Works Cited

Primary Sources: 3

Lincoln, Abraham, “Letter to Nathaniel P. Banks”, August 5, 1863, as found on:

“TeachingAmericanHistory.org”,
http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=587

This letter gives evidence as to how Lincoln wished to reform the country,
but in a more informal manner. It was not written as an amendment or a bill,
just a regular letter to a correspondent. By looking at what Lincoln
actually wanted, I can compare it to the plan that he proposed to Congress in
December of 1863.

Lincoln, Abraham, “The Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction” excerpted

from the book: U.S., Statutes at Large, Treaties, and
Proclamations of the United States of America, vol. 13 (Boston,
1866), pp. 737–39, as shown on the website: Freedmen and
Southern Society Project,
http://www.history.umd.edu/Freedmen/procamn.htm

Before the War had ended, President Lincoln saw that the fighting was
coming to a close and drew an outline of a plan to rebuild the nation.
Lincoln’s plan, called the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction,
explained the process by which states that had seceded could be readmitted
to the Union. Although freed slaves are addressed, it is not clear what
Lincoln intended to do in an attempt to incorporate them into society as
equals to whites.

The Constitution, The Fourteenth Amendment, as seen from the website: “LII /
Legal Information Institute 14th Amendment Amendment XIV”, May 3,
2010, Cornell University Law School,
http://topics.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv

At one point during my research, I came across the 14th Amendment, but my
source did not explain it. This website shows the Amendment
word- for- word from the Constitution, and I learned that no person no
person who participated in the rebellion can hold any government office,
and that the debt acquired by the Confederate states during the war is not to
be paid and is to be considered void.
Secondary Sources: 15

Allard, Phil, “Civil War: Reconstruction”, February 21, 2006, Issues and
Controversies in American History, April 14 2010,
http://www.magicalcat.com/H_reconstruction.htm

Journalist Phil Allard’s article compares the plans Lincoln had to reconstruct
the nation after the Civil War and the plans that Andrew Johnson carried out.
For the most part, Johnson carried out the plans that Lincoln had intended
for the healing country, and was not as harsh to Confederate states as
some would have hoped. By giving the responsibility of setting policies for
newly freed slaves to the states instead of the federal government, he
allowed the states to create “Black Codes” that severely limited their
freedom.

Bishop, Jim, The Day Lincoln was Shot, New York and Evanston, Harper &
Row Publishers, 1955

Author Jim Bishop, once the founding editor of Gold Medal Books and
former executive editor Liberty magazine, writes a detailed hour-by-hour
account of the day Abraham Lincoln was shot and the President’s last hours.
This book included a chapter titled “The Days Before”, and talked about
the unsteady government during the time of the War, as well as Lincoln’s
wavering health. This particular chapter began to help me understand the
revolutionary part of the assassination.

Clark, Champ, The Assassination; Death of the President. Alexandria, Time-Life

Books, 1987

In his book, Champ Clark (Time-Life Books senior editor and journalism
lecturer at the University of Virginia) provides a detailed account of the
events leading up to, during, and after the assassination of President
Abraham Lincoln. The many changing plans of John Wilkes Booth and his
fellow conspirators are included, as well as an in-depth description of the
chase and capture of the assassinator and the trial of his co-conspirators.
This source helped me understand exactly what happened, which will help
me understand how it relates to the revolution, reaction, reform theme.
Gipson, Lawrence, “The Statesmanship of President Johnson: A Study of the
Presidential Reconstruction Policy”, The Mississippi Valley Historical
Review Vol. 2 No. 3, (December, 1915) : pages 363-383

Lawrence Gipson provides an insight into the plans President Andrew

Johnson carried out to reconstruct the nation after the Civil War. Before he
became President, Johnson had said that the Confederates were deserving of
hanging and punishment, but did not follow through with this idea during his
presidency.

Fuke, Richard Paul, “Hugh Lennox Bond and Radical Republican Ideology”, The
Journal of Southern History Vol. 45 No. 4, (November, 1979), page
569-586

In a tribute to Hugh Lennox Bond, Richard Paul Fuke discusses the Radical
Republicans’ ideas for Reconstruction. Fuke engages in the Radical’s ideas
for freed slaves and how they differed from Conservatives and Democrats.
By getting an idea of the Radical Republicans’ plans for Reconstruction, I
was able to look into how they were a reaction to Lincoln’s plans and how
they helped reform the country.

Lindop, Edmund, Assassinations that Shook America, New York Chicago

London Toronto Sydney, Franklin Watts, 1992

Renowned author Edmund Lindop, holder of a master’s degree in history

from the University of Southern California, penned a collection of stories of
important assassinations in American History. His synopsis of Abraham
Lincoln’s assassination includes an outline of the Reconstruction that
followed compared to what Lincoln had in mind for the nation. Lindop tells
of President Johnson’s ideas clashing with those of Congress and the Radical
Republicans, and ends with Johnson’s impeachment. This source provided
helpful information for both the reaction and reform pieces of my
project.
Morris, Richard, “Lincoln in the National Memory”, Copyright 2010,
Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, April 14, 2010, http://
www.deathreference.com/Ke-Ma/Lincoln-in-the-National-Memory.html

Vietnam War veteran and Harvard graduate Richard Morris writes an

overview of the time period when Lincoln was assassinated. Lincoln had
been only a moderately-popular president, and had received many
threatening letters prior to his assassination. The War had recently ended
when Booth fired his deadly shot, and Lincoln was not able to carry out his
plans to reconstruct the nation.

*Montgomery, David, Beyond Equality Labor and the Radical

Republicans 1862-1872, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1967

Yale University History Professor David Montgomery discusses the Radical

Republicans, the black race, and labor from 1862-1872. The Radicals
believed that the seceded states had forfeited their political rights, and that
Negroes should received full citizenship and universal suffrage. Although
labor and the economy is discussed frequently in this book and does not
pertain to my topic, it was very helpful in informing me of the views of the
Radicals on Reconstruction.

*Murphy, Richard W., The Nation Reunited, Alexandria, Time-Life Books,

Copyright 1987

Author Richard W. Murphy discusses in great detail the events following the
assassination of Abraham Lincoln. Murphy follows Johnson and Congress
as they fight to reform the South and try to “reunite” the nation. This in
depth book gave me a good idea of how Reconstruction happened.
“President Lincoln’s Funeral”, Copyright 1999-2010, Mr. Lincoln’s White
House, The Lincoln Institute, April 14, 2010,
http:// www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=213&subjectID=2

This article from a website dedicated to President Lincoln discusses

Lincoln’s funeral and funeral train. Thousands upon thousands of
Americans paid their respects to the President, whether at his funeral, at the
Capitol, or on the streets, waiting for the procession to pass. The Nation’s
reaction to this event is very important to our theme, and this source
provided good information about how the American people reacted to this
tragedy.

*“Radical Republican Reconstruction Plan”, date unknown, United States

History, May 16, 2010, http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h180.html

This website dedicated to United States History focuses on the Radical goals
of Reconstruction. The had three main goals, and feared that if black
suffrage was not achieved, Congress would fall back into the hands of the
Democrats. They believed that if blacks were given the right to vote, they
would support the Republican party.

*“Radical Republicans”, date unknown, Spartacus Educational, May 15,

2010, http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USASradical.htm

Spartacus Educational website explains that Radical Republicans’ thoughts

on Lincoln and his proposed Reconstruction Plan. It discusses the
Wade- Davis Bill, in which the Radicals tried to alter Lincoln’s Recon
struction Plan to make it slightly harder for the Southern states to get back
into the Union. However, Lincoln did not approve of it, and vetoed it.
Reconstruction The Second Civil War, DVD, WGBH Educational
Foundation, 2004.

This documentary began with some of Lincoln’s ideas for Reconstruction,

which included Lincoln sending Edward Stanton to Georgia to hear how
some of the freed slaves imagined their future in the South. After the
assassination, Andrew Johnson took over, and he wanted a quick
Reconstruction with as little alteration of the Constitution and black civil
rights as possible. Radical Republicans believed in a longer process, and as
Johnson expressed his views that the South was a white man’s country, more
and more conservatives began to side with the Radicals and turn against the
President.

*Trefousse, Hans L., Impeachment of a President: Andrew Johnson,

the Blacks and Reconstruction, no city given, Fordham University
Press, 1999

American author, historian, and professor of history at Brooklyn College

Hans L. Trefousse writes of the Reconstruction process and Andrew
Johnson. Along with Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction, Trefousse also
includes the Radical Republicans’ views, and dives into the impeachment of
Mr. Johnson. This book helped me research the Reaction and Reform pieces
of my project.

Winik, Jay, April 1865, New York, HarperCollins Publishers Inc., Copyright
2001

Renowned historian Jay Winik’s bestseller, April 1865, recounts arguably

the most important month in American history. Winik recounts many
important events, including Lincoln’s River Queen Doctrine, in which he
gives an outline of how he plans to reconcile the Union. It also includes
small accounts of the Radical Republican’s intentions and Andrew
Johnson’s plans.