ELECTRICAL FORMULAE

USED IN CALCULATIONS
OBJECTIVE

 TO GIVE A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF THE

COMMON FORMULAE USED IN ELECTRICAL
DESIGN.
 CABLE SIZING CALCULATION

LV CABLES
VOLTAGE DROP (RUN/START) IS THE MAIN CRITERIA
(R cosfi + X sinfi) 100 · L · I
DV = ---------------------------------------- (%)
V1
where:
V1 = V / √3 for 3-ph system
V1 = V / 2 for 1-ph system.
V = line to line voltage of the system (V)
R = cable electrical resistance at rated operating
temperature (ohm/km)
X = cable reactance (ohm/km)
Cosfi = power factor of the line current
Sinfi = corresponding sinus
L = line length (km)
I = line current (A)
CABLE SIZING CALCULATION

• MV CABLES
• SHORT CIRCUIT WITHSTAND ALSO NEEDS TO BE
VERIFIED
S2 = I2 · t / k2
Where :
t = fault duration (s)
S = cross-sectional area (mm2)
I = effective short circuit current (A)
k = 115 for copper conductor insulated with PVC
143 for copper conductor insulated with EPR or XLPE
94 for AL conductor insulated with XLPE
CABLE SIZING CALCULATION

The allowable current carrying capacity Iz is calculated by

multiplying the cable rated ampacity In by the following
correction factors:

Iz = k1 · k2 · k3 · In (A)
where:
k1 = correction factor for ambient temperature
k2 = correction factor for grouped cables, according to typical
arrangement of cables
k3 = additional derating factor, when applicable; otherwise:
k3=1.
CABLE SIZING CALCULATION

 3443-NN-CX-001-Cable Sizing and

Utilization.doc
 Attachment-A-B.doc
 Attachment-C.doc
TRANSFORMER SIZING

 HV/LV distribution transformers power rating

(in a radial system ) shall be equal or greater than:

An = 1.2 x P / (n x cosfi) kVA,

where:
P= electrical input power (peak) from user list
n= number of distribution transformers installed –1,
except single feeds where n=1
cosfi = load power factor or improved value, in case
capacitor bank is installed.
1.2 = Spare Capacity
POWER FACTOR CORRECTION

The p.f.i. capacitors power "Qc" is calculated by the formula:

Qc = 1.1 Pa (Tg1 - Tg2)
where:
Pa = kW of the Load requiring PF correction.
Tg1 = tangent of power angle corresponding to load
power factor pf1 without correction;
Tg2 = tangent of power angle corresponding to final
required power factor pf2.
1.1 = coefficient.
FAULT LEVEL

 Simple Formula To Calculate the Short Circuit Power at

the secondary side of a Transformer (considering infinite
source on Primary side)

Pcc = An / ucc
Where
Pcc is the Short Circuit Power at the Trafo.
Secondary side in MVA
An is the Rating of the Transformer in MVA.
ucc is the Per unit impedance of the Trafo.
EARTHING CONDUCTOR SIZING

 The minimum cross sectional area of the ground conductors is

calculated by the formula:
1 _________
A = ------- √ I2 * tc
K
A = conductor cross section (mm²)
I = rms current (A)
tc = time of current flow (s)
K = Material Constant
LOAD FLOW & SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS

 THE CALCULATIONS ARE PERFORMED

USING THE SOFTWARE ‘ETAP’-POWER
STATION - “ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT
ANALYSER PROGRAM”, FROM OTI ‘OPERATION
TECHNOLOGY’, INC.
 FOR LOAD FLOW STUDIES, NEWTON -
RAPHSON METHOD IS UTILIZED.
 SHORT CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS – USED
TO VERIFY EQUIPMENT RATINGS –IEC909
STD. IS USED.
LOAD FLOW STUDIES

WHY DO WE NEED THIS ANALYSIS:

• TO ENSURE THAT CABLE, TRANSFORMERS , SWITCHGEAR
ETC ARE SIZED APPROPRIATELY TO CARRY REQUIRED
LOAD.
• TO MAKE SURE THAT THE TRANSFORMER TAPS ARE SET
APPROPRIATELY TO OBTAIN SATISFACTORY VOLTAGE
PROFILE WITHIN THE AREA OF STUDY.
Why LOAD FLOW STUDIES

SOURCE

REQUIRED TO
110kV CHECK THE
• VOLTAGE LEVELS
TRANSFORMER
• CURRENT FLOW

A • REAL POWER FLOW

11kV
• REACTIVE POWER
FLOW etc
B C D • ARE WITHIN LIMITS ??
SHORT CIRCUIT STUDIES
100A L
100A O • THE CIRCUIT BREAKERS IN
SOURCE THE SYSTEM AND SHOULD
100A A
D ALSO BE ABLE TO INTERRUPT
NORMAL THE FAULT CURRENTS.
• IF BREAKERS ARE CALLED
L UPON TO INTERRUPT FAULT
O CURRENTS HIGHER THAN
SOURCE
20000A A THEIR INTERRUPTING
D RATINGS, DISASTROUS
LINE TO GROUND FAULT CONSEQUENCES CAN
FOLLOW.
30000A
L
30000A O
SOURCE
30000A A
D
3 PHASE FAULT
LARGE MOTOR START UP STUDIES

 THE CALCULATIONS ARE PERFORMED USING

THE SOFTWARE ‘ETAP’-POWER STATION -
“ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT ANALYSER
PROGRAM”, FROM OTI ‘OPERATION
TECHNOLOGY’, INC.
WHY LARGE MOTOR START UP STUDIES

UTILITY THIS ANALYSIS IS

NEEDED TO

TRANSFORMER • DETERMINE THE

IMPACT ON THE SYSTEM
VOLTAGE DURING
110kV STARTING.
• DETERMINE WHETHER THE
MOTOR WILL START
SATISFACTORILY & COME
UPTO RATED SPEED.
• IF SYSTEM VOLTAGE
11kV
DROPS DOWN TO <75%, LOSS
OF ALL MOTORS
AND OTHER SENSITIVE
LOADS MAY OCCUR.
M LARGE MOTOR
PROTECTIVE RELAY CO-ORDINATION STUDIES

 THE STUDY IS PERFORMED USING THE

SOFTWARE ‘ETAP’-POWER STATION -
“ELECTRICAL TRANSIENT ANALYSER
PROGRAM”, BY OTI ‘OPERATION
TECHNOLOGY’, INC. (UNDER DEVELOPMENT)