Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPRESSION
Definition. : a dental impression is a negative replica of the tissues of the oral cavity.
B) Edentulous
i) Primary
E.g. Impression compound
Impression plaster
Alginate
ii) Secondary
e.g. ZOE impression paste
Elastomers for CD
B) mechanical mixing
b) non perforated
e.g. Impression compound
B) special tray
i) base plate wax
e.g. Zoe impression paste
medium body
ii) resin.
IDEAL REQIUREMENTS OF IMPRESSION MATERIAL
10. adequate strength so it will not break or tear on removal from the mouth.
11. dimensional stability over temp. & humidity ranges normally found in clinical &
lab. Procedures for a period long enough to permit the production of a cast or die.
15. no release of gas or other by products during the setting of the impression or cast
Classification:
Acc to ADA sp. No.3:
Type I:
low fusing compound – green stick compound.
medium fusing compound – impression compound.
Type II:
high fusing compound – tray compound.
Supplied as:
1. as sticks, cakes, & cones.
2. colors – green, brown, red.
Applications:
Type I:
For making primary impressions.
For individual tooth impression
For peripheral tracing or border moulding.
To check undercuts in inlay preparation.
Type II:
To make a special tray.
Composition
Rosin 30
Copal resin 30
Carbuna wax 10
Stearic acid 5
Talc 25
Coloring agent app.
Properties:
Thermal properties
i) thermal conductivity:
has low thermal conductivity.
Significance:
• during softening of the material , the outside will soften first & inside last.
So to ensure uniform softening the material should be kept immersed for a
long time in water bath.
• the layer adjacent to the mouth tissue swill remain soft. Therefore Its imp
to cool the compound thoroughly before removing the impression.
iii) Flow
high fusing compounds – < 2% at 37 .C & < 70-85 % at 45.C
low fusing compounds - < 3% at 37 C & < 80-85% at 45 C
impression compound to be manipulated at least 8 .C for adequate flow.
v) Fusion Temp.
• it’s the temp. at which the impression compound becomes plastic.
• Its 43.5.C
Manipulation
Sticks
Small amt. softened over flame
Cakes
Softened in a thermostatically controlled water bath.
Precautions:
o prolonged immersion in a water bath is not indicated
o overheating In water makes the compound sticky & difficult to handle.
o avoid incorporating water while kneading.
Advantages:
1. cheap
2. reusable
3. does not produce irritation to the patient
4. impression can be remodified & resoftned again till an accurate impression is
obtained.
5.
Disadvantages:
1. difficult to record details accurately.
2. Soft tissues are compressed due to pressure applied while taking the impression.
3. Distortion.
4. Difficult to remove undercuts.
5. Does not have an pleasant taste.
6. Can be uncomfortable in patients because of the rigidity.
ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL PASTE
Introduction
Produce a rigid impression.
High degree of accuracy & good surface reproduction of details.
Is irreversible, sets by chemical change.
Classification:
ADA specification No. 16
Type I or hard
Type II or soft
Available as
In paste form in 2 tubes
Base paste (white)
Accelerator/ reactor/catalyst paste (red)
Composition:
Base Paste:
Zinc oxide 87 %
Olive oil /linseed oil 13%
Accelerator paste:
Oil of cloves 12%
Gum or polymerized rosin 50%
Filler (silica type) : 20%
Lanolin 3%
Resinous balsam 10%
Accelerator solution 5%
Setting Reaction :
ZnO + H2O Zn (OH)2
Manipulation:
• Dispense equal length of the 2 pastes. Variation in length alters setting time.
• Paper pad is used as a mixing slab & a stiff stainless steel spatula with an 8-10 cm
blade should be used.
• Mixing is done for 30-40 sec. until no color streaks in the mix & a uniform
consistency is obtained.
Setting time:
Properties:
i) consistency & flow
thick consistency compress the tissues.
Biologic considerations:
Some patients experience burning sensation in the mouth due to eugenol
& can also cause tissue irritation. This maybe overcome by using a non
eugenol paste.
Uses:
1. cementing & insulating medium
2. temporary filling
3. root canal filling material
4. surgical pack in periodontal surgical procedures.
5. bite registration pastes
6. temporary relining material for dentures.
7. impression material for edentulous patients.
Advantages:
1. Good dimensional stability
2. good detail reproduction
3. impression surface can be modified by adding in deficient areas
4. easy to manipulate
5. long working time, so border moulding can be done while relining
dentures.
Disadvantages
1. burning sensation due to eugenol.
2. messy to work with
3. sticks to skin & instruments , difficult to clean.
4. rigid so tends to break off in areas of undercuts.
ALGINATE
Introduction:
• Comes from the term ‘algin’ coined by Scottish chemist.
• It is an elastic irreversible hydrocolloid because its sets by
chemical reaction.
Types:
Type I fast setting : 1-2 min.
Type II normal setting : 2-4.5 min.
Available as :
1. bulk powder
2. preweighed packages
3. color changes alginates: violet during mixing, pink when ready to be seated
white when set
Composition:
Setting reaction:
Setting Time:
Type I (fast set) : 1-2min
Type II (normal) : 2-4.5 min.
Manipulation :
aerate the powder by inverting the can several times. This ensures uniform
distribution of the filler before mixing. The top of the can should be taken off
carefully to prevent the silica particles from being inhaled. The proper W/P ratio
as pacified by the manufacturer should be used measured quantity of water and
powder are added in the rubber bowl & mixing is started, with a stirring motion to
wet the powder with water. Once its moistened rapid spatulation by swiping or
stropping against the side of the bowl is done. A vigorous figure eight motion is
used.
Mixing time: Working time
For fast set alginate 45 sec. 1 ¼ min.
Properties:
v) strength
• compressive strength : 5000-8000 gm/cm2
• tear strength : 350-700 gm/cm2
Uses:
1. for making primary impression of edentulous patients with undercut
ridges.
2. for preliminary impressions for complete dentures.
3. for making impressions for dentulous pts. For construction of study
models & temporary removable prosthesis.
4. for making impression for orthodontic study models.
5. used for making impressions for the preparation of mouth protectors for
athletes.
6. used as duplicating material.
Advantages:
1. ease of mixing & manipulation.
2. no elaborate equipment required.
3. material is elastic & comes out easily from undercuts.
4. economical
5. impression can be removed easily & has pleasant taste & odor, so
comfortable for the patient.
6.
Disadvantages:
1. can’t be electroplated.
2. poor tear strength especially in thin sections.
3. dimensional stability is poor.
4. distortion may occur if tray is shifted during setting.
5. cant be refined.
Types of failures:
1. defects:
a. improper mixing
b. prolonged mixing
c. undue gelation
d. w/p ratio is too low.
2. tearing:
a. inadequate bulk
b. moisture contamination
c. premature removal from mouth
d. prolonged mixing
3. external bubbles:
a. undue gelation preventing flow
b. air incorporated during mixing
4. irregularly shaped voids:
a. moisture
5. rough or chalky stone model:
a. inadequate cleaning of the impression
b. excess water left in impression
c. premature removal of model.
6. distortion:
a. impression not poured immediately
ELASTOMERIC IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Supplied as
Base paste (white)
Accelerator (brown/grey)
Available in 3 viscosities:
Light bodied
Medium bodied
Heavy bodied
Composition:
Base paste:
Liquid polysulfide polymer 80-85%
Inert fillers (titanium oxide, zinc sulfate, silica) 16-18%
Reactor Paste:
Lead dioxide 60-69%
Dibutyl phthalate 30-35%
Sulfur 3%
Other substances (like magnesium stearate) 2%
and deodorants
Setting reaction:
Properties:
1) setting time – 5-8 min.
• colder climate increases setting time.
• Drop of water accelerates the reaction.
2) excellent detail reproduction.
3) dimensional stability
• curing shrinkage – 0.45% due to continued reaction.
• Shrinkage due to loss of byproduct.
4) permanent deformation – 3-5%
• highest amongst elastomers.
5) high tear strength – 7000gm/cm2
6) good flexibility of 7%, allows elastic recovery of the material.
7) hydrophobic- tissue should be thoroughly dried before making the impression.
8) can be electroplated with copper.
Advantages:
1. long working time.
2. proven accuracy
3. high tear resistance.
4. inexpensive to use
5. less hydrophobic
6. longer shelf life.
Disadvantages:
1. must be poured with dental stone immediately.
2. potential for significant distortion.
3. odor is offensive.
4. messy & stains clothes.
5. second pour is less accurate.
CONDENSATION SILICONES
• It was the first type of silicone impression material.
• Also known as conventional silicones.
• Setting occurs in room temp , so called as RTV silicones.
Composition:
Base paste
1. Polydimethyl siloxane (hydroxy terminated)
2.Colloidal silica or micro sized metal oxide filler
putty viscosity – 60-70%
medium viscosity – 35-75 %
low viscosity – 5-15%
3. color pigments
accelerator paste
1. alkyl silicate (ortho ethyl silicate)
2. stannous octate
3. inert filler.
Setting reaction:
Properties:
1. Setting time – 8-9 min.
Mixing time – 45 sec.
2. excellent detail reproduction
3. dimensional stability – high curing shrinkage.
4. permanent deformation – 1-3 %
5. tear strength – 3000gm/cm
6. stffer & harder than polysulfide material.
7. hydrophobic
8. can be electroplated with silver & copper.
9. shelf life - 2 yrs.
Advantages:
1. adequate working & setting timer.
2. pleasant odor & no staining.
3. adequate tear strength
4. better elastic properties on removal.
5. less distortion on removal.
Disadvantages:
1. adequate accuracy if poured immediately.
2. poor dimensional stability.
3. potential for significant distortion.
4. putty-wash method is technique sensitive.
5. slightly more expensive.
ADITION SILICONES
• Introduced after condensation silicones
• Have better properties than condensation silicones.
• Also known as poly vinyl siloxane.
Composition:
Base paste
1) poly(methyl hydrogen siloxane)
2) other siloxane prepolymers
3) fillers
• putty viscosity – 60-70 %
• medium viscosity – 35-75 %
• low viscosity – 5-15%
accelerator paste
1. divnyl polysiloxane
2. inert oils & fillers
3. platinum salt
4. palladium
5. retarders
6. fillers.
Setting reaction:
Poly vinyl siloxane + silane siloxane -----Pt ,Salt -----> silicone rubber
Properties:
1. setting time: - 5.9 min.
mixing time - 45 sec
2. excellent surface detail reproduction.
3. highest dimensional stability amongst elastomers
4. lowest curing shrinkage – 0.17 %
5. good tear strength – 3000gm/cm
6. extremely hydrophobic
7. low flexibility
8. electroplated with copper & silver.
9. shelf life - 1-2 yrs.
Advantages:
1. short setting time
2. adequate tear strength
3. extremely high accuracy
4. minimal distortion on removal
5. dimensionally stable even after 1 week
6. if hydrophilic, good compatibility with gypsum.
Disadvantages:
1. hydrogen gas may cause dimensional change.
2. hydrophobic & hence requires a very dry field.
3. expensive.
Composition:
Base Paste:
1. imine terminated polymer(polyether)
2. colloidal silica
3. glycol ether or phthalate
Accelerator Paste:
1. alkyl aromatic sulfonate
2. colloidal silica
3. plasticizers ( glycoether )
Setting Reaction:
polyether + sulfonic ester ---- cross linked rubber.
Properties:
1. setting time: 8.3 min.
mixing time – 30 sec.
2. dimensional stability is good.
3. decreased flexibility – 3%
4. hydrophilic
5. activator paste can produce allergy if handled frequently.
6. tear strength – 3000gm/cm
7. shelf life > 2 yrs.
Advantages:
1. short working & setting time
2. proven accuracy
3. adequate tear strength
4. hydrophilic
5. long shelf life
6. less distortion on removal
7. good dimensional stability.
Disadvantages:
1. stiffness requires blocking of undercuts
2. slightly more expensive
3. multiple casts can’t be poured due to stiffness of the material.
Manipulation of Elastomers:
Manipulation of two paste systems
• equal length of base & activator paste are taken.
• Paper pad with graduations is provided by manufacturer.
• Pastes are mixed till no streaks are present.
• Tray coated with tray adhesive. Uniform two-layer coat is applied &
allowed to dry.
• The mixed material can either be taken in a syringe or loaded directly in
the tray.
MUCOCOMPRESSIVE/ IMPRESSION
• Given by Carole Jones
• Records oral tissues in a functional & displaced form.
• Imp. Material – imp. Compound , waxes , soft liners.
• Dentures don’t get displaced due to tissue rebound at rest.
• During function, the constant pressure exerted onto soft
tissues limit the blood circulation leading to residual ridge
resorption.
FOR ELASTOMERS:
PUTTY WASH/RELINE TECHNIQUE
• Combination of putty & light body impression are used.
• Putty material forms the bulk & supports light bodied
material
• Light bodied material records fine details.
TRAY SELECTION
o Known as stock trays.
o Can be metal / plastic, perforated or non perforated.
o Available in standard sizes.
o There should be 2-3 mm clearance between the stock tray
& the ridge & should have 5-6 mm clearance for
impression compound.
o Tray should be extend over the tuberosity & the hamular
notch.
o If try too large – it will distort the tissue in the borders of
the impression & push the tissues away from the bone.
o If tray is too small – then modeling wax should be added
along the posterior border of the tray.
o The tray material should not react with the impression
material & should not distort.
It includes:
• Border Moulding
• Tray preparation after border moulding
• Making the wash impression
• Recording the posterior palatal seal
• Checking for errors in the posterior palatal seal.
Border Moulding
Clinical procedure:
o greenstick compound is softened over flame &
added along portion of the tray, material should
be tempered with warm water before placing
intraorally.
o Order: Labial vestibule -> buccal vestibule ->
posterior palatal seal.
o Passive Movements are made.
o After border moulding , the moulded section is
immersed in cold water.
o Then the procedure is repeated for another
section.
Tray preparation after border moulding.
o The wax spacer is removed to provide space for the
impression material.
o 0.5-1 mm of the tracing material is removed from the
outer, inner & top surfaces of the border.
o The material over the posterior palatal seal is not
removed.
o Green stick compound removed using a scalpel.
o The thickness of the flanges & the border should be
2.5-3 mm.
o Holes are drilled into the impression tray to allow
escapement of the impression material.
Conventional approach :
o done after the wash impression is made & master
cast is poured.
o Trial base is fabricated using shellac base plate.
o The patient is asked to sit in an upright position &
asked to rinse his mouth.
o T burnisher is used to locate the hamular notch. the
full extent of the hamular notch is marked with an
inedible pencil.
o Posterior vibrating line is marked using a inedible
pencil by asking the patient to say “ah” in a non
vigorous manner.
o Line marked in the hamular notch is connected with
the posterior vibrating line using an inedible pencil.
o Trial base inserted into the patient’s mouth so that
the inedible markings are transferred to the trial
base.
o Trial base is seated on the master cast to transfer the
markings marked in the patient’s mouth to the cast.
o Trial base is trimmed till the posterior border.
o Anterior vibrating line marked in the patient’s
mouth with an inedible pencil & while recording it
the patient should perform the valsalva maneuver.
o The area between the anterior & posterior vibrating
line is scraped in the master cast to a depth of 1-1.5
mm on either side of the mid palatine raphe.
o The posterior border of the posterior seal should be
tapered so that it blends with the palatal tissues.
It includes:
Border moulding
Tray preparation after border moulding
Making the wash / master impression.
Border moulding
o Done by two techniques:
Single step border moulding
Incremental border moulding