2 - 11 m³ xYbBI 14 rW 15 qñaM .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 6]
[karduHCaFmµCati (GURsþalI)]: CasmasFatulb;enAtMbn;éRBlicTwk . enAelITMnablicTwk
vaCaRbePTedIm eQIEtmYyKt; Edlmanvtþman . enAtMbn;xs< ; vaduHlayCamYy black box
(Eucalyptus largiflorens) rW coolibah (E. microtheca) . vak_manray)a:ytampøÚvTwk nigéRBkpgEdr
6
[plitkmµRKab;]: karlUtlas;)anl¥ rbs;eRbgxül; Gacpþl;nUvRKab;rab;lanRKab; kñúgmYyqñaM
nigGacrs;ran nigplitRKab;)anry³eBleRcInstvtS . cMnYnRKab; kñúgmYy kg = 666,000 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[karbnþBUC ]: RKab;manTMgn;Rsa eday 1.3-1.4 g/1,000 RKab; nigGacRtUv)anrkSaTukry³eBleRcInqñaM
kUneQIsuT§EdlRtUvkarkñgú mYy ha: 2,500 GRtagab; : 3,000 = 20% enAkEnøgdaM , 3,334 = 10%
enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ , 4,168 = 20% enAkñgú fñal . kMritdMunuH 40% cMnYn RKab;srub 0.01 kg [10] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 10]
7
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
minTan;manTinñn½y .
8
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTsGURsþalI
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
[ karnaMclU ]:
GWru :ub (sayRb‘sÍ Rkic GIutalI ma:l;ta b:uTuyháal; eGs,aj);
GasuI (bg;køaeds km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu GIru :g; GIurak; GIRu saEGl CUdg; KUevt Lav eL)ann; ma:eLsIu
PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI Gara:b; sgðbUrI RsIlgáa éf TYKI evotNam ya:Emn);
GaeRhVc (Gal;esrI Gg;eháaLa bUsVaNa b‘UKINahVIsU bU‘ran;DI kaemrU Eqk kUmUr: Us kugeháa kUDIv½r eGsIbu
eGsIub G‘Íru IeTol eGsüÚBI háaNa eknya: eLsUtU lIebrIya: ma:hÁadasáa ma:LavI ma:lI mU:rukU mUsg;bu‘cí
NamIbÍ‘ nIesrIya: ra:van;da esenháal; esra:elGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVxagt,Úg s‘dU g; tg;sanI esnsIu)a
sIum)aev );
kara:ebon (Kuy)a RTInIedt nigta)aehÁa);
GaemrikNþal (kUsþarIkar eGkVaD½r háaetma:La hugdYrus nIháara:hÁ½r );
GaemrixageCIg (misu uickU shrdæGaemrik);
Gaemrikxagt,Úg ( Gasüg;TIn eRbsIul qIlI kULMbú Í‘ eGkVaD½r hÁyÚ a:Na )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU G‘yu ra:hÁay );
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
mhasmuRT (hVCI I)
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
p> epSg² :
9
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Boland DJ, Brooker MIH, Chippendale GM, Hall N, Hyland BPM, Johnston RD, Kleinig DA,
Turner JD, 1984. Forest trees of Australia. Forest trees of Australia., Ed. 4:xvi + 687 pp.; 77
ref.
[4]
Booth TH, Pryor LD, 1991. Climatic requirements of some commercially important eucalypt
species. Forest Ecology and Management, 43(1-2):47-60; 31 ref.
[4]
Davidson J, 1993. Domestication and breeding programme for Eucalyptus in the Asia-Pacific
region. UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improving Productivity of Man-Made Forests
Through Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation
(RAS/91/004-FORTIP). Los Baños, Philippines: FAO of the United Nations.
[4]
Doran JC, Williams ER, 1994. Fast-growing Eucalyptus camaldulensis clones for foliar-oil
production in the tropics. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 73(4):261-266, 273-274; 18 ref.
[4]
Doran JC, Wongkaew W, 1997. Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. In: Faridah Hanum I, van
der Maesen LJG, eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11. Auxiliary Plants. Leiden,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
the Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 132-137.
[4]
Eldridge K, 1995. Breeding plan for Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Thailand 1995 revision.
Canberra, Australia: CSIRO Division of Forestry.
[4]
Evans J, 1992. Plantation forestry in the tropics: tree planting for industrial, social,
environmental, and agroforestry purposes. Plantation forestry in the tropics: tree planting for
industrial, social, environmental, and agroforestry purposes., Ed. 2:xv + 403 pp.; 32 pp. of
ref.
10
[4]
Midgley SJ, Eldridge KG, Doran JC, 1989. Genetic resources of Eucalyptus camaldulensis..
Commonwealth Forestry Review, 68(4):295-308; 35 ref.
[4]
Pukittayacamee P, Saelim S, Bhodthipuks J, 1993. Seed collection period for selected tree
species in Thailand. Seed collection period for selected tree species in Thailand., 2 pp.
[4]
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ, 1993. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
trees: major commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5(1) Timber trees:
major commercial timbers., 610 pp.; [Also published by Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 817 ref.
[4]
11
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1992: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major
commercial timbers.
[2] Nguyen et al, 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[5] Schmidt, L., 2000: Guide to Handling of Tropical and Subtropical Forest Seed. CTSP-
DANIDA.
http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html?Eucalyptus+camaldulensis&CAN=COMIND
(Internet source)
[8] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[10] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ forest red gum [1], blue gum, red irongum [2], flooded
gum, grey gum, siver ironbark, slaty gum, stinking gum [10],
forest river gum, horn-cap eucalyptus, mysore hybrid,
mysore-gum, Queensland blue gum [11].
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ forest red gum [1], mungurra [3], mysore gum [11] (Trade
name)
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ preng khchal slek toch [2]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
1
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
manlkçN³qøas; rages<ó manTMhM 10-20 cm x 1-2.5 cm [1] (12-21 cm x 1.2-2.5 cm wide [3])
kMBlU RsYc TgsøwkmanRbEvg 13-24 mm nigKµaneram .
[páa]: páaduHCacegáam Edlman 5–12 [3, 4] (7-11 [1]) duHray)a:yesµK I ñaenAelITg EdlmanRbEvg 5–7
mm . cegáamduHecjeRkA G½kSrbs;swøk .
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
kMritry³kMBs;BI 0-800 m enAnUKeI no nig 30-1000 m enAGURsþalI [3] (0-1,000 m [1,11], 0-1,800 m
[4, 7]) . EdlmanEdncab;BI tMbn;RtUBk i s¶tÜ eTAdl;esIm nigéRBesIm . manRbPBBItMbn;
EdlmanrdUvekþA nigrdUvrga manePøóg edaymankMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 500-1,500 mm [3] (500-3,000
mm [2], 500-3,500 mm [11]) edaymanExekþAdl;eTA 7 Ex [3, 4] (-8 Ex [2]) nigGacFn;
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
[Tinñpl]: TinñplGaRs½yeTAelIsMeNIm . Tinñplx<s;bpM tu RtUv)anraykarN_ enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ðénkar
eRsacTwk tamry³RbB½nF§ arasaRsþ . enAkñgú cMkar EdlmanRbB½nF§ arasaRsþ enAGaeRhVc
eRkamlkçxN ½ Ðl¥ edImeQIGacpþl;pl 20 eTA 25 m³/ha/qñaM enA 15 qñaM dMbgU ehIyTinñplnwgFøak;cHu 10
eTA 15 m³ kñúgmYy ha kñúgmYyqñaM rhUtdl;edImeQIRtUv)ankat;Bnøkecj [5] .
enAtMbn;EdlmanlkçxN ½ Ðl¥ enAGasSg;TIn MAI pþl; 18–30 m³/ha/qñaM b:Eu nþenAtMbn;
EdlminsUvl¥én\NÐa MAI Gacdl; 3 . edImeQI EdlmanGayu 5 qñaM EdlmancenøaH kñúgcMnnY 1,670
edIm/ha enAkMrit basal area mFüm 18 m²/ha . enAeRbsIulkMrit TinñplmFümKW 18 m³/ha/qñaM .
enAkMritxYbrgVli CuM 5-7 qñaM enAtMbn;Edll¥ enAkugeháa vaGacpþl;nvU Tinñpl RbcaMqañ M 18-25 m³/ha .
enAtMbn;mni l¥ énGu‘yra:háay TTYl )an 6m³/ha enAxYbmanry³eBl 16 qñaM [3] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: enAkñgú RbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CamYyRbePTdMNaMepSg²eTot dUcCa eBatenAkñgú
RbeTs)a:KsI aß n enAry³eBl 6 eTA 12 Ex CamYy dMLgÚ mI enARbeTs\NÐaenAkMLgú 2 qñaMdMbgU [5] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 7]
[karbnþBUC]: edImeQImyY edIm GacplitRKab;)an 150-350g kñgú mYyqñaeM nAGayu 3 qñaM [2] (3-6 qñaM
enAkñgú cMkar [3]) . eRbgxül;skøw tUceFVIkarbnþBCU tamry³RKab; . manRKab;RbEhl 642,000 /kg
(540,000 RKab;/kg [3], 285,000-800,000 RKab;/kg [5]) . minTamTarnUvkareFVRI bRBwtþkmµCamuneT .
8% énsMeNIm [2], 60% sMeNIm [5]) enAsMPar³pÞk ú bitCit enAkñgú TUTwkkk (3-5°C [2], 4°C [5])
GacrkSadMNuHdl;eTACag 10 qñaM . tMrUvkarRKab;sMrab;kardaMduHkñúgmYy hicta sMrab;cMkarenA
kñúgRbeTskm<Cú a : cMnnY RKab;kgñú mYyKILÚRkam : 1,000,000 RKab; cenøaHdaMduH : 2 x 2 m.
cMnnY kUneQIsuT§kgñú mYy ha: 2,500. kMritsøab; : 3,000 = 20% enAkñgú cMkar kMritsøab;enAeBldwkCBa¢Ún
3,334 = 10% kMritsøab;enAkñúgfñal 4,168 = 20% PaKrydMNuH RKab; 40% . cMnYnRKab;srub
6
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: vak_mankargayRsYlkñgú karbnþBUC edaysrIragÁ . karpSaMuKmW an
eCaKC½ypgEdr tamry³kareRbIR)as;viFpI SaMBu nøk (apical rind grafting) enAkñgú fñal . Micro-
propagation énCalikarBnøk nigbNþRÚ tUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñg ú RbeTscin nig\NÐa . enAkñgú RbeTscin
vamanlT§PaBduHdleTA 54%enAkñgú ry³eBl 10 Ex enAeRkamlkçxN ½ ÐkarkønÚ vitro rW non-in vitro .
karduHeLIgvijeday Kl;rbs;rukçCati KW pþl;nUvlT§pll¥pgEdr enAkñgú RbeTs\NÐa. enAkñgú karkønÚ
vitro énkUnkat;rvag E. tereticornis nig E. camaldulensis KWTTYl)aneCaKC½y .
karduHeLIgvijeday Kl;RtUv)aneRbIR)as; nig eFVeI LIg BIr eTA bIdg kñgú ry³eBl 10 qñaM edayman
lkçN³vilCMu [5] .
[bec©keTsfñalbNþHú ]: RKab;BCU GacRtUv)ansab edaypÞal;enAeRkammøb; rW enAkñgú fg; nigGacsab
enAkñgú fñal bnÞab;mkykeTAdaMenAkñgú fg; enAeBlmanduHsøwkBIr eTA bI nigbnÞab;BIry³eBl 6 s)þah_ .
eRkamkarRtYtBinti ü karduHrbs;RKab;)anl¥ enAkñgú kMritsItuNðPaB 20 eTA 30°C edaymanBnørW y³eBl
8 ema:g [5] . karpþl;seM NImeRcIneBkGacRtUv)aneCosevog edIm,IkarBarkarbMpaø j rbs;pSit nig
7
. kareRbI R)as; dieldrin eTAelIknU eQIenAkñgú fg; GacCYykat;bnßykarbMpøaj edaykeNþóeTAelIRbB½n§
rWsénkUneQI tUc² .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2]
[CMgW]:gayrgeRKaH edaysarkarCaMTwk nigpSitenAeBlkMBg u lUtlas;kgñú fñal. kareRbIR)as;fñasM lM ab;
pSit rW eFVGI nam½y kat;bnßykareRsacTwk nigmøb; eFIeV Gaymanxül;ecjcUlRKb;RKan;GacCYy
Tb;Tl;ngw bBaðaenH.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2]
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karnaMclU ]:
GurW u:b (Rkic GIutalI b:Tu uyhÁal; eGs,aj )
GasIu (bg;køaeds b‘tU an km<Cú a cin \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Cb:un Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI
RsIlgáa éf TYKI evotNam eyEmn )
8
GaeRhVc (Gg;eháaLa bUsVaNa bU‘ran;DI kaemrUn kUmUr: Us kugeháa kUDIv½r eGsIub eGsüÚBI háaebo háaNa
hÁeI no eknya: lIebrIya: ma:daháasáa ma:LavI ma:lI ma:rITus mUr: YkU mUsSg;bíc‘ NamIbÍ‘ nIesrIya: ra:van;da
esra:eLGUn GaeRhVcxagt,Úg sUd‘ g; tg;saeno esnsIu)a tueháa Guyehánda sSamebo sIum)aev )
karIebon ()a)adUs Kuy)a dUmnI Ika háaEdLÚb éhTI camIka eb:rU RTInIedt nigta)aeháa )
GaemrikkNþal (kUsþarIka háaetma:La hugdYrUs nIkara:há½r )a:Nama:)
GaemrikxageCIg (misu uickU shrdæGaemrik )
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (GasSg;TIn bULaevo eRbsIul qIlI kULeúM bo EGkVad½r háyÚ a:Na )a:ra:háay eb:rU
Guy‘ ra:háay evens‘yu eGLa)
mhasmuRT (GURsþalI hVICI nUsuIeLn ekaH)a:suIPic )a:BUjÚKIen sama:v ekaHsULmÚ gu: tugháa TUvalU evnUTU )
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4]
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Boer E, 1997. Eucalyptus tereticornis J.E. Smith. In: Faridah Hanum I, Maesen LJG van der,
eds. Auxiliary plants. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 11, 137-140.
[2]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Booth TH, Pryor LD, 1991. Climatic requirements of some commercially important eucalypt
species. Forest Ecology and Management, 43(1-2):47-60; 31 ref.
[2]
Davidson J, 1988. Breeding eucalypts in tropical countries. In: Newman RL, ed, Proceedings
International Australian Bicentennial Forestry Conference, Albury-Wodonga, Australia, 25
April-1 May 1988. Canberra, Australia; Institute of Foresters of Australia. Vol. 5: 1-21.
[2]
9
Davidson J, 1993. Domestication and breeding programme for Eucalyptus in the Asia-Pacific
region. UNDP/FAO Regional Project on Improving Productivity of Man-Made Forests
Through Application of Technological Advances in Tree Breeding and Propagation
(RAS/91/004-FORTIP). Los Baños, Philippines: FAO of the United Nations.
[2]
Khan JA, Akhtar P, 1973. Mechanical properties of Eucalyptus tereticornis. Pakistan Journal
of Forestry, 23(4):325-343; 8 ref.
[2]
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1997. Variation in growth and disease resistance of Eucalyptus
species and provenances tested in Vietnam. IUFRO Conference on Silviculture and
Improvement of Eucalypts, 1997, Salvador. Proceedings. Vol. 1. Tree improvement
strategies. Colombo: EMBRAPA, 416-422.
[2]
Pukittayacamee P, Saelim S, Bhodthipuks J, 1993. Seed collection period for selected tree
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
species in Thailand. Seed collection period for selected tree species in Thailand., 2 pp.
[2]
Tewari DN, 1992. Monograph on Eucalyptus.. Monograph on Eucalyptus., xv + 361 pp.; [17
colour pl. (unpaginated)]; 87 pp. of ref.
[2]
10
[2]
Wang H, Zang D, 1997. Provenance tests of Eucalyptus tereticornis Sm. in China. IUFRO
Conference on Silviculture and Improvement of Eucalypts, 1997, Salvador. Proceedings.
Vol. 1. Tree improvement strategies. Colombo: EMBRAPA, 305-309.
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1992: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major
commercial timbers.
[6] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[8] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM)
11
[10] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1026&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [1], Fagraea fragrans Pit [3]]
k> eQµaHCaPasaLataMg ³ Fagraea fragrans Roxb. [1], Fagraea fragrans Pit [3]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Gentianales
RKYsar : Loganiaceae
ePT : Fagraea Thunb.
RbePT : Fagraea fragans Roxb.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
dac;eday ELk (F. gigantea Ridley) . manGgát;p©it DBH 135(-250) cm [2] (-150 cm [3, 7]) .
edImeBlxøHmanRBwgtUc nigFMCab;CamYy EdlmankMBs;dl;eTA 2.5 m .
[sMbk]: sMbkmanlkçN³eRbHya:geRCA nigmineTogTat; manBN’eRbHelOg eTACaetñatcas;
kNwgá RbEvg 0.7-2.3 cm long [3] (1.5-2.5 cm [4]) . RtbkpáacMnnY 5 nigTMhMminesµIKañ . ekseQµal
mancMnYn 5 manRbEvgEvgCagRtbkpáa . eksjIzitenAxageRkA nigEvgCaekseQµal . ecjpáaBIEx
emsa eTA kkáda nigecjEpøBEI x kkáda dl;vickäi a . eyagtam FIPI (1996) ecjEpøenAExemsa
dl;mifunaenA RbeTskm<Cú a nigecjEpøenAExkkáda dl; vicikä a . eTaHbICa TsSnavdþéI RBeQI (FA, 1997)
)anbgðajfa karecjpáaekItmanenAExkumÖ³-mIna nigEpøEx]sPa-mifuna .
[Epø]: Epø (=drupe) manragCaeGlIbFM mUl manTMhM 0.7-1 x 0.4-1 cm ERbBIBN’ébtgeTATwkRkUc
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
N/mm kMritrWgénRCug 3,985 N nigkMritrwgenAcug 5,445 N . kMritPaBrYjBIRss;eTAs¶tÜ 3.4% RCugEkg
nig 6.6% RCugbBaÄit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 8]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A) PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B) TMnabkNþal (d) TMnablicTwkTenøemKgÁeRkam (E)
tMbn;GaNamxagt,Úg (g) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[tMbn;RbPBRKab;BC U (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
4
kMBg;FM (X:539779 Y:1444098) kMBg;FM (X:535833 Y:1429922) kMBg;FM (X:550649 Y:1421984)
kMBg;FM (X:534774 Y:1406109) RkecH (X:587956 Y:1388382) kMBg;FM (X:524985 Y:1401082)
kMBg;FM (X:529218 Y:1445532) RkecH (X:594835 Y:1425953) ekaHkug (X:336601 Y:1292074)
kMBg;FM (X:544576 Y:1432832) kMBg;FM (X:532794 Y:1398585) eBaF×sat; (X:290036 Y:1323858)
ekaHkug (X:380635 Y:1241779) RkecH (X:575828 Y:1457121) RBHviha (X:505989 Y:1532493)
kMBg;FM (X:548465 Y:1434598) ekaHkug (X:329784 Y:1266328) ekaHkug (X:285400 Y:1307780)
sÞwgERtg (X:589200 Y:1518300) eBaF×sat; (X:354350 Y:1348650) RBHviha (X:511900
Y:1534350) mNÐlKIrI (X:715845 Y:1352093) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 7, 8]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIRbNit .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 6]
6
[Tinñpl]: kMenInGgát;p©itmFümRbcaMqañ M 0.8 cm (37 qñaMénkardaMsakl,enA W-Java), 0.6 cm (cMkar
Gayu 20 qñaMenA Sabah elIdI podsolic), 0.7 cm / 0.8 cm (cMkarGayu 38 / 29 qñaMenA ]bTVbI ma:eLsIu)
. kMenIn maDmFümRbcaMqañ éM ncMkareQIh‘ub enA Java KW 6.1 m³/ha . maDmFümenAkñgú éRBFmµCati
enA\NÐeÚ nsIu 1.3 m³/ha .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 8]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
kMritsøab; : 1,920 = 20% enAkEnøgdaM , 2,134 = 10% enAeBldwkCBa¢nÚ , 2,668 = 20% enAfñalbNþúH
. GRtadMNuH 40% . kMritsuT§ = 95%, srubRKab;BCU EdlRtUvkar 0.003 kg" [5] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 3, 5, 8]
7
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
8
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[RbPBkMeNIt]: Rb‘yu eN km<Cú a \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI éf evotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karnaMcl
U ]:
GasIu (sgðabUrI RsIlgáa )
GaeRhVc (nIesrIya:)
karIebon (camIka),
Gaemrikxagt,Úg (eRbsIul)
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatuBl]: C½rrbs;edImeQIGacbNþaleGayrlakdl;Es,k .
[cMNat;fñak;]: Gñkrukvç iTüaCaeRcIn)anbMEbk F. fragans CaBIrRbePT : F. gigantea
CaedImeQImankenSamsøwkFM edaymankareRbHelIsMbk nigmansrésEvn 5-6 KU minEmn 8 KUeT . F.
wallichiana CaedImeQI tUc edaymansøwkFM nigpáaFM CamYynwgEpøragdUceGlIb .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Hildebrand, J.W., et al. 1995. Fagraea Thunb. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. &
Wong, W.C. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(2). Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 234-242.
[8]
9
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] PROSEA, 1995: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (2) Timber trees: Minor
commercial timbers.
[3] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[4] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[5] FA/CTSP-DANIDA, 2005: Farmers Tree Planting Manual - Guidelines for Site Selection
and Tree Planting. (CD-ROM).
[6] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[7] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng: Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Garcinia mangostana L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Theales
RKYsar : Guttiferae [11]
ePT : Garcinia
RbePT : Garcinia mangostana L. [4]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1 ; 4 ; 11 ; 27 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
EdlépÞsøwkxagelImanPaBPøWrelag manBN’elOgx©Ilayébtg nigragsµwkenAEpñk xageRkam
manRbEvgBI 9-25 cm nigTTWgBI 4.5-10.0 cm EdlgayRsYlcMNaM nigRTnugkNþalmanBN’ Rsal.
søwkx©ImanBN’páaQUk.[26]
[páa]: páamgÇút CaRbePTpáaeTVePT b¤páaÉkePT GaRsy½eTAnwgvtþmanrbs;eksreQµal
enAEpñkxagcugEmk faeTalb¤KUr. vamanRtbk nigRsTab;páacMnYn 4 eksreQµaltUc²mancMnYn 16-17
EdlmanTgeksr eQµalEvg nige)aøklMGgmancMnYn 2ft søwkrbs;vaesÞIrGgÁúyehIyKµanTg
GUEvmanekasikacMnYnBI 4-8 ekasika nigeksrjIKµanTg.[1] páarbs;vaxøI manTgpáaRkas;
EdlduHeTalenAcugEmk b¤ duHCaKUr Edlman Ggát;p©itRbEhl 5.5 cm ehIymanRtbkpáacMnYn 4
nigRsTab;páacMnYn 4 BN’elOglayébtg nigEKm² BN’Rkhm.[6] páamanTTwgTMhM 4-6 cm
manBN’páaQUk nigkNþalmanCatiCr½xab;²BN’s ehIyman Rtbk nigRsTab;páamancMnYn 4
ehIymankBa©úMpáaenAcMBamEmk. páarbs;varIkenAeBléf¶ ehIyRtbkpáarbs; vagayRCuH enA
eBlEdlpáarIk. CaFmµtapáajIduHenAEtÉg b¤páarbs;vamane)øaklMGgs¶Üt ehtuenHehIyBMu
manplkñúgkarvivtþn¾rbs;EpøeT.[13] páamanTMhM 4-5 cm CaRbePTpáaeTVrePTenAelIedImEtmYy
nigvaman rage)a:g. páamanTMrg;CacegáamcMnYn 3-9 páa sßitenAcugEmk manRtbkpáacMnnY 4 ragRTEvg
Rkas; Rtbkpáarage)a:g manBN’ébtgehIymancMnucRkhm²enAEpñkxageRkA nigEpñkxagkñúg
manBN’elOg Rsal layBN’Rkhm. eksreQµalmaneRcIn manCICati ehIyKaneram.
páarbs;vaCaRbePTpáaeTVePT EdlduHenAeTalEtÉg b¤CaKUrenAEpñkxagcugEmkEdlx©I
RsTab;páarbs;vamanBN’elOgx©Ilayébtg enA EKm² mancMnucBN’Rkhm² b¤BN’Rkhmcas;
nigqab;RCuH. [26]
[Epø]: mgÇút CaTUeTAEpørbs;vaeTal b¤CYnkalmanKUr. Epørbs;vamUl CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
EpømgÇút CaRbePTEpßsac; manragmUl rlag EdlmanGgát;p©it 4-7 cm manBN’sVayRkem:AenAeBlTMu
ehIyenAelIEpømanRtbk. sMbkEpømankMras;RbEhl 0.9 cm manBN’sVay ehIymanRKab;FM²cMnYnBI
0-3RKab; Edlbgáb;enAkñgú sac;BN’srelag.[6] Epørbs;vamanGgátlp©itTMhM 9 cm
manBN’sVaycas; layetñat nigmanRsTab;CatieQIFM²enAKl;TgénEpø EdlmancMnYn 5 eTA 8
EdltMerobenArabEt ekagbnþic. Epørbs;va CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn EdlsMbkman
CatisésdUcsac;eQI ehIymanBN’ dUcRsaRkhm mankMras;Rkas;Cit 1 cm manpÞúknUvsac;cMnYn 5-8
EdlCaKMrbénRKab; b:uEnþPaKeRcInsac; rbs;vaBMumanRKab;eT. sac;rbs;vamanrsCatiq¶aj;Nas;. [13]
Epørbs;varlag CaRbePTEpsac;man RKab;eRcIn Edlk,alEpøRKb;eTAedayRtbkBkenAxagcugénTgEpø
EdlmanragRtIekaN ehIymancMnYnBI 4-8 nigxagcugEpømanRtbkrabdUcpáakUlab
Epørbs;vamanBN’sVayRkem:A b¤BN’sVaylayRkhm ehIy elag manGgát;p©itTMhM 3.4-7.5 cm .
sMbkmgÇút mankMras;BI 6-10 mm manBN’Rkhm enAeBlEdlkat;TTwgEpø nig
manRblak;Tkw BN’sVay EpñkxagkñúgmanBN’sVayRkem:Alays nigmanpÞúk nUvCatiCr½lVIgBN’elOg.
manEkøb²ragRtIekaN BN’ssÁúsdUcRBilcMnYnBI 4-8 Ekøb ehIysac;rbs;vaTn; ¬EdlkarBit
vaCasMbkénRKab;¦. EpømgÇút GacKµanRKab; b¤manRKab;cMnYnBI 1-5 ehIyvivtþn¾eTACaRKab;.
RKab;rbs;va manragmUldUcs‘utEtRTEvg EtmanRKab;xøHragsMEb:t manRbEvg 2.5 cm nigmanTTwgTMhM
1.6 cm EdletagCab;ng w sac;. sac;rbs;va manCatiGasIuttic b¤manCatiGasIutexSay EtmanrsCati
q¶aj;Bisar EdlKYreGaycg;TTYlTan.[26]
mgÇút ecjpáaEtmþgeTkñúgmYyqñaM elIkElgEtPUmPi aKxagt,ÚgsirIlgáab:ueNÑaH EdlCakrNIBiess.
RtUvEt eFVIkarRbmUlplEpøenAeBlEdlsMbkrbs;vaenATn;. edIm,IeCosvag enAeBlEdlRbmUl
Epørbs;vaFøak;mk mankar)ak;Ebk RtUveRbICeNþIreLIgebHvaedayéd ehIydak;vaeTAkñúgkeBa©Ir
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
4
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
5
mgÇút RtUveCosvagdaMenAtMbn;Edlmanxül;xøaMg nigxül;GMbil k¾dUcCadIéRb
b¤dIsMbUreTAedayCatiTwk.[26]
lkçxNÐsItN u ðPaB EdlmanlkçN³smRsbsMrab;mgÇútduHlUtlas;KWRtUvman ry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-
1000 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT kMBs;TwkePøógCamFümRbcaMqñaMenAcenøaHBI 1300-2500 mm/m²
EdlsItuNðPaBGb,rmaCak;lak;KUrEtx<s;Cag 5ºC.[12]
BMuTan;manTinñny½Cak;lak;.
7
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
10
EdlkrNIenHeFVIeGayvinassøwk eFVIeGaysøwk Emkgab; nigsUm,IEtedImTaMgmUl. cMeBaHBBYkpSit
Diplodia gossypina, Pestalotia sp., Phomopsis sp., Gloeosporium sp., and Rhizopus
nigricans eFVIeGaymankarxUcxat;dl;edIm. bBaða cMbgénsrIrsaRsþehAfa "gamboge"
KWCabBaðaEdleFVIeGayCatiCr½hUrecjmkeRkAEpø nig enAelIEmk kñúg kMLúgeBlmYyd¾F¶n;F¶r
nigbnþrhUtdl;rdUvePøóg. vaminCH\T§iBlGaRkk;dl;EpñkEdlbriePaKenaHeT. [26]
F> karGPirkS :
edImmgÇút BMuEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUvkarKMramkMEhgenaHeT.
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
xagekIténTVIbGaRhVic. [12,26]
p> epSg² :
11
RbUetGIun 0.5%
Catixøaj; 0.1%
sarFatuxniC 0.2%
sarFatukabUn 14.3%
nigRKab;manpÞkú nUvCatixøaj; 45%. [1]
karplitepSg²eTot: enA Ghana eKykEmktUc²rbs;edImmgÇút eFVICaeQIRct;. sMbkEpømgÇútEdlTMu
manpÞúknUv polyhydroxy-xanthone EdleKehAfa mangostin nigmanpÞúknUv ß-mangostin pgEdr.
cMeBaHEpEdlTMuxøaMg manpÞkú nUv xanthones, gartanin, 8-disoxygartanin nig normangostin.
mangostin, mangostin-e nig 6-di-O-glucoside KIedaysarexSayRbBn½§sésRbsaTkNþal
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Almeyda N, Martin FW, 1976: Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with promise 1. In:
The Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.). US Agricultural Research Service South
Region.
Normah MN, Nor-Azza AB, Aliudin R, 1995: Factors affecting in vitro shoot proliferation
and ex vitro establishment of mangosteen. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture,
43(3):291-294; 11 ref.
Nakasone HY, Paull RE. 1998: Tropical fruits. Crop Production Science in Horticulture No.
7 CAB INTERNATIONAL, Wallingford, UK.
12
Richards AJ. 1990: Studies in Garcinia, dioecious tropical fruit trees: the origin of the
mangosteen (G. mangostana L.). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 103(4): 301-
308.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
13
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsdale ]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ hnaw nhan -ben, nhing pen, (Burma); khvao, (Cambodia);
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rubiales
RKYsar : Rubiaceae
ePT : Haldina Ridsd. [17)
1
RbePT : Haldina cordifolia (Roxb.) Ridsd.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
nigmanlkçN³RCYjelIedIm [17] .
[sMbk]: manBN’RbepHRsal eRbHtambeNþay kMras; 1-2 cm . EmktUc² manragBhuekan
2
søwksamBaØ QmKña bnÞHsøwk rageGlIb nigKl;ragdUcebHdUg manxñaysøwk [17] .
[páa]: kBa©úMpáamanlkçN³Cak,al manGgát;p©it BI 1.8-2.5 cm enAeBlrIk manTgpáaRbEvg 3-8 cm .
nigmanRtbkenACab;enaH [2,17] .
manRKab;RbEvg 6-8, 2.5-3.0mm mansøab 2 enAcugTaMgsgçag [2] . RKab;ragmUl tUc
nigmansøabtUc . kUneQImandMNuHCaRbePT epigeal EdlmankUTIeLdUnCasøwk [17] .
ecjpáa enAExmina - mifun EpøenA ExsIha-vicäikar [2] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
gayeFIVkaredayéd nigma:sIunk_eday . vaKYrRtUv)aneRbI edayRbugRby½tñ edIm,IeCosevog
kare)a:gsac;eQI . vagaynwgdus xat; nigmanPaBPøWrelagl¥ [2,17] .
kareFIVetsþbec©kviTüaeQI énlkçN³emkanic enAma:eLsIu)anbgðajfa : kMritEdlminGacRTRTg;)an
84-86N/mm², kMritPaBGacbt;Ebn)an 8,900-9215 N/mm² sMBaFRsbsac;eQI 41.5-44.0
N-5º S [12].
4
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
5
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
6
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
7
xVav gayduHExñg nigGacdaMduHenAtMbn;EdlmanGakasGaFatutamrdUv . cMkardaMduHsakl,g
EdleRbIR)as; Bt’manBIRbeTs\NÐa KWTamTaeGaymankarepÞógpÞat;eLIgvij [17].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Cheksum Tawan, 1998. Haldina Ridsd. In Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T. & Prawirohatmodjo,
S. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 5(3). Timber trees: Lesser-known
timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 278-280.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hevea brasiliensis (Willd, ex A. Juss.)]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ rubber [12], Brazilian rubber tree, hevea, Para rubber tree
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Geraniales
1
RKYsar : Euphorbiaceae
ePT : Hevea
RbePT : Hevea brasiliensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[Epø]: Epø (=3 ft nig 3 RKab;) EdlmanGgát;pSit 3 eTA 6 cm [13] nigbþÚrBN’ BIébtg eTAetñat .
RKab;manrageGlIb sMEb:t manmYyrW BIRCug PørW elag BN’etñat nigmancMnucGuC² BN’kaehV ragmUl .
RKab;manTMhMxus²Kña RbEvg 2.5–3 cm [9] nigGgát;pSit 2-3.5 cm [13] TMgn;RKab;nmi Yy²KW 2–4 g
[13] . BYkvamansMbkrwg esþIg nigsac;enAxagkñúg . RKab;GacxÞatcMgay dl;eTA 15 m
edaysarkarpÞHú rW Ebk rbs;Epø b:Eu nþmanEtviFsI aRsþ BIr eTAbIbue: NÑaH EdkRKab;GacRtUvBRgay .
karRbmUlRKab;RtUv)aneFVeI LIg enAExkkáda eTAdl;kBaØa enARbeTs\NÐa [2] . CamFümmanRKab;cnM nY
180 kñgú mYy kg [13] .
2
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RbEhl : 12°N eTA 35°S [1] (kardaMduH EdlTTYl)aneCaKC½y 15°N eTA 10°S [7]) .
ekAs‘dU uHlUt las;CaFmµCatienAkñúgéRBrgTwkePøògRtUBki éntMbn;Gama:sUn EdlEtlicTwktamrdUv
b:Eu nþmanedIm eQIF²M duH lUtlas; enAx<g;rab Edlmindk;Twk . enAkñgú CMrkFmµCati
vaduHenARsTab;kNþal énéRBRtUBki . enAtMbn; RtUBki cMkarCaRTg;RTayFMRtUv)anbegátI CaBiess
enAGasIuxagt,Úg nigGasIuGaeKñy_ . enARbeTskm<Cú a extþ kMBg;cam nigkMBg;FM KW CaextþmaneQµaHl,I
edaysarmancMkarekAsUe‘ RcIn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 7, 11]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
edImeQIduHenAelI TIcMenat EdlmankMritBI 0-70% [13] enAkMritry³kMBs;BnI vI T:U wksmuRT dl; 1,200
m [13] . eTaHbI kardaMduHenAx<sC ; ag 400-500 m a.s.l.vaminRtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_eT
edaysaredImeQI enAkMritry³kMBs;kan;Etx<s; edImeQIkan; EtmanTMhMtUc nigduHlUtlas;ytW
RBmTaMgkat;bnßynUvkarplit C½r nigeQI . kMritry³kMBs;x<sb; Mput EdlsmRsbKW 0 eTA 450 m
a.s.l. [1] (300-500 m [5]) . GakasFatu EdlsmRsbKW manenAGnutMbn;RtUBei sIm eTARtUBk i s¶tÜ
nigéRBRtUBki esIm . ekAs‘RU tUv)an raykarN_faFn;nwgkMritTwkePøògRbcaMqañ BM I 1,020 eTA 4,290 mm
3
[2] ( kMritmFüm 24 krNI = 2,450 mm [2], 1,500-3,000 (x<s;bpM tu 4,000) mm [7, 13],
1,500-3,600 mm [1]) . kMritTwkePøóg man r)a:yesµI nigmanCamFüm BI 1,900 eTA 2,600
elIkBIenH [2] . ekAsUG‘ acFn;nwgGakasFatuRtCak; ry³eBl 3-4 Ex [13] (2-3 Ex [7], 0-3 Ex
[1]) rW CYnkal karraMgs¶ÜttictYc b:Eu nþvaminecjpáaeT eday rdUvR)aMg nigkarpøas;brþÚ rbs;sItuNðPaB
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
5
CMnYsRbePT dMnaMKMrb (dUcCa Calopogonium, Centrosema, Flemingia, Psophocarpus,
Pueraria) . eKaGaccUl eTAsIeu sµAenAcenøaH edImekAs‘U EdleBjv½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
sMGat eFICV aCYr nigeFIRV bB½np§ Úvø Twk nigpøvÚ eGay)anl¥ . TMhMreNþAdaM 75 x 75 x 75 cm [7] rW 90 x 90
x 90 cm [7] nigRtUv)anbMeBj edayépÞdIxagelI nigCIlamkstV . vaTamTareGaymankardaMrukC ç ati
legume CaKMrbbnÞab;BIkardaMduH .
6
. kaMbti BiessRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kat; . C½rRtUv)anRbmUl BIsbM k nigdak;kgñú can rWFug
Edl)andak;enAcug énkEnøkkat; . edImeQIRtUv)anecaHenA eBlRBwk EdlCaeBlC½rGachUreRcIn
nigkarhUrfycuH eTAtamsItuNðPaB nigEtQb;enAkñúgry³eBl 3 ema:g . kMrimFüm EdlGñkecaHC½r
GacecaH)anKW 200–300 edImkñgú ry³eBl 3 ema:g . bnÞab;mkGñk RbmUl C½r
Rtlb;mkRbmUlC½rBIcan CYnkaldak;slU uysüúg ammonium bnþicedIm,IkarBarkMeu Gaykk . Tinpñ l
C½rekAs‘U GacRtUv)anbegànI edaydak;Gm½ Un eTAelIsMbk nigfñasM lM ab;esµA dUcCa Stimalax, Eureka,
2,4-D, 2,4,5-T enAkñg ú dUceRbg . sMNrs‘ulpat k_GacCYy eGayC½rhUrpgEdr [2] .
[Tinñpl]: RbEhl 1,500-1,800 kg/ha/qñaM [12] énC½ekAs‘U RtUv)anRbmUlenAkñg ú cMkar .
[ksirukçkmµ]: dMNaMdUcCa mañs; sENþk kaehV rW kakav RtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaH . CaBiesssMrab;kaehV
7
dMNuHRKab;manry³eBlxøI bnÞab;BIebHBIedImem nig 8 éf¶bnÞab;BIkardaM ( 7-10 éf¶ [7]) . 15
éf¶bnÞab;BIkarRbmUl kMritdMNuHRKab;RtUv)anfycuH . PaKry³dMNuHRKab;CamFümman 60%. kEnøg
bNþHú RtUvmanTTwg 1 m nigkMBs; 10 cm nigbeNþayGacepSg²Kña . kEnøgbNþHú RtUv)anerobcM edaydI
l,b; EdlmanlayCamYyGacm’rNa . RKab;RtUv)antMerob eGaymanrun§xül; manRbEvg 1 cm BIKña .
RKab;cnM nY mYyBan;RKab;GacbNþHú kñúgTMhM 1 m² . fñalTMhM 1.7 m² Gacdak;)anRKab;cMnnY 1,700 Edl
pþl;nvU kUneQIcMnYn 500 GacdaMduHkñgú 1 ha . dMNuHekItmaneLIgenAkñgú ry³eBlBI 8 eTA 10 éf¶ bnÞab;
BIkardaM (1-3 s)aþh_ GaRs½yelIGakasFatu nigPaBRss;rbs;va [7]) nigkUneQI RtUv)andkykeTA
daMenA eBl EdlvaduHlUtlas;dl;krM itsmRsb . fñalRtUv)aneRsacTwk edIm,IrkSasMeNIm
nigCYyCMrujdMNuH [13] .
[karbnþBUC]: ekAs‘G U acRtUv)anbnþBCU edayRKab; rW karkat; (b:HBnøk nigkat; [7]) rW daMCalika .
CaTUeTA manRKab;BI 2 rW eRcInRtUv)andak;kúgñ reNþA nigkUneQIRtUv)aneRCIserIs BIfñalsMrab;kardaMduH .
kUneQIGac mankMBs; 1-1.5 m enAkñgú ry³eBl 6 Ex . kUneQIgaykat;
b:Eu nþkarduHCaedImKWmankMritTab rWminduH[7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 7, 13, 14]
8
powdery mildew nig bird’s-eye spot RtUv)anRKb;RKg edayeRbIRbePTfñaMdUcCa copper
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
p> epSg² :
arachidic-, 30% oleic-, 30–50% linoleic-, nig 2–23% linolenic-acids [2] . sMNl;Rss;
Edlsl;BIRKab; manpÞkú 0.09% prussic acid RtUv)anbeBa©j dUcenAkñgú linseed BI glucoside eday
enzyme [14] .
G‘uyehànda TTYl)ankUnBI Kew enAqñaM 1901 nigBIRsIlgáa (bnÞab;mk Ceylon) enAqñaM 1903 . enAqñaM
1912 cMkarcMnn Y 15 000 acres RtUv)andaMduHenAG‘uyehànda . Rkumh‘nu Firestone
)ancab;epþmI daMduHenA lIebrI enAqñaM 1924 [7].
10
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
[7]
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority
(SIDA).
[7]
Cobley L.S & Steele W.M. 1976. An Introduction to the Botany of Tropical Crops.
Longman Group Limited.
[7]
Crane E, Walker P. 1984. Pollination directory for world crops. International Bee
Research Association, London, UK.
[7]
[11]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium.
Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
[7]
Lanzara P and Pizetti M. 1978. Simon & Schuster’s guide to trees. Simon & Schuster,
Inc., New York.
[7]
11
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC (eds.). 1995. Plant Resources of South-east
Asia. No 5(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[7]
MacMillan HF et al. 1991. Tropical planting and gardening. Malayan Nature Society.
[7]
Nigel JHS, Williams JT, Donald LP, Jennifer PT. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops.
Cornell University Press.
[7]
Opeke LK. 1982. Tropical tree crops. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
[7]
[11]
Purseglove JW. 1968. Tropical crops. Dicotyledons. Longman Group Ltd, UK.
[7]
Taylor DH, Macdicken KG. 1990. Research on multipurpose tree species in Asia.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[7]
[11]
12
Williams R.O & OBE. 1949. The useful and ornamental plants in Zanzibar and Pemba.
Zanzibar Protectorate.
[7]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University:
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/SearchEngine.html (Internet source)
[4] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[5] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=506541
(Internet source)
13
[10] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[12] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and
Development Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.).
Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International. 320pp.
[13] V.M. NIETO and J. RODRIGUEZ, Hevea brasiliensis Müll. Arg Euphorbiaceae
(Spurge Family). Corporacion Nacional de Investigacion of Forestal Santafé
de Bogotá, Colombia.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea ferrea Lanessan]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ malut, giam (Trade name) [1] - malut, chengal laki,
chengal batu (Malaysia) [1] - chik, cha:d, kh'è:n hin (Laos) -
takhian-hin, kian-sai, takhian-nuu, takhian sai, lao tao
(Thailand) [1, 7] - s[aw]ng d[af]o, sao t[is]a (Vietnam) [1]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôki thmâ [10], koki thmor [5]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
1
RbePT : Hopea ferrea Lanessan
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[1]. run§xül;ragdUcCeNþrI edaymanEKmsøwkenABIelI sésTI 2 mancMnYn 6-8 (-9) KU [1] (8-10 KU [9])
ragekagb:Eu nþduHeLIgelIenAEpñkxageRkam .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá KWEpñk EtmYyKt;Edlmaneram . páamanBN’s edaymasMbkEpøragmUl 2 Evg EdlmanTMhM
4 cm x 1 cm [1] (3-4 x 1-1.8 cm [7]) manragdUcsøabRBa nig 3 eTotxøm I anTMhM 5 mm x 1 mm [1]
(3-4 x 1 mm [7]) manragCaes<ór rWml ¢ú nigmanlkçN³Rkas; . rdUvpáaBIEx mIna dl;FñÚ (enARbeTséf)
[7] .
[Epø]: EpømanragdUcsIuLaMg manC½r TMhMRbEhl 1 x 0.3 mm [7] . EpøenAExkumÖ³ dl;FñÚ (RbeTséf) [7]
[1, 7, 9, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
2
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
[ epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y . .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;elx 1 [2]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
F> karGPirkS :
p> epSg² :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Van Steenis, C.G.G.J. 1948. Flora Malesiana. Flora Malesiana Foundation, Leiden.
[8]
5
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[2] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[3] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia - Status,
Issues and Prospects. 19 pp. (Internet publication)
[4] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
[9] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
6
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea helferi (Dyer) Brandis ]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [3]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
1
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Hopea
RbePT : Hopea helferi (Dyer )Brandis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 6]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
dl;eTA 165 cm [7] (vNÐmNÐl 2-3 m enARbeTsPUma [4]) CYnkal manRBwgFMenAKl; . Bnøk
enAtUcRtUv)an ruMBT½ § eTAeday eram .
[sMbk]:sMbkrelag nigmansés manBN’Rkhmetñat nigexµA nigrebHCadM² u manBN’sCuI m<Ú .
[søwk]: søwkTMhM 10-18 x 3.5-7 cm [4] ((5-)10-24 cm x (2-)4.5-8 cm [7], 10-14 x 4-6 cm
sés cMnnY 13-17 rWeRcInCagenH EdlRsbKñaCaKU [4] ((12-)14-16 KU [7]) . Tgsøkw manRbEvg 0.5-
1.3 cm [4] .
2
RsYc nigKµaneram RsYc bnþicenAEpñkxagelI nigrYmtUcenAEpñkkNþal . RbePTeQIenHpáaenAEx mkra
dl;kmu Ö³ .
[Epø]:EpøTMeu nAEx mIna dl;emsa . EpømanragdUcs‘ut cugEpøRsYc Kµaneram nig h‘b
u B½T§eTAedayRtbkpáa
EdlmanTMhM 5-8 x1-1.2 cm [4] (6.5 cm x 1.8 cm [7]) sþcÜ Evg mancugmUlKµaneram nig
mansés cMnYn 7-9 [4] RtbktUc² 3 eTotragmUl manRbEvg 3-4 mm [4] (5 x 3 mm [7]) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 4, 7]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
xageCIgCYrPñRM kvaj (B) dIRkhm (c) tMbn;TMnabEb:kBayBü (D) TMnabkNþal (d), Central
Annamites (G), Southern Annamites (g).
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[TItaMgtMbn;RbPBRKab;BCU (Projection: UTM; Horizontal Datum: Indian coordinates)]:
RBHviha (X:506199 Y:1529405) kMBg;FM (X:556593 Y:1405028)RkecH (X:621507
Y:1343173) RkecH (X:574776 Y:1455668) RkecH (X:584122 Y:1377330) sÞwgERtg
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
4
epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;eQIRbePTelx 1 [1]
KuNPaBl¥ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 4, 7, 8]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
nigrgkar bMpøajBIstVl¥itRtUvykecj .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
5
epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
F> karGPirkS :
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbeTskm<C
ú a PUma éf \NÐa (Andaman Islands) ma:eLsIu (Peninsular)
nigevotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6, 7]
karnaMclU ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
p> epSg² :
6
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
[7]
[7]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc,
Wageningen. 251 pp.
[7]
[7]
Lee, Y.H., Engku Abdul Rahman & Chu, Y.P., 1979. The strength properties of some
Malaysian timbers. Revised edition. Malaysian Forest Service Trade Leaflet No 34.
Malaysian Timber Industry Board, Kuala Lumpur. 107 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
[7]
Ng, F.S.P. & Tang, H.T., 1974. Comparative growth rates of Malaysian trees. Malaysian
Forester 37: 2-23.
[7]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of
mainland South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[7]
7
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No
16. Forest Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[7]
Tang, H.T. & Tamari, C., 1973. Seed description and storage tests of some dipterocarps.
Malaysian Forester 36: 113-128.
[7]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[7]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[4] Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South
Asia. RAPA Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for the Asia and the Pacific.
321 pp.
[7] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
8
[8] Dipterocarpaceae in Thailand - Taxonomic and Biogeographical Analysis:
http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Hopea
.htm (Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa| snøwkTinñn½y
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea odorata Roxb ]
[9, 11] - koki mosau, sao den, sao (Vietnam) [9, 11] - takhian
thong, takhian-yai (Thailand) [7, 9] - sauchi, thingan net
(Myanmar) [11] - merawan siput jantan, chengal mas,
chengal pasir, merawan siput jantah, net sauchi, thingan
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ kôki msau [3], koki mosau, thmar [9], koki msav [12], koki
masao, ko ki msau [2]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4,9]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
p©it (DBH) FMCag 120 sg;TIEm:Rt ¬Gacdl;eTA 80/ 450sg;TIEm:Rt b¤FCM agenH¦ ehIymanduHRBWg
pgEdr . kenSamsøkw KWmanlkçN³Rkas BN’ébtgcas; nigmanragCaBIra:mIt b¤ekan enAeBledImeQI
enAtUc nig kenSamsøkw rIkFMenAeBlEdledImeQIcas; . ExñgmanlkçN³esþIg nigKµaneramelIkElg
EtenAeBledImeQIenAtUc .
[sMbk]:épÞsMbkmanBN’etñatcas;be¤ xµA nigmansñameRbHenAtambeNþaymineTogTat; enAeBledIm eQI
2
[søwk]: KKIemSA CaRbePTEdlKYreGaykt;sMKal;énGMbYr Dipterocarpaceae edayeyageTAtam eram
BN’exµAEdlzitenAelIskøw . søwkrbs;vaeTalehIyqøas;Kañ CaragBgRkeBI eTACarages<ó nigRbEvgBI
10-20 sg;TIEm:Rt (15 sg;TIEm:Rt [9], 7-14 x 3-7 sg;TIEm:Rt [11], 8-12 x 3-6 sg;TIEm:Rt
[2], 8-14 x 3-6 sg;TIEm:Rt [17]) edaymanKl;esñóksøk w minesµIKañ . RsTbsøwkmanBN’ébtgcas;
nigmansésRbEhlCa 11 Rsb²Kña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2 sg;TIEm:Rt nigragsþÜc .
[páa]: Tgpáa duHenAcug manRbEvg 12 sg;TIEm:Rt manEmkBIrEdlmanRbEvg 205 s>m manpáadl;eTA
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
sac;eQIKmW anlkçN³ gayRsYlkñgú karGa b¤kat; . kareFIeV RKagKWmankargayRsYl nigpþl;nvU épÞ
Edlrelagl¥ . kardMuEdleKal mankMritTab . rdUvRbmUlpleQIKmW ankaryWt BIeRBaHsac; eQI man
karxUgdUcEBg enAeBlrgkarxUcxat. kþa 15 m>m RtUvkarry³eBl 4 Ex kñúgkarsMgYtedaykarhaléf¶
ehIy 40 m>m RtUvkary³eBl 6 Ex . sMrab;karsMgYtedayL TamTareGaymankarkMNt;ema:geGay
)anc,as;las; . kþa 25 m>m RtUv)ankar eBl 5 éf¶ edIm,IsMgYtBI 50 eTA 10 PaKryénsMeNIm .
minmankarkt;RtaGMBkI arsMgYtfycuHenaHeT . sac;eQIKmW ankarFn;mFüm cMeBaHkarbMpaø jrbs;keNþó
eTaHbICaya:gNak_eday vamankarFn;xaø gM enAeBl sMgYtedayRbRBwtþkmµ . KKIemSA KWCaRbePTeQI
BaNiCk¢ mµ enAkñúgRbeTsma:eLsIu \NÐeÚ nsIu nig TIkEnøg epSg²eTot .
4
EtkarduH lUtlas;enAEk,eRCaHb:ueNÑaH . karduHlUtlas;)anl¥KGW aRs½y elIGakasFatu EdlmankMrit
mFüm 25°-27° b¤ 36-40°. kMritsItuNðPaBekþAbMputKW 27-35 ºC kMritsItuNðPaB
RtCak;bpM tu KW 18-22ºC nigkMritsItuNðPaBTabbMput 0 nig 14ºC. KKIemSAKWmankar Gt;RTaM nwg
møbe; nAeBlvaenAtUc ¬enAeBl 5qñaMdMbgU ¦ b:Eu nþeRkaymkKWTamTanUvBnøWéf¶ . kMrmanePøgI eqH enAkEnøg
EdlvaduHlUtlas;Nas; ehIyvagayrgkarxUcxatedaysarePøgI Nas;CaBiessenA eBlenAtUc .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIcMNat;fñak;elx 1 [1]
[lkçN³TUeTA]:KKIemSACaedImeQIEdlmanduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBeRsagesIm eTaHbICavamanvtþmanenA
tMbn; TMnab nigeRCaHEk,PñkM _eday . vak_manduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBEk,mat;smuRTpgEdr . enAkñgú
RbeTs km<Cú a KKIemSAduHenAkñgú éRBeRsagcMruH b¤ suT§ . vagayduHlUtlas; ehIygayRKb;CacMkar .
vaFn;ngW kar rukranrbs;BYkRbePTepSgeTot dUcenHRbePTenHRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú TIRkug . karFn;
RTaMenHeFIVRbePTenH man kareBjniymsMrab;ckM ardaMéRBeQI . eTaHbICa vamankarduHlUtlas;yWt nig
minsUvpþl;Exñgk_eday . vamankarFn;nwgmøbe; nAeBldMbgU nigenAeBlduHlUtlas;bun: efñal b:Eu nþ
RtUvkarBnøWxaø gM enAeBlFM . vaman lT§PaBkñúgkaréRkEmkedayxønÜ Ég .
6
[kardaM]:RbePTenHGacrtUv)andaMelIdRI bepH l,b;cas;nigdIEdléRBeQIRtUv)anrukranEtenAmanKMrbéRB
. kUneQIRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal edayRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú kEnøgesImedaykarRKb . RbB½né§ nkardaMKW
kardaM suT§ b¤layCamYy Dipterocarpus alatus, Indigofera teysmanii . vaGacRtUv)andaMCYs
¬beNþay 15-30 m¦ edaydg;seIu t 600edIm¼hicta ¬4 x4 ¦eTA 1 000 edIm¼hicta ¬3 x 3¦
dUcenH dg;seIu tcugeRkaybnÞab;BI karkab;rMelaHKW 300-400 edIm¼hicta . krNIkardaMlMGr cenøaH
RtUvEt RKb;RKan; sMrab;karlUtlasrbs;edImeQI enAeBledImeQIeBjv½yvaGacmanTMhMFM . RbePT
eQIenHRtUv )andaMsakl,genAelIdI)at;bg;CICati nig éRBEdleFIGV aCIvkmµhYsehtu nigpøÚvGUs
TajCaedIm . kUnKKIemSA RtUvkarmøb;tic . Indigofera teysmanii and Cassia siamensis RtUv
)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;CyY RbePT KKIemSAenA 2-3qñaMdMbgU EdldaMCacMkar . karEfTaMtictYcGacRtUv)aneFIV
eLIg bnÞab;BI 3qñaeM Rkay . karEf TaMmandUcCa RKb;RKgesµA nig sMGatrukçCatienACMuvijedIm enAeBl
begátI cMkardMbgU .
[karRKb;RKg]:karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIgCalMdab; kñúgry³eBl 7 qñaM rhUtdl;kenSamsøwkduHCit . BIqñaT MI
1 dl;qñaMTI 3 karEfTaMRtUv)aneFIeV LIg 2 dg ehIyelIkTI 1 enAeBlmunrdUvvsSa nig 1elIkeTotbnÞab;
BIrdUv vsSa . karEfTaMrYmman kareFIeV sµA BUnKum<kUneQI eFIeV GaydIFU nigkat;vlø× . enAqñaMTI 4 nig 5
karkat;Bnøk nig tMrg;edIm nig ebIkenSamsøwkedIm,ICrM ujkarduHlUtlas;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg . enAqñaMTI 7 nig
8 karkab;rMelaH RtUv)aneFIeV dIm,Ipþl;nUvcenøaHRKb;RKan;srM ab;karduHlUtlas; . eRkABIenH karRKb;RKg
ePøgI eqH enArdUvR)aMgRtUv EteFIeV LIg eRBaHKKIemSAgayRtUv)anbMpøajedaysarePøgI eqH .
[karbegán I cMnYn nig Tinñpl]:RbePTeQIenHpþl;nvU karekIneLIgx<s; kñúgcMenamRbePT dipterocarp
with kMenInGgát;p©it 0>97 sm¼qñaM nigkMBs; 0>51 m¼qñaM . Tinñn½yénkarduHlUtlas; KWenAman kar
xVHxatenA eLIy b:Eu nþkarkt;Rtarbs; Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) )anbgðaj
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
7
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
8
[bec©keTsfñal]: kUneQIKeW nAtUceBkRbsinebIeFIkV ardaMenAqñadM UcKña.dUcenHvamansar³sMxan;kgñú karrkSa
kUneQIenAkñúgfñalry³eBl 12 Ex ¬6-9 Ex¦enAeBlkMBs;mFüm)an 80 sm eTA 100 sm.enAkñgú
fñalRKab;RtUv)ansab 8 sm BIKañ nig sÞÚgenAkñgú fg; ¬15 x 20 sm¦ edaylaydI 75-80PaKry
nig CIkMbu:sþ× 15-20PaKry . RbEhl 70 RkaménRKab;KWRKb;RKan;sMrb; fñal 1 Em:Rtkaer . kUneQI
duH)an l¥enAkñgú kMritmøb; 50 PaKry . kMritdMNuH 73 PaKry cMeBaHfñalminmanmøb; 83PaKry
fñalmanmøb; nig 40PaKrycMeBaHkardaMedaypÞal;; . CaTUeTA dMNaMpþl;mbø ;sMrab;karBarkUneQI BIFatu
GakasekþA nigkMcat; esµA . eTaHCa kUneQIRtUvkarBnøWeBj EtdMNaMplþ ;møbK; WRtUv)ankat;tMrwmpgEdr .
karsMGatesµAkareRsac Twk nig eFIeV GaydIFeU nACMuvijkUneQI RtUvEt)aneFIVeLIgenAkñgú fñal .
Ectomycorrhizal eFIeV GaykUneQIduH las;)anya:gl¥ .
9
k_KµankarbMpøajF¶n;Fr¶ eTAelI fñal nig éRBeQIeT elIkElgEtkEBa©suIbMpøajRKab;munTMu .
kar)aj;fñasM lM ab;stVl¥itGacRKb;RKg karbMpaø j stVl¥itenAkñgú fñalpgEdr .
[CMgW]:minmankarraykarN_BI karbMpaø jedayCMgWenAkñúgfñal b¤ éRBeQIeLIy .
F> karGPirkS :
buKlÁ mañk;² edayka rkab;ykeQI enAkñgú RbeTskm<Cú a (as defined on the National Workshop on
Tree Species Priorities organized by DFW and CTSP in 2000) KW >1 000 enAevotNam
[RbvtþiénkardaMduHenAkm<C
ú a]:vaRtUv)andaMenAkñgú vtþedayesþc b¤ RBHsgÄ eTaHbIvaEtgEtRtUv)an daMduHxag
eRkA vtþk_eday .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Aminah Hamzah, 1991. A note on growth behavior of branch cuttings of Hopea odorata.. Journal of
Tropical Forest Science, 3(3):303-305; 4 ref.
[9]
Aminah H, 1994. Hopea odorata (Dipterocarpaceae) - Merawan Siput Jantan. In: Zakaria I, Ratnam
W, eds. Selected Tree Species for Forest Plantations in Peninsular Malaysia - A Preliminary
Consideration. FRIM Research Pamphlet No. 116:9-13.
[9]
Ang LH, Maruyama Y, Wan Razali MW, Abd Rahman K, 1994. The early growth and survival of three
commercial dipterocarps planted on decking sites in logged-over hill forest. In: Nik Muhamad M,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ashton PS, 1982. Dipterocarpaceae. Flora Malesiana, I, Spermatophyta, 9(2):237-552; [in text, 45 pl.];
many ref.
[9]
Corbineau F, Come D, 1986. Experiments on germination and storage of the seeds of two
dipterocarps: Shorea roxburghii and Hopea odorata.. Malaysian Forester, 49(3-4):371-381; 21 ref.
11
[9]
Kochummen KM, 1993b. Hopea odorata. Plant Resources of South-East Asia, 5(1):251.
Oldfields S, Lusty C, Mackinnen A. 1998. The world list of threatened trees. 650 pp. World
Conservation Press, Cambridge, UK.
[9]
Nguyen Minh Duong, 1985: Preliminary results of Dipterocarpus alatus and Hopea odorata planting
system. Scientific and Technical Information, South Vietnam (No. 2-1985).
Soerianegara I, Lemmens RHMJ (eds.). 1993. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(1): Timber
trees: major commercial timbers. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[11]
Tixier P. 1973. The biology of the Dipterocarpaceae: phenology and germinaiton of Hopea odorata at
Dangkor (Kandal). Bois et Forets des Tropiques. 48: 47-52.
[11]
Troup RS. 1929. The silviculture of Indian trees. Controller of publications, New Delhi, India.
[11]
Troup RS. 1975. The silviculture of Indian trees. ed. 2, vol. 1. Government of India.
[11] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Winata L, Suharyati, Kamil H, Yani SA, Muryono, 1986. Rooting of stem cuttings of Shorea leprosula
and Hopea odorata in liquid media. BIOTROP Technical Bulletin, 1(1):10-17; 7 ref.
[9]
12
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June 1988.
Phnom Penh.
[2] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[4] Regional Office for the Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA Monograph
1985/4. Regional office for the Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
[5] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
[10] PROSEA, 1994: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major commercial
timbers.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
13
[14] ECOPORT: http://ecoport.org/ep (Internet source)
[16] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-
ROM).
[18] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia. 90pp. Phnom
Penh
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Hopea pierrei Hance ]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
1
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Hopea Roxb.
RbePT : Hopea pierrei Hance
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 3]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
BN’suCI m<Ú .
[søwk]: søwksamBaØ qøas; sIuemRTI ragdUcGUvul rWes<ó TMhM 4-8 cm x 1.5-4 cm [1] esþógdUcEs,k man
BN’ etñatcas; enAeBls¶tÜ manemSAenAelIépÞskøw . séssøkw zitenACaKUr cMnnY 15-25 [7] (18 KU [1]).
[páa]: páatMerobCakBa©úM . Domatia (=CasrIragÁBiessEdlmanenAkñg ú páa) ragCabMBug nigmaneram .
EpñkPöab;manRbEvg 3-4 dg EdlEvgCagbMBugeks . GUvarIragCaCadb nigxøI . RtbkEpømansøab 2 TMhM
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2.5-5 x 0.7-1 cm [7] nig 3 xøt I ambeNþay manTMhM 4 x 3 mm [7] . ecjpáaBIEx mkra-kBaØa
¬RbeTséf¦kBaØa-tula enARbeTsevotNam .
[Epø]: Epø (Epøsܶt) manragCas‘t u rWekaNedaymanGgát;pit© 0.7-0.8 cm [7] . vamansøabBIr
EdlmanRbEvg 2-2.3 cm nigsrésRsbKñacMnYn 7 [7] . eBlvalUtlas;eTACaeQI sMbkxageRkAman
pÞúkC½reRcIn . vaecjEpøBIEx mkra-FñÚ ¬RbeTséf¦ nig]sPa-mifuna enARbeTsevotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 7, 9, 10]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
mkBIkar dutykFüÚg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 10]
[ epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;kardaMduHéRBeQIeLIgvij enAtMbn;EdlmankareFIGV aCIvkmµéRBeQI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIelx 2 .
4
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
F> karGPirkS :
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 6]
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Ashton, P.S. 1990. Annotations to: conservation status listings for Dipterocarpaceae.
[8]
de Guzman ED, Umali RM, Sotalbo ED, 1986. Guide to Philippine Flora and Fauna: Dipterocarps and
Non-dipterocarps. Quezon City, Philippines: JMC Press Inc.
[3]
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[2] FA, 2002 (draft), List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names of
Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[4] Omaliss, K. and Monyrak, M., 2006: Threatened Species Listing in Cambodia.
http://www.forest.go.th/Botany/main/Research/RP_thesis/taxonomy/Hopea.htm#4.9%20Hopea%2
0pierrei. (Internet source).
[9] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning Institute.
7
[11] Petri, M. (DED), 2006: Own observations.
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Lansium domesticum Corrêa]
K> sTisn½y ³ Aglaia dookoo Griffith [26], A. domestica (Corrêa em. Jack.)
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Lansium
RbePT : Lansium domesticum Corrêa [4]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4; 6 ; 11 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
PøW nigmanRTnugsøwkx<s;.[20,26]
[páa]: páalaMgsat kBa©MúpáanImYy²manpáaeRcIn ehIykBa©úMvamanRbEvgBI 10-30cm EdlduHenAeTal
2
b¤BN’pàaQUklayelOg EdlPaKeRcInCaRbePTpàaeTVePT CaFmµtatMerobCacegàamenA elIEmk
EdlduHeTal b¤CaRkum tMerobenAelIedIm nigenAelIEmkcas;² RbEvg 10-30 cm
EdlpáaTImYyragQrRtg; nigpáacugeRkay ragRsya:kcuHeRkam.[20,26]
[Epø]: EplaMgsat CaRbePTEpøsac;manRKab;eRcIn manTMhM 2-4 x 1.5-5.0 cm (b¤FMCagenH) maneram
3
dl;ExkBaØa b:uEnþenARbeTshVlI IPIn vaTMuBIExemsa dl;ExkBaØa nigbnÞab;BIenHry³eBl
mYyExenATIpSareT.[20,26] EpøcugeRkayeKenA Puerto Rico BIExsIha dl;Extula.[33]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
BMuTan;manTinñny½.
5
dutsMbkEpølaMgsateGays¶Üt eFVICafñaMkMcat;stVl¥it ehIyEpSgrbs;vaCafñaMkMcat;mUs nigjIsMbkeGay
exÞc dak;vaenAkñúgbnÞb;GñkCMgW.[12] sMbklaMgsatRss; manpÞúknUvCatiCr½BN’etñat nigCatiGasIutkat;
bnßy eBlEdlsMbkeRkom ehIyERbCaBN’RskM nigmanpÞúknUvCatiCr½Bak;kNþalKW manCatieRbgrav
0.17 % nigCatiCr½ 22% .[26,28]
kal;süÚm 10 - 19 mg
pUsVr½ 20 mg
CatiEdk 1 mg
Thiamine 0.05 mg
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Riboflavin 0.02 mg
Niacin 0.5 mg
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
6
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
Florida.[20, 26]
F> karGPirkS :
lMgsat minEmnCaRbePTEdlrgnUvkarKMramKMEhgeT.[9]
BMuTan;manTinnñ ½yc,as;las;.
8
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Mabberley, D.J. 1997: The Plant Book-a Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants; 2nd
Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Porcher, Michael et al., 1995-2020: Sorting Lansium names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant
Name Database. Institute for Land and Food Resources University of Melbourne,
Melbourne, Australia
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
9
9) Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees: A Worldwide
Encyclopaedic Guide. Thames & Hudson Ltd., London, 484 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor, B and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
http.www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/Speciesinfo.asp
?
(Internet source)
33) montosogardens.com/langsium_domesticum.htm
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit]
Datasheet Report
Powered by: Natural Technology Systems
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
[Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ leucaena [2], horse tamarind, jumpy-bean [5], lead tree,
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosaceae / Fabaceae
ePT : Leucaena
RbePT : Leucaena leucocephala
Gnu-RbePT:Leucaena leucocephala
subsp. glabrata (Rose) S. Zárate, Leucaena
leucocephala subsp. ixtahuacana C. E.
Hughes, Leucaena leucocephala subsp.
leucocephala [5]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
[lkçN³TUeTA]:edImeQItUc mankMBs;BI 3-15 (-20) m [5] (10-20 m. [2]) nigGgát;p©it DBH 10-35 (-
50) cm [5] (-40 cm [2]) . "TMrg;xs
u ²KñaBIculø×RBwkS eTACaedIm EdlmanEmkeRcIn subsp.
leucocephala eTA arborescent EdlmanedImxøI 5 m EmkxagelIeRcIn nigcMhr kenSamsøwkmUlcMeBaH
2
páa páamanBN’s tMerobCaragmUldUck,al nig zitenACabNþMú 2-6 enARtg;cMBamEdlBnøkduH
[ ]:
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
4
RsbnwgRbePTdIGasIut Edlman pH TabCag < 4.5 [6] dICaMTwk b¤dImankMritpUsaV tTab kal;süÚm Tab
nigCatiGMbli x<s; [6] b¤dImanGaluymIj:mÚ x<s; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 6, 9]
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
KµancMNat;fñak; . [1]
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
6
karerobcMTIkEnøgdaM man sar³ sMxan; enAeBlkarduHlUtlas;ytW edaykarRbKYtRbECgCamYyBBYkesµA
nigvaCabBaða kñúgkarkMriténkar daMduHCaCYrénRbePtenHenAvalesµARbeTsGURsþalI. PaKeCaKC½yénkar
daMedayRKab;paÞ l; KWGaRs½yeTA tameBlevla karerobcMdI nigkarRKb;RKgesµA . vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;
ya:gTUlay kñúgkarsþanUvKuNPaBdI eLIgvij nig karbegIná karduHlUtlas;eLIgvijenAtMbn;myY cMnnY
CYnkal karsabRKab;BeI lIGakask_RtUv )aneFIeV LIg dUcCa enA Guam.
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 6]
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[CMgW]: CMgwBrI EdlGacbNþaleGayekItpSit KW Camptomeris leaf spot nig gummosis
(Camptomeris leucaenae) EdlRtUv)anraykarN_CaRbePTEdlsÁal;)antitctYcbMpt
u nigCMgWsxM an;
epSg².
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[ epSg²]: "esµAKWCabBaðasMrab;visy½ ksikmµ b¤enATIEdlRtUvkarbegátI CICatidIeLIgvij . [5].
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
7
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
RbPBkMeNIt]: KULbM U kusþarIka eGsavad½r hÁaetma:La hugdUra:s micsIukU nIkara:Kr½ )a:Nama: eGs,aj
[
shrdæGaemrik
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
[karnaMclU ]: Gg;TIháa nig)abUd‘ a GURsþalI )ahama:s )a)adUs km<Cú a kUedv½r cin Kuy)a kugehÁa dUmnI Ika
eGrIRTa eGTüÚBI hVCI I háaNa ehÁNada éhTI \NÐa \NÐÚensIu camIka eknya: Lav ma:eLsIu PUma nIesrIya:
)a:BUjÚhÁIeno hVlI IBnI eb:tUrIkU GahVci xagt,Úg RsILaMgka sU‘dg; étva:n; tg;sanI éf evotNam .l.
ÉksarBieRKaH [9]
p> epSg² :
[sarFatuKmI I]: kn§eM n§t manpÞkú nUvsarFatuBlu amino-acid mimosine Edlman antimitotic nigeFIeV Gay
stVRCuHeram . vamanbrimanx<se; nAelIcugsøkw EdlkMBugduHlUtlas; (8-12%) søkw x©I (4-6%) nigEpøx©I
RBm TaMgRKab; (4-5%)" .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6].
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Bhasker V, Rao NS. 1985. Pollination biology of subabul or ipil-ipil (Leucaena leucocephala Lam de
Wit). Myforest 21(2):65-70.
[5]
Hughes CE. 1998. Leucaena; a genetic resources handbook. Tropical forestry Papers No. 37. Oxford Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | Datasheet Report
Forestry Institute, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford and Department for
International Development.
[5]
MacDicken GK. 1994. Selection and management of nitrogen fixing trees. Winrock International, and
Bangkok: FAO.
[5]
National Academy of Sciences. 1977. Leucaena: Promising forage tree crop for the tropics. National
Academy Press. Washington D.C.
[5]
8
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development Project.
Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock Interational.
320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and Vietnam: a
field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[7] Various Authors, 1973: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Viêt-nam (Fascicule 18th), Muséum
National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Litchi chinensis Sonn.]
[1, 5],
Litchi sinense J. Gmelin [1],
Nephelium litchi Cambess. [1, 5] -
[Synonyms of Lic ssp. philippinensis]: Euphoria didyma
Blanco [1],
Litchi philippinensis Radlk. [1] -
[Synonyms of Lic ssp. javensis]: Litchi chinensis Sonn. f.
glomeriflora Radlk. [1, 5]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae
ePT : Litchi
RbePT : Litchi chinensis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 6, 7]
2
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
manduHlUtlas;enAcenøaH 25°N nig 18°N [2] . enARbeTscin nig\NÐa vaduHlUtlas;enAcenøaH 15° nig
30° N [7] . edImKUeln EdlRtUv)andaM KWmanRbPBkMenIt BItMbn;PaKxagt,Úgcin evotNamxageCIg nig
minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
[ eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;tictYcbMput .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5]
[Gnupl]: KUelnRtUv)andaMduHya:geRcIn sMrab;CaRbePTeQIhUbEpø . EpøRtUv)ancitykecj nigRKab;RtUv
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; [8]
[ kardaMduH]: cenøaH EdlKYrdaMduHKW 6 m x 6 m (280 edIm/ha) sMrab;kardaMbBaÄ dUcCa 'Kwai Mai Pink' .
4
kUneQIEdlmansuxPaBl¥ dUcCa 'Tai So', 'Souey Tung' nig 'Haak Yip' GacRtUv)andaMenAcenøaHBI 9-
12 m rvagrg nig 6 m rvagedImeQI (140-185 edIm/ha) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[karRKb;RKg]: "cMkareQITamTarnUvkarkab;rMelaH eGaymankMritRtwm 70 edIm/ha . dg;seIu t énkardaMduH
stVl¥ti ]: " Erinose mite (Eriophyes litchii) KWCastV EdlcMbgkñúgkarbMpaø jsøwk . karraldalF¶nF; ¶r
[
5
leucomilta, Lobesia spp. nig Prosotas spp.) bMpøajkBa©púM áa nigpáa EdlkMBuglUtlas; . kar)aj;fñaM
methomyl mYy eTABIrdgGacCYykñúgkarRKb;RKgkarbMpaø j ya:gmanRbsiT§PaB .
RbePTstVl¥ti epSgeTotdUcCa : Ceroplastes, Conopomorpha sinensis, Indarbela dea, Kerria
lacca, Lymantria dispar, Maladera matrida, nig Tessaratoma papillosa [2] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
F> karGPirkS :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
6
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: cinxagt,Úg evotNamxageCIg nigma:eLsIu . k_manduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;xg < ;rabén
RbeTséf nig)alI (\NÐeÚ nsI)u .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
[karnaMclU ]: evotNam éf cin km<Cú a hugdYras; Gaemrik GaRhVci xagt,Úg eknya: ma:daháasáa rIyeU jón
ma:rITus \NÐa PUma \NÐeÚ nsIu GURsþalI hVlI IBnI hugkug G‘uRÍ saEG‘l micu sicu kU étva:n; esnsIu)a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5]
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Verheij, E.W.M. and Coronel, R.E. (1992) : Edible fruits and nuts. Plant Resources of South-
East Asia, No.2 Prosea , Bogor, Indonesia
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[3] Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of South East Asia.
7
[7] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1357&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source)
[8] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Mangifera indica L.]
1
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ sva:y [1], svaay [6]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Anacardiaceae
ePT : Mangifera
RbePT : Mangifera indica
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
rageGlIb RTEvg TMhM 8-40 cm x 2-10 cm . Kl;skøw RsYc cugsøwkminRsYc nigCaysøkw ragTwkrlk .
sréssøkw man cMnYn 12-30 KU EdlGacemIleXIjenAelIépÞTaMgsgçag srésEdlenAcenøaH
manragdUckr manPaBxus²Kña enAxageRkam Tgsøkw manRbEvgBI 1.5 cm-10 cm nige)a:genAKl;rbs;va
.
[páa]: páaCapáaBIrePT manRtbkpáacMnn
Y 5 nigRsTab;páa 5 . RtbkpáaBgman; eTAsICu m<Ú edayman
kMBlU BI 3-5 enAépÞxagkñúg ekseQµal EdlGacbgákMeNIt)ancMnnY mYy nig minGacbgákMeNIt)ancMnYn
4 . srés filaments zitenACaesrI edaymanragCaRTnab;can manftcMnn Y 5.
2
[Epø] Epøsac; manrUbragxus²Kña nigTMhM 30 cm x 10 cm . sMbkmanBN’elOg eTAébtg rWsVay
enAcas; nig sac;manBN’elOg eTATwkRkUc man rW Kµansrés edaymanrsCatiEp¥m rW CU .
EpømanpÞkú nUvRKab;cnM Yn mYy EdlmansMbkxageRkArwg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 6, 7]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
5
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6]
[CMgW]: CMgWpSit: Anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata, conidial stage Colletotrichum
7
vaGacRtUv)ankMcat;edaykareRbIR)as; bimonthly eday)aj;enAeBl kMBuglUtlas; rhUtdl;páarIk .
kar)aj;RtUv)anp¥akenAeBlEdl ecjEpø . kBa©púM áa Epøx©I nigsøwkRtUvrgkar bMpøajBI powdery mildew
(Oidium mangiferae) CaBiessenArdUvePøóg rW eBlsMbUrG½BÞ . kar)aj; powdered kelp
minTan;manTinñn½y .
RkugRBHsIhnu kMBt ekaHkug PñeM Bj kNþal esomrab )at;dMbg kMBg;cam RkecH kMBg;s<W kMBg;qañ gM
kMBg;FM eBaF×sat; éRBEvg sVayerog bnÞaymanC½y taEkv mNÐlKIrI .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[Rbvtþi]: vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñg
ú RbeTs\NÐa Gs;ry³eBlrab;Ban;qañ mM kehIy nignaMeTAdl;GaeRhVc
RbEhl ry³eBl 1000 qñaM [4] .
[sarFatuenAkñúgEpø]: EpøsaV ymansMbkBI 11-18% sac; 14-22% nigRKab; 60-75% stone .
kñúgsac;saV y 100 g man : Twk 78-85 g RbUetGInu 0.3-0.8 g xøaj; 0.1-0.2 g, carbohydrates 13.2-
20 g sarFatusrés 0.6-0.7 g kal;süÚm 9-25 mg pUsrV 10-15 mg nig Edk 0.1-0.2 mg .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Arogba SS, 1997. Physical , chemical and functional properties of Nigerian Mango
(Mangifera indica) kernel and its processed flour. Journal of the Science of Food and
Agriculture, 73(3):321-328.
[4]
9
Bonad ND, 1982. Origin and distribution of Mango. Philippine Geography Journal, 26(1):44-
52.
[4]
de Laroussilhe, F., 1980. Le manguier. Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris. 312 pp.
[5]
Lahiry AK, 1995. Sterilization of mango wood (Mangifera indica L.) without heat. Document -
International Research Group on Wood Preservation, No. 95-30065:7 pp.; [Paper presented
at the 26th annual meeting, HelsingOr, Denmark, 11-16 June, 1995.]; 9 ref.
[4]
Lal Singh & Abdul Aziz Khan, 1939. Relation of growth to fruitbearing in mangoes. Indian
Journal of Agricultural Science 9(6): 835-867.
[5]
Mendoza Jr., D.B. & Wills, R.B.H. (Editors), 1984. Mango: fruit development, post harvest
physiology and marketing in ASEAN. ASEAN Food Handling Bureau, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia. 111 pp.
[5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Mukherjee SK, 1972. Origin of Mango (Mangifera indica). Economic Botany, 26(3):260-264.
[4]
Mukherjee SK, 1985. Systematic and Bio Geographic Studies of Crop Gene Pools. Vol. 1.
Mangifera L. IBPGR.
[4]
10
PCARRD, 1978. The Philippines recommends for mango. PCARRD Technical Bulletin
Series No 38. 70 pp.
[5]
Saw LG, 1987. Conservation of the Mango and its relatives in Peninsular Malaysia. Report
to WWF. Kepong, Malaysia: FRIM.
[4]
Singh, L.B., 1968 (reprint from 1960 edition). The mango. Botany, cultivation and utilization.
Leonard Hill, London. 438 pp.
[5]
Verheij E.W.M. Coronel R.E. (1991) PROSEA - Plant Resources of South-East Asia; 2 -
Edible fruits and nuts. http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=369920
[7]
Whiley, A.W., 1984. Mango. In: Page, P.E.(Compiler): Tropical tree fruits for Australia.
Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series QI 83018, Brisbane. pp.
25-31.
[5]
Zaman Z, Maiti B, 1994. Insects and mites infesting seedlings of mango in West Bengal.
Environment and Ecology, 12(3):734-736; 11 ref.
[4]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
11
[6] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database –
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp
(Internet source).
[8] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen]
sapodilla 8
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Ebenales
RKYsar : Sapotaceae
ePT : Manilkara
RbePT : Manilkara zapota (L.) v. Royen
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 6 ; 11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
lyecjBIeRkamRTng;søwk nigmanlkçN³RsbKña . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 1.0-3.5 cm [6] .
søwkmanrageGlIb QmKña rW qøas;Kña eday begIát)anCa)ac; enAxagcugEmk [13] .
[páa]: BN’ébtg duHenAdac;EtÉg enAelIG½kS manragdUckNþg w manBN’etñat manRsTab;cMnYn 6
nigRtbk 6 [1,26]. BN’s man 6 Epñk (6-merous ) enAelIpáamYy EdlTgRbEvg 1-2 cm
nigGgát;p©itdl;eTA 1.5 cm maneramenAxageRkABN’etñat Edlpáaman 6 Epñk enAelIG½kSrbs;søwk
[6,13] .
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
eQImanlkçN³dUcKña BN’Rkhm rwg Rkas; maMu nigFn; [1] . eQIrwg nigFn; RbePTxøHénRKYsar
Sapotaceae manpÞúknUvsarFatusIulIkar (silica) EdleFIVvaFn;karbMpøaj rbs;keNþó
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
4
z> tMbn;eGkULÚsIuén EhSn enAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
5
páarbs;va RtUv)an eRbICaemSAsMrab;labxøÜn RsþIbnÞab;BIkarsMralkUn . enARbeTskm<úCa tanIn
Edl)anBIsMbk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca Büa)al CMgWraK nigRKun [26] .
RKab;manpÞúknUvGasIut hydrocyanic nigKYrRtUv)anykecjenAmuneBlbriePaK Epø [26] .
tanIn Edl)anBIsMbkRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;bti TUk rW nava nigensaTRtI .
RbePTeQIenH k_RtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGrpgEdr [26].
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; . [18]
6
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
7
Scopella sapotae nig Uredo sapotae eFIVkarvaysIubMpøajsøkw . sñamGuC²elIsøwk (Septoria
spp.) RtUv)ansegát edayeFIVeGaysøwkrbs;edImRCuH enA Florida [26] .
F> karGPirkS :
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
nigmiusiuckU [12] .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
8
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya
Prokash.
Chadha KL, 1992. Strategy for optimisation of productivity and utilization of sapota
(Manilkara achras [M. zapota] (Mill.) Forberg.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 49(1):1-
17; 55 ref.
Chaudhary SM, Shete MB, Desai UT, 1995. Performance of some sapota (Manilkara
achrus Mill Fosberg) cultivars under semi-arid region of Maharashtra. Recent
Horticulture, 2(2):47-51; 7 ref.
Lenka PC, Das DK, Samal B, 1996. Studies on floral biology and physical characteristics
of sapota cultivars. Orissa Journal of Horticulture, 24(1/2):42-46; 5 ref.
Sandhu MK, 1992. Standardization of grafting techniques in sapota (Achras zapota L.).
Acta Horticulturae, No. 321:610-615; 5 ref.
Pampanna Y, Sulikeri GS, Hulamani NC, 1994. Effect of season on the success of
softwood grafting in sapota (cv. Kalipatti). South Indian Horticulture, 42(5):303-308; 8
ref.
Galán Saúco V, 1995. Woody tropical fruits in Spain. Biogenetic resources, plant
material, production and prospects. Vida Rural, 2(24):60-63; [6 col. pl.]; 10 ref.
Popenoe W. 1974. Manual of the tropical and subtropical fruits. The Macmillann
Company.
Rice RP, Rice LW, Tindall HD. 1987. Fruit and vegetable production in warm climates.
Macmillan Press, London.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Tankard G. 1987. Tropical fruit. A guide to growing and using exotic fruits. Viking O’Neil.
Timyan J. 1996. Bwa Yo: important trees of Haiti. South-East Consortium for
International Development. Washington D.C.
9
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
(Internet source)
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Melia azedarach L.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ China berry [2], azedarach, bead tree, China tree, Persian
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ white cedar (Trade name) [7] - arbol del paraiso, jacinta,
1
ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ dâ:k hîën, sdau khmaô:h [1]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Geraniales
RKYsar : Meliaceae
ePT : Melia
RbePT : Melia azedarach L.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag manBN’ébtgetñat rWRbepHetñatenAeBltUc nigERbCaBN’RbepH
nigmankMras;Rkas; ehIymankareRbHenAtambeNþayedImeTotpg .
[søwk]: søwkqøas; manRbEvg 20-40 cm [7] (15-23 to 80 cm [4], -25 cm [5]) mansøk w cMnYn
3-7 KU [5] (3-11 KU [7]) edaymanTMhM 2-10 cm x 0.6-3.8 cm [5] (2-8 cm beNþay [4])
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 4, 5, 7]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
sItuNðPaBFmµta 23-26ºC [5] (23-27°C [7]) edaymansItuNðPaBTabbMput
nigx<sb; Mputdac;xatBI 15ºC eTA 39°C [5] (3-37°C [2]) . vaFn;ngw møb; nigs‘UnwgkarlicTwk
nigsenSIm . RbePTeQIenH GacRtUv)andaMenATIvalxageRkA enAtMbn;RbCMCu n dUcCaenA British Isles
[7] ( eyagtamRbPBepSgeTotesþAexµac GacrgeRKaHedaykMritsenSIm EdlmanlkçN³xus²Kña [5])
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
5
eTot. vaCaRbePTeQIEdll¥sMrab;eRbIR)as;CaeQIfamBl edaymantMélGMnackMedA 24,000-
25,000 kJ/kg [5](5,100kcal/kg[7]). enAGURsþalI RbePTenHRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;eFIV]bkrN_
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[ksirukçkmµ]: vaRtUv)andaMduHCaRbePTeQIpþl;mb
ø ; enAkñúgcMkarkaehV nig eck abaca (Musa textilis)
.esþAexµac CaRbePTEdlmanRbeyaCn_ sMrab;kardaMduHRbePTdMNaMRsUvsaLI .vak_GacRtUv)andaMCamYy
GMeBApgEdr . enA Paraguay EdlmanRbePTeQIenHRtUv)andaMsrM ab;ykeQIhb‘u vaRtUv)andaMenA
cenøaHCamYyRbePTdMNaMepSg²eTot . vaRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH 4 m x 3 m karkab;rMelaH
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgbnÞab;BIry³ eBl 3 qñaM eGayenAsl; 400 edIm/ha nigbnÞab;BI 6 qñaMeGayenAsl;
200 edIm/ha [7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 7]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
8
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 7]
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 7]
[CMgW]: CMgWKB W usM UvmaneT . CMgWekItBI)at;etrI nigpSitRtUv)antamdanenAelIskøw kUnEmk nigEpø
b:Eu nþminmankarbMpøajFn;Fr¶ RtUv)anraykarN_enaHeT . edImeQImyY cMnnY RtUv)anvayRbhaedaypSit
EdleFIeV Gayman
CMgW brownish butt rot nig brownish pocket rot . enAkMLúgqñaM 1980 enA)a:ra:hÁay TMrg;énkar
duHlUtlas;mni RbRktIekItmaneLIgenAkñgú cMkar M. azedarach edaykarrgnUvkarbMpøajeday
mycoplasma .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
[epSg²]: rWsrbs;edImeQImanlkçN³rak; EdleFIeV GayvagayrgeRKaHedaysarxül;xaø gM
EdlGace)ak edImeQIrMlM . vagayrgnwgePøgI eqH nigeTaHbICamankMBs;dl;eTA 10 m
edImeQIGacRtUv)aneFIeV Gaysøab; edaysarePøgI eqHEpñkxageRkam .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
9
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]:
bg;køaeds km<úCa \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu Lav ma:eLsIu PUma en)a:l; )a:KsI aß n )a:BUjÚKeI no RsIlgáa éf
nigevotNam
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 7]
[karnaMcl U ]: Gahàan;nsI aß n Gal;)anI GasSg;TIn GURsþalI bUsVaNa eRbsIul Rb‘yu en cin Kuy)a CIbTU I
dUmnI ci ekn rIRTI eGsüÚBI )araMg Rkic háaetma:La hugdUrus GIru :ug GIru ak; GItu alI camIka ekya: kUer elsUtU
ma:l;ta misu uickU mUsüg;bíc‘ NamIb‘Í nIkara:hÁ½ )a:Nama: )a:ra:hÁay hVlI IBnI b:Tu uyhÁal; ebrU rIkU Gara:b;
sgðabUrI ekaHsULmÚ g:u sUma:lI GaeRhVxagt,Úg eGs,aj sVIs esrI tg;sanI tugehÁa TYKI G‘yu ehÁnda
Gg;eKøs Gaemrik nig esnsI)u a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
p> epSg² :
10
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Ahmed S, Idris S, 1997. Melia azedarach. In: Hanum IF, Maesen LJB van der,
eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 11 Auxiliary plants. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. Leiden, Holland: Backhuys Publishers, 187-190.
[5]
[7]
[5]
Cabral MMO, Garcia ES, Kelecom A, 1995. Lignanes from the Brazilian Melia
azedarach, and their activity in Rhodnius prolixus (Hemiptera, Reduviidae).
Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 90(6):759-763; 26 ref.
[5]
leaves of neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) and mindi tree (Melia azedarach
L.) against Setothosea asigna van Ecke. Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit,
3(2):119-125; 9 ref.
[5]
Gupta BB, Adarsh Kumar, Negi DS, 1989. Rooting response of branch cuttings of
Melia azedarach L. Indian Journal of Forestry, 12(3):210-214; 15 ref.
[5]
11
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilization.
New Delhi, India: Oxford & IBH.
[7]
[5]
[5]
[5]
Moncur MW, Gunn BV, 1990. Seed development and germination responses of
Melia azedarach var. australasica.. ACIAR Proceedings Series, No. 28:24-28; 6
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ref.
[5]
[5]
12
Piccolo ALG, Gregolim MI, 1980. Phenology of Melia azedarach in S. Brazil.
Turrialba, 30(1):107-109; 9 ref.
[5]
Ryan PA, Bell RE, 1989. Growth, coppicing and flowering of Australian tree
species in southeast Queensland, Australia. ACIAR Monograph, No. 10:49-68;
[refs. at end of book].
[7]
Ryan PA, Bell RE, 1991. Australian hardwoods for fuelwood and agroforestry.
Review report on ACIAR Project 8809. Gympie: Queensland Forest Service
(unpublished).
[7]
Salam ALA, Ahmed AAI, 1997. Evaluation of using the extract of chinaberry
fruits, Melia azedarach L. In the control of the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera
littoralis in Egypt. International conference on pests in agriculture, 6-8 January
1997, at le Corum, Montpellier, France. Vol. 3. Assoc. Nationale pour la
Protection des Plantes, Paris, France. 1159-1162.
[5]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[5]
13
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[8] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Moringa oleifera Lam.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ horse-radish tree [9], ben-oil tree, cabbage tree, clarifier tree,
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ shiferaw (Ethiopia) [1] - rawag (Arabia) [1] - sajina, sohjna,
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Papaverales
RKYsar : Moringaceae
ePT : Moringa
RbePT : Moringa oleifera Lam.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
b:Eu nþGac cMNaM)an enAeBlecjEpø . Emk nigBnøk xøI b:uEnþmaneramRkas; RsYy nigFøak;mkeRkam .
edImeQImanRbB½nr§ WseRCA nigrWsEkvRkas; .
[sMbk]: sMbkrelag exµARbepH mansñamesþIg nigBN’elOg .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
2
[páa]:mankøni RkGUb Edlpáaral;qñaM ecjCakBa©pMú áa EdlmanRbEvg 15 cm [2] . TgpáanimyY ² maneram
RbEvg 12 mm [6] (4-15 cm [7]) edayRsTab;páaBN’ébtgRsalcMnYn 5 EdlmanRbEvg 12 mm
[2] nigTaMg 5 enHminesµIKañ manBN’s rW Bgman; RtbkpáamanBN’elOg rW s
EdlmanlkçN³EvgCagRsTab;páa . enAelIRtbkTaMg 5 manekseQµal EdlmanbMBg;eks
nigragsþÜc .
[Epø]:plitkmµEpøcab;epþm
I enAExmina nigemsa enARsIlgáa enA\NÐaBIExmina dl;emsa
nigmþgeTotenAEx kBaØa nigtula [2] . Epø CaEpøKY BN’etñatRsal FM manRbEvg 90 cm [6] (30-90
cm [4], 30–120 cm [2]) nigTTwg 12 mm [6] (1.4 cm [4], 1.8 cm [2] ) manlkçN³Ggáaj;
[lkçN³eQI]: eQITn; es<at nigRsal . vamandg;seIu t 0.5-0.7 g/cm³ enAkMrit minsÁal; % mc [6]
nigpþl;TinñplRbEhl 4,600 kcal/kg [6].
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 6]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
kMritTwk ePøógRbcaMqañ KM W 400-4,300 mm [4] (300-2,500 mm [1], 480 eTA 4,030 mm [2]
ya:gehacNas; 500 mm [6]) edaymankMritx<sb; MputBI 600-2,200 mm [4] .
vaFn;ngw PaBraMgs¶tÜ nigGacFn;ry³eBl 6 Ex [1] énrdUvR)aMg b:Eu nþplþ ;plCasøwktic
enAeBlminmanTwkRKb;RKan; [4] . eTaHbI vaduHlUtlas;enA kMritePøógFøak;TabKW 300 mm kñgú mYyqñaM
[1] RbsinminmanTwkeRkamdIRKb;RKan; . sItuNðPaBsMrab;kar lUtlas;KW 7-48°C [4] (12.6-40°C
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
5
srés : sMbk enAeBlvay pþl;nvU srés EdleRbIsMrab;eFIEV xS nigkenÞl . karsikSaeTA elIplitkmµ
rayon-grade BIRmuM edaydMeNIrkar prehydrolyzed sulphate enA\NÐa bgðajfavaCavtßúFatuedIm
6
begánI KuNPaBdI :søwk EdlmanBN’ébtg RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;karRKbdI . sMNl; Edlsl;BIkarTajyk
eRbgBIRKab; RtUv)aneRbICaCIFmµCati [1] .
edImeQIlMGr : RbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInsMrab;eFIVCaedImeQIlMGr [1] .
daMduHCaRBMRbTl; : RtUv)andaMCarbg karBarxül; pþl;møb; nigTMr dl;BBYkvlø× . eRbICarbg nigRBMdIenA
RbeTs eknya: nIesrIya: tg;sSanI nigkEnøgepSg²eTot . karkat;edIm daMKWmanPaBgayRsYl
nigRtUv)an daMCaCYrenAtampÞH nigsYnc,ar [1] .
ksirukçkmµ : edImeQIpþl;mbø ; nigmanRbeyaCn_sMrab;kardaMCaRbB½nc§ enøaH CamYyRbePT dMNaM
RbcaMqañ eM pSg eTot EdlGacRtUv)anbMpøajedaysarBnøWéf¶ . vaCaTMr d_l¥sMrab;eRmc (Piper sp.) .
RKb;RKgkarbMBlu : edImeQIGacCYyeGayTwks¥at nigeFIeV GayTwkføa . TwkEdlmankMritl¥k;xs< ;
GacRtUv )ancMeraH edayeRbIRKab;bukeGaym:t; CamYyés, edIm,IeFIVeGayTwkføaeLIgvij .
edIm,IerobcMRKab; sMrab;kar sMGatTwk RtUvkat;sbM kRKab; nigsøabecj . sac;RKab; EdlmanBN’s
RtUvbukeGayeTAemSA edayeRbI t,al;bku . emSARtUv)anlayCamYyTwk kUr nigeRcaHeGays¥at
muneBldak;clU eTAkñúgTwk Edll¥k; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 6, 9]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
[CMgW nigstVlt¥i ]: CMgWrlYyrWs (Diplodia spp.) nig papaya powdery mildew (Levellula taurica)
RtUv)anGegát . dgávÚ Eupterote mollifera eFIeV GayRCuHsøwk b:Eu nþGacRtUv)an RKb;RKgtamry³kar)aj;
eRbgRtI rW C½rsab‘U nig BHC [1].
[epSg²]:RmMg u ayrgeRKaHedaysarstVCan; nigxül;bk .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[karnaMclU ]:
GaháanIsaß n ebnIn ebKINa hVasU km<úCa kaemrU eqt GIru IeRTo eGsüÚBI háaebo háaNa hÁeI no éhTI
\NÐeÚ nsIu GIru :g; eknya: KIrI)aTI lIebrIya: ma:lI ekaHma:sal; ma:rItaeno misu uickU PUma en)a:l; nIC½r
9
nIesrIya: xageCIg ekaHma:rINa )a:KsI aß n hVlI IBnI esenháal; esra:elGUn RsIlgáa s‘Udg; tg;sSanI éf
tUeháa G‘yu ehánda evotNam esnsIu)a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 6, 8]
p> epSg² :
Amino GasIt u rbs;Epø 3.6 g arginine/16 g N, 1.1 g histidine, 1.5 g lysine, 0.8 g
tryptophane, 4.3 g phenylalanine, 1.4 g methionine, 3.9 g threonine, 6.5 g leucine, 4.4 g
isoleucine, nig 5.4 valine . sac;RKab; (70–74% énRKab;) man 4.08 Twk 38.4 g RbUetGIuneqA
34.7% xøaj; 16.4 g N 3.5 g srés nig 3.2 g epH . eRbgRKab;man 9.3% palmitic, 7.4%
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anon. 1986. The useful plants of India. Publications & Information Directorate, CSIR,
New Delhi, India.
[1]
Beentje HJ. 1994. Kenya trees, shrubs and lianas. National Museums of Kenya.
[1]
Bein E. 1996. Useful trees and shrubs in Eritrea. Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU),
Nairobi, Kenya.
[1]
Bekele-Tesemma A, Birnie A, Tengnas B. 1993. Useful trees and shrubs for Ethiopia.
Regional Soil Conservation Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority
(SIDA).
[1]
Booth FEM, Wickens GE. 1988. Non-timber uses of selected arid zone trees and shrubs in
Africa. FAO Conservation Guide. No. 19. Rome.
[1]
Dale IR, Greenway PJ. 1961. Kenya trees and shrubs. Buchanan’s Kenya Estates Ltd.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[1]
Dhalla Rosa KR. 1993. Moringa oleifera: A perfect tree for home gardens. Agroforestry
species highlights. The Agroforestry Information Service. Hawaii, USA.
[1]
[1]
11
Hocking D. 1993. Trees for Drylands. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. New Delhi.
[1]
Hong TD, Linington S, Ellis RH. 1996. Seed storage behaviour: a compendium.
Handbooks for Genebanks: No. 4. IPGRI.
[1]
ICRAF. 1992. A selection of useful trees and shrubs for Kenya: Notes on their
identification, propagation and management for use by farming and pastoral
communities. ICRAF.
[1]
Katende AB et al. 1995. Useful trees and shrubs for Uganda. Identification, Propagation
and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation
Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
[1]
Kayastha BP. 1985. Silvics of the trees of Nepal. Community Forest Development
Project, Kathmandu.
[1]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Keay RW. 1989. Trees of Nigeria. Claredon Press Oxford.
[1]
Lanzara P and Pizetti M. 1978. Simon & Schuster’s guide to trees. Simon & Schuster,
Inc., New York.
[1]
Mahajan S, Sharma YK. 1984. Production of rayon grade pulp from Moringa oleifera.
Indian Forester. 110(3): 303-306.
12
[1]
Maundu P. M. Ngugi G.W. Kabuye C.H.S. (1999) Traditional Food Plants of Kenya
[8]
Mbuya LP et al. 1994. Useful trees and shrubs for Tanzania: Identification, Propagation
and Management for Agricultural and Pastoral Communities. Regional Soil Conservation
Unit (RSCU), Swedish International Development Authority (SIDA).
[1]
Nautiyal BP, Venkataraman KG. 1987. Moringa (Drumstick) - An ideal tree for social
forestry; growing conditions and uses - part I: Myoforest. 23(1):53-58.
[1]
[1]
Verma, S.C., Banerji, R., Misra, G., Nigam, S.K. 1976. Nutritional value of moringa.
Current Sci. 45(21):769–770.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[2] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/SearchEngine.html (Internet source)
13
[4] ECOPORT:
http://www.ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=reference&ReferenceID=517656
[Internet source)
[7] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
[9] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and
Development Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.).
Bangkok, Thailand: Winrock International. 320pp.
[11] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No.
35, 25th June 1988. Phnom Penh. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Nephelium lappaceum L.]
Nephelium maingayi),
Nephelium chryseum Blume (1847),
Nephelium sufferrugineum Radlk. (1879) [1],
Euphoria nephelium,
Dimocarpus crinata [3],
Nephelium mutabile Blume var. pallens Hiern in Hook.f.,
Xerospermum topengii Merr. [10],
Nephelium obovatum (Ridely) [11]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
1
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Sapindaceae]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [7]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: søwkqøak; (QmKña Etsøkw KUrdMbgU ) zitenACakenSam edaymancMnnY 2 KUr [3] (1-4 KUr [10])ragCaeG
lIb b:Eu nþminmancugsøkw . søwkmYy²manragdUcs‘ut rW eGlIb manTMhM 5-28 cm x 2-10.5 cm [1]
(RbEvg 7-30 cm [10], -25 cm beNþay [3]) zitenACaG½kSedk maneram CYnkalmaneramtic²
enAEKmsøwk nig eramenAxageRkam minman domatia cugsøkw xøI srésrsøkw ragekag eRKIm EdlmancMnYn
6-15 KUr zitenA EpñkxageRkam . søwkmanlkçN³dUcEs,k nigelOgébtgeTAébtgcas; nigBN’elOg
rW ébtgexovenA xageRkam .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá manEmkeRcIn zitenAcegam . páaBN’s elOg rW ébtg TaMgCapáaeQµal nigpáaGePT
nigman TgpáatUcEvg . RsTab;páaman 4-5(-7) beNþayRbEhl 0.7-2.1 mm . Rtbkpáaminman
CYnkalmanBI 4 rW mYy manRbEvgminelIsBI 1.6 mm . tYpaá maneram rWKµaneram . edIm EdlGePT
mantYnaTICapáaeQµal pg nigjIpg EdlCakUneQIRtUv)andaMduHjwkjab; [10] . edImeQIxHø rW
EmkxøHGacmanpáaxusrdUv . karecjpáa GacmanTMnak;TMngCamYybBaðaxVHTwkCaedIm .
[Epø]: Epøsac; EdlmanRKab;cMnYnmYy ragmUl RbEvg 6 cm [3] (7 x 5 cm [11], 3.5-8 cm [10])
edayman TMgn; 20-95 g [11] . BN’RkhmsICu m<Ú RkhmRsal sVaycas; elOgRkhm rWTwkRkUc
2
edaymanbnøaTn;² RbEvg 0.5-2 cm RbePTxøHRCuHkMBUlrbs;va . RsTab;esþgI nigmanlkçN³dUcEs,k
mankMras; 2.5 mm . sac;EpømankMras; 0.4-0.8 cm BN’Bgman; rW kUlab BN’l¥k; manTwkeRcIn
manCatiGasIut edaymanrs; CatixusBIRbePT Edlmanrs;CatiEp¥m . RKab;manlkçN³sMEb:t ragmUl
TMhM 2.5-3.4 x 1-1.5 cm . manEpø 1 rW 2 EdltUc²minlUtlas; zitenACitEpø EdlTMu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
duHlUtlas;enAtMbn;ekþAehIy esIm enAkMritry³kMBs; 0-600 m a.s.l. [1, 9] (0-300 [6], 0-600 dl;
2,000 [10], 0-600 dl; 1,950 [11] m a.s.l. ) . RtUvkarkMritTwkePøógRbEhl 165
éf¶Faø k;ePøógkñúgmYyqñaM . kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqaM 2,500 mm [1] (2,500-3,000 mm [6, 9], 1,800-2,500
mm [10]) nigkMritsrub 1,400-4,000 mm [10] . sItuNðPaBsMrab;karduHlUtlas; 10-42°C
3
4°C b:Eu nþTTYlrgnUvkarRCuHsøkw ya:gxøaMg . kMritsMeNImman kMrit 80% nigrdUvraMgs¶tÜ manry³eBl 3
Ex . minFn;nwgkarraMgs¶Üt xül;st¶Ü nigsenSIm CaBiessenA eBlkMBugeBjv½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 6, 9, 10, 11]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
[karRKb;RKg]: CYnkalvaRtUv)andaMduHsuT§ rW lay CamYy FUern (Durio zibethinus Murr.) nig langsat-
5
kñúgmYyedIm . kMritCIxs< b; MputKWenAeBlGayu 12 qñaM nigRtUv)andak;Cabnþ bnÞab; . sMrab;eGayecjEpø
enAbIExdMbgU CIRtUv)andak;kMrit 1PaK 4 eRkayeBlecj Epø nig Bak;kNþal eTotRtUv)andak;
bnÞab;BIkarRbmUlpl nig mYyPaKbYneTot enAs)aþh_TI 9 eRkayeBlRbmUlpl . bEnßmBIelIenH 0.4
kg én dolomite/edIm/qñaM Gtibrima 10 qñaM nigRtUv)andak; enAeBlmankar duHlUtlas; yWt .
nigCYnkalGacdl; 30 qñaM .
[Tinñpl]: GaRs½yeTAelITItaMg sama:vGacRtUv)anpþl;pl 2 dgkñg ú mYyqñaM . EpøRtUv)anRbmUlenAeBlTMu
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
ksirukçkmµ]: edImeQIRtUv)andaMsrM ab;CadMNaMmantMélesdækic© rW
[ CaeQIpþl;CFI mµCati
b:Eu nþdMNaMminRtUv)an daMenACitedImeQIF²M eT . RbePT Legumes EdlmankMritlUtlas;TabdUcCa
Canavalia, Crotalaria nig Vigna GacRtUv)andaMduHenAcenøaHsama:v [11] .
7
karsikSa enATIpSar enA)agkk )aneFIGV tþsBaØaN CMgWRbEhl 30% ekItBI Colletotrichum spp.,
10% ekItBI Gliocephalotrichum bulbilium nig 5% ekItBI Botryodiplodia theobromae .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
8
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
RbPBkMeNIt]:
[
p> epSg² :
Edlman cMnnY eRcIn BN’Rkhm rW ébtg Tn; nigEvg ehIymanlkçN³Rsedogbnøa enAelIépÞEpø [11] .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
9
'Chompoo', 'Rongrien', 'Bang Yi Khan', 'See Tong' nig 'Nam Tan Kruad' . enA Java
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Almeyda, N., Malo, S.E. & Martin, F.W., 1979. Cultivation of neglected tropical fruits with
promise, part 6. The Rambutan. Science and Education Administration, US Department of
Agriculture, New Orleans. 14 pp.
Buisson, D., 1986. Analyse architecturale de quelques espèces d'arbres fruitiers tropicaux.
Fruits 41: 477-498.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
International Board for Plant Genetic Resources, 1986. Genetic resources of tropical and
sub-tropical fruits and nuts (excluding Musa). IBPGR, Rome. pp. 123-125.
Fachrurozi, Z., 1984. Periode vegetatif dan reproduktif pada rambutan [Vegetative and
reproductive phases in the rambutan]. Berita Biologi 2(9-10): 226-227.
Lam, P.F. & Kosiyachinda, S., 1987 (Editors): Rambutan, fruit development, postharvest
physiology and marketing in ASEAN. ASEAN-COFAF, Jakarta. 82 pp.
Leenhouts, P.W., 1986. A taxonomic revision of Nephelium (Sapindaceae). Blumea 31: 373-
436.
11
Ng, S.K. & Thamboo, S., 1967. Nutrient removal studies on Malayan fruits: durian and
rambutan. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 56: 164-182.
Nigel JHS, Williams JT, Donald LP, Jennifer PT. 1992. Tropical forests and their crops.
Cornell University Press.
Perry LM. 1980. Medicinal plants of East and South East Asia : attributed properties and
uses. MIT Press. South East Asia.
Shaari, A.R., 1983. Aspects of research and production of rambutan in Malaysia. Paper
(mimeo). International Workshop for promoting research on tropical fruits, Jakarta, May/June
1983. 16 pp.
Valmayor, R.V., Mendoza Jr., D.B., Aycardo, H.B. & Palencia, C.O., 1970. Growth and
flowering habits, floral biology and yield of rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum Linn.). The
Philippine Agriculturists 54: 359-374.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE (eds.). 1991. Plant Resources of South East Asia No 2. Edible
fruits and nuts. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden.
[1, 11]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[1] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[2] PROSEA, 2002: Plant Resources of South East Asia 14 - Vegetable oils and fats.
[3] Barwick, M., 2004: Tropical and Subtropical Trees. A Worldwide Encyclopedic Guide.
[4] Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of South East Asia.
12
[5] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
[6] Rehm, S.; Espig, G., 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and Subtropics.
[8] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
[10] ECOPORT:
http://ecoport.org/ep?Plant=1528&entityType=PL****&entityDisplayCategory=full (Internet
source).
13
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
1
RKYsar : Caesalpinioideae
ePT : Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth.[8]
RbePT : Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.)
Kurz [8]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 8 ; 11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
ehIymansøab tUcBT§½CMuvijEdlmanTMhM 0.4-0.5 cm EdlBüÜrenAxagcugkenSamsøwk
nigminEbkeTenAeBlTMu ehIyman RKab;ragsMEb:tcMnYn 4-8 RKab; EdltMerobepþk²TTwgEpø.[5]
EpøRtesk manBN’RkhmRsal layBN’ etñat manTMhM 10-15 nig 2.0-3.5 cm
EdlEKménEpømansøabesþIgTMhM 4-5 mm BT§½CMuvij. RKab;mancMnYn 4-8 CYnkaleRcIn b¤ticCagenH
ehIytMerobTTwg²Epø manragsMEb:t nigmanTMhM 10-12 nig 5 mm.[8] EpøRtesk manragsMEb:t
beNþayRbEvg 9-13 cm nigTTwgRbEvg 2.3 cm ehIymanBN’etñat. RKab; Rtesk
tMerobenAkñúgEpøenAcMnucmMu 45º. RKab;Rtesk mansMbkrwg.[14] EpøRtesk CaRbePTEpøKYrRTEvg
ragsMEb:tRsYcEdlmanTMhM 10-15 cm x 2-4 cm nigmansøabBT§½CMuvji manRbEvg 4-5 mm
manBN’etñat cas; nigeBlTMumanBN’exµARsal EdlmanRKab;cMnYn 4-8 RKab; nigCaRbePTEpøTMumineRbH
ehIyPaKeRcIn EpøBüÜrsMyg:u cuHenAeRkamkenSamsøwk. RKab;Rtesk manragsMEb:tRTEvg manTMhM 10-
12 mm x 5 mm ehIytMerobTTwg²RKab;. kUnRtesk duHBnøkenAelIdIesIm² man hypocotyl 4-6
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
5
RteskduHenAry³kMBs; 800 m eFobnwgnIv:UsmuRT (GacduHenAry³kMBs;dl;eTA 1000m
enAxagt,ÚgRbeTsevotNam)[14] nigkMBs; TwkePøógRbcaMqñaMRbEhl 1500-2500 mm/ m². [14]
BMuTan;manTinnñ ½yeT.
6
[epSg²]: søwkRtesk mankarrlYyyWt EdlCYykat;bnßykarhUreRcaH b¤sMnwkdI. Rtesk
RtUv)andaMsMrab; karrandIén Imperata cylindrica (L.) Raeuschel nigtMbn;valesµA enA\NÐÚensIu
nigma:eLsIu edImRtesktUc²RtUv)andaMenAtMbn;valesµAx<s;enA Imperata nig RtUvkar
karEfrkSaticedIm,IeGayvars; b:uEnþvak¾CaRbePTeQIEdlmankarduHlUtlas;yIt. enABak;kNþal
stvtSr_ TI20 RteskRtUv)andaMeFVICa eQIpþl;møb;dl;cMkarkaehV enA Java. enAkNþalRbeTséf
RteskRtUv)anEfTaMeGayEbkKum< edIm,IeFVICaeQIpþl;møb; eQIpþl;Epø nigCaRbePTeQIEdl
daMsMrab;eFVIeGaydIRbesIreLIg.
GaRtaénkarbMEbksarFatuswøkyWt CaktþaEdleFVIeGayRteskGacTb;Tl;nwgesµAcéRg. RKab;rbs;
Rtesk Bi)akkñúgkarbNþúH enAelIdIEdlRkaleTAedaysøwk. eTaHCa søwkrbs;RteskmankarbMElgyWt
Etvaman pÞúknUvsarFatu polyphenolic x<s; b:uénþCYnkalvaRtUvkarRsTab; memakedIm,IeFVIkar
duHlUtlas;enAelIdI. [26]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RteskCaRbePTeQI EdlBMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
7
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
F> karGPirkS :
minmanTinñn½y.
minmanTinñn½y.
8
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
van Noordwijk, M. & Rudjiman, 1997. Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miquel) Kurz. In Faridah
Hanum, I. & van der Maesen, L.J.G. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 11.
Auxiliary Plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 207-209.
Trieu Van Hung 1994; Biological characteristics of forest enrichment species Canarium
album, P.dasyrhachis, Cinnamomum sp., Michelia sp. Scientific Report. Forestry College,
Hanoi
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ black pine [1], merkus pine, tenasserim pine [10], Mindoro
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ merkus pine (Trade name) [14] - paek sorng bai, paek
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
1
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : not available
RKYsar : Pinaceae
ePT : Pinus L.
RbePT : Pinus merkusii Jungh.& Vriese
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
eRkam edaymankareRbHtambeNþay .
[søwk]: BN’èbtgcas; ragdUcm¢l ú zitenACaKUr EdlmanBIrsøwk nigRbEvg 25 cm [10]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
(BUCenAtMbn;dIeKak : 19-25 cm [10] s‘m U a:Rta : 16-19 cm [10], 15-25 cm [3], 16- 25 cm [5])
ragRsLÚn b:Eu nþrwg . enArag ral;qañ M vabegátI CaTMrg;kYcdUc KUTxüg BI 2-7 [10] .
[páa]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
mankMBUlsMEb:t nigTgEvg RbEvg 5-8 cm [10] enAs‘Uma:Rta nig 7-13 cm [10] enAelIdIeKak (5-11 cm
2
nigRkas; . enAeeBlTMu vaenACab;nwgEmkdEdr nigminRCuHeT . ekannimyY ² manRKab;BI 20-25 [10]
[5])
RbEhl : 21°N eTA 3°S [4] (23°N eTA 2°S [14]) . Rsl;swkø BIr minGackMNt;faRbePTRsl; enAtMbn;
RtUBki )aneT edaysarCMrkFmµCatirbs;Rsl;PaKeRcInenAGDÆeKalxagt,Úg . CMrkrbs;vamanBI
PaKxag ekItPUma dl;Lav xageCIgèf km<Cú a evotNam nighVlI IBnI dl;sm‘U a:Rt . vak_manduH
enAxageCIgPaKxag lic\NÐa dl;xagt,ÚgTIeb [10] . eTaH vaminduHenAelI]bTIbV ma:eL Rsl;EtgduH
enACitRbePTéRB conifer éRBcMruH conifer (CamYy P. kesiya) éRB dipterocarp s¶Üt éRBCMruHsøwkTMnab
nigdIksikmµcas; EdlTuk ecal dIKaµ nrukCç atiduH edaykarpÞúHPñeM PIgø valesµArgePøgI eqH
nigcMkarekAs‘cU as;² . vamanduH enAtMbn; EdlFøab;manePøgI eqH EdlCakEnøgBYkvaGac
duHlb;elIRbePTdéT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 10, 12, 14]
Rsl;duHBIry³kMBs;BI 30 eTAdl; 1,800 m BIkBM s;nvI :UsmuRT [3] (800-1,200 m a.s.l. [1] and 100-
1,000 m [1], 0-2,000 m [12], 0-1,600 m [4]) . enAkñúgEdnFmµCati tMbn;RtUBk i GnutMbn;RtUBi nigekþA
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ry³eBl 0-5 Ex [5] (0-6 Ex [4], 3-6 Ex [10]) RtUv)anFn; . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu rdUvR)aMgGacmanry³eBl 2
Ex [4] edayTTYlnUvkMritePøóg Føak;ticCag 50 mm [14] . sItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ M manBI 19°C eTA 28°C
[4] (21-28°C [12], 18°C enA tMbn;PñM nigsItuNðPaB 27°C enAtMbn;TMnab [10]) .
tMbn;eqñrPñRM kvaj (A) PaKxageCIgPñRM kvaj (B) TMnabkNþal (d), PaKxagt,ÚgGaNam (g).
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
Y:1366689) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
5
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
[eQI]: eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as; sMrab;karsg;pHÞ s‘umbg¥cÜ s‘umTVa kMral eRKOgsgðarwm eQIKsU RCuj cgáHå
eQIemSARkdas eQImansrésEvg begáalGKIsÁ nI sMNg;TUk rW ka)a:l; karsagsg;yanþCnM Hi RbGb;
sMPar³ eQIeRbIkúgñ pÞH nig]sSah_kmµ eQIfamBl nigFüÚg . eQIxHø GaceRbICaeQIvInapgEdr [10] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 14]
[Gnupl]: RbePTeQIenHGacpþl;plC½r oleo x<s; nigkarecaHC½rsMrab;eFIB V aNiCk¢ mµRtUv)aneFIV enAkñgú kar
daMduHCacMkar . edImeQInimyY ² Gacpþl;pl 3-4 kg énC½rkñúgmYyqñaM [3] EdlmantMél
sMrab;CavtßúFatuedIm sMrab;»sf C½rbitka)a:l; fñalM ab nig]sSah_kmµTwkGb; . RbPBepSgeTot
)anbBa¢ak;faedImeQIcas;Gac pþl;Cr½ 30-60 kg [12] énC½reqA kñúgmYyqñaM nig 20-40 kg [12] énC½rsuT§
nig 7-14 kg [12] én turpentine kñúgmYyqñaM . TinñplC½rRbcaMqañ M man 420-750 kg/ha [4, 10] . Ethyl
alcohol RtUv)ancMraj;ykecjBI Rsl;swk ø BIr KWGacRbqaMgnwgCMgWmharIk cMeBaHkarsakl,genA
hVlI IBnI [12] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 12, 14]
[epSg²]: vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;sþaréRBeQIeLIgvij BIeRBaHvaFn;ngw ePøgI dImni sUvmanCICati
nigRKbelI esµA 'alang-alang' (Imperata cylindrica) . enA\NÐeÚ nsIu Rsl;swkø BIr TTYl)an
eCaKC½ykñúg kardaMCa cenøaHCamYydMLgÚ Irish [12] . vak_RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;EklMGrdI karBarkar
hUreRcaH nigr)aMgxül; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 4, 5, 12 ] Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
cMNat;fñak;eQIelx 2
6
valesµArgePøgI eqH nigcMkarekAs‘cU as;² . vamanduH enAtMbn; EdlFøab;manePøgI eqH
EdlCakEnøgBYkvaGac duHlb;elIRbePT déT . vaCaRbePTRtUvkarBnøWxaø gM Fn;ngw ePøgI GacRKbelIesµA
'alang-alang' (Imperata cylindrica) CaRbePTsMrab;GPirkSdI nigsþaréRBeQIeLIgvij .
RKb;RKan; BIeRBaHRsl;swkø BIr eRcInduHenATIval éRB dipterocarp s¶tÜ b:Eu nþkm_ an enAéRB dipterocarp
esImpgEdr Edlya:gehacNas;manGgát;p©it 14 m . enAkm<Cú a éf nigevotNam kardut
edaymankar RKb;RKgRtUv)aneFIeV LIg edIm,IeFIVeGaykUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn [10] .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;plitkmµeQIhb ‘u edImeQIRtUv)andaMduHenAkMritcenøaH 3 x 1 m rW 3 x 2 m [4] .
sMrab;plitkmµC½r cenøaHRtUv)anbegánI 4 x 4 m [4] . enAqñaTM I 3-5 (BI 18 Exdl; 2-3 qñaM [4])
edImeQIGacduH putBIdMNak;kalesµA edaymansøwkRkas; BnøkxøI nigkMBs;Tab .
CMnYseGaysMbkd_Rkas; EdlmankMras;Rkas;BI 1-2 dg dUcedImenaH søwkd_Rkas; nigRbB½nr§ Ws
eFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:gelOn nigsMrb eTAnwgPaBraMgs¶tÜ nigePøgI [10] . Gnusasn_mYypþl;fa
kUneQIRtUvrkSakñgú fñal enAdMNak;kaldMbgU Rbsin Rsl;RtUv)anykeTAdaMenAxageRkA .
[karRKb;RKg]: enAdMNak;kalCaesµA karsMGatesµARtUv)aneFVeI LIg BI 2-3 dgenAqñaMdMbg U [10] nig 1-2
dg kñúgmYyqñaM enAkMLgú qñaMbnÞab; [10] rhUtdl;kenSamsøwkbitCit . kUneQIRsl;swkø BIr enAtUc
RtUvkarsMGat esµAeRcInCag RbePT Pinus caribaea, Pinus oocarpa nig Pinus kesiya .
enAdMNak;kaldMbgU kareFVI eGayrhal RtUv)aneFIV enAqñaTM I 9 rW 10 edaymankarkab;erogral; 5
qñaMbnþbnÞab; [10] . xYbrbs;vaKW 30 qñaM [12] RtUv)aneFIsV rM ab;plitkmµeQIh‘ub edaymandg;seIu t 28-29
m²/ha eRkayry³eBl 30 qñaM [10] . sMrab;plitkmµeQIemSARkdas xYbénkarkab;KW 15 qñaM [12]
RtUv)anGnuvtþ .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
7
m³/ha ( tMbn;Fmµta 30 qñaM) . Tinñplsrub : 814 m³/ha (tMbn;l¥ 30 qñaM), 471 m³/ha (tMbn;Fmµta 30
qñaM) [10] .
[karRbmUlplC½r]: viFs I aRsþCaeRcInRtUv)aneRbIR)as;kñúgkarRbmUlplC½r . C½rmanenAkñgú cenøaHekasika
naMCr½ éneQI (CaBiesseQIRsay) nigplitpl RtUv)anTTYlykedaykEnøglk;sMPar³nava edayRbvtþi
rbs;vakñgú bitnava . edImeQIRsl;enArs;Gacpþl;Cr½ edaykarkat;TTwgRbEhl 1.3 cm nigbeNþat 30
cm RbEvg 30-40 cm BIépÞdI rhUtdl;edImRTUg . GasIusp ‘u rU ic (CaTUeTA 40-60%) RtUv)an
dak;enAkEnøgecaH . dMeNIrkarenH Gacpþl;nUvC½rsMrabbitnava EdlCaRbPBpÁt;pÁg;sxM an;énC½r nig
turpentine . eQIsMrab;eFIV nava k_GacTTYl)anBIkardkykBI edImEdlcas;pgEdr
C½rGacTajyktamrebobenHpgEdr . Turpentine nigC½reQIGacRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Ca kraft
(sulphate) sMrab;bitTuyeya . Turpentine RtUv)an ykecjBIkMeTceQI enAeBlcab;epþm I cMhuy
nigsÞak;sáat; edaykBa©k; . viFIsaRsþenHGacpþl; kraft sMrab; nava [12] .
[ksirukçkmµ]: Rsl;swkø BIr GacdaMduHenAcenøaHKñaCamYy dMLÚg Irish RbkbedayeCaKC½yenA\NÐeÚ nsIu .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 6, 10, 12, 14]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
9
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
F> karGPirkS :
10
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
p> epSg² :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Arisman, H. and G.R. Powell. 1986. Effects of cone colour and seed extraction methods on
yield and quality of seeds of Pinus merkusii in Indonesia. Seed Science and Technology 14,
177-190.
[14]
Cooling, E.N.G. 1968. Pinus merkusii. Fast Growing Timber Trees of the Lowland Tropics
No. 4. Commonwealth Forestry Institute, Oxford.
[14]
Cooling, E.N.G. and H. Gaussen 1970. In Indochina Pinus merkusiana sp. nov. et non P.
merkusii Jungh. et De Vriese. Trav. Lab. Forest. Toulouse T. 1 V. 8 Art. 7.
[5]
Pousujja R., J. Granhof and R.L. Willan. 1986. Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese. Seed
Leaflet No. 7, Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek.
[14]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Lehmann, Lutz et al. 2003: Forests and trees of the Central Highlands of Xieng
Khounang , Lao P.D.R.- A field guide
[2] FA, 2002 (draft): List of Trade Names of Commercial Wood in Cambodia, Trade Names
of Commercial Woods, unpublished.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute. Hanoi
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
12
[6] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[8] CTSP, 2004: Cambodian Tree Species Monographs. Cambodian Tree Seed Project,
Phnom Penh. 57pp.
[11] Danida Forest Seed Centre, 2000: Conservation of genetic resources of Pinus merkusii
in Thailand -Technical Note No. 58, October 2000.
[14] Hidayat, J.; Hansen, C-P., 2002: Pinus merkusii Jungh. & de Vriese. Seed Leaflet No.
60, Danida Forest Seed Centre, Humlebaek.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[16] FAO:
http://www.fao.org/documents/show_cdr.asp?url_file=/DOCREP/005/AC648E/ac648e04.
htm (Internet source)
13
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Pithecellobium dulce (Roxb.) Benth.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Madras thorn [2], blackbead [5], blackbead tree, bread and
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ temar (Ethiopia) [8] - tamar hindi (Arabia) [8] - amil, balati,
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
1
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae (subfamily: Mimosoideae)
ePT : Pithecellobium
RbePT : Pithecellobium dulce
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
enAelIsøkw TaMgGs; [5] . snøkw mYy²manTMhM 2.5-5.6 cm x 0.9-3.2 cm [5] ( 2-2.5 x 1-2 cm [8])
manragdUceGlIb rW eGlIbRTEvg edaymansréssøkw BI 4-7 KU edaymanBN’ébtgRsalenAxagelI
nigRbepHRsalenAeRkamBktUc²mankMBs; 0.3-0.8 mm nigGgát;pit© 0.4-0.7 mm [5]
enAkMBUlTgsøwk nigkMBlU énEpñkkNþalTgsøwk . "søwklUtlas;fdµI uHenACab;skøw cas;EdlRCuH
eFVeI GayedImeQImanBN’ébtgCanic¨ " [8] . bnøatUc²zitenACaKU enAKl;skøw nig manRbEvgBI 2 eTA
15 mm [8] .
2
páa páazitenACaRkum Caragk,ales<ótUc² manGgát;pit© 7-12 mm edaymanpáacMnYn 20-30 kñúgkBa©úpM aá
[ ]:
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 6, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4, 5, 8]
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
5
RbqaMgnwgkarQWcab;edImRTUg nigRKab;Edl)anbukkMTicRtUv)anelbsMrab;Büa)andMe)AEpñkxagkñúg .
søwkenA eBlbitdUcCaekAeGok Gackat;bnßykarQIcab; niglayCamYyGMbilGacBüa)alkarrMlay
Gahar b:Eu nþvaGaceFIeV GayrlUtkUnpgEdr . sMbkrWsGacRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;Büa)aleraKmYl .
sMbkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;CafñaMRKunpgEdr .
[epSg²]: edImeQIRbePTenH RtUv)andaMduHCaeRcInsMrab;CaeQIpþl;mb ø ; . enAeBlvalUtlas;enA
dIxHV CICati nigTIval GMBilTwkGacCYykarBarnUvRbePTdITaMgenH . GMBilTwkGacbegátI nUvBkrWseday
)at;etrI Rhizobium . karecjBkrWsenH ekItmanenARKb;RbePTdITaMgGs; b:Eu nþTinñn½yGMBbI rimaNén
GasUtminTan; RtUv)anraykarN_enAeLIyeT . RbePTeQIenHmankareBjniym kñúgkardaMtam
beNþaypøÚv nigeRbIR)as;Ca RbePTrukCç atisli ,³ (karkat;eGayecjCarUbstVepSg²) . edIm
EdlmansñamqñtÚ enAsøwkKWmanenA edImEdlduHenAhaév: . edaymankat;tMrwmeTogTat; GMBil
TwkeFIeV GaykenSamsøwkRkas; nwgmanbnøaCaeRcIn EdleFIeV GaystVmni GaccUl)an ehIyRbePT
eQIenHk_GacdaMCar)aMgTb;xül; edaybegátI nUvTMrg;CaExS Rkvat;karBareTotpg . enAkñgú kardaMCarbg
vaRtUv)andaMlayCamYyRbePTepSg²eTotdUc Ca Ziziphus mauritiana nig Azadirachta indica .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 8]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
6
rbgkarBar . vaduHlUtlatCarbgkarBar enAtMbn;ekþAs¶tÜ énEpñkxøHrbs;\NÐa CaBiessPaKxagt,Úg
nigRbeTsd_éTeTotCaeRcIn .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMCarbg RKab;GacsabCa 2 CYr enAcenøaH 15 x 30 cm" [8] .
enAkñgú ry³eBl 5-6 qñaM [8] (12 m kñgú ry³eBl 5-6 qñaM [2]) . vaduHExñg)anelOn
nigkUnEdlduHecjBIrWseRcInenAeBlrWs RtUvrbYs . edImeQIGacduHlUtlas;)anKYreGaykt;sKM al;
eTaHbImankaréRkEmk kat; nigsIuBIsMNak; stVdUcCa eCom nigBEB . vaGacRbKYtRbECgCamYyesµA
nigduHlUtlas;)anya:grh½s .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5, 8]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
F> karGPirkS :
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: Gasüg;TIn b‘l U Ievo eRbsIlu kULbMú ‘Í eGkVad½r eRhnhÁN
I a hÁaNa micu siku U )a:ra:hÁay eb:rU
s‘UrINam Gaemrik G‘uyra:hÁay evens‘yu eGLa .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
8
[karnaMclU ]: km<Cú a cin Kuy)a eGrIeRTo éhTI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu camukI a eknya: Lav ma:eLsIu PUma hVlI IBnI
eBrUrIkU rIyUenon s‘dU g; tg;sSanI éf evotNam ekaHv½rCIn ¬Gaemrik¦ süg;s)Iu a .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
p> epSg² :
sUdüÚm 19 mg b:tU asüÚm 20.2 mg vItamIn A 25 IU thiamine 0.24 mg riboflavin 0.1 mg niacin
0.6 mg nigvItamIn C 133 mg . tMélfamBl 330 kJ/100 g [6] .
9
[Rbvtþi]: enAkMLgú qñaM 1521-1815 GMBilTwkRtUv)annaMcUlRbeTshVlI IBnI edayGñkdMeNIrmiucsiku U
tamry³ navacm,aMgrdæaPi)aleGs,aj EdleFIdV MeNIrrvag Acapulco nig Manila
EdlrYmCamYyRbePTrukçCatiCag 200 RbePTeTotrbs;Gaemrik EdlrYmmanBBYk legumes dUcCa
Gliricidia kn§eM n§t Prosopis nigl¶r (Merrill, 1912) . enAeBlnaMcl U dMbgU (mun 1800) mkGasIu
GMBilTwkmanRbPBkMeNIt BItMbn;RtUBicén Gaemrik vaRtUv)anBiBN’nadMbgU nigdak;eQµaHenAqñaM 1798
eday Roxburgh tamry³P½stþú ag EdlRbmUl BI\NÐa RtUv)anraykarN_fanaMclU BIRbeTshVlI IBnI .
enHedaysar karduHlUtlas;ya:geRcInCaFmµCati nigkardaMduHénGMBilTwkenAkñgú eBlmunRbvtþisaRsþ .
vamanduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn nigRtUv)ancat; TukfaCa esµAenA Caribbean (e.g. enA Puerto Rico
duHCamYy Prosopis pallida tamCayéRBekagkag ) Hawaii (enAkñgú valesµA) nigtMbn;ekþAs¶tÜ én\NÐa
nigTMnab Gangeatic . enAkEnøgd_éTeTot vaRtUv)andaMCa eQIlMGr nigpþl;møb; .
RKab;rbs;GBM li TwkRtUv)anrYmbBa¢nÚ enAkñgú kBa©b; énRbePTrukCç atitMbn;st¶Ü én GaemrikkNþal
nigRtUv)aneFIkV arsakl,enAkñgú Bak;kNþalTsSvtS 1980s [5] .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
AQIS, 1996. Madras Thorn. Pithecellobium dulce. Plant Quarantine Leaflet No. 115.
Canberra, Australia: Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service. Department of Primary
Industries and Energy.
[5]
Anonymous, 1989. Asam Kranji dan Asam Londo[Dialium indum and Pithecellobium dulce].
ajalah ASRI No 26.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[6]
Brewbaker JL, 1992. Pithecellobium dulce - sweet and thorny. NFT Highlights, No. 92-01:2
pp.; 5 ref.
[5]
Hendro Sunarjono H, Coronel RE, 1991. Pithecellobium dulce. In: Verheij EWM, Coronel RE
eds. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No. 2. Edible Fruits and Nuts. Wageningen,
Netherlands: Pudoc, 256-257.
[5]
10
Kundu H, Panda NC, Sahu BK, 1983. Leaves of inga dulcis (Manila tamarind; Pithecellobium
dulce) as a fodder for goats. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences, 53(6):669-671; 7 ref.
[5]
NFTA. 1992. Pithecellobium dulce: sweet and thorny. NFTA 92-01. Waimanalo.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9) :Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. 1994. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok,
Thailand: Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[5] CABI, 2003: Forestry Compendium (2003 edition) - CAB INTERNATIONAL. (CD-ROM).
[6] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[7] Nielsen, I., 1981: Flore du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam. Vol. 19. Légumineuses-
Mimosoïdées. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Phanérogamie,
Paris. pp. 108-110.
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp
(Internet source)
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don.]
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Pinales
RKYsar : Podocarpaceae
ePT : Podocarpus L´Her. ex Persson
RbePT : Podocarpus neriifolius D.Don [16]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [2 ; 16 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
srésEv:nkNþalmanlkçN³xusBI RCugTaMg BIr b:uEnþsrésEv:gmçag² manlkçN³minsUveXIjc,as;eT .
Tgrbs;vamanRbEvg 0.2-0.5 cm [5] . søwk qøas; ragEvgsþÜt manlkçN³ekagbnþic manTMhM 2.5-
18.0 x 0.5-1.5 cm manlkçN³dUcEs,k srés Ev:nkNþalelceLIgc,as; mancugEvg .
EdlsMbUrsøwkRbePT enH .
[Epø]: ekaneQµal EtmancMnYnbIzit enACaRkum enAeLIgG½kSsøWk EdlmanragmUl enAeBlcas;
3
dac;BIKñaBIRbePT P. polystachyus . vaduHenAray)a:y nigecjEpøenAEx ems-mina
nigcas;enAExsIha- vicäikar [8].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
hardness) 7,920 N .
kMritrYjrbs;eQIRsUl KWTab BIenARss; 12% m.c. muxkat; 2.3% radial nig 4.1% tangential
nigBIRss;eTAs¶Ütmuxkat; 3.3% radial nig 5.7% tangential . eQIgaynwgs¶Üt rW sMgYt
b:uEnþmankareRbH rW EbkelIépÞeQI rW rmYl enAelIeQIeBjv½ymansñamya:geRcIn . CamFüm
vaRtUvkarry³eBl 23 éf¶ edIm,I sMgYtkþa EdlmankMras; 25 mm eQIRsUlenAkMrit sMenIm 15% m.c
. karsMgYtenAkñúgLr KYrEteRbInUv kMritsItuNðPaBBI 54-82ºC edayeqøIytbnwgkMritsMeNIm 76-30% Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
. enAma:eLsIu vaRtUv)anykeTARtaMTwk bnÞab;mkeTIbykeTAsMgYt . kþa EdkmankMras; 25 mm
RtUv)ansMgYteGaymankMritsMeNIm 15% m.c. enAkñúgry³eBl 8 éf¶edayeRbILrsMgYtma:eLsIu [16]
.
eQIrbs;RsUl gayGar b:uEnþkþarbs;vamanlkçN³Tn; GaceRbHEbkenAxagcug. eQIGacGarCapøan
eRCok But nigecaHRbehag EdlvamanlkçN³relag . CaTUeTA eQIGacdM EdkeKal)an b:EnþebI
EdkeKalFMeBk GaceFIVeGayeRbH rW Ebk . karbitC½r lab duHxat; niglabfñaM KWGaceFIVeTA)an . karduH
rW citecjnUvsarFatuenH GaceFIVeTA)anenAeBlvas¶Üt ehIyminTamTarnUvkareFIRV bRBwtþikmµCamuneT .
4
eQIrbs;vaRtUv)ancat;fañk;fa minmankarFn; enAeBleRbIpÞal;dI rW edaypÞal;nwgGakasFatuxageRkA .
vagayrgnwgkarbMpøajrbs;keNþo BBYkstVl¥itecaHrun xñÚt rWkEBa© nigBBYkstVl¥itcuHrn§enAsmuRT
b:uEnþminEmn Lyctus eT. eQIx©IGaceRCob)an b:uEnþeQIxøWm KWmankarFn;nwgkareCob mFüm [16].
Lesser Sunda, Moluccas, New Guinea, New Britain, New Ireland, Solomon nig Fidji
nig Altingia noronhae; enA New Britain vaduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;PñM edaymanBBYk Pometia nig
Calophyllum enAkñúgéRB montane enA New Ireland CamYyGMbUr Fagaceae, Eugenia nig
Schizomeria enARsuk Morobe (New Guinea) vaduHlayCamYy Anisoptera nig Flindersia [25]
5
Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Fokienia hodginsii, Lithocarpus spp., nig Pometia sp. [8] .
Fn;nwgmøb; CaTUeTAvaduHeLIgvijedaysarRKab; [2,8].
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
RsUlKWmanduHya:geRcIn nigCaRbPBsMxan;sMrab;CaeQIh‘ub .
[eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;CaeKOgsgðarwm nigkargarCageQI .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak;enAkñúgRbeTsevotNam [2]
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
7
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Anon, 1987. Brown pine. Timber Species - Queensland Department of Forestry, No. 2:2
pp.
Bolza E, Kloot NH, 1972. The mechanical properties of 56 Fijian timbers. Division of
Forest Products Technological Paper, CSIRO, No. 62:51pp.; 13 ref.
Dagar JC, Dagar HS, 1987. Ethnobotanical and other uses of some gymnosperms found
in Andaman & Nicobar Islands. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany, 9(1):201-
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
204; 11 ref.
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC, 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No.
5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5
(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers., 655 pp.; [Also published by Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 747 ref.
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Vol. III. Oxford, UK; Clarendon Press.
Whitmore TC, 1973. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for foresters. Volume 2. Tree flora of
Malaya. A manual for foresters. Volume 2., vii + 444 pp. + 1 map; Malayan Forest
Records No. 26. Many ref.
8
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
7) Lehmann, L., Grejmans, M. and Shenman, D., 2003: Forest Trees of the
Central Highlands of Xieng Khouang, Lao P.D.R. – A field guide. DANIDA-DED-
NAWACOP, Vientiane-Laos. 246 pp.
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD).
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Psidium guajava L]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ apple guava, guava, round guava, tropical guava [11], lemon
guava [9]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ amarood, jamphal, jamrukh, sapari (India) [9] - araca, goiaba
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ RtEbk
ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ trâ bék [1], tokal, trapaek sruk [9]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Psidium
RbePT : Psidium guajava L.
GnuRbePT : Psidium guajava var. cujavillum
1
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³rwg b:Eu nþdUcEs,k EdlzitenAQmKña Casøkw samBaØ mansrésr
nigduHFøak;mkxag eRkam . BYkvamanBN’elOgébtg rW ébtgRbepH nigmansñamGuCtic² .
søwkmanTMhM 7-15 cm x 3-5 cm [6] (5-15 x 4-6 cm [5]) ragRTEv eTA eGlIb enAelICaysøkw
mansrésRsbKña EdlmanTgsøwk RbEvg 3-10 mm [5] . kMBlU minRsYl nigKl;skøw ragmUl .
mankøni enAeBljI rW bukeGayexÞc nigmin manxñaysøkw eT .
[páa]: kenSamsøwkzitenACaG½kS EdlmanpáaBI 1-3 [5] páa edaymanRbEvg 2 cm [5] .
ragdUcRklan rW sMEb:t mancMnYnBI 112 eTA 535 [6] . RKab;manBN’elOg RbEvg 3 mm [6] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5, 6, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
RbEhl : 25°N eTA 24°S [3] . RtEbk manedImkMeNItBItbM n;RtUBki énGaemrik nigRtUv)an
eFIdV uHlUtlas; edayFmµCati enAtMbn;RtUBki nigGnutMbn;RtUBki . vaduHenAtMbn;valesµA savanna rW
tMbn;rgkarrukran nig sMbUredayrukçCatiduHeLIgvij . enAtMbn;xHø vamanduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn
3
edaymancMnnY 100 edIm enATMhM épÞdIticCagmYyhicta eTaHeBlxøH vamandg;seIu t 1-5 edIm/ha
k_eday. dUcenH RtEbk RtUv)ancat;TukCa esµApgEdr enAtMbn;RtUBki . enAeBlfñaMKmI Imni RtUv)aneRbI
RtEbkeFIkV arduHlUtlas;ya:g eRcInenAtMbn;val esµA . vaduHlUtlas;CacMkar enAkñgú RbB½n§ksirukkç mµ
enARbeTs\NÐa nigRtUv)andaMenA GaeRhVcpgEdr .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 5]
qñaM [7] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 5, 6, 7, 9]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;eT .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
6
eTaHya:gNa RtEbk smRsbcMeBaHkardaMduH enAkñúgsYnCMuvijpÞH edaysarvaFn; pþl;Tinñplx<s;
pþl;plyUr nigsMbrU sarFatu ciBa©wm .
[kardaMduH]: sMrab;kardaMduHenARbeTséf cenøaH 4 x 4-6 x 6 m [5] RtUv)aneRbIR)as; b:uEnþkn U eQI
EdldaM sMrab;ykEpømkEkécñ cenøaHKYrEt 10 x 8 m [5] .
[karRKb;RKg]:kareRsacRsB enAkMLúgrdUvR)aMg nigkaréRkEmk CYyeFIVeGaypáaduHlUtlas;elOn .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 5]
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
7
[karbnþBUC]: RtEbk EdldaMduHsMrab;karEkécñ GacRtUv)anbnþBCU edayRKab; mankUneQI 70%
Edlman lkçN³dUcedImem)a . kñúgEpømYymanRKab;cnM nY RbEhl 50 EdlGacpþl;nUvkUneQI
EdlmanKuNPaBl¥ ya:gehacNas; 25 . RKab;GacRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal fg; rW TIvalEtmþg
enAkMritCMerA 1 cm dMNuHnwg ekItmanenAkMLgú 15-20 éf¶ . BYkvaGacRtUv)andaMenATIval
enAeBlBYkvaman kMBs;RbEhl 25 cm . kUneQIduHlUtlas;elOn nigecjEpøenAGayu 2-3 qñaM
enAelIdI Edll¥ . enAeBl kardaMduHsMedAykEpø EdlRss; karbnþBUCedaykøÚnRtUv)aneFIeV LIg .
enAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ karbnþBUCRtUv)an eFIeV LIgtamry³ karbMe)A b:Eu nþsrM ab;karplitkUncMnnY eRcIn
karb:HBnøkk_RtUv)aneFIpV gEdr . PaKeCaKC½yGaRs½y eTAelIkar lUtlas;rbs;eQIedImem nigedImTMr
. Bnøk EdlykmkeRbI KYrEtCaBnøkcas; (sMbkminmanBN’ébtg) nigsøwkRtUv)ankat; 2
s)aþh_muneBl eFIkV arb:HBnøk ehIyedIm,I eGayBnøke):ag . karb:HBnøk RtUv)aneFIV eLIgenAeBlEdl
edImTMr manlkçN³Rkas; lµmnwgTTYlykBnøk )an enAedImcas;BnøkminduHecjmkeT .
edImeQIGacRtUv)anykeTAdaMbnÞab;BI 4-5Ex. karbnþBCU epSgeTot dUcCakarkat;kG_ ac RtUv)aneFIpV g
Edr. rukCç atiKYmankMBs;RbEhl 1 m bnÞab;BIkarkat; . Micro-propagation
RtUv)aneRbIEPñkeQIrbs;edImem edaymankMriteCaKC½yRbEhl 70%enARbeTs\NÐa [5].
8
eTAelI EpøfµI² . EpømanBN’Tg;Edg nigRCuHsøwk edayEtrgnUvkarbMpøajrbs; (red-banded thrips,
Selenothrips rubrocinctus ) . enA\NÐa cockchafer beetles sIb u Mpøajsøwk enAcugrdUvvsSa
nigdgávÚ rbs;RbePTenHjas; enAkñgú dI eFIkV arsIubpM aø jrWs . dgávÚ eFIkV arecaHBnøk nigsMlab;Bnøk .
CYnkal aphids eFIkV arCBa¢k; enAxageRkamsøwk énBnøkfµI . dgávÚ Epø (Argyresthia eugeniella)
ecaHcUleTAkñúgEpø edaymineGayemIl eXIjeLIy nig citron plant bug ( Theognis gonagia)
yellow beetle (Costalimaita ferruginea) nigBBYCBa¢k;Epø (Helopeltis antonii) sIEu pøTMu .
Coconut mealybug (Pseudococcus nipae) eFIeV Gay manbBaðaya:gF¶n;Fr¶ enA Puerto Rico
ludens, A. suspensa, nig Dacus cucurbitae . Fruit fly maggots dUcCa Anastrepha striata,
CaBiessman dUcCa mummifies blackens immature fruits nig rots mature fruits .
9
pSiteFIeV GayrWsrlYy (Clitocybe tabescens) GacsMlab;edImeQIpgEdr . EpøRtUv)anecaH
edaystVl¥itdUcCa mucor rot (bNþalmkBIpSit Mucor hiemalis) enA Hawaii . enAelI
edImeQIxHø 80% énEpø Edlcas;RtUv)an bMpøaj . Diplodia natalensis eFIkV arbMpaø jRsedogKña
RbEhl 40% eTAelIedImeQI enAPaKxagt,Úg \NÐa . sñamelIswøk nigEpø (bNþalmkBI
Cephaleuros virescens) ekItmaneLIgenAtMbn; esIménPaK xagt,Úg Florida
b:Eu nþGackMcat;)anedayeRbIfñaMsMlab;pSit EdlmanCatiTg;Edg. enA\NÐa nig Sancti Spiritus
énKuy)a pSit Phytophthora parasitica eFIeV Gay EpørlYyenArdUvvsSa . Botryodiplodia sp. nig
Dothiorella sp. eFVeI GayedImxUc nigbMpøajEpø enAkMLúg eBlRbmUlpl . Macrophomina sp.
eday)aj; nUv s½gàsIsl‘u pat [7] . enAekaHGasI)u asIPu icxøH k_dUcCaRbeTsGaemrikkNþal dUcCa
Costa Rica RtEbkCaesµA Edlmansar³sMxan; enATIkEnøg EdldIminsUvmanCICati .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 7]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
10
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]
[RbPBkMeNIt]: kULMbú Í‘ miusciu kU eb:rU shrdæGaemrik .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
karnaMclU : GURsþalI bg;køaeds Rb‘yu en km<Cú a kaemrU: cin kUsþarIka kUDIv½r Kuy)a dUmnI eI xn eGkVaD½r GIru IRTI
eGsüÚBI hVCI I háabug háaebo Rkic hÁyÚ a:Na éhTI \NÐa \NÐeÚ nsIu GIRu saEGl eknya: Lav ma:LavI
ma:eLsIu PUma nIesrIya: )a:KsI aß n )a:Nama: eBrU sama: esenhàal; GaeRhVcxagt,Úg RsIlgàa s‘Udg;
tg;sSanI éf tUhÁÚ Guy‘ ehànda evens‘eu GLa evotNam .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
p> epSg² :
11
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Akunda EW, Oduol PA, 1989. Growth rates of some promising agroforestry tree species.
Trees for development in Sub-Saharan Africa. Proceedings of a regional seminar held by
the International Foundation for Science (IFS), ICRAF House, Nairobi, Kenya, February
20-25, 1989., 66-70; 10 ref.
[3]
Amin MN, Jaiswal VS, 1988. Micropropagation as an aid to rapid cloning of a guava
cultivar. Scientia Horticulturae, 36(1-2):89-95; 20 ref.
[3]
Bajaj YPS, 1996. Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV. Biotechnology in
agriculture and forestry 35. Trees IV., xix + 427 pp.; [ref. at ends of chapters].
[3]
Beer J, 1979. Traditional agroforestry practices in the wet tropics; the 'La Suiza' case
study. Activities at Turrialba, 7(3):2-5; [1 pl.].
[3]
Bose TK, Mitra SK, eds, 1996. Fruits: Tropical and Subtropical. Calcutta, India: Naya
Prokash.
[3]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3]
Dadhwal KS, Sharma NK, Saroj PL, 1995. Diagnosis and possible interventions in
designing agroforestry systems in north-western plains of Uttar Pradesh - a case study.
Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(1):47-53; 4 ref.
12
[3]
Duggan KJ, Henderson L, 1981. Progress with a survey of exotic woody plant invaders of
the Transvaal. Proceedings of the fourth National Weeds Conference of South Africa., 7-
20; 1 ref.
[3]
[6]
[3]
Partridge IJ, 1973. Chemical control of guava. Fiji Agricultural Journal, 35(2):101-102.
[3]
Pathak RK, Ojha CM, 1993. Genetic resources of guava. Advances in horticulture: fruit
crops - Volume 1., 143-147; 22 ref.
[3]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Pleines T, 1993. Agroforestry systems and peasant farming practices for erosion control
in the Antananarivo region. Akon'ny Ala, No. 11:10-14; 11 ref.
[3]
Raturi GB, Hiwale SS, 1993. Horti-silvi-pastoral system for increased productivity of
marginal and degraded lands under rainfed conditions. Advances in Horticulture and
Forestry, 3:179-186; 3 ref.
13
[3]
Roxas CA, Florido HB, Saplan J, Rondina R, Dimaculangan R, 1991. Drought resistant
species. RISE - Research Information Series on Ecosystems 3(2).
[3]
Saroj PL, Arora YK, 1994. Horticulture based agroforestry systems of Doon Valley. Indian
Journal of Soil Conservation, 22(3):60-65; 12 ref.
[3]
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), Beer J(Beer JW), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in
pastures. III. Fuelwood production. Turrialba, 35(4):333-338; 18 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1982. Guava (Psidium guajava L.) growing in pastures:
methods of volume measurement and potential for wood production. Guayabo (Psidium
guajava L.) asociado con pastos: métodos de análisis volumétrico y potencial de
producción de lena., iv + 33 pp.; 20 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. II. Fruit
consumption and seed dispersal. Turrialba, 35(4):329-332; 9 ref.
[3]
Somarriba E(Somarriba EJ), 1985. Guava trees (Psidium guajava) in pastures. I. Fruit
production and seed dispersal. Turrialba, 35(3):289-295; 31 ref.
14
[3]
[3]
[3]
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
and nuts. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts., 446 pp.;
[and fig.]; many ref.
[3, 6]
[3]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[4] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
5(1), 6-8. (CD-ROM).
15
[7] Morton, J. 1987. Guava. p. 356–363. In: Fruits of warm climates. Julia F.
Morton, Miami, FL. Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue
University
[8] Raintree Nutrition, 1996 .Tropical Plant Database. Database for GUAVA, Inc.,
Carson City, NV 89701.(Psidium guajava).
http://www.rain-tree.com/guava.htm (Internet source)
[9] Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG), April 2006. Complied by: Scott
Henderson, Charles Darwin Research Station, Galapagos Islands
http://www.issg.org/database/species/ecology.asp?si=211&fr=1&sts=
(Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
16
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Punica granatum L]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Punicaceae
ePT : Punica
RbePT : Punica granatum L. [4]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 27]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
GacduHenAelIdIéRbEdlCaehtuEdleFVIeGayTTWmmankarduHlUtlas;enAtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmanTwkéRbqø
gkat; nig manbBaðadI éRb.[13]
miinTan;manTinñn½y.
3
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
GarmµN¾Rss;Rsay nigPaKeRcIneKykeTAécñeFVICaRKab;Ebkä\éd.[1]
sMbkTTwm eFVICafñaMbBa©úH)anya:gl¥ b:uEnþvamanplb:HBal;xøHdl;EpñkxageRkAKYreGayRBYy)armÖ. sMbk
b¤sTTwmRss;eRbIkñúgkaerobcM anthelmintic eRBaHvamanCatiéRbxøaMgEdlsmRsbcMeBaH skmµPaB
enH. EpøTTwmEdlminTan;TMu ehIynigpáa eFVICafñaMeraKk¥tÜ . EpøTTwmTMu eFVICafñaMbBa©úHlamk nigbBa©úHQam
nigeRbITb;Tl;nwgkarrlakbMBg;k b¤QWbBM g;k rlakEPñk CMgWxYrk,al nigcukRTUg.[30] EpøTTwm
manpÞúknUvCati Tannin 30% [19] EdlCati tannin TaMgenHeRbIsMrab;smøab;Es,k b:uEnþvak¾eRbIeFVICafñaM
raKrUspgEdr.[4] sMbkTTwm eFVICafñaMkMcat;pSit.[4] sMbkTTwmlayCamYyepHs¶Üt eFVICafñaMxat;Qam
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
nigpáaeFVICafñarM lak.
sMbkEpøTTwm manBN’elOg ERbCaRkhmlayetñat eRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’kMralRBM b¤eRKOg)a:k;epSg².
b¤s eRbIsMrab;RClk;Es,keGaymanBN’exµA.[30]
søwkTTwm sMrab;eFVICacMNIstVBahn³.[30]
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
TTwmCaRbePTeQIEdlBMumancMNat;fñak;eT.
5
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
minTan;manTinñn½y.
p> epSg² :
6
RbUetGIun 1.6%
eRbg - sár nig CatiemSA 14.6%
EsluyLÚs 5.1%
sarFatuxniC 0.7%
nigmankaLÚrI cMnYn 65 cals/100g.
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Chattopadhyay PK, Patra SC, 1993. Effect of various soil covers on yield and quality of
pomegranate. Annals of Agricultural Research, 14(3):317-321; 8 ref.
Dubey JK, Amith Nath, Thakur JR, 1993. Chemical control of pomegranate fruit borer(s),
Virachola isocrates (Fabr.) and Deudorix epijarbas (Moore). Indian Forester,
119(11):928-931; 6 ref.
Nawwar MAM, Hussein SAM, Merfort I, 1994. Leaf phenolics of Punica granatum.
Phytochemistry, 37(4):1175-1177; 10 ref.
Salunkhe DK, Kadam SS, 1995. Handbook of fruit science and technology. Production,
composition, storage, and processing. Handbook of fruit science and technology.
Production, composition, storage, and processing., xii + 611 pp.; [ref. at ends of
chapters. Food Science and Technology Series No. 70].
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Singh J, Kashyap R, 1993. Production technology for dryland fruits of Madhya Pradesh.
Advances in Horticulture and Forestry, 3:69-75; 11 ref.
7
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp. Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
30) www-ang.kfunigraz.ac.at/˜kratzer/engl/generic_frame.htl?spice_bot.html
(Internet source)
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sandoricum koetjape (Burm f.) Merr.]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae-Swietenioideae
1
ePT : Sandoricum Cav. [17]
RbePT : Sandoricum koetjape(Burm.f.) Merr. [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 17 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
ehIydUcfas GUEvx<s; manGUEv 2 EdlnImYymanekasikacMnYn 4-5 k,albMBg;eksrjIragfas.
[17,20]
2-5 RKab;.[6]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
4
PaKeRcInsac;eQIrbs;vamanduHRkey:Aminc,as; EtCUnkalEKm²rbs;vaman parenchyma tUc²
vessels manTMhMtUc b¤mFüm EdltMerobCakaMeTal b¤eRcIn cMnYn 2-3. CYnkalvaman Cr½
5
EdlPaKeRcInduHlaylMCamYyGMbUr Dipterocarpus sp., Mesua ferrea nig Tarrietia javanica.
[2]
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
6
eFVIekHevcx©b; eFVIpÞH nig]bkrN¾ksikmµ RBmTaMgEkécñeFIVCavIenor káarbnÞH káarxNÐCabøúk nigbNþÚleFVICa
Rkdas enARbeTs\NÐÚensIu eKeRbIvaCaeQIfamBl eRBaHsac;eQIrbs;vaGaceFVICaFüÚgEdlmanKuNPaB
l¥. [17]
[Gnupl]: EpøkMBIgraC sMrab;briePaKRss; eFVICadMNab; cahYy nigjM.[6,19] ykEpørbs;vaeTAGaMg
EdlRbqaMgnUvkarrIkraldalénCMgWmharIk.
[epSg²]: enA Sarawak ykEpøkMBg I raCeFVICanuyRtI. eQIEdlmankøinRkGUbeKeRbI eFVICaTwkGb;.
RKab; kMBIgraC manpÞúknUv limonoids ( CasmasFatu antifeedant).[20] edImkMBIgraC
mansar³sMxan;Nas; sMrab;karGPirkSdI nigCaeQIpþl;mbø ;sMrab;RCk. vamanlkçN³smRsb
sMrab;karran BIeRBaHvarwg ehIyCa RbePTeQIEdlduHlUtlas;elOn manPaBFn;nwgtMbn;
nigFn;nwgrdUvR)aMg. kMBIgraC manpÞúk arbiscular mycorrhizae EdleFVIeGaydImanPaB RbesIr
eLIg.[20] kMBIgraC k¾RtUvdaMkñgú eKalbMngbegáInesaPN¾PaB tamdgvifI nigkñúgsYnc,ar.
begÁalEdl)anmkBIedImkMBIgraC eRbIsMrab;eFVICarbg.[20]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minTan;manTinñny½. [18]
7
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y.
8
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
kMBIgraC manRbPBkMeNItmkBIRbeTs\NÐa PUma: \NÐÚcin éf RKb;tMbn;énRbeTsma:eLsIu nignaMykeTA
daMenAtMbn;RtUBic RbeTsGURsþalI RBmTaMgenARbeTsmYycMnYnéntMbn;RtUBicesIm.
p> epSg² :
mankardwgtictYcNas;EdlTak;Tgnwgrukçvb,kmµrbs;kMBIgraC
ehIyRKan;Etdwgfavamansac;eQIKuNPaB lµm nigkan;Etl¥ebIeRbIR)as;eQImUl. [17]
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Abbate MLE, 1977. Anatomical, physical and working properties of 22 woody species
from Thailand. Contributi Scientifico-Pratici per una Migliore Conoscenza ed Utilizzazione
del Legno, 21(54):75 pp.; 12 ref.
Alonzo DS, Tamolang FN, 1979. Wood properties of Philippine tropical species for wood
carving. International Union of Forestry Research Organizations: Wood quality and
utilization of tropical species. Proceedings, IUFRO conference held at FORPRIDECOM,
College, Laguna, Oct 30-Nov 3, 1978., 62-64.
Baltazar CR, 1962. Wax scale on caimito. Plant Indus. Dig, 25(10-12): 6,12.
Brown WH, 1954. Useful plants of the Philippines. Department of Agriculture and Natural
Resources, Technical Bulletin, No. 10.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Coronel RE, 1986. Promising fruits of the Philippines. Second edition. Los Baños,
Philippines; College of Agriculture, University of the Philippines.
De Padua LS, Lugod GC, Pancho JV, 1977. Handbook on Philippine medicinal plants,
Volume 1. University of the Philippines Technical Bulletin, 11(3).
Galang FG, 1955. Fruit and nut growing in the Philippines. Malabon, Rizal: AIA printing
Press.
Heinsleigh TE, Holaway BK, 1988. Agroforestry species for the Philippines. Metro Manila
Philippines: US Peace Corps, AJA Printers.
9
Kosela S, Yulizar Y, Chairul, Tori M, Asakawa Y, 1995. Secomultiflorane-type triterpenoid
acids from stem bark of Sandoricum koetjape. Phytochemistry, 38(3):691-694; 5 ref.
Laxamana NB, 1982. Charcoal production with by-product recovery. Forpride Digest,
11(1/2):47-52; 8 ref.
Mabberley DJ, 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. The
plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants., Ed. 2:xvi + 858 pp.
Mandang YI, 1993. Wood anatomy of nine lesser known species of Meliaceae family.
Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 11(3):92-100; [English tables and figures.]; 12 ref.
Marañon J, 1935. Nutritive mineral value of Philippine food plants (calcium, phosphorus
and iron contents). Philippine Journal of Science, 58: 317-358.
Monsalud MR, Tongacan AL, Lopez FR, Lagrimas MQ, 1966. Edible wildplants in Philippine
forests. Philippine Journal of Science, 95(4): 431-561.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Pimentel RB, 1980. Floral biology, fruit set and pollen fertility studies on Sandoricum
koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Special Problem, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, U.P.
Ramos AH, 1972. Santol (Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr., Meliaceae) In: Cultural
directions for Philippine agricutural crops. Volume I. (Fruits). Manila, Philippines; Bureau
of Plant Industry; 209-212.
10
Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant Resources of
Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea Foundation, Bogor,
Indonesia, 859 pp.
Pimentel RB, 1980. Floral biology, fruit set and pollen fertility studies on Sandoricum
koetjape (Burm.f.) Merr. Special Problem, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines: Department of
Horticulture, College of Agriculture, U.P. (unpublished).
Powell RG, Mikolajczak KL, Zilkowski BW, Mantus EK, Cherry D, Clardy J, 1991. Limonoid
antifeedants from seed of Sandoricum koetjape.. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1):241-
246; 8 ref.
Pratt DS, del Rosario JJ, 1913. Philippine fruits; their composition and characteristics,
Philippine Journal of Science, A8:59-80.
Purba K, Sumarua E, 1987. Chemical analysis of twenty seven wood species from West
Java. Jurnal Penelitian Hasil Hutan, 4(3):26-29; 12 ref.
Ramirez DA, 1961. Note: Cytology of Philippine plants VI. Sandoricum koetjape (Burm.
f.) Merr. Philippine Agriculturist, 45:275-278.
Rodrigo PA, 1967. The lanzon and its relatives. Philippine Farms and Gardens, 4:18-21,
23, 25.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Stefanov B, Naidenova Ts, 1975. Some tree species from Vietnam having wood valuable
for the Bulgarian woodworking industry. Gorsko Stopanstvo, 31(10; 11):39-43; 48-51.
Troup RS, Joshi HB, 1981. Troup's The Silviculture of Indian Trees. Volume III. Delhi,
India; Controller of Publications.
Verheij EWM, Coronel RE, 1991. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits
and nuts. Plant resources of South-East Asia. No. 2. Edible fruits and nuts., 446 pp.;
[and fig.]; many ref.
11
Wester PJ, 1911. Tropical fruits in the Visayas. Philip. Agric. Rev., 4(10): 545-554.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ agati, agusta, bagphal, bak, bake (Bangladesh) [2] - pwa
1
g> eQµaHPasaExµr ³ GgÁardI
ÉksarBieRKaH : [-]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ ângkiëdèi [2], 'angki:er dey [11]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fables
RKYsar : Leguminosae-Papilionoideae
ePT : Sesbania
RbePT : Sesbania grandiflora (L.) Poir.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [10]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
[søwk]: søwkzitenAcunEmk . BYkvaCaRbePTsøwkqøas; manRbEvg 15-30 cm [2, 3, 7, 8] EdlmanTgsøwk
RbEvg 7-15 mm [9] nigmansøkw cMnYn 12-20 KUr [7] (16–30 [3], 20-40 [8], 20-50 [2, 9]) .
søwknimYy² manragRTEvg mUl nigRbEvg 3-4 cm [7] (2-3 cm [8], 1.2-4.4 cm [2, 9, 6])
nigTTwgRbEvg 1 cm [7] (0.5-1.5 cm [2, 9, 6]). muneBlsøkw RCuH vaERbCaBN’elOgRsal .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M áa (= CaG½kSxø)I manpáaBI 2-5 [7] (2–4 [3]) manTMhMFM nigRbEvg 5-10 cm [2, 7] (7-8-9 cm
[8]) ragekag nigTTwgRbEvg 3 cm [7] muneBlrIk (10.5 x 6 cm [6]). RtbkpáamanRbEvg 2 cm [2]
[lkçN³eQI]: eQImanBN’s Tn; nigRsal edaymanTMnajEpndI RbEhl 0.42 [3] nigdg;sueI t 0.512
g/cm³ [3] enAkMritminsÁal; mc% (0.50 g/cm³ [7]) . vamantMélfamBl 17.91 MJ/kg [7] edayman
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl : 20°N eTA 10°S [2] . RbPBkMeNIt Cak;lak;rbs;GgÁardImni RtUv)andwgeT (\NÐa rW \NÐeÚ nsIu
RtUv)anpþl;Caeyabl;faCaRbPBkMenIt) b:Eu nþvaRtUv)ancat;TukfamanRbPBBIRbeTsGasIuGaeKñy_ .
vamanduH ya:geRcIn enAtMbn;RtUBik BImsiu ciu kU dl;Gaemrikxagt,Úg nigRtUv)andaMduH enAPaKxagt,Úg
Florida nig Hawaii . vaRtUv)andaMduHya:gehacNas; 140 qñaM enAxagekItGaeRhVc nigxaglicGaeRhVc
kñúgRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 7]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
dIvalesµA dIRKYs dI limestone dI regosols dIfµxSac; dIxSac; dIRtUBki dI ultisols dIPñMePøgI nigdIéRb .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 7, 9, 12]
5
bnÞab; BIkat;ecjnUveksr nigRtbkpáa . páaenAeqA RtUv)anbriePaKCaGnøk; enARbeTséf .
søwkx©Ik_RtUv)anbriePaK edaykat;tUc² nigcMGin rW econ . Epøx©IRtUv)anbriePaKdUcCasENþkKY [7] .
cMNIstV : søwk nigEpøRtUv)aneRbICacMNIstV . edImpþl;nUvsøkw CacMNIstV kñúgry³eBl 4
ExeRkayeBldaM . søwkmanpÞkú sarFatu RbUetGIuneqA 36% (TMgn;sܶt) nig 9,600 IU vitamin A
enAerogral; 100 g . sMrab; plitkmµcMNIstV edImeQIRtUv)ankat;enAeBlmankMBs; 90-120 cm (1.8
kg) nigdak;eGaystVsuI eday layCamYycMebuIg . rbbenHmankarlUtlas; ekIneLIg
6
C½r nigtanIn : sMbk nigRKab;GacRtUv)ancMraj;ukC½r . C½rføaBIsMbk RtUv)aneRbIsMrab;Gahar nigeRbIsMrab;
TMBar dUcsárekAsU‘ . sMbkGacplittanInpgEdr [7] .
[epSg²]: GgÁardICaRbePT EdlsmRsbsMrab;karbegán I KuNPaBdIeLIgvij nigRbB½nk§ sirukçkmµ .
vaRtUv)an eRbIsMrab;plþ ;møbd; l;fañl nigRbePTdMNaMdUCa kaehV Et kakav nigCar)aMgxül;sMrab;RkUc eck
nigkaehV . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;Carbgrs; ExSRkvat;ébtg rW CYydl;karlUtlas;rbs; dMNaM vanilla
nigeRmc . dMNaM duHlUtlas;)anl¥enAcenøaH GgÁardI BIeRBaHkenSamsøwkrbs;vaGaceGay
BnøRW BHGaTitücUl)an . RbePTenH manBkrWs EdlGacCYyeGaydImanGasUt eFIeV GaydImanCICati
nigRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;saþ rKuNPaBdIeLIgvij enAtamtMbn;xg< ;rab nigPñM . eTaHbI
karpþl;GasUtGacTb;sáat; edayBBYkdgávÚ kñúgdI nigCatiGasIutenAkñúgdI k_eday . Epø søwk nigpáa
EdlRCuHGacpþl;CICatidl;dI nigCaCIFmµCatid_l¥ . vaRtUv)andaMya:gRkas; nigP¢rÜ lb;eTAvijedIm,I
EkrlMGrdI muneBldaMduHdMNaM . GgÁardI RtUv)andaMduHsMrab;lMGr pgEdr edayvamanpáaFM nigEpøEvg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [11]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
8
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
26.2% oleic, nig 53.4% linoleic acids . sMbkRKab;man 20% énRKab;TaMgmUl EdlmanpÞúk 5.2%
moisture, 1.3% ash, 0.8% fat, 2.7% CF, 0.1% minmankarkat;bnßysár 1.4% sucrose, 2.8%
Institute (ILRI)) nig ATFGRC (Australian Tropical Forages Genetic Resource Centre, CSIRO,
11
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Ash AJ, Petaia L, 1992. Nutritional value of Sesbania grandiflora leaves for monogastrics
and ruminants. Tropical Agriculture, 69(3):223-228; 21 ref.
[2]
Aziz T, Habte M, Prasad MNV, Rajewar J, Harris PJC, Moore THM, Puddephat IJ, Holden
SR, Lungu S, Volk J, 1989. Section 2. Contributed papers involving one NFT genus.
Sesbania.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 7:117-134; ref.
[2]
Bhoopander Giri • K. G. Mukerji, October 2003. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt stress in
Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence for
reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. p-307. University of Delhi, India.
© Springer-Verlag 2003
[11]
Catchpoole DW, Blair GJ, 1990. Forage tree legumes. I. Productivity and N economy of
Leucaena, Gliricidia, Calliandra and Sesbania and tree/green panic mixtures.
Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 41(3):521-530; 28 ref.
[2]
12
Erb HE, 1979. Natural enemies and distribution of Sesbania punicia (Car) Benth in
Argentina. Proc. 3rd National Weed Conference in South Africa. Cape Town, South
Africa: AA Balkema, 205-210.
[2]
Evans DO, 1983. Search for seed of Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research
Reports, 1:43.
[2]
Evans DO, 1984. Preliminary observations evaluating perennial sesbanias for fodder
production. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 2:32-33; 1 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Macklin B, Anderson DM, Brewbaker JL, Gutteridge RC, Narayan Hegde,
Osman AM, Rao DLN, Steinmueller N, Thomson L, Topark-Ngarm A, Yamoah C,
1990. Perennial sesbania production and use: a manual of practical information for
extension agents and development workers. Perennial sesbania production and use:
a manual of practical information for extension agents and development workers., iii
+ 41 pp.; [Publication supported by IDRC and USAID]; 7 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Rotar PP, 1987. Productivity of Sesbania species. Tropical Agriculture, UK,
64(3):193-200; 13 ref.
[2]
Evans DO, Rotar PP, 1987. Sesbania in agriculture. Sesbania in agriculture., 192 pp.;
[Tropical Agriculture Series]; 38 pp. of ref.
[2]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ghai SK, Rao DLN, Lalita Batra, 1985. Comparative study of the potential of sesbanias for
green manuring. Tropical Agriculture, UK, 62(1):52-56; 8 ref.
[2]
Gill AS, 1986. A fuel/fodder production system using Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing
Tree Research Reports, 4:14-15.
[2]
13
Gutteridge RC, 1994. The perennial Sesbania species. In: Gutteridge RC, Shelton HM, eds.
Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 49-
64.
[2]
Hansen EH, Munns DN, 1985. Screening of Sesbania species for NaCl tolerance. Nitrogen
Fixing Tree Research Reports, 3:60-61.
[2]
Hasan N, Jain RK, 1985. Response of some selected Sesbania species to root-knot
nematode Meloidogyne incognita.. Nematologia Mediterranea, 13(1):15-19; 3 ref.
[2]
Jacob K, 1941. Cytological studies in the genus Sesbania. Bibliographica Genetica, 13:225-
300.
[2]
Joshi HK, Kumar A, 1982. Note on the biology of Pseudocercospora sesbaniae on agasthi
(Sesbania grandiflora Pers.). Legume Research, 5(1):57-59; 9 ref.
[2]
Khattar S, Ram HYM, 1983. Organogenesis and plantlet formation in-vitro Sesbania
grandiflora. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 21:251-252.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[2]
Kumar A, Joshi HK, 1983. Occurence, incidence and appraisal of grey leaf spots on
Sesbania grandiflora.. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 1:7-8; 3 ref.
[2]
14
Publication No. 90-01 of NFTA, jointly published with the International Council for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF), Nairobi, Kenya].
[2]
Pathak BS, Jain AK, Ajaib Singh, 1987. Characteristics of Leucaena leucocephala and
Sesbania grandiflora woods. Indian Forester, 113(3):228-232; 5 ref.
[2]
Rai P, Pathak PS, Debroy R, 1983. Growth of Sesbania grandiflora in different habitats.
International Journal of Eco-Environmental Science, 9:21-27.
[2]
Sachet MH, 1987. The littoral species of Sesbania (Leguminosae) in the South Pacific
islands and its relatives. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section B,
Adansonia, 9(1):3-27; [1 col. pl.]; 17 ref.
[2]
Saleem M, Bali SV, 1992. Comparative study on the growth of three provenances of
Sesbania grandiflora. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports, 10:204-205.
[2]
[2]
Shah NK, Belavadi VV, Pal RN, 1989. Occurrence of the scale insect Ceroplastodes sp.
(Homoptera: Coccidae) on Sesbania.. Journal of the Andaman Science Association,
5(1):86; 5 ref.
[2]
Shanker S, Ram HYM, 1990. Plantlet regeneration from tissue cultures of Sesbania
grandiflora.. Current Science, 59(1):39-43; 16 ref.
[2]
15
Singh, R., Sidhu, P.S., Vadhera, S., Sital, J.S., Bhatia, S. 1980. Extra-cellular invertase of
Rhizobium japonicum and its role in free sugar metabolism in the developing root
nodules of Sesbania grandiflora. Physiologia Plantarum 48(4):504–508.
[3]
Space, J. C. and T. Flynn. 2002a. Report to the Government of the Cook Islands on invasive
plant species of environmental concern. USDA Forest Service, Honolulu. 146 pp.
[3]
Subramanium TR, Muthukrishnan TS, Rao KRN, 1953. Control of Weevil Alcidodes bubo -
Fabr. A pest of Agathi, Sesbania grandiflora. Madras Agricultural Journal, 40:525-
531.
[2]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Bhoopander Giri; K. G. Mukerji, October 2003. Mycorrhizal inoculant alleviates salt
stress in Sesbania aegyptiaca and Sesbania grandiflora under field conditions: evidence
for reduced sodium and improved magnesium uptake. p-307. University of Delhi, India. ©
Springer-Verlag 2003
[3] Center for New Crops and Plants Products, Purdue University -
http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/SearchEngine.html (Internet source)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
16
[7] World Agroforestry Center: AgroForestryTree Database –
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/AF/asp/BotanicSearch.asp
(Internet source)
[9] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[12] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Multipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock International. 320pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
17
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer ]
ÉksarBieRKaH : [9]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
1
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea farinosa C. E. C. Fischer
ÉksarBieRKaH: [ 3]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[søwk]: søwkmanTMhM 8-16 x 4.5-5 cm [3] Rkas RtEvgragdUces<ór nigmUl . Kl;sk øw manlkçN³mUl
Kµaneram b:Eu nþelIkElgEtRTng;swkø EdlRKbedayeram . sésRTng;bnÞab;skøw zitenACaKUr cMnnY 15-18
[3] Edlmanragekagbnþic . TgsøwkmanRbEvg 2-3.5 cm [3] ragsIL u aMg Kµaneram nigrYcbnþci .
[páa]: páaCakBa©úM nigduHenAcugcegáampáa EdlmanRbEvg 15-19 cm . RtbkpáamanRbEvg 0.5-0.65 cm [3]
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 5]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
[ lkçN³eQI]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
2
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
lMe)amanduHenAéRBébtgCanic©éntMbn;TMnab .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[ eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIR)as;srM ab;karsagsg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[Gnupl]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
3
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
lMe)aRtUv)ancat;CaRbePTeQImancMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
[ lkçN³TUeTA]:lMe)aduHlUtlas;enAkñúgéRBébtgCanic©éntMbn;TMnab .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5]
[ kardaMduH nigRKbRKg ]:esIÞ EtKµankaryl;dgw BIkardaMduH nigRKb;RKgGMBIRbePTeQIenH .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[stVl¥ti ]:minTan;manTinñ½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 4]
[ karnaMclU ]:Cak;EsþgNas;RbePTenHminRtUv)andaMduHenAeRkAtMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;CaFmµCatieLIy .
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
P>ÉksarBieRKaH :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th
June 1988. Phnom Penh.
[3] Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA
Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
[4] Forest Herbarium (BKF) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department,
Thailand - www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
5
[5] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest
Trees of Northern Thailand.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea obtusa Wall. [4], Shorea obtusa Wallich ex Blume ]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ balau (Trade name) [6] - ca`chăc, c[af] ch[aws]c (Vietnam)
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
1
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea obtusa Wallich ex Blume
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
edaymanGgát;pi©t DBH dl;eTA 60 cm [6] (65 cm [9]) nigvNÐmNÐl 250 cm [4] . Emk
x©IRtUv)anRKbedayeramEdlmanragdUcpáa .
[sMbk]: sMbkxageRkAmanBN’Rkhmetñat enAenAtUc manBN’exµARbepHeTACaetñatenAeBlcas; Rkas;
bnÞab;BIsøkw cas;)anRCuH .
[páa]: kBa©úp
M aá (=panicle) zitenACaG½kS nigRKbedayeramRkas; . páamanBN’elOg nigesÞrI EtKµanTg .
Rtbkpáa (=sepals) maneram . RsTab;páa (=petals) tUc manragRtg;dUces<ó nigmaneramenAxageRkA
. páamanekseQµalcMnYn 26-29 (=male organs) [9] (20-25 eks [4]) edaymanExñgxøI . eksjI
maneram nigecjpáaenAEx mina-emsa [4] .
2
[ Epø]: EpøTMeu nAEx]sPa-mifuna . Epømaneram nigTTwg mankMBUlxøI søabFMcMnYn 3 TMhM
0.6-0.8 cm [10]
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[eQI]: eQIrbs;p©wk nig Shorea siamensis RtUv)aneFIBV aNiCk¢ mµenAeRkameQµaHdUcKña KW (eQI 'balau')
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RbePTeQIelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
ecj BYkvaRtUv)ansabenAkñgú fñal Edlmanmøb; . PaKryénkarduHlUtlas;KW 65-75% [4] .
kardaMedayKl; minTTYl)aneCaKC½yeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4]
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]: minTan;manTinn
ñ y½ .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
karnaMclU ]:
[
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc,
Wageningen. 251 pp.
[9]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of
mainland South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[9]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer
Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[9]
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
1988. Phnom Penh.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[2] CTSP, 2003: Forest Gene Conservation Strategy - Gene Conservation Strategy, Species
Monographs, Gene Ecological Zonation, Species Site Matching Model. (CD-ROM).
[4] Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA
Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
7
[5] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
[6] PROSEA, 1994: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (1) Timber trees: Major
commercial timbers.
[7] Forest Herbarium (BKF) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department,
Thailand - http://www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[9] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[10] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[12] van Liere, W.; McNeely, J.A., Agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin: Experience from
the Critical Decade of 1966-1976: http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/html-books/agriculture-
mekong-basin/cover.html (Internet source, 2005)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[13] ARCBC BISS Species Database: http://arcbc.org/cgi-bin/abiss.exe
[14] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
[16] Kham, L., 2004: Medicinal Plants of Cambodia - Habitat, Chemical Constituents and
Ethnobotanical Uses.
8
[17] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English by K.
Panzer).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
9
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea siamensis Miq.]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ balau (Trade name) [5] - meranti teamak, temak batu
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea siamensis Miq.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [5]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: CaedImeQICrM uHsøkw manTMhMmFüm niglUtlas;dl;kBM s;BI 18-27 m [3] (20-25 m [5, 8,
9]) . CaedImeQIRtg; manRBwg nigKµanEmkenAkMBs; 12-15 m [3] edaymanGgát;p©it DBH RbEhl 60 cm
2
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5, 8, 9]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RbEhl : 23°N eTA 5°N [7] . p©wkraMg EtgduHCaRkum enAtMbn;\NÐcÚ ni éf nig]bTIbV ma:eL . dUcp©wkEdr
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
[eQI]: eQIp©wk nigp©wkraMg RtUv)aneFIBV aNiCk¢ mµTaMgGs;Kña CaeQµaHBaNiCk¢ mµEtmYy (='balau' timber) .
eQIenHmanlkçN³Rss;sa¥ t eRbIsMrab;sN M g;Fn;Rsa nigFn;srM ab;ry³eBlyUr (dUcCa sMNg;s<an
GNþgÚ Er: GNþgÚ eRbg ) CaBiessenAPUma . vaRtUv)aneRbICa srsr TUk n½gÁl CaedIm
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
4
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
RtUv)ancat;fñak;CaeQIRbePTelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
5
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
[stVl¥ti ]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[CMgW]:minTan;manTinñn½y .
[epSg²]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenH minRtUv)ancat;fñak; eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature)
World List of Threatened Trees (='IUCN Red Databook') enAeLIyeT . eTaHbI sßanPaB rbs;
vaRtUv)ankMNt;fa CaRbePT RtUv)anykcitþTukdak; species 'of least concern' (LR lc) . vamanduHeRcIn
enAPaKxageCIg nig xageCIgeQogxagekIt én\NÐcÚ ni b:Eu nþvaduH CadMutUc²enAPaKxagt,Úg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd edition. Ministry
of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[8]
Fundter, J.M., 1982. Names for dipterocarp timbers and trees from Asia. Pudoc, Wageningen. 251
pp.
[8]
Smitinand, T., Santisuk, T. & Phengklai, C., 1980. The manual of Dipterocarpaceae of mainland
South-East Asia. Thai Forestry Bulletin 12: 1-110.
[8]
Symington, C.F., 1941. Foresters' manual of dipterocarps. Malayan Forest Records No 16. Forest
Department, Kuala Lumpur. pp. xliii + 244.
[8]
van Steenis, C.G.G.J. & de Wilde, W.J.J.O. (Editors), 1950-. Flora Malesiana. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London.
[8]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[1] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35, 25th June
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[3] Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, 1985: Dipterocarps of South Asia. RAPA
Monograph 1985/4. Regional office for Asia and the Pacific. 321 pp.
[4] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and Planning
Institute.
7
[5] Soerianegera et al, 1994 . Prosea : Plant Resosurces of South-east asia : (1) Timber
trees : Major commercial timbers
[6] Forest Herbarium (BKF) National Park, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department,
Thailand - www.dnp.go.th/Botany (Internet source)
[8] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
[9] Gardner,S.; Sidisunthorn, P.; Anusarnsunthorn, V., 2000: A Field Guide to Forest Trees
of Northern Thailand.
[10] Stibig, H-J. and Beuchle, R., 2003: Forest Cover Map of Continental Southeast Asia at
1:4,000,000. TREES Publications Series D: Thematic outputs no. 4.
[11] van Liere, W.; McNeely, J.A., Agriculture in the Lower Mekong Basin: Experience from
the Critical Decade of 1966-1976: http://www.iucn.org/bookstore/html-books/agriculture-
mekong-basin/cover.html (Internet source, 2005)
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Shorea thorelii Pierre]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Malvales
RKYsar : Dipterocarpaceae
1
ePT : Shorea
RbePT : Shorea thorelii Pierre
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
2
Epñkxag eRkamén]bTIbV enH nigRbePTenHmanenAkñgú éRBBak;kNþaleRsag b¤éRBeRsag. vamanduH enA
kñúgéRBeRsag s¶tÜ nig éRBrgkarukran .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 4]
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
eQI]:eQIRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;kargarFn;Rsal nigtUctac .
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[Gnupl]:C½rénedImRtUv)anRbmUlsMrab;bt
i karBarTUk . sMbkGacRtUv)anlay CamYyGaharsMrab;
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
3
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
CaRbePeQIcMNat;fñak;elx 2 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 5]
kardaMduH]: minTan;manTinñn½y .
[
karRKb;RKg]: minTan;manTinñny½ .
[
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
p©wki ]tþmRtUv)ancat;CaRbePTrgeRKaHfñak; (CR A1cd [3]) nigKMramkMEhg (EN A1c, C2a [3])
eyagtam IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature) World List of
Threatened Trees. vaeFIk V arpøas;TIya:gTYlMTUlay CamYynwgcMnnY d_tictYcrbs;va . karRbmUlfµ²I enH
manlkçN³eRcInCag kalBIGtItkal .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3]
4
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
karnaMclU ]: RbePTenHminTan;RtUv)annaMykecjBItMbn;EdlvaduHlUtlas;edayFmµCatienAeLIyeT .
[
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
B> ÉksarBieRKaH :
5
[5] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English
by K. Panzer).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq]
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ sepetir mempelas (Malaysia) [5] - têtê 'hoho (Laos) [5] -
ÉksarBieRKaH : [2]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ krâkâh' [2, 5]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Fabaceae
ePT : Sindora Miq.
RbePT : Sindora siamensis Teijsm. ex Miq.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1 ; 5 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
BN’etñatmas TMrg;CaeGlIb TMhM 7-10 x 4-6 mm [6] TMhMminesµIKña manbnøaCaeRcInduHecjmkeRkA
CitkMBUl nigEtbgðajnUveramCaeRcIn enAxagkñúgRKbedayeramrelagBN’etñat . RsTab;páa xagkñúgman
BN’ébtglayelOg b¤sIuCm<Ú ragCa eGlIbsþÜc TMhM 7-10 x 2-4 mm [6] enAeBls¶ÜtmanBN’sVay
FM edaymancMnukkNþalRkas; . RsTab;páajwkRkas;enAxageRkA enAxagkñúgmanBN’etñat nigKµaneram
. søwkRTnab;páamanTMrg;Cak,alpáa ragdUcs‘ut b¤ebHdUg RbEvg 3-7 mm [6] nigmaneramRkas; .
RTnab;páamanragdUcs‘ut TMhMRbEhl 5 x 2 mm [6] nigmaneramelIépÞTaMgsgçag . TgpáamanRbEvg
2-4 cm [6] nigrMueTAeday eramBN’etñatcas; ya:gRkas; . páanimYy²manekseQµalcMnYn 10 Edl 9
nigmanragdUcBk .
[Epø]: Epø (EpøKY) manRbEvg 3-5 mm [4] Rtg; nigmanbnøas¥itenAelIépÞsgçag . EpøsMEb:t ragCas‘ut
mineTogTat; b¤ragCaeGlIbsþÜc TMhM 4-10 x 3-8 cm [6] (Ggát;p©it 6 cm [4], 4.5-8 cm [3]),
RbEvg 5-7 mm [6] ragekagdUccMBuHbkSI . EpøRCuHenAeBlTMu manRKab; mYy (RKab;FMBN’exµABI 1-3
[3]). RKab;zitenAEpñkxagelIsMbkya:gFM ragmUl b¤eGlIb sMEb:t TMhM 15-25 x 14-17 mm [6]
(10-12 x 10-11 mm [4]) . sMbkEdls¶Üt ragdUcexñIy nigRbEvg 10-15 mm long [6] (15-20
mm [3]) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 5, 6]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 5]
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
nigsYnstVéshÁn [4].
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
minTanmanTinñn½y .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
4
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIRbePTelx 1 .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2]
[karRKb;RKg]: minTanmanTinñn½y .
5
f> karbnþBUC nigkarbgáat;BUC :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
km<úCa cin éf xageCIgma:eLsIu Lav (Vientiane, Savanna Khet, Saravane and Champassak
provinces) evotNam (Kon Tum, Gia Lai, Dac Lac, Lam Dong, Dong Nai, Song Be and Tay
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ninh) .
ÉksarBieRKaH [3, 4, 5, 6]
[karnaMcUl]:
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Burkill, I.H., 1966. A dictionary of the economic products of the Malay Peninsula. 2nd
edition. Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operatives, Kuala Lumpur. Vol. 1 (A-H) pp. 1-
1240. Vol. 2 (I-Z) pp. 1241-2444.
[5]
de Wit, H.C.D., 1949. Revision of the genus Sindora Miquel (Legum.). Bulletin of the
Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, ser. 3, 18: 5-82.
[5]
Desch, H.E., 1954. Manual of Malayan timbers. Malayan Forest Records No 15. 2
volumes. Malaya Publishing House Ltd., Singapore. 762 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[5]
[5]
Research Institute of Wood Industry, 1988. Identification, properties and Uses of some
Southeast Asian woods. Chinese Academy of Forestry, Wan Shou Shan, Beijing &
International Tropical Timber Organization, Yokohama. 201 pp.
7
[5]
Smitinand, T. & Larsen, K. (Editors), 1970-. Flora of Thailand. The Forest Herbarium,
Royal Forest Department, Bangkok.
[5]
Whitmore, T.C. & Ng, F.S.P. (Editors), 1972-1989. Tree flora of Malaya. A manual for
foresters. 4 Volumes. 2nd ed. Malayan Forest Records No 26. Longman Malaysia SDN
Berhad, Kuala Lumpur.
[5]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[4] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and
Planning Institute. Hanoi
[5] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[6] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of
Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically
important species. BLUMEA.
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ black olum tree [12]; Java olum, jambolan [6,9], malabar
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ Pring bai (Cambodia); jamblang, duvet (Indonesia); va, sa,
ÉksarBieRKaH : [4]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ pri:ng ba:y, pri:ng dahs krabei [4]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Syzygium Gaertn.[8]
RbePT : Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels [4]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
& Perry.
nigEpñkxagcug manBN’RbepHRsalehIyrelag.[6]
[søwk]: søwkRBIg)ay manragCaeGlIb b¤ ragdUcs‘utRTEvg man 6-13, (9-14) by 3-7, (3.5-6.0) cm
2
P¢ab;CamYynwgTgsøwkRbEvg 1.0-3.5 cm EdlmanKl;søwkragerovRsYc nig cugsøwkragTal
EdlEKmxag²esþIg ehIyrelag enAeBlx©ImanBN’ páaQUkx©I bnÞab;mkERbeTACaBN’ébtgcas;
ehIysøwkrbs;vamankiøneRbg enAeBlEdljIeGayexÞc.[6]
[páa]: páamanBN’ ehIyrelag CaRbePTpáacegáam tMerobenAcugGkS½énsøwkRbEvg 3-6 cm
3
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
4
b:uEnþnwgkarlicTwkry³eBlyUr.[6]. vaGacduHlUtlas;enA ry³kMBs;cab;BI 0-1100 m [8]
b:uEnþRbEhlGacrhUtdl; 1800 m [12] manCatiTwkBI 500 eTA 4000 mm/m² enArdUvR)aMg
nigmansItuNðPaBmFüm 25-27 ºC. vaduHenAelIdIGasIutEdlmanvaynPaBmFüm b¤dIEdlmanCati
GMbilxniC gayRss;Twk b¤dk;TwkCabeNþaHGasnñEdlTwkGachUrGs;nUvry³eBlkMNt; NamYy.[12]
minTan;manTinñn½y
5
nigkardaMduHsakl,g nUvtMbn; Mediterranean CaBiessnUv Algeria. [1] Epørbs;vamanrsCatiq¶aj;
b:uEnþEpøEdltUcmanrsCatiBMuq¶aj;eT. RKab;rbs;varagRTEvg rwg nig manCatict;tic².[1]
sMbkrbs;RBIg)ay manpÞúknUvCati tannin nigGacRbmUlyksMbkEdlmanBN’etñat
ykmksMgYtedIm,I RClk;sMNaj;bg;RtI.
søwkGaceFVICacMNIstV. cMENkÉ TwkdmpáasMrab;ciBa©wmXµMú. sMbk eRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’ b:uEnþvak¾Gac
layCamYy nigRKab;sMrab;eFVICa»sf.[6] TwkEdlcMraj;ecjBIswkø eRbICafñaMsMrab;Büa)aleraKraKmYl
nigsMrab;sMGatrbYs enAkñúgRsukvak¾CafñaMsMrab;eraKTwkenamEp¥m.[8] edImRBIg)ay k¾GacduHlay
lMsMrab;eFVICamøb;kñúgcMkarkaehV.[6] RBIg)ay CaRbePTeQIsøwkeRcIn Edlpþl;møb;)anl¥ EdlGac
daMeFVICamøb;dl;edImkaehV sMrab;eFVICamøb;valesµAciBa©wmman; nigvalesµAEdlCacMnIstVepSg²eTot.
vaGaceFVICar)aMgxül;)anya:gl¥ enAeBlEdldaMvaCaCYrCit²Kña. daMRBIg)ayTTYl )aneCaK
Cy½l¥enAtMbn;EdlBMuCaMb¤licTwk. sMrab;kardaMlGM r RBIg)ayCarukçCatilMGr EdlmanRbCaRbiy
PaBbMputenARbeTs\NÐa. enAeBlEdldaMvaCab;²Kña vanwgkøayeTACarbgEdlx<s; nigRkas;bMput.
RBIg)ay CaRbePTrukçCatiEdlmanRbeyaCn_Nas; enAeBlEdlvadaMlayCamYy eck kaehV nig
karkav.[26]
sMbkrbs;RBIg)ayRtUv)aneKeRbIsMrab;RClk;BN’ nig ]bkrN_sMrab;sMlab;Es,k. sMbk b¤s kUnEmk
søwk nig Epø eRbIsMrab;eFVIC»sfburaN. páaRkBMu k¾dUcCaEkøbpáarbs; S. aromaticum (L.) Merr. &
Perry RtUv )anRbmUleFVICaeRKOgRkGUb nig eRKOgeTs.[16]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
BMumancMNat;fñak;
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
rebobrkSaRKab;TukmandUcteTAKW³ RKab;GacduHBnøk)anl¥enAeBlEdlvaenARss;
b:uEnþGaRtadMNuHnwg)at; bg;enAeBlEdlrkSaRKab;TukedaycMhrenAkñúgbnÞb;ry³eBl 2 s)aþh¾.
CamFümRKab;mancMnYn 1200-1 800 RKab;/kg. enAeBlEdlRKab;enARss;vanwgduHBnøk)anl¥
b:uEnþGaRtadMNuHgaynwg)at;bg;ya:gqab; rhs½. kardaMduH CaFmµtaeFVIeLIgedayeRbIR)as;RKab;
b¤edaybgáat;Bnøk. sMrab;kardaMduHeFVCI acMkarEpøeQI vaTamTaTIFaø RbEvg 12 m eTA 14 m.[1]
cMeBaHkarlUtlas;edayFmµCati rbs;RBIg)ay TamTaeGayman kar karBarkaT®nÞanrbs;ePøIgeqHéRB.
kUnRBIg)ay duHlUtlas;)anl¥enAkEnøgEdlRslH dUecñHehIyebIenA BIelImanr)aMgRtUveFVIkarruHerIecj.
RBIg)ay eFVIkardaMduHedaysabedaypÞal; kUneQI ekasika karbMe)AedayExñg sÞúMedIm bgáat;Bnøk
nigedayedatb¤sEdl)anmkBIkarbgáat;. edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIRbRBwtþikmµRKab;enAkñúgfñalsabeT.
bnÞab;BIRbmUlRKab;)anPøam CaFmµtaRtUvsabenArdUvvsSa kñúgCMerA 2-2.5 cm
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
7
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
F> karGPirkS
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
RBIg)aymanRbPBkMeNItenAtMbn;sab;RtUBic Himalayas RbeTs\NÐa sirIlgáa tMbn; Malesian
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Clark WC, Tharman RR, eds, 1993: Agroforestry in the Pacific Islands: Systems for
sustainibility. Tokio, Japan, UN University Press x+297 pp.
Gupta RK, 1993: Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation. xv+562
pp; 18 ref.
Jackson JK, 1987: Manual of afforestation in Nepal. Nepal-UK Forestry Research Project.
Khanna RK, 1991: Chemical examination of the essential oil from the leaves of Syzygium
cumini Skeels. Indian Perfumer 35(2):112-115; 5 ref.
Little EL. 1983: Common fuelwood crops. Communi-Tech Association, Morgantown, West
Virginia.
9
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation Trees. Plantation Trees xii + 975 pp.(ref at ends of sections).
Sagwal,SS, 1994: Trees on marginal lands: Afforestation techniques and systems. xvii+
269 pp; 11 pp. of ref.
Siddiqui MA, Alam MM, Saxena SK, 1988: Seasonal fluctuations of plant-parasytic
nematodes associated with certain fruit trees. International Nematology Network
Newsletter 5(2):22-23; 1 ref.
Little EL. 1983 Common fuelwood crops. Communi-Tech Association, Morgantown, West
Virginia.
Sultan Singh, Singhrot RS, 1984: Studies on the propagation of jaman Syzygium cumini
Skeels).I. Effect of sowing depth on seed germination and seedling growth. Haryana
Journal of Horticultural Science 13(3/4):123-126; 2 ref.
Sumana DAS, Banerjee, AK, 1995: Studies on Syzygium cumini seed oil. J. of the Oil
Technologists´ Association of India 27(4):243-244;7 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Italy, 177 pp.
10
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
1
RKYsar : Myrtaceae
ePT : Syzygium Gaertner [8]
RbePT : Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston [8]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4; 11 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
minRtUv)ankMNt; .
4
nigpþl;nUv TwkdmeTAeGayXµMú nigRtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlGM rEfmeTotpg [1] . EpøRtUv)ankincMraj;ykTwk
EdlmanKuN PaBx<s; nigeRbg EdlRtUv)anlk;eTAeGay]sSah_kmµplitTwkGb; [6] .
sMbkRtUv)aneRbI sMrab;sMlab; Es,k nigplitl½kç [6].
EmktUc² KWGacbt;Ebn)an dUcenHBYkvaRtUv)aneRbIsMrab;eFIVCal¥IsMrab;dak;sár nigmantMél enARbeTs
eBrU sMrab;vijeFIVCak®nþk; FM² [20] .
Cm<Ús RtUv)andaMduHCaeQIlMGr nigeQIsMrab;ciBa¢wm XµúM enARbeTsevotNam
vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;Car)aMg xül; nigTb;karhUreRcaHenAtammat;smuRT [2,8] .
karBüa)alGacRtUv)aneFIVeLIgtamry³karcMraj;ykfñaMBIRKab; . b:uEnþGacmankarBul pgEdr .
minmankar RsavRCavGMBIkMritGasIut hydrocyanic enAkñúgrWs søwk nigedImrbs;vaeT . sarFatu
alkaloid RtUv)anrk eXIjenAelIsMbk nigrWs EdlRtUv)ancat;TukfamanCatiBul [20] .
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
Cm<ÚsmankarbMpøajBIBBYkstVl¥itmYycMnYn . vargnUvkareFIVeGaymansñamGuC²elIsøwkeday
Cercospora sp., Gloeosporium sp., nig Phyllosticta eugeniae; algal leaf spot (Cephaleuros
virescens); black leaf spot (Asterinella puiggarii); nig anthracnose (Glomerella cingulata)
F> karGPirkS
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
minRtUv)ancat;bBa©ÚlCaRbePTrgeRKaHfañk;eT .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
6
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
manduHesÞIrEtenARKb;RbeTséntMbn;RtUBik nigGnutMbn;RtUBki enAelIdImanCatiGasIut nigtMbn;esIm
nigmandIeRCA enACitmat;Tenø Edlmanry³kMBs; 300 m.
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Verheij EWM,& Colonel, RE, Eds. 1991: Plant Resources of Southeast Asia No.2 Edible
fruits and nuts.Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Crane E, Walker P 1984; Pollination directory for world crops. International Bee Research
Association. London, Great Britain
Francis JK,1990; Syszygium jambos (L.) Alston. SO-ITF-SM 26, Rio Piedras. Institute of
Tropical Forestry.
Streets RJ, 1962: Exotic trees of the Britisch Commonwealth. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
1) FAO-SIDA 1988: Fruit-bearing forest trees. FAO Forestry Paper 34, Rome,
Italy, 177 pp.
7
4) Dy Phon, P., 2000: Plants used in Cambodia. Olympic Printing House;
Phnom Penh,. 915 pp.
6) Jensen, M., 2001: Trees and Fruits of Southeast Asia. An illustrated field
guide. Orchid Press, Bangkok, 234 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor,B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ).
8
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Tamarindus indica L]
ÉksarBieRKaH [4],
Tamarindus officanalis Hook.
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ tamarind (Trade name) [7] - tamarinde (S-Africa) [7] - humer,
ÉksarBieRKaH : [1]
c> eQµaHPasaExµr(LataMg) ³ arm pel [1], 'âm'pül, ampil, khoua me [8]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
1
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Leguminosales / Fabales
RKYsar : Leguminosae / Caesalpinoideae [3]
ÉksarBieRKaH: [-]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
[lkçN³TUeTA]: edImeQIFM ébtgCanic© EdlmankMBs; 20-25 m [2] (-30 m [8]) edaymantYedImTMhM 1-2
m [6] (2-3 m [2]) nigGgát;pi©t DBH 50-70 cm [2] (-100 cm [7], -200 cm [8]). vaduHlUtlas;yWt
[søwk]: edImeQImy Y cMnnY esÞrI Etminmansøkw b:uEnþBkY vaenAEtmanduHsøwktic² . søwkqøas; smas edayman
cMnnY BI 10-18 KUr QmKña . søwkmanragRTEvg TMhM 12-32 x 3-11 mm [6] (13 x 5 cm [8]) Tgsøwk nig
G½kSsøwkmaneram Caysøkw nigsrésrsøkw Bi)aknwgemIleXIj . cugsøkw mUl rW ragkaer nigmansñamtic²
. TgsøwkmanragmUl sIeu mRTi edaymaneramBN’elOg . EKmsøwkTaMgmUl manerammFüm .
[páa]: kenSampáalat nigzitenACakBa©úM RbEvg 13 cm [8] . páaRbEvg 3 cm [8] nigmankøn i RkGUb .
Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 4 minesµIrKña manRbEvg 1.5 cm [8] . Rtbkpáa mancMnYn 5 Edl 3 xagelIduH)anl¥
BN’Bgman; elOgRsal rW sICu m<Ú edaymansrésBN’Rkhmetañt . ekseQµalmancMnnY 3 nigeksjI
1 Edlman GUvul dl;eTA 18 . páaelceLIg enAelIBnøkfµI Edlpþl;nUvkarpøas;brþÚ dl;swøk b:Eu nþ
pþl;nvU EpøEdlmanRKab;pgEdr .
[Epø]: EpøTMeu nAExmifuna-kBaØa . enARbeTséf rdUvecjEpøenAExFñÚ-kumÖ³ enAhVIlIBn I BIEx]sPa-FñÚ
edayEpø eRcInenAkMLgú Ex sIha-tula . EpømanragsILu aMg Rtg; rW ekag mineRbHEbk mancugragmUl
TMhM 14 cm x 4 cm [8] (10-18 x 4 cm [6]) manRKab;RbEhl 10 nigmancMnYnmineTogTat; .
EpøxageRkArwg BN’eRbH rWetñat edaymansrésya:gmaMuenAxagkñgú .
kNþalEpømanRsTab;Rkas;BN’etñatcas; . xagkñúg Epøman RsTab;esþgI dUcEs,k .
2
RKab;manrUbragmineTogTat; sMEb:tdUceBRC RbEvg 18 mm [8] (16 mm [6]) BN’etñat nigrwg
nigrMuedaysac;Epø Edls¥it nigGacbriePaK)an .
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 6, 7, 8]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
RbEhl : 30°N eTA 8°S [5] . GMBilmanRbPBBI savannas éntMbn;RtUBki rbs;GaeRhVc b:Eu nþvaduHlUt
las;CaFmµCatienAtMbn;RtUBki énGasIu . bc©úb,nñ vaRtUv)andaMduHenAkñgú RbeTsCaeRcIn
enAtMbn;RtUBki TaMgenA kñúgcMkar enARbeTs\NÐa nigmansar³sMxan;esdækci e© nAtMbn;GasIuGaeKñy_ .
vacUlcitþ duHlUtlas;enAtMbn; raMgs¶tÜ mFüm nigtMbn;valesµA nigGacduHenAtammat;swgÞ nigTenø .
vaminduHlUtlas;enAkñúgénrgTwkePøóg eT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [5, 7, 8]
lUtlas;enA kñgú sItuNðPaB -3°C [7] (0°C [5]) edayminmanrbYsFn;F¶r nigGacFn;Cag sVay
avocado nigRkUc . vaFn;ngw xül; nigkarraMgs¶tÜ edaysarRbB½nr§ Ws nigminGacFn; nwgkardk;TwkeT .
3
vak_Fn;nwgG½B§ nigCatiéRbenAxül; . enAkñgú tMbn;RtUBki eQI kMritePøóg
( > 4,000 mm/yr)
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
. emSA Edl)anmk BIEpø RtUv)anykmkeFICV anM nignMbg½u . RKab; EdleljrYcmanrsCati
RsedognwgsENþkébtg (peanuts) . eRbgrbs;RKab; smRsbsMrab;KrU KMnrU nig varnish . Epø
EdlTMuRCulRtUv)an eRbIR)as;sMrab; sMGatsMNr nigTg;Edg edayEtmanCatiGasIut .
man»sfmYycMnnY RtUv)anplitBIGMBil : sMbkrYj nig CMnYykMlaMg nigepHrbs;vaGac
eFICV afñaMCnM yY dl;karrMlayGahar RbcaMgnwgkarrak . GaccMraj;Ca eRbg eRbIsMrab; sMralkarQWcab;
dMe)A edayes¶ar nigeRbICaeRbH . vak_RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;RKb;RKgCMgWhWt nig amenorrhea
nigCafñaMRKun tamry³kares¶ar . kargUtTwk CamYysøwkEdl)anes¶arrYc GacCYyRbqaMgnwg emeraK
nigCMgWelIEs,k . søwkx©IRtUv)aneRbIR)as;sM¥sMrab;CMgWgab; rWsk<W srés nigbiteTAelIrbYs rW labeTA
elIkEnøgEdlrlakePøgI edIm,Ikat;bnßykarehIm nigQWcab; . kares¶arsøwkGMBilEp¥msMrab;briePaK Gac
RbqaMgCMgWkk¥ nigRKun . karcMeraHykTwk Edl)anBIswøkGMBil nigpáa RtUv)aneRbIR)as;sMrab;
Büa)alCMgWEPñk Rkhm . sac;rbs;vaGacRtUv)aneRbICaGasIut EdleFIeV GayRtCak; fñabM Ba©úH
nigBüa)alCMgWxHV vItamIn C . emSA Edl)anBIRKab;GaceRbIR)as;Büa)aleraKmYl nigeraKraK
nigeRbICafñasM lM ab;dgávÚ .
ÉksarBieRKaH [4, 7, 8]
[epSg²]: kenSamsøk w d_FM pþl;nvU møby; a:gl¥ EdlRtUv)aneRbIR)as;CaedImeQIsMrab;karsMrak nigBiPakSa
enAkñgú PUmei Totpg . edaysarkarFn;ngw xül; vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Car)aMgkarBarxül; .
vaRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaedImeQI EdlminGacenAduHCamYyedImeQIepSgeTot edayEtkenSamsøwkd_
Rkas;rbs;va nig \T§Bi lén allelopathic . dUcenH vaRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Car)aMgePøgI
edaykarBarmineGayesµAduHenAxageRkamedIm . GMBilRtUv)aneRbIR)as;Carbgrs;pgEdr .
TICrM kBN’ébtgCanic© nig páad_Rss;sa¥ t eFVeI GayvamanlkçN³ smRsbsMrab;CaedImeQIlMGr
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMnat;fñak;.
ÉksarBieRKaH [1]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
8
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
minTan;manTinñn½y .
ÉksarBieRKaH [6]
p> epSg² :
9
GaemrikkNþal (misu uickU : 4,400 ha) nigeRbsIlu vaRtUv)andaMduHCacMkar enAkEnøgepSgeTotdUcCa
tampøvÚ nigenACMvu ijpÞH .
[sarFatumankñg ú Epø]: Epø EdlTMuman 40-50% énsac; EdlbriePaK)an kñgú 100 g: Twk ³ 17.8-35.8 g
RbUetGIun ³ 2-3 g xøaj; ³ 0.6 g karbUnGIRu dat³ 41.1-61.4 g sarFatusrés³ 2.9 g epH ³ 2.6-3.9 g
kal;süÚm ³ 34-94 mg pUsrV ³ 34-78 mg Edk ³ 0.2-0.9 mg, thiamine 0.33 mg, riboflavin 0.1 mg,
niacin 1.0 mg nig vitamin C 44 mg . RKab;Rss; manTwk 13% RbUetGIun 20% xøaj; 5.5%
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Gunasena H.P.M. Hughes A. (2000) Fruits for the Future 1. Tamarind, Tamarindus indica.
[7]
Hughes A. (1999) Fruits for the future: tamarind. Fact sheet No. 1.
[7]
10
[7]
Parrotta JA. 1990. Tamarindus indica L., Tamarind. SO-ITF-SM-30. USDA Forestry Service,
Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[2] Species Fact Sheets (Module 9), 1994: Forestry / Fuelwood Research and Development
Project. Growing Mulltipurpose Trees on Small Farms (2nd ed.). Bangkok, Thailand:
Winrock Interational. 320pp.
[4] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of Laos and
Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically important species. BLUMEA.
[8] PROSEA, 1997: Handbook of Plant Resources of South-East Asia, Nos. 1-4, 5(1), 6-8.
(CD-ROM).
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Tectona grandis Linn.f.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ teak [1, 6], Indian oak, Bangkok teak, teakwood, teak tree [1]
K> sTisn½y ³ Jatus grandis (L. f.) Kuntze, Theka grandis (L. f.)
X> eQµaHepSg² ³ teak (Trade name) [1] - teck (France, Italy) [2, 6] - teca
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Lamiales
1
RKYsar : Lamiaceae
ePT : Tectona
RbePT : Tectona grandis
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
2
duHCab;nwg Kl; Rtbkpáa [9] . eksjI ragekan maneramRkas; . ecjpá enAExmkra-mina [5] (mifuna
dl; sIha rW kBaØa [1] ]sPa dl;kkáda [9]) . kBa©púM áa manBnøkpáarab;Ban; nig páa 1-3 rIkCaerogral;éf¶
. Anthesis duHlUt las;enAkñgú kBa©púM aá kñúgry³eBl 1-2 páa . páamanbeBa©jlMGg;muneBlsÞci ma:ebIk
niglMGg;GacRCuHkñgú ry³ eBl BIreTAbIema:geRkayeBlpáarIk . eBleFIdV MeNIrlMGg; manenA
Bak;kNþaleBlRBwk nigéf¶ bnÞab;BImk lT§PaBlMGg;Faø k;CalMdab; . dMeNIrlMGg;GacRtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edayBBYkstVl¥it dUcCaXµMú (Ceratina spp) nigruyesH . BYkvaeFIdV MeNIr BIpaá mYyeTAmYy .
PaKeRcInGacrs;enAelI søwk nigedIm ry³eBlyUr . dMeNIrlMGg;edayFmµCati manRtwmEt 1.3% (0.4-
5.1%) énpáa EdlduHlUtlas;eTACaEpø [1] .
[Epø]: ecjEpøenAEx emsa - sIha [5] (vick äi a-mkra [1, 9]) eBlEpøcab;epþmI Føak;CabnþbnÞab; . EpøCa
RbePT Epøsac; BN’ébtgeBlx©I nigBN’elOg eTA etñatcas;enAeBlTMu ragmUl maneramRkas; Gacman
Ggát;pit© 1.5 cm (0.6 inches) [10] (2 cm [5]) mansMbkEpørIkFM [10] . Epønmi Yy²mancMnnY 4
ft b:Eu nþmanEtRKab;cMnnY BI 1-3 b:eu NÑaH EdllUtlas; [10] EdlmanpÞúknUvCaeRbg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10]
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10]
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
RbEhl : CaFmµCati vaGacduH enArvag 9°N nig 25° 30'N [1] (10°N nig 25°N [10]) .
cMkardaMduHry³ eBlEvg GacBRgIkdl; 28°N eTA 18°S [12] . ém:sak;CaRbePTmanRbPBkMeNIt
enAtMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg nigGaeKñy_ dUcCa éf PUma nig\NÐa . vak_manenAkñgú evotNam Lav km<Cú a
\NÐeÚ nsIu nigRsIlgáa eTaHmin duH edayFmµCatienAma:eLsIku e_ day . sBVéf¶
vaduHlUtlas;TUTaMgtMbn;RtUBki nigRtUv)andaMduHCaeRcIn enA tMbn;GasIuxagt,Úg CagRbePTeQIepSgeTot
. enAevotNam RbePTenH RtUv)andaMcab;taMgBIstvtSTI 20 nigkøayeTACaRbePT
EdlmanRbCaRbiyPaB enAextþCaeRcIn [5] . CaTUeTA vamanduHenAkñgú éRBel,aHesI, éRBel,aHs¶tÜ
nigéRBcMruH . enAkm<Cú a RbePTenHRtUv)andaMduH CaéRBRkas; CaBiessenAextþPaKxagt,Úg .
vak_CaRbePTlb;myY EdlenAkñgú éRBel,aHcMruH EdlduHlay CamYy Xylia spp., Afzelia xylocarpa,
Terminalia spp. nig Lagerstroemia spp . kMraléRB EtRKb edayb¤sSI .
ém:sak;CaTUeTAduHray)a:y b:Eu nþvak_GacduHCaRbePTsuT§ rW ÉkRbePTpgEdr enAeRkamlkçxN ½ Ð smRsb
[7] .
mm/qñaM [1] (600 mm [7]) nigx<sb ; Mput 5,080 mm/qñaM [1] (4,000 mm [7]) . éRBel,aHs¶tÜ
maném:sak; (dUcCa enA\NÐa enAkMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 800 mm) GacmanduHenACit
BBYkrukCç atimanbnøapgEdr cMEnkéRBel,aHesIm (kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 1,500 mm)
manduHém:sak;enACitéRBeRsag . kMritTwkePøógRbcaMqañ M 760 mm enA\NÐa edaymanrdUvR)aMg 5-7 Ex
4
nigkMritTwkePøóg 2,500 mm (5,000 mm) nig 3-4 ExenA Java . tMbn;sMxan;éném:sak;KW enAPUma
EdlTTYlTwkePøógrvag 1,270 mm nig 3,050 mm [1] . kMritsItuNðPaBRbcaMqañ M CamFümrvag
21 C nig 28 C [10] edaymansItuNðPaBdac;xat 2 C [4] (0 C [1]) nigdac;xatx<sb
0 0 0 0
; Mput 45 C [4]
0
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
manRbPBBIPaKxageCIgeQogxaglic éf Gacrs;)anelIRbePTdImankal;süÚmsuT§
enAPaKxageCIgeQogxagekItéf vaGacFn;ngw RbePTdI Edlman dI\dæeRcIn enA\NÐa vaduHelIdI
lateritic EdlminsUvmanCICati [4] . Weaver's 1993 )anbgðajfa RbePTenHnwgFn;nt w dI
mankardk;TwkpgEdr . karsikSafµ²I )anbgðajfakarlUtlas;rbs;cMkar enARClgPñM Kilombero
éntg;sSanI bBa¢ak;favaduHlUtlas;)anl¥ enAelIRbePTdI\dæ lateritic edaymankardk;Twk
ry³eBlEvg . karduHlUtlas;mankMrityWt enAry³kMBs; x<s; nigecatxøaMg [1] . dI
EdlsmRsbsMrab; RbePTenH rYmman dIGasIut dI alfisols dIl,b; dI colluvial dI ferralsols dIRKYs dI
lateritic dIRkhm dIRtUBk
i dI ultisols nig vertisols .
5
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 7, 9]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
eQIelxmYy.
ÉksarBieRKaH [2, 8]
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
CaeRcInEfmeTotpg .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 5, 7]
[karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati]: karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCati TamTarnUvBnøx W øaMg nigRbePTeQIenH
miFn;nwg møbe; T . vaduHlUtlas;ya:geRcIn bnÞab;BmI anePøgI eqH edayduHCadM²u . edImeQItUc
gayrgkarRbKYtRbECg EdleFIeV GaymankarduHlUtlas;ytW . ém:sak;GacFn;
niglb;enAdMNak;kalduH lUtlas;eLIgvij Ca BiessenAkñúgEdnFmµCatirbs;va [7] . enAkMLúgePIgø eqH
vaeFIeV GaydMNuHrbs;RbePTeQIenH ekIneLIg
7
edayminmankarRbKYtRbECgCamYyrukçCatiepSgeToteLIy [4] . kUném:sak;
gayrgeRKaHedaysarPaB raMgs¶tÜ . vaduHlUtlas;enA x<s;rab Deccan énPaKxagt,Úg\NÐa
EdlmanPaBraMgs¶tÜ nigTMhMrbs;edIm eQIKW manTMhMtUc [1] . kenSamsøwkrbs;va RtUvkaresrIPaB
énBnøWsMrab;karduHlUtlas; . ém:sak; duHBnøk nigExñgelOn . vaminmankUn EdlduHecjBIrWseT .
vagayrgeRKaHedaysarsenSIm b:uEnþGacgab; ehIy duHBnøkeLIgvij EdlmankMBs; x<s;CagkMritsenSIm
EdlvaGacrs;)an . ém:sak;duHExñgl¥ niglUtlas; elOn enAdMNak;kaldMbgU [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 5, 6, 9]
[kardaMduH]: ém:sak;RtUv)andaMduH CacMkarsuT§ . Ékvb,kmµ éndMNaMenH
Gacpþl;nUv\T§Bi lGviCm¢ anpgEdr eTAelIépÞdI dUcCakarhUreRcaHenAeRkamsøwk elItMbn; Edlecat .
karsikSaRtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAcMkarsuT§ enATMnabPaKxaglicevens‘yu eGLa
Edlbgðajfakarkab;Gackat;bnßynUvkarcug Edl)anrkSaTuk (cation reserves) CaBiesskal;süÚm
EdleFIeV GaydImanCatiGasIut . ém:sak;RtUv)andaMduHlayCamYy RbePT rukCç ati Edlpþl;CICatidl;dI .
GMbrU Leguminosae KWmanlkçN³smRsb dUcCa kn§eM n§t rW Gakasüa. kardaMsakl,grvag Shorea
robusta nig Morus alba RtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAcava: [4] . cenøaH dMbgU KWman
lkçN³xus²KñaGaRs½yTIEnøg . cenøaHCakaer: 1.8 m x 1.8 m [1] RtUv)anGnuvtþn_ enAtMbn;raMg s¶Üt
cMeBaHtMbn; Edll¥mankMritePøógx<sC; ag 1,500 mm cenøaHBI 2.5 m x 2.5 m rW 2.7 m x 2.7 m Gac
pþl;nvU kMritlUtlas;elOn nigkenSamsøwkl¥ [1] . enAkm<Cú a cenøaHCaRbéBNI KW 3 m x 3 m [15]
cMEnkenA Kerala én\NÐa 2 m x 2 m [1] RtUv)aneRbIR)as; . RbsinvaRtUv)andaMenAcenøaH
CamYykn§eM n§t cenøaH 3 x 3 m eTA 5 x 5 m [4] RtUv)aneRbI. enAeBlém:sak; RtUv)andaM edayrgeRKaH
edaysaresµA karsMGatesµARtUv)aneFIeV LIg CaBiessenAqñaTM IBIr nigbI dMbgU énkardaMduH [1] .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
[karRKb;RKgcMkar]: enAkñgú cMkar edImeQIRtUv)anRKb;RKgtamry³karkab;eGayrhal EdledImeQI
TaMg Gs; RtUv)ankab; nigdaMduHeLIgvijsarCafµI . edImeQIRtUvkarBnøW nigrgeRKaHedaysarkarRbKYt
RbECg kenSamsøwk vaduHlUtlas;l¥enAeBlGayuesµ²I Kña nigRtUv)ankab;eGayrhalpgEdr CaBiess
enAdMNak; kaldMbgU . White raykarN_fa karkab;rMelaH enARbeTséf KW)ankat;bnßy
nUvkMritemkarnicrbs;edIm nigPaBxusKñaénkarkab;rMelaH GacmanBIGayu : 5 dg 5-20 qñaM 10 dg 20-
40 qñaM 15 dg 40-60 qñaM nigenAGayu 20 qñaM ( 4 dg enA 5-, 10-, 18- nig 28-qñaMbnÞab;BIkardaM [7])
9
edaymanGgát;pi©t FMbpM tu 75 cm . TinñplCamFümrbs;cMkar enAcava: KW 60-100 m³/ha
EdlrYmTaMgkarkab;rMelaHpg [7]. kMeNInmaDx<s;bpM tu bnÞab;BIry³eBl 15-20 qñaM bnÞab;BIGayu 50
qñaM kMeNInGacmanedaysarkar begátI nUveQIxwmø [4] . kMritkMeNInmaDCamFüm enAkñgú cMkar
enAeRkAtMbn;RtUBki énGaemrik manBI 2.6 m³ kñúgmYyhictaenA bg;køaeds nig 16.0 m³
kñúgmYyhicta enAGayva:rIxtU . enAviTüasßanRsavRCav éRBeQI ( Forest Research Institute ) enA
Dehra Dun RbeTs\NÐa pþl;nvU Bt’manlMGt i GMBIkarlUt las; nigTinñpl rbs;ém:sak;
enARbeTs\NÐamanPaBxus²Kña eTAtamKuNPaBrbs; tMbn; . enHrYmman
karvas;EvgkMritmFümrbs;edImeQI nig kMeNInRbcaMqañ M eRkamKuNPaBtMbn;xsu ²Kña . taragmaDsMrab;
BaNiCk¢ mµrbs;ém:sak; RtUv)aneRbIenArdæ Kerala rbs;\NÐa EdlRtUv)anpþl;eGayeday Nair [1] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 4, 7]
[ksirukçkmµ]: ém:sak;CaRbePT EdlmanRbPBecjBI RbB½n§ Taungya
bnÞab;EpøRCuHb:uEnþvamansarsMxan;Nas;kñúgkarRbmUlRKab;BUCBIdI Edl)andIeRkamedImEdl)ansMGat
edIm,IkMcat;stVl¥ti nigkat;bnßykarRbmUlRKab;BCU EdlmanKuNPaBTab rW minduH . Epø
EdlmanKuNPaBl¥bMput KWenATIkEnøgEdlRKab;RtUv)anrkSaTuk)anya:gl¥ . karRbmUlRKab;BUCBIéRB
10
RtUv)aneFIeV LIgsMrab;karbegátI cMkarfµI . RbsinebI rkSaTukkñúg)av eRkamGakasFatuRtCak;
(sMrab;kardWkCBa¢n Ú nigrkSaTuk vaCakarl¥kgñú karyksMbkecj edayRc)ac; nigerayRKab;)
RKab;GacrkSadMNuH)andl;eTAmYyqñaM . RKab;GacrkSaTukenAkñgú )av nigFugbitCit EdlGac
rkSa)anry³eBldl;eTA 2 qñaM [1] . edIm,I kat;bnßy PaBsMBgI sMeBagkñúgkarrkSa
RKab;GacRtUv)anRtduHyksMbkecj . viFsI aRsþmYyeTot KW dak;RKab; nigRKYsTenø dak;lay
edayma:suInlaysIumg: ; . RKab; GacGENþkeLIgmkenAeBl enaHEdr . edIm EdleRbIsMrab;karbnþBUC
GacRtUv)anrkSarab;qañ M . lT§PaBdMNuH GacRtUv)anrkSa ry³eBlya:gehacNas; 7 qñaM
enAkñgú bnÞb;bti Cit enAsItuNðPaB 0-4ºC enAsMeNIm 12% edayminmankar)at;bg;dMNuHeLIy .
RKab;GacRtUv)arkSary³eBl 10 enAkñgú bnÞúbb; itCit sItuNðPaB 2ºC [7] .
[dMNuH]: eTaHbIRKab;ém:sak;RtUv)aneFIRV bRBWtþkmµ edIm,IeFIVeGaymankarduH minsUvmansar³sMxan;
11
[ karsabedaypÞal;]: karsabedaypÞal; CaviFsI aRsþcas;CageK EtmanGRtagab;x<s;
nigduHlUtlas;ytW . kUneQIRtUv)andaMkúgñ fg; rhUtdl;manrWsl¥ nigrwgmaMu [1] . karsab edaypÞal;
RtUv)ancab;epþmI enAedIm rdUvvsSa nigRtUv)anGnuvtþn_enA Java [7] .
[kardaMedayKl;]: kardaMedayKl;mankareBjniym CageK vapþl;nUvRbeyaCn_CaeRcIn . Kl;Gacplit
rWsGacTTYlnUvRbePTG½mnU eRcInRbePT[1].
[karkat;]: TaMgkarkat; nigb:HBnøk bgðajnUvlT§pll¥Cag karkat;Emk [7] . karb:HBnøk eTAKl;edIm
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
14
F> karGPirkS :
RbePTenH RtUv)ancat;fñak;Ca 'not evaluated' (NE [14]) eyagtam IUCN (International Union
for the Conservation of Nature) World List of Threatened Trees .
ÉksarBieRKaH [14]
n> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
PaKxageCIgéf .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 2, 7, 9]
[karnaMcl
U ]:
GasIu: bg;køaeds b‘Utan km<Cú a cin (Guangdong, Hainan, Hubei, Taiwan, Yunnan),
\NÐa (Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Gujarat,
Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal) \NÐeÚ nsIu (Java, Sumatra) Cb:nu kUer: Lav ma:eLsIu
(Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah, Sarawak) PUma en)a:l; GUman; )a:Ks I aß n hVlI IBnI RsIlgáa éf TYKI
evotNam .
mhasmuRT : GURsþalI hVICI ekaH)a:suIPic )a:BUjÚKeI no ekaHsULmÚ g:u .
GaeRhVc: eb‘nIn kugehàa kUDIv½r haàb‘gu hÁeI no eknya: lIebero ma:dahàas;sàa ma:LavI mUsSg;bcíu‘ NamIbÍ‘
nIesrIya: esenhàal; esra:eLGUn sUma:lI GaeRhVcxagt,Úg s‘Udg; tg;sSanI tugehàa G‘yu ehànda samebo
sIum)aev .
15
karIebon: Kuy)a hugdUrus camIku a eBrU PaKxaglic\NÐa RTInIedt nigtU)akU ekaHvICnI .
Gaemrikxagt,Úg: GasSg;TIn qIlI kULMbú ‘Í ebrU sYrIenm G‘uyra:hàay evens‘yu eGLa .
GaemrikkNþal : ebLay kUsaþ rIka eGsavad½r hugdUrus nIháara:Kr½ )a:Nama: .
GaemrikxageCIg : Gaemrik (Florida, Georgia) misciu kU .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 9]
p> epSg² :
17
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Alexander TG, Sankar S, Balagopalan M, Thomas TP, 1987. Soil in teak plantations of
different site quality. KFRI Research Report, No. 45:iii + 17 pp.; 18 ref.
[12]
Bakshi BK, 1976. Forest pathology: principles and practice in forestry. Forest pathology:
principles and practice in forestry., 400 pp.; [Illus.].
[12]
Balasundaran M, Sharma JK, Maria Florence EJ, Mohanan C, 1995. Leaf spot diseases of
teak and their impact on seedling production in nurseries. In: Caring for the Forest in a
Changing World. Proceedings (Abstract of invited papers) IUFRO XX World Congress, 6-
12 August, 1995 Tampere, Finland. Finninsh IUFRO World Congress Committee, IUFRO
Secretariat, Vienna, Austria, 170.
[12]
Banik RL, 1993. Teak in Bangaladesh. In: Wood H, ed. Teak in Asia. FORSPA Publication
4. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO, 1-10.
[12]
Bedell PE, 1989. Preliminary observations on variability of teak in India. Indian Forester,
115(2):72-81; 12 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[12]
Bhat KM, 1998. Properties of fast-grown teak: the impact on end-user's requirements.
Proc. XX IUFRO World Congress, Tampere, Finland. Journal of Tropical Forest Products,
4(1) (in press).
[12]
Bhat KM, Indira EP, 1997. Effects of faster growth on timber quality of teak. KFRI
Research Report 132. Peechi, Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute.
18
[12]
[12]
Bourdillon TF, 1908. The forest trees of Travancore. Trivandrum, India: The Travancore
Government Press.
[12]
Centeno JC, 1997. The management of teak plantations. Tropical Forest Update,
7(2):10-12.
[12]
[12]
Chacko KC, Sankar S, Pandalai RC, Nandakumar UN, 1991. Effects of slash burning on
soil properties, weed growth, taungya yield and growth of teak. Indian Forester,
117(4):237-248; 9 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[12]
[12]
19
Chaudhari NR, 1963. Pre-liminary trial of pre-sprouted stump planting for artificial
regeneration of teak. Indian Forester, 89(9):638-640.
[12]
Chinese Academy of Forestry, 1992. Development of teak in China. In: Wood H, ed.
Teak in Asia. FORSPA Publication No. 4. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO, 11-26.
[12]
Chopra RN, Nayar SL, Copra IC, 1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants. New Delhi,
India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
[12]
Cook T, 1906. The Flora of the Presidency of Bombay. London, UK: Taylon & Francis,
Vol. 2:503-504.
[12]
Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, 1976. Wealth of India - Raw Materials Vol.
10. New Delhi, India: Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
[12]
Day RK, Rudgard SA, Nair KSS, 1994. Asian tree pests: An overview. FORSPA Publication
12. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[12]
Dymock W, Warden CJH, Hooper D, 1890. Pharmacographia Indica - Part III. London,
UK: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.
[12]
FRI, 1970. Growth and Yield Statistics of Common Indian Timber Species (Plains Region)
Volume II. Dehra Dun, India: Forest Research Institute & Colleges.
[12]
20
Ghosh SK, Balasundaran M, Ali MIM, 1984. Studies on the host-parasite relationship of
phanerogamic parasites(s) on teak and their possible control. KFRI Research Report,
Kerala Forest Research Institute, No. 21:iii + 39 pp.; 74 ref.
[12]
Gibson IAS, 1975. Diseases of forest trees widely planted as exotics in the tropics and
southern hemisphere. Part 1. Important members of the Myrtaceae, Leguminosae,
Verbenaceae and Meliaceae. Diseases of forest trees widely planted as exotics in the
tropics and southern hemisphere. Part 1. Important members of the Myrtaceae,
Leguminosae, Verbenaceae and Meliaceae., xii + 51pp.; [8 pl., 1 tab.].
[12]
[12]
Griffith AL, 1939. Investigations into the best age and diameter of stump to use when
stump planting teak (Tectona grandis) in area having general West Coast type climate.
Indian Forest Records (n.s) Silvi, 3(5):165-194.
[12]
Hutacharern C, 1990. Forest insect pests in Thailand. In: Hutacharern C, McDicken KG,
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Ivory MH, Nair KSS, eds. Pests and Diseases of Forest Plantations in the Asia-Pacific
Region. Bangok, Thailand: RAPA, FAO, 75-80.
[12]
Indira EP, Chacko KC, Krishnankutty CN, 1996. Studies on growth performance of teak
nursery stock from genetically better sources for developing improved plantations. KFRI
Research Report 102. Peechi, Trichur, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute.
[12]
21
Kadambi K, 1972. Silviculture and management of Teak. Bulletin, School of Forestry,
Stephen F. Austin State University, No. 24:137 pp.; 71 ref.
[12]
Kallarackal J, Seethalakshmi KK, Bhat KV, 1992. Water blisters in teak. KFRI Research
Report, No. 82:iii + 22 pp.; 17 ref.
[12]
Kallarackal J, Somen CK, 1992. Water use of selected indigenous and exotic trees. KFRI
Research Report 86. Peechi, Kerala, India: KFRI.
[12]
[12]
[12]
Keiding H, 1985. Teak, Tectona grandis, Linn. f. Seed Leaflet, DANIDA Forest Seed
Centre, Denmark, No. 4:ii + 21pp.; 41 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[12]
[12]
22
Keogh RM, 1987. The care and management of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations.
The care and management of teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) plantations., 48 pp.; 59 ref.
[12]
Khedkar MH, Subramanian K, 1997. Trials on raising Teak (Tectona grandis) planting
stock in root trainers. Indian Forester, 123:95.
[12]
Ko Ko Gyi M, 1993. Teak in Myanmar. In: Wood H, ed. Teak in Asia. FORSPA Publication
4. Bangkok, Thailand: FAO.
[12]
[12]
Laurie MV, 1936. Seed origin and its importance in Indian forestry. Indian Forester,
62:18-22.
[12]
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
[12]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Mascarenhas AF, Kendarkar SV, Gupta PK, Khuspi SS, Agarwal DC, 1987. Teak. In:
Bonga JM, Durzan I, eds. Cell and Tissue Culture in Forestry Vol. 3. Dordrecht: Martinus
Nijhaff Publishers.
[12]
23
RV, eds. Impact of Diseases and Insect Pests in Tropical Forests. Peechi, India: KFRI,
304-310.
[12]
Mathur KBL, 1973. Teak bibliography.Titles, with s of important ones, of world literature
dealing with Tectona grandis Linn. F. Teak bibliography.Titles, with s of important ones,
of world literature dealing with Tectona grandis Linn. F., 320 pp.; 1506 ref.
[12]
Moldenke HN, 1975. Notes on new and noteworthy plants. Phytologia, 31(1):25-29.
[12]
Moldenke HN, Moldenke AL, 1983. Verbenaceae. Vol. 4. In: Dassanayake MD, Fosberg
FR, eds. A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. New Delhi, India: Amerind
Publishing Co., 196-487.
[12]
Murray CH, 1961. Teak and fire in Trinidad. Caribbean Forester, 22:3-4.
Nair NR, 1971. Commercial volume tables for the forest trees of Kerala.
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Department.
[12]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Nair KSS, 1987. Life history, ecology and pest status of the sapling borer, Sahyadrassus
malabaricus (Lepidoptera, Hepialidae). Entomon, 12(2):167-173; [4 fig.]; 7 ref.
[12]
Nair KSS, 1988. The teak defoliator in Kerala, India. Chapter 14. In: Berryman AA, ed.
Dynamics of Forest Insect Populations. New York, USA: Plenum Press, 26-289.
[12]
24
Nair KSS, Sudheendrakumar VV, Varma RV, Chacko KC, Jayaraman K, 1996. Effect of
defoliation by H. puera and E. machenalis (Lepidoptera) on volume increment of teak.
In: Nair KSS, Sharma JK, Varma RV, eds. Impact of Diseases and Insect Pests in Tropical
Froests. Peechi, India: KFRI, 257-273.
[12]
Nair KSS, Biju Babjan, Sajeev TV, Sudheendrakumar VV, Mohamed Ali MI, Varma RV,
Mohanadas K, 1997. Field efficacy of nuclear polyhedrosis virus for protection of teak
against the defoliator Hyblaea puera Crauer (Lepidoptera: Hyblacidae). Journal of
Biological Control, (in press).
[12]
[12]
Oka AG, Vaishampayan, 1981. White grub menace in teak nurseries in Maharashtra. In:
Veeresh GK, ed. Progress in Soil Biology and Ecology of India. Bangalore, India: U.A.S.
[12]
Pearson RS, Brown HP, 1981. Commercial Timbers of India, Vol. II. New Dehli, India: AJ
Reprints Agency, 941-944.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
[12]
Prasad R, Kandya AK, 1992. Handling of Forestry Seeds in India. New Delhi, India:
Associated Publishing Company.
[12]
Rajput SS, Shukla NK, 1984. A review of the classification of timber for different end
uses. Timber Mechanics, Forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. Delhi, India: Controller of
Publications.
25
[12]
Rama Rao M, 1914. Flowering Plants of Travancore. Trivandrum, India: Govt. Press.
[12]
Rao YS, 1997. Keynote address. In: Basha SC, Mohanan C, Sankar S, eds. Proceedings
of International Teak Symposium 1991. Thiruvananthapuram, India: Kerala Forest
Department, 1-6.
[12]
Ryan PA, 1982. The management of Burmese teak forests. Commonwealth Forestry
Review, 61(2):115-120; 4 ref.
[12]
[12]
Sekhar AC, 1962. A note on some recent trends in Teak utilisation in India. Indian
Forester, 2(2):29.
[12]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Sen Sarma PK, Thapa RS, 1981. Recent advances in forest entomology in India. In:
Ananthakrishnan TN, ed. Recent Advances in Entomology in India. Loyola College,
Madras, India: Entomology Research Institute, 21-36.
[12]
Sharma JK, Mohanan C, Florence EJM, 1985. Disease survey in nurseries and plantations
of forest tree species grown in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research
Institute, No. 36:268 + vii pp.; Many ref.
26
[12]
Sudheendrakumar VV, Mohamad Ali MI, Varma RV, 1988. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of
the teak defoliator Hyblaea puera. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 51(3):307-308.
[12]
[12]
Teaknet Newsletter, 1997. Controlled hand pollination of teak., Teaknet Newsletter, 7:4-
6.
[12]
Tewari DN, 1992. A monograph on teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.). A monograph on teak
(Tectona grandis Linn. f.)., iii + 479 pp.; 4000 ref.
[12]
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian trees. Vol. II. Oxford, UK: Oxford University
Press.
[12]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Varma RV, 1991. White grub damage and its control in teak nurseries. Proc.
International Teak Symposium, Trivandrum (Cyclostyled).
[12]
Venkatesh CS, Koshy MP, Chacko KC, Indira EP, 1986. Genetic improvement of teak
(Tectona grandis L.f.) in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research Institute,
No. 13:iii + 21 pp.; [3 foldout tab.]; 18 ref.
[12]
27
Watt G, 1908. A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Volume VI (Part III) Silk
to Tea. Shahdara, Delhi, India: Periodical Experts, 362-363.
[12]
Weaver PL, 1993. Tectona grandis L.f. (Teak). Bulletin. USDA, International Institute of
Tropical Forestry.
[12]
White KJ, 1991. Teak: some aspects of research and development. RAPA Publication, No.
17:iv + 70 pp.; 14 pp. of ref.
[12]
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
[5] Nguyen et al., 1996: Vietnam Forest Trees. JICA/Vietnam Inventory and
Planning Institute. Hanoi
[httpwww.worldagroforestry.orgseaProductsAFDbasesAFaspBotanicSearch.asp].
(Internet source)
28
[8] Rollet, B., 1979: The Vegetation of Cambdia. (Draft Translation into English
by K. Panzer).
[9] Sam, Hoang Van; Nanthavong, Khamseng; Kessler, P.J.A., 2004: Trees of
Laos and Vietnam: a field guide to 100 economically or ecologically
important species. BLUMEA.
[15] FA/CTSP, 2005: Guidelines for site selection and tree planting in Cambodia.
90pp. Phnom Penh
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
29
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Terminalia chebula Retz. var. chebula]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Chebulic myrobalan, black myrobalan [16], beda nuts [12]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Myrtales
RKYsar : Combretaceae
ePT : Terminalia L. [16]
RbePT:Terminalia chebula Retz. var.chebula [16]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [11 ; 16]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
Terminalia chebula ¬Rsm: ¦ KWEckecjCa 2 epSgKña ³ var. chebula is KWCaedImeQIFM nig var.
nana Gagnep. EdlRKan;EtCaculøRBwktUc² [16].
2
[Epø]: EpømanragRTEvgFøak;cuHdUcs‘utRbEvg 3-4 sm nigmanGgát;p©it 1>7-2 sm nig
CaRbePTEpøRsatmancMnYn 5 manBN’ébtgcas; nig manRKab;rwgmYy. EpøFøak;mkmankøindUcRKab;
Citrus grandis. [2]. EpømanragdUceGlIb relagmanTMhM 2>5-5 x 1>5-2>5 sm CYnkalmanrag 5
RCug.[16] Rsm: cab;epþImpáa BIEx ]sPa rhUtdl; mifuna nig cab;epImEpø BIEx sIha dl;Ex kBaØa. [2].
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI :
3
d> GakasFatu nigbrisßan :
minTan;manTinñn½y
m. [16]
4
müa:gvijeTot eRbIsMrab;eFVICasMPar³kñgú ]sSahkmµ pÞH dgsMPar³eRbIR)as;epSg² nigTaj
ykeRbgpgEdr.[12,16].
[Gnupl]: minRKan;EtCaeQIhUbEpøeT vamansar³sMxan;eRcInCagenHeTAeTotKW sMbUreTAedayCati
KñaCamYy nwg syntans ehIynwgCati Tannin énbEnøepSg²eTot dUcCa black wattle (Acacia
mearnsii De Wild.), avaram (Cassia auriculata L.) ehIynwg Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B.
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak;
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
b:uEnþBMumanCaBt’manlMGitTaMgGs; enaHeT³
Terminalia GaceFVIkarbNþúHeday karsabRKab;edaypÞal; edaykarpSaMu bMe)A nig
karduHedayFmµCati. RKab;Rsm:gayRsYlrk nig rgnUvkarvayRbharedaystVl¥it
nigRbePTstVepSg²eTot eTaHbICaenAelI edIm muneBlFøak;k¾eday. eTaHbICaya:gNak¾eday
RKab;EdleFVIkarRbmUlenAelIdI k¾dUcCaRKab;Edl RbmUlenAelIedImEdr CYnkalBMu)ancas; b¤k¾TMul¥.
cMnYnRKab;kñúg 1 kg manbrimaNxus²Kña GaRs½ynwgRbePTeQIxus²Kña dUcCa T. catappa about 500,
for T. myriocarpa 8800-9900, sMrab; T. brassi rhUtdl;eTA 70,000.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
kñúgkMLúgeBlbNþúHRtUvkarr)aMg karBarBnøW b:uEnþr)aMgkarBarBnøWKYrEtedaHecj
bnÞab;BIeFVIkarbNþúHry³eBl 1-2 Ex. Rsm: RtUvkarlkçxNÐ sMenImlµmkñúgkMLúgeBlbNþHú . CaTUeTA
RKab;cab;epþImduHBnøk bnÞab;BIsabry³eBl 2s)aþh_ nig RKab;EdlbNþúHeRkayeKry³eBl 2-5
s)aþh_bnÞab;BIsab. RKab; T. phellocarpa cab;epþImduH bnÞab;BIsabry³eBl 3.5 Ex nig
RKab;EdlbNþúHeRkayeKry³eBl 7 Ex bnÞab;BIsab.[16]
EpøRsm:EdlFøak;mk dMbgU RtUv)aneFVIkarRbmUl nig sMgYtya:gqab;rhs½tamkarEdlGaceFVIeTA)an.
bnÞab;mkeFVIkarCMruHsac;rwg. karbNþúHTTYllT§pll¥bMput KW edayeFVIkiNÐkmµRKab; b:uEnþvFi ImYyeTot
KWkat;EKmxag² énRKab; eFVIya:gNakMueGayb:Hb¤eFVIeGayxUcxatdl;GMRb‘Íy:ug bnÞab;mkykeTARtaMTwk
ry³eBl 36 ema:g k¾GaRtadMNuHTTYl)alliT§pll¥Edr. minKYreFVIkardaMEtmþgedayminsabenaHeT
BIeRBaHvaRbfuyRbfanx<s;nwgkarbMpøaj nigeFVIeGayGaRtadMNuHTab. enARbeTs\NÐa
CaTUeTARKab;Rsm: RtUv)aneKsabenAkñúgRbGb; b¤fñalsab enAkñúgsßanIybNþúHkUneQImuneBlePøógFøak;
b¤enAeBlePøógFøak; elIkTImYy b¤elIkTIBIr edayeFVIkarRKb nigeRsacTwkCaRbcaM.
enAdMNak;kaldMbUgenAkñúgfñal Rsm:RtUvkarBnøW ehIybnÞab;mkeTIbykeTAsÞÚg.
GaRtadMNuHénRKab;Rsm: KWGacrhUtdl;eTA 50%. Rsm:k¾GacbNþúHedaykarbMe)A)anEdr
bMuEnþTTYl)aneCaKC½yTabCag karbNþúHenAkñúgfñalehIyykeTAdaM enAcMkar. cMeBaHkardaMdHu eLIgvij
sMrab;begáInKMrbéRBenAkñúgéRB KWRKan;Etkab;sMGat nigeFVIkarsab RKab;Etmþg.[26]
dMNuHRtUv)ankt;sMKal; edaykUneQIcab;epþImduHEvgeTA² b¤sesþgI ²cab;epþImduH hypocotyl kan;EtxøI
nigRkas;eTA² kUTIeldUnrelagFMcMnnY 3 nigya:gticmansréscMnYn 2 elceLIg.
lT§PaBdMNuHénRKab;GacrkSaTuk)anry³eBl 1 qñaM. kUnRsm:mankarduHlUtlas;yWt
edayrdUvdMbUglUt )anry³kMBs; 10-20 sm ehIyGaRtadMNuH enAdMNak;kalbnÞab;eTotk¾yWtEdr.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñn½y . .
p> epSg² :
8
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Fenton, R., Roper, R.E. & Watt, G.R., 1977: Lowland tropical hardwoods. An annotated
bibliography of selected species with plantation potential. External Aid Div., Wellington,
N.Z. Min. Foreign Affs. 2) Whitmore, T.C. (Ed.) Tree Flora of Malaya, 2nd. edition. Vol.1:
Malayan Forest Records no. 26. For.Res. Inst. Malaysia. Longman Malaysia SDN Berhad,
Kuala Lumpur.
Barthakur NN, Arnold NP, 1991. Nutritive value of the chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia
chebula Retz.) and its potential as a food source. Food Chemistry, 40(2):213-219; 23
ref.
Bhardwaj SD, Chakraborty AK, Joshi NK, 1993. Vegetative propagation of Terminalia
bellirica Roxb. and Terminalia chebula Retz. by stem cuttings. Indian Forester,
119(5):360-366; 22 ref.
Chakraborty AK, Pandey ON, Bhardwaj SD, 1992. Propagation of Terminalia bellirica and
Terminalia chebula by stem cutting. Journal of Research, Birsa Agricultural University,
4(1):99-101; 4 ref.
Kamal Sharma, Sanjeev Thakur, Badiyala SD, Sharma NK, 1995. First report on the
propagation of Terminalia chebula Retz. through patch budding. Indian Forester,
121(8):760-761; 2 ref.
Misra KK, Jaiswal HR, 1994. Effects of indole butyric acid on rooting of air layers of arjun
and chebulic myrobalan. Indian Forester, 120(2):183-186; 6 ref.
Nurul Islam, Abdus Samad Khan, 1991. Piece dyeing of cotton fabrics with Myrobalan
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
odrigo TMASK, 1990. Revitalization of degraded forest land in the dry zone by planting
medicinal species. Sri Lanka Forester, 19(3/4):43-45.
Sanjeev Thakur, Handa AK, Singh NB, Thakur S, 1996. Seed germination studies in
Terminalia chebula. Van Vigyan, 34:134_135.
9
Boer, E., et al. 1995. Terminalia L. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. & Wong,
W.C. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 5(2): Timber tree: Minor
commercial timber. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp. 475-478, 483.
Fundter, J.M., et al. 1992. Terminalia chebula Retz. In Lemmens, R.H.M.J. & Wulijarni-
Soetjipto, N. (Eds.): Plant Resources of South-East Asia. No. 3: Dye and tannin-
producing plants. Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. pp 122-125.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
19) Rehm, S. and G. Espig 1991: The Cultivated Plants of the Tropics and
Subtropics. Josef Margraf, Publ. Scientific Books; Weikersheim, Germany, 552
pp.
10
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Toona sureni (Blume) Merr]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Sapindales
RKYsar : Meliaceae subfamily Swietenioideae
ePT : Toona (Endl.) M. J. Roemer [16]
RbePT : Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. [12]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 16 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
sac;eQIxøwm nigsac;eQIRsayrbs; edImqaMqaEckdac;BIKña edaysac;eQIRsaymanBN’elOgsøaMg nig
sac;eQIxøwmmanBN’etñatcas; layBN’páaQUk ehIymankøinRkGUb. vamanRkey:ARbcaMqñaMelcRcega
nigEckecjBIKñaya:gc,as; EdlmanTTwgTMhM 5-7 mm. sés Vessels eTal b¤eRcIn xIø
ehIymanragCa rgVg; b¤knøHrgVg; nigCaFmµtavamanBN’etñat. mankaMtUc b¤mFüm
ehIymanpÞúknUvCatieRbgEdlman køni RkGUb. Paraparenchyma mancMnYntic ehIyenApþúMKña
enAcugénEKm. Parenchyma k¾manBRgayenA kñúgbNþúMsés. sac;eQIqaMqa manPaBrwg
nigFn;CamFüm nigeQIs¶tÜ manTMgn; 540 kg/m³. qaMqa man emKuNrYj 0.53. mansésRCabTwk
23% TMgn;sgát;beNþay 507 kg/cm² nigkMlaMgeRbH 12 kg/cm². manemKuNkMritekag 0.52.
[14]
4
KWTamTareGaykþarmankMras; 25mm edIm,IeFVIkarsMgYtenAkñúgLBIkMritsMenIm 50% eTA 10%
kñúgry³eBlBI 3-6 éf¶ edayBMueFVIeGaymankarxUcxatGVITaMgGs;.
sac;eQIqaMqa gayRsYlkñúgkarGar kat;TTwg nigQUs nigkarQUsépÞelIeGayrelag. vaTamTar
eGaymankarxat;edIm,IeGaysac;eQIvas¥at. ]bkrN¾mYycMnnY bnÞab;BIEkécñrcY eFVIeGaysac;eQIeLIg
esJjsJaj dUecñHehIyTamTareGayeRbIR)as;]bkrn¾Edlmutl¥. karsVan karGar nigkarxat; RtUvEteFVI
eGaysac;eQIrelag b:uEnþkarecaH PaKeRcInminTTYl)anlT§pll¥eT. karbit nigkarvayP¢ab;
PaKeRcIn TTYl)anpll¥ b:uEnþkardMEdkeKalRtUveGayRtg;lmµ . sMbkeQImUlEdlmansésl¥
GacécñeFVICavIenor cMNat;fañ k;l¥)an. sMbkeQI GaceFVICavIenorEdlmankMras; 1.5 mm enAmMu 90º
edayBMucaM)ac;eFVI karsakl,g. vIenorEdlécñBqI aMqa biTCamYynwg urea-formaldehyde
begáIt)anCakáarbnÞH Edlman sþg;daRbeTsGaløWm:g;.[16] enARbeTsm:aeLsIu
sac;eQIqaMqaBMumanPaBmaMzitefreT. b:uEnþenAtMbn;epSg² eTot)anbgðajfa sac;eQIxwmqaMqa
manPaBmaMlµm b:uEnþrgnUvkarbMpøajBIBBYkkeNþórbMpøajeQIs¶Üt nig BBYkstVecaH. sac;eQIxwøm
minmanPaBFn;lµmeT TamTareRbIfñaMkarBar b¤BMumankareBjcitþeRbIR)as;eT b:Eu nþcMeBaHsac;eQIRsay
gayRCabTwk. FUlIGaceFVIeGay mebranes énsac;eQIqaMqaBukpuy rlYy
b¤eFVIeGayrlakekasikaeQI b¤RsTab;xagelIrbs;eQI.
sac;eQIqaMqa manpÞúkEsluyLÚs 61% lIknIn (lignin)27%, Petosan 11.5 % epH 0.8% nig
silica 0.5%. ehIymanPaBGacrlaycMnYn 2.3% enAkñúgGakul 3.0% enAkñúgTwkRtCak; 6.5%
qaMqa manenAeN)a:l; \NÐa Bhutan PUma: bg;køaeds \NÐÚcin PUmPi aKxagt,ÚgRbeTscin éf \NÐÚensIu
hVIlIBIn GURsþalI [14] nigBaseBjRbeTsma:eLsIu eTAPaKxaglicén New Guinea .[2,16] qaMqa
CaRbePTeQIEdlmanduHeRcInbMput enAéRBtMbn;eqñr énGasIuxagt,ÚgeqogxagekIt.[4] qaMqa duHlaylM
CamYyeQICaeRcInRbePTenAkñúgéRBeRsag nigéRBBak;kNþalel,aH.[14] qaMqak¾manduHenAkñúgéRBbzm
(primary forests) b:uEnþPaKeRcInvaduHenAkñúgéRBbnÞab; (secondary forest)
5
nigCajwkjab;duHtammat;Bam nigRClgPñM tMbn;TICMralEdlmanry³kMBs; .
1700(-2100) m [16]
[14]b¤ 2-6 Ex .[12] qaMqa RtUvkarsItuNðPaB x<s; nigTabbMput enAcenøaHBI 6ºC eTA 18ºC nigBI
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
6
Z> kareRbIR)as; nigsar³sMxan; :
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
qaMqa CaRbePTeQIEdlBMuTan;mancMNat;fñak;.[18]
mancMnYn 403,000-721,000 RKab; nigqaMqa (T. sureni) mancMnYn 64,000- 468,000 RKab;.
KYrEteFVIkarRbmUlEpø enAeBlEdlvaeRbH. bnÞab;BIbksMbk ehIydak;haléf¶ 2-3éf¶
nigGacykRKab;ecj)an ehIyeFVIkarGMu sMGatecj. RKab;Rss;rbs; T. ciliata GacduHBnøk)anBI 60-
90% b:uEnþcMeBaHqaMqamanEt 45% b:ueNÑaH . RKab;qaMqa GaceFVIkarsabEtmþg Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
edayBMucaM)ac;eFVIRbRBwtþkmµRKab;enAkñugfñalsabeT edayRKan;Etsabva edaypÞal;enAeRkamBn¶Wéf¶
nigePøóg ehIyeraydIxSac;esþIg²RKbBIelI. kñúgry³eBl 2-4 s)aþh¾bnÞab; vaduH
BnøkeTACakUneQIEdlmankMBs;BI 5-10 cm nigGacykeTAsÞÚg)an. kardaMkUnedaypÞal; minEmnCaviFI
saRsþ samBaØenaHeT BIeRBaHRKab;Edll¥RbEhlCagaynwgebIug)at;. cMeBaHkardaMkUn
RtUvmankMBs;ya:gtic 1 m cMeBaHkarsÞúMKWxøI (duBnøk 7cm nigb¤s 25 cm) kUnEdlmanb¤seya:g
b¤kYnEdlmancab;dIenAb¤seRcIn GacykeTAdaM)an. cMeBaHkUnsÞúMEdlmanGgát;p©it 1.5-2.5 cm
daMl¥CagkUnEdlmanGgát;p©it 0.5- 1.25 cm. sMrab;kardaMCYs enAkñúgéRBbzm (primary forest)
b¤éRBbnÞab; (secondary forest) EdlGn; eKdaMedImsÞMúEdlmanGayuBI 1.5-2 qñaM . RbBn§½b¤snwgduH)an
8
60% ebIdaMedImqaMqabgáat; EdlmanGayuBI 2-4 qñaM enAelIdIGasIut indolebutyric (IBA)
EdlCadIl¥mFüm. karbgáat;Emk énedIm T.calantas Edlcas; RtUvdaMvaenAkñúgfñal
enAkñúgsßanIybNþúHkUneQICamunsin edIm,IeGayvaduHBnøk. TaMgqaMqa (T. sinensis) nig T. ciliata
GacduHExñgb¤s nigduHExñgBIKl;eLIgvij)anya:gl¥. CaFmµtaRtUvdaMXøatKñacMgay 2 m x 2 m cMeBaH
T. ciliata nig 1.5 m x 1.5 m cMeBaH (T. sureni).
F> karGPirkS :
minTan;manTinñny½.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
9
p> epSg² :
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Bahadur, K.N. 1988: Monograph on the genus Toona (Meliaceae). Bishen Sing Mahendra
Pal Singh, Dehra Dun. 251 pp.
Edmonds, J.M. 1993: The potential value of Toona species (Meliaceae) as multiple
purpose and plantation trees in Southeast Asia. Comm. For. Review 72(3): 181-186.
Chen FH, 1987: Flora of Guangdong. Guangdong, China: Guangdong Science and
Technology Press.
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of
ref + refs in text].
Lemmens RHMJ, Soerianegara I, Wong WC, 1995. Plant resources of South-East Asia No.
5 (2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers. Plant resources of South-East Asia No. 5
(2). Timber trees: minor commercial timbers., 655 pp.; [Also published by Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia. PROSEA NUGI 835.]; 747 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Liu P, Yang JJ, Lu FJ, 1993: Wood of Southeastern Asia. Beijing, China: China Forestry
Publishing House, pp. 179-180.
Luna RK, 1996: Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
Merrifield LE, Howcroft NHS, 1975: Propagation of Cedar, Toona sureni (Bl.) Merr., from
cuttings treated with growth substances. Turrialba, 25(1):54-57; 7 ref.
Mohd Shukari M, 1985: Malaysian timbers - surian. Trade Leaflet, Malaysian Forest
Service, No. 93:5pp.; 3 ref.
10
Storrs A, Storrs J, 1984: Discovering trees in Nepal and the Himalayas. Discovering trees
in Nepal and the Himalayas., xxiv + 366pp.; 15 ref.
Tang Y, 1973: Tropical and Subtropical Timber in Yunnan. Yunnan, China: People's
Publishing House.
Webb DB, Wood PJ, Smith JP, Henman GS, 1984: A guide to species selection for
tropical and sub-tropical plantations. Tropical Forestry Papers, Commonwealth Forestry
Institute, University of Oxford, No. 15 (rev.):ii + 256 pp.; 175 ref.
Xiao GG, 1991: Forest insects of China. Forest insects of China., Ed. 2:vi + 1362 pp.;
many ref.
Ye GY, 1980. Promising trees in limestone area: Toona sureni and Cinnamomum
camphora. Subtropical Forest Science and Technology, 3:49-59.
Zheng WJ, 1978. Silvicultural techniques for major forest trees in China. Volume 1.
Beijing, China; China Agriculture Press.
Zhou GS, 1994: Introduction and Silviculture of fast-growing Toona sureni and T. ciliata
var. pubescens. J. of Fujian Forestry College, 14(3):271-276.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
11
Leiden Br., Leiden, The Netherlands
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
16) Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Soerianegara, I. And W.C. Wong (Eds.) 1995: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(2) Timber trees: Minor commercial timbers.
Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 655 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
(Internet source)
12
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub]
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Fabales
RKYsar : Mimosoideae
ePT : Xylia Benth. [17]
RbePT : Xylia xylocarpa (Roxb.) Taub. [17]
1
ÉksarBieRKaH: [4 ; 11 ; 17 ]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
3
ragBgRkeBIRTEvg ehIymanRbEvgBI 3.5-4.5 mm TgeksreQµalmanragsMEb:t nige)øak
lMGgBMumanRkeBjeT. GUEv manRbEvgBI 2-3 mm.[8] páasURkM sßitenAelITMrEdlmanragdUcPUeKal
ehIypáarbs;vaCaRbePTpáa eQµal b¤páaeTVrePT EdlmanRtbkpáacMnYn 5 manragdUcCILÚv manduHeram
EdltMerobCarag valvate nigRtbkpáa esrI nigmanduHeram eksreQµalmancMnYn 10 ehIyesrI
GUEvmanragx<s; KµanTg manduHeram maneksikacMnYn 2 nigbMBg;eksrjIcMnYn 1. [17]
[Epø]: sURkM manEpøCaRbePTEpøkYr manCatieQI ENn ragmUlBgRkeBI manRbEvg 20 mm nigTTwgTMhM
Q> lkçN³sac;eQI
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
BMuTan;manTinñn½y.
6
fµ)ayeRkomk¾eday b:uEnBMumanduHCaRTg;RTayFMeT. CYnkal eXIjvamandHsuT§EtÉg enAelIdI gneiss.
vaBMumanCak;lak;enaHeT KWvaGaRsy½eTAnwglkçxNÐdI kEnøgTwkrak; b¤k¾dIfµ ehIyvaduHl¥KYrsm
enAelIdIs¶Üt. vamanduHCaRTgRTayFMbMputenAtammat;Twk.[12] vaynPaBdIKYrEtmanCatiGasIuttic
b¤mFüm b¤esÞIrEt NWt nigeRsaHTwk. sURkM Fn;RTaMeTAnwgdIEdlmandk;Twkrak;² nigdIéRb.
RbePTdIEdlmanlkçN³ smRsbcMeBaHedImsURkM KWCadIEdlmanCatiGasIut dI alfisols dIl,b; dI
colluvials dI ferralsols dIsilaRkanIt dIRkYsGacm¾kNþúr dIfµ)ayeRkom dIfµkMe)ar dIfµPk; dI ultisols dI
7
begÁalkñúgsmuRT TUreTHePøIg sg;TUk esarsMrab;cak;kñúgTwk RkalCabøúk² r)aMgkarBar b¤Exl cg¥ÚrrMGil
eFVICasgðarwm nig RkLwgeFVICa]bkrN¾eRbIR)as;kñgpÞH.[17]
[Gnupl]: sMbk nigEpørbs;sURkM eRbIsMrab;eFVICa»sfkñúgRsuk. enA\NÐÚcin eKes¶arvaeFVICafñaMTb;Tl;nwg
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
8
Ggát;p©it 19 cm bnÞab;BIdaMry³eBl 10 qñaM. mCÄmNÐlRsavRCavéRBeQI RbeTsma:eLsIu (FRIM) enA
Arboretum )anbgðajfaeBlEdledImsURkMduH)anGayu 23 qñaM vanwglUtkMBs;)an 26 m
9
RKab;rbs;vaRCuH eBlEdlEpø rbs;vaTMueRbH. RtUveFVIkarrkSaRKab;TukenAkEnøgEdls¶Üt
edIm,IkMueGayva)at;bg;lT§PaBdMNuH bnÞab;BIRbmUl ry³eBlRbEhlCa 3 Ex. tamr)aykarN¾
bgðajfa vaGacrkSaTuk)anl¥ry³eBl 1 qñaM. sURkM mancMnYnRbEhl 3200-4000 seeds/kg.[12]
ykRKab;sURkMecjBIEpø EdlGacrkSaTukry³eBl 1 qñaM RbsinebIrkSaTukenAkEnøgs¶Üt. RKab;sURkM
manlT§PaBdMNuHx<s; eBlEdlsabvaTukenAkñúgmøb; nigeRsac TwkeGay)anRKb;RKan;. RtUvRtaMRKab;
enAkñúgTwkRtCak; ry³eBlBI 4-11 éf¶ edIm,IbegáInlT§PaBdMNuHBI 70% eTA 90% .[12]
RtUveFVIkardaMknU sURkMedaypÞal; edIm,IeGayedImvaduHlUtlas;l¥ nigminRseBanenA eBlsÞúg
BIeRBaHvagaymankarb:HTgÁicCamYykarvivtþn¾énRbBn§½b¤s edaylUt)ankMBs; 30 cm enAkñúg ry³eBlBI
1-2 Ex. karduHeLIgvijedayFmµCatirbs;sURkM mancMnYneRcIn edaykenSamsøwkvalatRtdagFM ragmUl
10
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
11
F> karGPirkS :
BMuTan;manTinñny½.
p> epSg² :
12
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Chudnoff, M. 1984: Tropical Timbers of the World. Agricultural Handbook 607. USDA
Forest Service, Washington D.C. 464 pp.
Keating, W.G. and Bolza, E. 1982: Characteristics, properties and uses of timbers. Vol.1.
Southeast Asia, Northern Australia and the Pacific. Inkata Press Proprietary Ltd.
Melbourne, Sidney, London. 362 pp.
Bennet SSR, Bahadur KN, 1978. Botanical identity of pyinkado and irul. Indian Forester,
104(9):621-624.
Bhat KM, Bhat KV, Dhamodaran TK, 1985. Wood and bark properties of branches of
selected tree species growing in Kerala. KFRI Research Report, Kerala Forest Research
Institute, No. 29:iii + 34 pp.; 34 ref.
Kumar A, Ghosh K, Sinha NK, Dutta SK, 1986. Bark anatomy of Xylia xylocarpa Roxb.
with histo-pharmacognostic evaluation. Journal of Plant Anatomy and Morphology,
3(1):49-54; 14 ref.
Saraf GP, Pai NM, Meshramkar PM, Deb UK, Jaspal NS, 1980. Utilization of a mixture of
Xylia xylocarpa, Terminalia tomentosa and Terminalia paniculata for pulping. IPPTA,
Indian Pulp and Paper Technical Association, 17(2):1-10; 4 ref.
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Sharma RP, Jain RC, Shet SN, 1979. Regional [Goa] volume tables for Xylia xylocarpa
(Roxb.) Taub. Indian Forest Records, Management & Mensuration, 3(4):7 pp.; [2 tab.].
P> ÉksarBieRKaH :
2) Nguyen, N.C. et al.: Vietnam Forest Trees, Hanoi 1997 788 pp.
13
5) Gardner, S., Sidisunthorn, P. and Vilaiwan Anursarnsunthorn, 2000: A
Field Guide to Forest Trees of Northern Thailand. CMU Herbarium Biology Dept.
University of Chiang Mai, Thailand; 546 pp.
11) Heywood, V.D. (Ed.) 1993: Flowering Plants of the World. Oxford
University Press, New York; 336 pp.
17) Sosef, M.S.M., Hong, L.T., and S. Prawirohatmodjo (Eds.) 1998: Plant
Resources of Southeast Asia 5(3) Timber trees: Lesser known timbers. Prosea
Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 859 pp.
20) Salim AS, Simons AJ, Orwa C, Chege J, Ovuor B, and Mutua A, 2002:
Agroforestree Database. World Agroforestry Centre (on CD ROM).
(Internet source)
14
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa
:: Digital Species ::
______________________________________________
snøwkTinñn½y
[Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.]
x> eQµaHCaPasaGg;eKøs ³ Indian jujube, desert apple, Indian plum, Indian cherry,
Zizyphus laccifera,
1
q> cMNat;fñak;rukçCati ³
rC¢³ : Viridiplantae
saxa : Spermatophyta
Gnu-saxa : Angiospermae
fñak; : Dicotyledonae
lMdab; : Rhamnales
RKYsar : Rhamnaceae
ePT : Ziziphus
RbePT : Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
ÉksarBieRKaH: [1]
C> lkçN³CIvsaRsþ :
srésxagkñgú . vamanpÞkú nUvCatitanIn nig "a crystallizable principle, Zizyphic acid" [4] .
[søwk]: søwkmanlkçN³qøas; samBaØa BN’ébtg nigébtgcas; edaymaneramenAxageRkam
2
rbs;BRu TaQb;enAkMLgú Exvickäi a . søwkcas;RCuHenA Exmina eTAemsa nig søwkfµIlUtlas;CabnþbnÞab; .
dUcenH edImeQImni mansøkw enAkñgú ry³eBlxøI elIkElgenAtMbn; raMgs¶Üt [1] .
[páa]: kBa©Mp
ú áazitenACaG½kS sMEb:t ragdUck,al EdlenAkNþalebIk manRbEvg 1-2 cm [6] . kBa©úpM aá
nimYy² man 7-20 énpáaGePT [6] TMhM 2-3 mm [6] TgpáaRbEvg 3-8 mm [6] . RtbkmancMnYn 5
man eramenAxageRkA nigKµaneramenAxagkñúg . RsTab;páa ragpt nigqøHú Kña .
páamankøinkñúgkarTak;TajstVl¥ti sMrab;dMeNIrlMGg . manekscMnYn 5 enAkñgú páa
nigGUva:rImancMnnY BIrft edaymanragdUcEmkcMnnY BIr nigft cMnYn 10 [6] rW cg¥rÚ . enA\NÐa
páaecjenAExkkáda dl;tula [1] .
[Epø]: ecjEpøbnÞab;BIkarecjpáa enAEtmanBN’ébtg ry³eBlbYn ExmunERbCaBN’ elOg
enAeBlTMku úgñ Ex kumÖ³-mIna . enAkñgú éRB BIGayubqI ñaMeLIg BuRTaGacpþl;Epøya:geRcIn enAerogral;qñaM [1]
. EpøragCaes<ó man BN’ébtg eTAelOg TwkRkUc nigRkhmenAeBlTMu . TMhMEpømanGgát;p©itxus²Kña
1.2-2 cm [1] enAkñg ú éRB nig 4 cm [3] enAkñgú cMkar (RbEvg 3.7 cm [1] RbEvg 2.5 cm [2], 6 x
4 cm [6]) . sMbkman lkçN³relag rWeRKIm nigesþIg . EpømanpÞúknUvCatiCU-Ep¥m EdlGacbriePaK)an
3
j> r)a:y nigRbePTdMNuH :
minTan;manTinñn½y .
4
D> lkçx½NÐdI nigtMbn; :
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 7]
N> cMNat;fñak;eQIenAkñúgRbeTskm<úCa :
minmancMNat;fñak; .
ÉksarBieRKaH [8]
6
t> rukçvb,kmµ nigkarRKb;RKg :
7
nUvPaB smRsbcMeBaHBuRTa [1] . edImEdlenAtUcRtUv)ancgP¢ab;CamYybegáal nigRtUv)anéRkEmk BI
4 rW 5 dg edIm,ITTYl)ancenøaHduHlUtlas;l¥ kardaMdMNaMcenøaHenaHk_RtUv)aneFIeV LIgenAkñg ú 2 rW 3
qñaMdMbgU . edImEdl køÚnecjEpøenAqñaMTIBrI nig pþl;pll¥enAqñaMTIbnY .
edImeQIecjpáaenAelIBnøkEdlduHfµI nigRtUvkat;rMelaH edIm,IFanafaBnøk nwgman
kMlaMgRKb;RKan;kgñú karduHlUtlas; pþl;Epø nigKuNPaBl¥ . [6] enAEpñkxøHén RbeTs\NÐa
karduHedayExñg EdlmankMritbTdæanRbB½nr§ ukvç b,kmµ (coppice-with-standarts silvicultural
system) RtUv)anGnuvtþ enAkñg ú xYbrgVli CMu 30 qñaM [1] . edaykarduHExñg BnøkEtmYyRtUv)an Tuk
bnÞab;BIry³eBlmYyqñaM . BIeRBaH karlUtlas;kenSamsøwkFM cenøaHcugeRkaysMrab;edImeQI EdldaMenA
kñúgcMkarKWBI 10 x 10 eTA 12 x 12 m (80-115 edIm/ha) [3] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 6, 7]
[karlUtlas;]: BuRTaduHlUtlas;elOnmFüm EtmankUneQIduHlUtlas;yt W EdlGacmankMBs; 5-10
cm nig 15-35 cm enAqñaMTImyY rW TIBIrdMbUg . karduHlUtlas;GacRtUv)anEklMGr
edaykarcak;bBa©ÚlnUv mycorrhizas cUleTAkñgú dI . eRkamlkçxN ½ ÐFarasaRsþ d_l¥enARbeTs\NÐa
nig)a:KsI aß n )anbgðajfava mankarduHlUtlas;elOn . kMritkMenInGgát;p©itRbcaMqañ MRbEhl 2.5-4 cm
nigkMenInkMBs;Ca mFümenA 0.6-1.7 m RtUv)anraykraN_eday Troup . Luna GHGagfa
kMritlUtlas;kBM s;man ekIneLIgenAeBl edImeQIkan;Etcas; ]TahrN_ enAGayu R)aMqñaM
kMritGgát;p©itekIn 3.2 cm kñúgmYyqñaM nigkMBs; 0.6 cm kñúg mYyqñaM EdlenAGayu 30 qñaM kMritGgát;pit© KW
1.1 cm nigkMBs; 0.2 m kñg ú mYyqñaM [1].
[karlUtlas;rbs;Epø]: EpøecjGaRs½ynwgkardMenIrlMGrkat;edaystVl¥ti dUcCa XµMú
EdlRtUv)anTak;Taj edayTwkdm nigkøin . karbgáat;ExVg ekItmaneLIg eFIeV GayeQIpþl;nUvEpøl¥ .
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
8
edaymankardak;CI nigeRsac Twk TinñplEdlTTYl)anKW 80-200 kg énEpøenAkñgú edImeQImyY (100-
200 kg/edIm [6]) [1].
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 6]
[karebHRbmUlEpø]:EpøRtUv)anRbmUl enAeBlTMu nigcat;fñak;eTAtamTMhM . [1] EpøminTMRu suHKñaenaHeT
9
[karbnþBUCedayRKab;]: enA\NÐa nig)a:KIsaß n kardaMedayRKab;pÞal;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg
edaymineFVRI bRBwtþkmµ RKab; enABak;kNþalExmifuna rW eFIRV bRBwtþkmµRKab;enAExkkáda . enAkñgú fñal
karsabRKab;RtUv)aneFIeV LIg enAExkumÖ³-mIna . sMrab;karsabedaypÞal;
vamansar³sMxan;Nas;kgñú kardak;RKab;eGayRtUvBnøWRBHGaTitü Cagkardak;RKab;enAkñgú møb;
EdlgayeGaygab;nUvdMNuHRKab; . kareFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamun nigkarbMEbksMbk RKab;
eFIdV MNuHGacekItmaneLIgenAkñgú ry³eBl 17 éf¶ [1] (7 éf¶sMrab;karyksMbkecj [6]) nigRKab;
Edlmin)aneFIVRbRBwtþkmµRtUvkarry³eBl 3-6 s)þah_ [1] (4 s)þah_ [6]) kñúgkarduH . smtßPaBdMNuH
nigPaKrymankMritx<s; b:Eu nþmankMritxus²Kña BI 31-95% (40-80% enA\NÐa [1]) nig 27-82% .
RKab; BuRTamankMritdMNuHx<s;bMput enAeBleFIRV bRBwtþkmµCamYy 200 ppm én GA3"[1] . eyagtam
RbPBepSg eTot dMNuHGacyWt nigBi)ak nigRKab;PaKeRcInminGacduH .
enAeBldak;sabenAkñgú fg;enAkñúgfñal kUneQI GacykeTAdaMduH)anbnÞab;BIry³eBl 2-3 Ex [3] .
ÉksarBieRKaH [1, 3, 6]
[karbnþBUCedaysrIragÁ]: eTaHbIedImeQIPaKeRcInduHecjBIRKab; karbnþBUCeday
srIragÁkm_ ankarekIneLIg pgEdr enAeBlEdlmantMrUvkarnUvRbePTBUC Edll¥ .
edImeQIGacRtUv)anbnþBCU tamry³rWsrbs;va kar kat; rWpSaMu karb:HedayBnøkCaedIm . RbePTkUneQI
EdlduHecjBIrWs rWRKab;BRI bePTBuRTaéRB RtUv)an eRbI R)as;CaedImbgáat; .
karb:HedayBnøkRtUv)aneFIeV LIgenArdUvlUtlas; rW muneBlrdUvmUsgu karb:HCaGkS et (T) rWCakg
RtUv)anpþl;Gnusasn_sMrab;viFsI aRsþenH . cMnnY énbec©keTsb:H dUcCa karCa karb:H nigkar
b:HCaTMrg;GNþatxøúy RtUv)aneRbIR)as; edayTTYl)anlT§pll¥CaeKnUvkarb:HCaragGNþatxøúy . ka
rpSaMu k_RtUv)aneFIpV gEdr b:uEnþkarbMe)AmankareBjniymenAkñgú RbeTséf . enARbeTs\NÐa kUneQIEdl
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
10
T> karbMpøaj nigkarkarBar :
RbePTenHminRtUv)ancat;Tukfa CaRbePTRtUv)anKMramkMEhgeT .
ÉksarBieRKaH [7]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
11
b> tMbn;rbs;RbePTenAkñúgBiPBelak (RbPBkMeNIt nigkarnaMcUl) :
[r)a:yelIBiPBelak]:
[RbPBkMeNIt]: RbEhlCamanRbPBBImCÄwmbUBa’ GnuTbIV \NÐa rW cinxagt,Úg . (
p> epSg² :
pUsrV 30(30) mg, vItamIn A 70(50)IU, vItamIn C50-150(23) mg . tMélfamBl 230 (470)kJ
kñúg 100 g [6] . RbPBepSgeTot)anbgðajfa ([3]) : Twk : 64,0-85.0%. RbUetGIun: 0.8-2.2%.
lIBtI : 0.1-0.3%. sár nigemSA: 20.0-32.0%. sarFatuEr: : 0.4-0.7%.tMélkal;LrÚ I: 55-135
cal/100 g [3] .
[4] .
13
nigEpøenAtMbn; GasIuGaeKñym_ ansar³sMxan; kñúgkarvaytMélnUvtMbn;EdlmanskþanuBlsMrab;kar
daMduHdMNaMenH [6] .
[karrkSaTukEpø]:EpøGacRtUv)ankarBarenAkñg
ú TUTwkkk enAkrit 0 C . BYkvaminGacrkSaTuk)anyUrCag
0
6 s)þah_eT [3] .
B> GMnanepSg²eTot :
Bal JS, 1992. Identification of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cultivars through
vegetative and fruit characters. Acta Horticulturae, No. 317:245-253; [23rd International
Horticultural Congress, 27 August-1 September 1990, Florence, Italy]; 5 ref.
[10]
Bisla SS, Daulta BS, 1986. Studies on variability, heritability and genetic advance for
quality traits in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Haryana Journal of Horticultural
Sciences, 15(3-4):175-178; 8 ref.
[10]
Bisla SS, Daulta BS, 1988. Variability and heritability of some growth characters in ber
(Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 45(1-2):29-33; 8 ref.
[10]
von Carlowitz PG, 1991. Multipurpose Trees and Shrubs - Sources of Seeds and
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Inoculants. Nairobi, Kenya: ICRAF.
[10]
Champion HG, Seth SK, Khattak GM, 1965. Forest Types of Pakistan. Peshawar,
Pakistan: Pakistan Forest Institute.
[10]
14
Devi KR, Atluri JB, Reddi CS, 1989. Pollination ecology of Zizyphus mauritiana
(Rhamnaceae). Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. Plant Sciences,
99(3):223-239.
[10]
Gupta RK, 1993. Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation.
Multipurpose trees for agroforestry and wasteland utilisation., xv + 562 pp.; [18 pp. of
ref + refs in text].
[10]
Hocking D, 1993. Trees for drylands. Trees for drylands., xiii + 370 pp.; [Originally
published by Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, India]; 12 pp. of ref.
[10]
Hore JK, Sen SK, 1994. Role of presowing seed treatment on germination, seedling
growth and longevity of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam) seeds. Indian Journal of
Agricultural Research, 28(4):285-289.
[10]
Kalyan Naha, Hajam AG, Lal Chand, 1990. Trials on propagation of shrubs in Kashmir.
Indian Forester, 116(12):938-941.
[10]
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
Kamble AB, Desai UT, Choudhari SM, 1994. Effect of micronutrients on fruit set, fruit
retention and yield of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Annals of Arid Zone, 33(1):53-
55; 7 ref.
[10]
Kundu AB, Barik BR, Mondal DN, Dey AK, Banerji A, 1989. Zizyberanalic acid, a
pentacyclic triterpenoid of Zizyphus jujuba.. Phytochemistry, 28(11):3155-3158; 6 ref.
[10]
15
Kundu SS, Pareek OP, Gupta AK, 1995. Effect of time and severity of pruning on
physico-chemical characteristics and yield of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv.
Umran. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Science, 24(1):23-30; 13 ref.
[10]
Luna RK, 1996. Plantation trees. Plantation trees., xii + 975 pp.; [refs at ends of
sections].
[10]
Mabberley DJ, 1997. The plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants. The
plant-book: a portable dictionary of the vascular plants., Ed. 2:xvi + 858 pp.
[10]
Mawani PB, Singh SP, 1992. Effect of method and time of budding on budding success in
ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) cv. Gola, part-I. Horticultural Journal, 5(1):31-35; 13
ref.
[10]
Nanohar MS, Sen NL, Yadvendra JP, 1986. Phenotypic variation and its heritable
components in some biometric characters in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.). Indian
Journal of Horticulture, 43(1-2):42-45; 7 ref.
Nishi Mathur, Anil Vyas, 1996. Relative efficiency of different VAM fungi on growth and
nutrient uptake in Zizyphus mauritiana. Indian Journal of Forestry, 19(2):129-131; 17
ref.
[10]
Parker RN, 1956. A forest flora for the Punjab with Hazara and Delhi. Lahore, Pakistan:
Government Printing Press.
[10]
16
Patel BH, Upadhyay VR, Muralidharan CM, Judal GS, 1988. Effect of various insecticides
on honey bee, Apis florea Fabricius in 'ber' (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk). Current Science,
57(21):1199-1200; 5 ref.
[10]
[10]
[10]
Shah BH, 1991. Some observations on the effect of forest tree species on ground
vegetation at Pabbi Forest, Kharian. Pakistan Journal of Forestry, 41(4):173-177; 6 ref.
[10]
Sheikh MI, 1980. Effect of different treatments to hasten tree seed germination. Pakistan
Journal of Forestry, 30(4):176-180.
[10]
[10]
Siddiqui S, Gupta OP, 1996. Effect of attached pedicel on the shelf life of ber (Zizyphus
mauritiana Lamk) fruit cv. Kaithli. Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, 1(1):70-72; 6 ref.
[10]
17
[10]
Syamal MM, Rajput CBS, 1989. Effect of pruning on growth, fruiting and fruit quality of
ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.). Indian Journal of Horticulture, 46(3):364-367; 5 ref.
[10]
Troup RS, 1921. The Silviculture of Indian trees. Vols. I-III. London, UK: Oxford
University Press.
[10]
Vyas HN, 1996. Pest complex of Zizyphus mauritiana Lamark. Crop Research Hisar,
11(2):216-218.
[10]
[10]
Yadav LS, Godara NR, 1989. Effect of planting distance and severity of pruning on
flowering, fruit set and fruit retention in ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Umran.
Progressive Horticulture, 21(3-4):325-328; 8 ref.
P> ÉksarBieRKaH
Tinñn½yDICIflRbePTrukçCatiRbeTskm<úCa | snøwkTinñn½y
:
18
[5] PROSEA, 1998: Plant Resources of South East Asia 5 - (3) Timber trees:
Lesser- known timbers.
[6] PROSEA, Plant Resources of South-East Asia 2- Edible fruits and nuts.
[8] Department of Forestry and Wildlife, 1988: Cambodian Forestry Law No. 35,
25th June 1988. Phnom Penh.
19
Production Team
Digital Species
Editorial Coordinator/Datasheet
Editor/Picture Research:
1
Concept Designer and
System Developer:
Samoeun Sothyro
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
Datasheet Editor:
2
Patronage of
Digital Species Project:
Datasheet Editor:
Sou Sontara
Prekleap National School of Agriculture
-Forestry Department
Msc. Forestry
Production Team | Digital Species
3
Datasheet Editor:
Bsc. Forestry
Prekleap National School of Agriculture
Leang Horn
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
4
Datasheet Editor:
Antje Bertram
MSc. Tropical International Forestry
Hout Naborey
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
Production Team | Digital Species
5
Datasheet Translator and Glossary
Collector:
Yeang Donal
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
Datasheet Verifier:
Samoeun Sothyrith
General Medicine
Université de Science de la Santé
Research on Medicinal Plant
6
Photo Collector:
Ha Som Suorsdey
Bsc. Forestry
Royal University of Agriculture
Samoeun Sothyroth
Picture Contributors:
Production Team | Digital Species
7
DED –German Development Service . RUA –Royal University of Agriculture. NaTSystems – Natural Technology Systems. CBNRM LI –
Community Based Natural Resource Management Learning Institute. PNSA – PrekLeap National School of Agriculture.