Reducing Poverty through Zakat System

East West University Submitted by

Department, Economics Kazi Sohag
27-04-2008 2005-2-30-016
This Research Paper is written as Partial Fulfillment for the
Course Eco 490- Research Methodology

Submitted
to
Dr. Amir Hussaint
Adjunct Professor
Department, Economics
East West University
 Abstract

“Reducing Poverty through Zakat System”

Poverty alleviation has been a priority in Bangladesh’s development plans and programs
since 1972. Official and NGO efforts based primarily on IRD (integrated rural
development) and micro-credit models, by 2000 succeeded in eradicating dire poverty
and reducing the overall level to around 50 per cent of the population. Since then
Bangladesh has adopted the UN sponsored MDG which aims to reduce poverty level by
half by 2015. A carefully crafted strategy (PRSP) through much local and international
consultation is essentially based on the elements which succeeded in the 1980s and
1990s.

It is surprising that Zakat, an expressly designed poverty eradication tool, clearly

prescribed in the Holy Qur’an and Sunnah, has been completely ignored in all poverty
alleviation plans and programs in Bangladesh, where more than 85 per cent of the
population are Allah- fearing Muslims. Also, there is confusion and ignorance about true
practices of Zakat in the mind of these people, which resulted in lasting benefits not
accruing to the traditional Zakat receivers.

From the very begging of Bangladesh there are so many NGOs have been running micro
credit poverty alleviation project as well as Government running different types poverty
eradication programs. But The Governmental and Non Governmental PAPs have several
limitations. In order to remove these limitations the Zakat System should be taken in an
efficient way.

If the Zakat system will implement in the way of prescribed in this paper then poverty
might reduce.

3
 Acronyms

i. BBS = Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics

ii. FFW = Food for Work

iii. FFE = Food for Education

iv. HIES = Household Integrated Economic Survey

v. IMF = International Monetary Fund

vi. MDGs = Millennium Development Goals

vii. MACCA = Masjid Council for Community Advancement

viii. NGO = Non Governmental Organization

ix. PAPs = Poverty Alleviation Programs

x. VGD = Vulnerable Group Development

xi. WB = World Bank

4
Acknowledgement

This research paper could not have been written without Dr. Amir Hussain who not only
served as my instructor but also encouraged and challenged me throughout my academic
program. He and the other faculty members, Dr. Enamul Haque, patiently guided me
through the dissertation process, never accepting less than my best efforts. I thank them
all. Then I would like to thank my Uncle, Moulana Abul Kalam Azad, Chairman of
MACCA for giving me very crucial ideas about Zakat. He provided me with much
insight as to how Zakat can reduce poverty that I had no idea how to perform yet. Special
thanks should be given to Dr. S. M. Ali Akkas, Policy Leadership Unit Ministry of
Women, and Children Affairs Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh who
has given me a dynamic Research Paper regarding Zakat. I would like to thank Dr.
Mizanur Rahman, honorable Research Director, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for
supporting me throughout the entire project, and for helping me get through it all. I would
like to thank my beloved Uncles Shah Abdul Hannan, Former secretary, People’s
Republic of Banngladesh and Mr. Azizul Haque, MD Islami Bank Bangladesh limited for
their direction, assistance, and guidance. Finally, words alone cannot express the thanks
to my friends Siddiquer Rahman and Touhidur Rahman, for their encouragement and
assistance.

5
 Contents

Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction
1.2 Survey of Literature
1.3 Methodology

Chapter 2: Why the poverty is sustaining in Bangladesh

2.1 Poverty situation

2.2 Rich- Poor gap
2.3 Micro- credit
2.4 Government safety net programs
2.5 Root cause in the Failure of Poverty Alleviation Programs

Chapter 3: Zakat

3.1 What is Zakat

3.2 Misconception About Zakat
3.3 Why Zakat
3.4 Principal of Zakat
3.5 Uniqueness of Zakat
3.6 Role of Zakat in reducing dependence on IMF, WB

Chapter 4: How Zakat Reduces poverty:

4.1 Aggregate Zakat Receipts: Rural and Urban

4.2 Interventions by Zakah to Eradicate Urban Poverty
4.3 How Much of the Poverty Gap Zakah Can Cover

Chapter 5: Implementation

5.1 How the program should be run?

5.2 Ideal village project
5.3 Survey Report
5.4 Strategy
5.5 How they Generating Income

Conclusion

6
Chapter 1

1.1 Introduction:-“Poverty Eradication” is the very important aspect of millennium

development goals. One question may arise that what should be the best instrument to
reduce poverty? We have already seen the governmental and non government
intervention to alleviate poverty which leaves seasonal and poor impact on the goal.
Therefore a continuous process should be taken like Zakat (Islamic compulsory
charity). In the proposed study I seek to examine whether Zakat reduce poverty or
not.

1.2 Survey of Literature

Although the concept of Zakat based reducing poverty is very older since 600 AD but the
system is not yet well known to us. None of modern economist came to develop the
theory of “Zakat based poverty reducing System” except a few. The notable studies M
Umar Chapra1, AbulHasan Muhammad Sadeq2. But in the perspective view of
Bangladesh, Dr. S. M. Ali Akkas3 has formed the concept of An Islamic Alternative to
Poverty Alleviation: The “PARSHI” (Neighbourhood) Model. This paper will proceed
based on “An Islamic Alternative to Poverty Alleviation: The “PARSHI”
(Neighbourhood) Model” by Dr. S. M. Ali Akkas. Note that this model is running in
Chandirchar, Zagir Manikgonj Sadar Upazailla by MACCA. This paper has picked up
the empirical evidence from the Piloting project by MACCA4.

1.3 Methodology
The type of research paper is as follows descriptive and analytical which will include
surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds.

Sources of Data: “Reducing Poverty through Zakat System” is based on time serious data
which has been directly collected from MACCA unit of Ideal Village Project. Here is
taken mainly two types of data i) Socio-Economic Background of Villagers (procured in
December, 2005) ii) Monthly disbursement and saving as well as income changes.
Also there are some secondary data has been adopted.

1
M. Umer Chapra, Islam and Economic Development, The International Institute of Islamic Thought and
Islamic Research Institute, 1993, Chapters 3 and 4.
2
“Economic growth in an Islamic economy”, International Islamic University Press, 1991, pp. 55- 72.
3
Policy Leadership Unit Ministry of Women and Children Affairs Government of the People’s Republic of
Bangladesh

4
NGO Masjid Council for Community Advancement
7
Sample size selection: The frame of sample is eight neighborhood and every neighbor
contains 30 -40 families. Here is one neighborhood has been taken randomly which
neighborhood contains 30 families.

Data processing: Collected all the raw data has been entered in to computer software
(SPSS) and analyzed them in accordance with objectives of the study.

Chapter 2: Why the poverty is sustaining in Bangladesh

2.1 Poverty situation

In recent days though poverty rate is declining but the number of poor people is
increasing. Poverty has been reduced 7% during 1991 to 2005, but total number of poor
people increased 4.4 million in this period. On the other hand, only from 2000 to 2005,
number of hard core poor people increased 3 million. According to latest survey of HIES
2005 of BBS, 56 million people live under poverty line. In 1991-92 total number of poor
people was 51.6 million and in 1995-96 increasing number reached at 55.3 million. In
2000 number of poor people was 55.8 million. From 1991 to 2005 in this 15 years more
than 4.4 million people has been added to poverty line5.

2.2 Rich- Poor gap

“A nation is poor because they are poor” while it’s true for the nation also true for the
individual because they can’t involve themselves into the economic activities and the
main reasons are behind their malnutrition, less education, no vocational training and so
on. Therefore the gap between rich have been fostering day after day. Rising
unemployment and declining share of the poorer populaces in national income are two
major challenges for the country in achieving the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs), says a government report. In 1992, the Poor’s share in national income was 6.5
percent. But it dropped to 5.3 percent in 2005, marking a decline of 18.46 percent in 13
years. One of the shortcomings in Bangladesh’s effort to attain MDGs is failure to make
growth process sufficiently pro-poor, says the report, adding that depleting share of the
poorer segments of the society in national income and consumption shows that the poor
are not benefiting from the growth. “Appropriate interventions are required so that
benefits of economic growth reach the poorest quintile”. Observes the report prepared by
Planning Commission on progress toward MDGs.
5
BBS
8
2.3 Micro- credit

From the very begging of Bangladesh there are so many NGOs have been running micro
credit poverty alleviation project even though the number of hardcore people increasing
day after day. This paper is not against any micro credit or any development programs.
The study regarding NGO found out a few limitations those limitations are highly
interrupting the mechanism of reaching goal. The limitations are following 6

o MFIs are not economically viable due to lack of fund mobilization and high
administrative cost.

o MFIs need to depend on grant of donors which is by naturally unsustainable.

o The type of activity for which the funds are used money also be low productivity
activities.

o Institutions do not server the poorest, who are either not given loan or drop out
of credit schemes.

o Grameen Bank borrowers often take loans from other sources to pay installments
and are trapped in spiraling debt cycle

o Compounded interest impositions

o The declared objective of targeting women as recipients of fund is to empower

them. But targeting the women as beneficiaries of credit by MFIs create tension
within the household and increase frustration and violence in the family.

o Some groups of people are not addressed by NGOs, such as a) poorer men b)
hardcore poorest women those who can’t payback c) those who are physically
disorder

66
CDF: Microfinance Statistics, 2002.
9
2.4 Government safety net programs

Government safety net programs are often seasonal and poor impact on the goal. The
safety net programs are basically Food for Works (FFW}, Food for Education (FFE), and
vulnerable Group Development (VGD) Program for disadvantage women and Test Relief
(TR). Among these programs FFW is the largest and second largest programs is the FF. it
is evident that the highest level of delivery of those programs took place in 1995-96
distributing 1078 thousand metric tons of wheat costing Tk. 13,970.9 million and 70
thousand tons of rice valued Tk. 907.2 million. That means, food grains costing a total of
Tk. 14,878.1 million were distributed in 1995-96. It should be noted that the safety net
programs are based on donors’ humanitarian grants with high degree of fluctuations. At
the same time, it is hardly a net transfer mechanism since FFW, the major component of
the safety net programs, is given as wage to construct and repair rural infrastructure7.

Even though there are few poorer areas where the development programs can’t reach
such as
o The people are deprived from FFW programs those who are not capable to work
o The programs don’t run through out the year
o Development programs regard as improving infrastructure which can’t foster the
situation of poorest people.

2.5 Root cause in the Failure of Poverty Alleviation Programs

o PAPs are bound to be unsustainable because of donor dependence
o Inability to provide initial basic minimum ownership- capital.
o Less organizational sustainability due to low capital productivity

Chapter 3: Zakat

3.1 What is Zakat

Zakaat (Arabic: ‫ ةاكز‬zakaat or zakāh, meaning 'grow', 'purify', or 'foster') is the Islamic
concept of tithing and alms. It is an obligation on Muslims to pay 2.5% of their wealth to
specified categories in society when their annual wealth exceeds a minimum level
(nisab). Zakat is one of the Five Pillars of Islam.

7
Ibid.
10
3.2 Misconception About Zakat

Most of people Most of the people of our country think that Zakat is charity but
according to holy Qur’an the people are ought to give the Zakat if his or her wealth is
above the nisab level. Another common misconception of people that Zakat is only
applicable on the gold, money and nothing else but a pure hadith may crystallize this
perception

Nisb

1. Gold: The Nisab for Gold is 3 oz/100 gms.

2. Silver: The Nisab for Silver is 21 oz or 700 gms.
3. Cash: The Nisab for Cash is an equivalent to the value of the Nisab of Silver. The
evaluation on the basis of Silver was the practice of all the Sahaba, Imams and rulers,
therefore on this basis all Muslims have to pay Zakat. Since the price of Silver is less than
that of Gold this makes easier for large number of people to contribute.
4. Merchandise and Inventories: The Nisab for Merchandise and inventories is the same
as Nisab for Cash. Note: Stocks and shares are considered same as cash and inventories.
However tools, equipments, and machinery used in business are excluded from Zakat
deduction. This means they are not Zakatable.

3.3 Why Zakat

It is already mentioned above the limitations of PAPs so far have been taken in our
country. In order to solve all the limitations another form of PAP should be taken like
Zakat. More over Zakat is not man made instrument rather it is divinely. It is that system
which narrows gap between the haves and the have-nots, for which the socialists had
been relentlessly fighting during the bygone century, but failed. It is not a fiction but a
part of the recorded history that during the rule of Hazrat Omar (Ra.), the Second Caliph
of Islam, there was not a single man to accept Zakat. All men became rich enough to be
able to give Zakat within 5 years of the introduction of the Zakat system8. Why was the
system proved to be so successful?

The answer is simple. Because, it came from Allah, the Almighty, who is the creator of
everything. Allah, who created men, knows very well how to solve the economic
problems.

8
History of Islam
11
3.4 Principal of Zakat
There are four basic principal of Zakat those are following
o Economy well being within frame work of model of Islam
o Universal brotherhood and Justice
o Equitable distribution of wealth
o Individual freedom within context of social welfare

3.5 Uniqueness of Zakat

o Pure transfer from rich to poor
o Direct incentive on the poor people
o No interest and no payback
o Hardcore poorer peoples are addressed by Zakat
o Those who are not addressed by any other PAPs, Zakat addressed to them.
o Zakat does not increase poverty
o Whatever the amount that is very small portion
o Making down flow of money
o Bridge between rich and poor
o Zakat reduces social crime

3.6 Role of Zakat in reducing dependence on IMF, WB

The experts in Islamic economy say that in Bangladesh every year ten thousand crore of
Taka, which is almost one fifth of our national budget of the current fiscal, can be
realized as Zakat. And by proper distribution of this Zakat money through the state
machinery, poverty, which is at the root of our lingering backwardness, can be eradicated
in ten years only. Moreover, we can reduce substantially, our dependence on the IMF and
the World Bank

Chapter 4: How Zakat Reduces poverty:

4.1 Aggregate Zakat Receipts: Rural and Urban
Fig-1 shows total
amount of Zakat (Zakat Fig-1: Zakah Collectable in Bangladesh
& Ushr) to be collected
in Bangladesh during the 160,000
period under simulation.
110,517

140,000
100,919

An amount of Tk.
91,777

120,000
83,751
In Million Tk.

28,337 million may be

76,080

100,000
69,254
65,149

collected as Zakat
61,175
57,516
53,187

80,000
49,698
47,213

44,224

(including Ushr) in the

60,000
base year of the
40,000
simulation, which stands
at Tk. 47,213 million in 20,000

1998 and becomes 0

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

Tk.110,517 million in
20109. Zakah Bangladesh

9
Bureau of Islamic Economic
12
4.2 Interventions by Zakah to Eradicate Urban Poverty
Urban poverty gap is
Fig-2: Percent of Urban Poverty Gap could be
estimated to be Tk. 2,666 in covered by Urban Zakah
1997. That means both
100.0%
urban ultra and very poor
80.0%
can be covered by Zakah 60.0%

receipts each year. Per 40.0%

20.0%
capita Zakah receipts by
0.0%
urban ultra and very poor 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

being Tk. 3,756 they can be Zakah/Poverty Gap:Urban

brought under immediate

intervention for poverty alleviation. If so, per household annual Zakah receipts would be
around Tk. 22,536. In 1999 per capita Zakah receipts by urban ultra and very poor would
be Tk 4,221 which would lead to a per household annual Zakah receipts of Tk. 25,326.
The amount, if provided at a time, should form an initial capital for running at least a
subsistent level livelihood possibly without requiring further help in the next year10.

Table-1: Interventions to alleviate urban poverty

Time 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Per capita Zakah
receipt by ultra poor 12,686 13,957 14,255 15,382 15,950 16,669 17,744 18,881 20,076
Per capita Zakah
receipt by very poor 5,337 5,871 5,996 6,471 6,710 7,012 7,464 7,943 8,446
Per capita Zakah
receipt by ultra &
very poor 3,756 4,133 4,221 4,555 4,723 4,935 5,254 5,591 5,945
Per capita Zakah
receipt by moderate
poor 3,409 3,750 3,830 4,133 4,286 4,479 4,768 5,073 5,395
Source: Model generated data based on simulation run of the 26-Sector CGE model.

10
Bureau of Islamic Economic
13
 Assuming that ultra and very poor are covered in the first year of urban intervention
for poverty alleviation, all moderate urban poor can be covered immediately in the next 1
(one) year. That means, within two years time it would be possible to eradicate income
poverty (in terms of calorie intake). This will allow release of urban Zakah money from
the third year to make available for eradication of moderate poverty in rural Bangladesh.
This strategy, if pursued, will lessen the period of eradicating poverty of rural moderate
poor to 5 (five) years instead of 10.5 years.

4.3 How Much of the Poverty Gap Zakah Can Cover

Strength of Zakah as a poverty alleviation tool depends on how much of the
prevailing poverty gaps would be financed by Zakah proceeds. The strength can be
measured by portion of poverty gap that Zakah can finance at rural and urban areas. This
rural-urban segregation does not have any legal implication but it provides insights on the
effect of interventions pursued on regional basis. The information so received may help
preparing policies which will encourages resources to be transferred wherever these
would be of best use.

It is quite
evident from the F ig - 3 : P e r c e n t o f R u r a l P o v e r ty G a p
c o u ld b e c o v e r e d b y R u r a l Z a k a h
Fig-3 that Zakah
collected from rural 1 0 0 .0 %

area can cover only 8 0 .0 %

14.8% of the rural 6 0 .0 %

4 0 .0 %
poverty gap in
2 0 .0 %
1997. The coverage
0 .0 %
rises over time and
97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05
19

19

19

20

20

20

20

20

20

becomes 24.7% in
200511. Z a k a h /P o v e rty G a p :R u r a l

Chapter 5:
Implementation

5.1 How the program should be run

11
Bureau of Islamic Economic
14
The program would be more than establishing charitable centers covering area of
population that forms neighborhood. Basis of the program would be the notable sayings
of the Prophet (S.M) that “those who go to bed leaving their neighbors unfed are not
Muslims”. This will be an initiative, which will work for a hunger-free community able
to discharge their duty as vicegerents of God. The program components may include
Zakah assistance to eligible persons with a view to build enabling environment for them
so that they are able to lead a sustainable livelihood. Assistance, capacity building, socio-
economic and religious orientations for discharging the responsibility of vicegerency
would be some of the important functions of the program. It would be ideal if the
neighborhood community can be based centering a mosque.

5.2 Ideal village project

Based on the previous experience in the area of community development, MACCA is

now piloting this project. It adopts an integrated approach to community development.
The core concept behind the project is strengthening relationships among the neighbors-
making them sensitive to the needs of others living in the community. The core
component of the project is Parshi. A Parshi (a Bengali word means neighbor),
involving 30-40 people of the same locality (mainly neighbors) living under poverty, sits
together to sort out their problems and solutions as well to them. PRA tool is applied to
identify community needs. In a community there can be a number of Parshi(s). It has
various development components such as health, sanitation, education, income
generation, capacity building, and leadership building etc. Resourceful community people
contribute to financial support of the project in the form of Zakat. Apart from individual
zakat money, the Zakat Board of the GoB also supports the project. In all interventions
community ownership is ensured. Participation in the program is family based and gender
equity is strictly maintained. The vision of the project is to solve the community
problems through community leadership and preferably through community resources.
The major tasks of MACCA under the project are to enhance the capacity of the Parshi
people, link them up with existing service delivery institutions, and mobilize community
resources etc.

The total program is run by the active participation of the beneficiaries. The
program currently runs in Chandirchar Village under Zagir Union Parishad in Manikgonj
Sadar Upazailla. The number of Parshi stands as of now 8 that engage approximately 300
people. The project is expected to be replicated in other parts of the country after the
successful completion of the piloting

15
5.3 Survey Report

Here is taken only one Parshi as research study the Parshi no 1. The Parshi 1 has been
formed with 30 members in December 2005. The MACCA surveyed their Scio-economic
status which is given below

Parshi 1

Chandirchar, Zagir Manikgonj Sadar Upazailla

Economic Background

Table 2

No of No of Family Monthly Monthly Area of Involvemen

Families Members Income Expenditure Land t in
(average) (average) Another
(average) NGO( in
percentage)
30 4 2500 tk 2600 tk 25 90%
(Satangsa)

Occupation

Table 3

Small Business Agriculture Rickshaw Daily Labor Service

puller
5 7 5 7 5

17% 17%
Small Business
Agriculture
Rickshaw puller
24% 25% Daily Labor
Service
17%

5.4 Strategy

16
The strategy of MACCA is almost similar with other Microcredit system. At first
MACCA has form an authority there to make a best use of their money and trying to
make sure an optimum use of money by the recipients. At the initial stage MACCA gave
them 100000 taka (one lac taka) to the authority instead of hand of the members in
December, 2005, so each member was receivable 3333 taka approximately. Thereafter
every member was allowed to take the loan according to his/her needs to invest in income
generating something as prescribed by the authority. The members are not in a position
for investment, has been getting 12.5% profit against his deposit. If any member takes a
loan more than that of his or her deposit he/she is liable to share 12.5% profit or loss he
earned against his/ her investment. Beside of this each member who withdraws his/her
deposit he/she is ought to give installment 25 taka against 1000 taka per month. Like this
way the authority is circulating the money. In one word they are following the strategy of
Islamic Banking system.

5.5 How they Generating Income

For example those who are the Rickshaw pullers they used to hire a Rickshaw with 50
taka as a rent per day. If he earns 150 taka per day he would have 100 taka left over his
hand from that of view his income level has gone up by 1500 taka per month after
purchasing Rickshaw by the Zakat money. Let’s take another example those who are
farmers now they are able to purchase seeds, fertilizer, pesticide etc on the time and after
harvesting the farmers very easily pay back. Then those who are little bit physically weak
they are running small business. These are mechanism to foster the velocity money which
role of Islamic economic system. The growth of their income level is following

5.6 Progress Report

Descriptive Statistics
N Minimum Maximum Mean
INCOME 30 88000 151905 122961.26
Valid N (listwise) 30

Initial Income 88000 taka

Current Income 151905 taka
Total Growth of Income 63905 taka
Growth per Month 22961.26
Rate of Growth 1.9% per Month
Rate of Growth 22.8% per Year

This project will continue there until making them able to give Zakat. Then the project
will switch to another poor place.

17
Conclusion

The task of every Muslim ummah in creating solidarity with the poor is to struggle with
them to eradicate social injustice and poverty. People do not wish to be poor or simply
happen to be poor. Their poverty is largely the byproduct of capitalism and oppression.
And this is why the Quran stresses the importance of zakat within the society and as an
obligation of the Muslim ummah.

The call for a reliable and efficient zakat collection system is only one side of the coin.
We needed a two-pronged approached to this issue. Firstly, the real standing issues are
whether we as individuals have done our duty to Allah by giving zakat to the relevant
authorities and secondly, whether this fund is managed in a manner that will result in
reducing the poverty rates, dependency and to a large extend creating sustainable
employment for the intended recipients as laid out in the Quran.

18
Bibliography

Name Sources
Amount of Zakat Masjid Council for Community Advancement (MACCA)
Literature survey The holy Quran and authentic hadith, Akkas, S.M.Ali (1999) An Islamic
Altrnative to Poverty Alleviation: The “PARSHI” (Neighborhood) Model
Income Inequality through Akkas, S.M.Ali (1999) An Islamic Altrnative to Poverty Alleviation: The
“PARSHI” (Neighborhood) Model
market mechanism
Zakat collectable in Bureau of Islamic economics
Bangladesh
Poverty classification Internet
http://www.zakatguide.org/english/zakat_guidelines.html
Percent of Rural Poverty An Islamic Alternative to Poverty Alleviation: The “PARSHI”
(Neighbourhood) Model Paper Presented By
Gap could be covered by
Rural Zakat Dr. S. M. Ali Akkas
Policy Leadership Unit
Ministry of Women and Children Affairs
Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh
Paper Presented in the
International Seminar on
Islamic Alternative to Poverty Alleviation: Zakat, Awkaf and Microfinance
24-26 November 2006

1
Other sources HDR 2005 – Country Fact Sheets, Bangladesh,
http:/hdr.undp.org/statistics/data/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_BGD.html
1
Akkas, S. M. Ali (1999). Simulating Role of Zakat in Poverty
Alleviation of Bangladesh under a Dynamic Computable General
Equilibrium Model, Policy Studies Series 1, Centre for Development
Studies and Services Network, Dhaka.

Thank you

19