Term paper

of
computer network
CSE:306

Topic:- Digital subscriber line (DSL) is a family of technology that provides digital data
transmission Over the wire of local telephone network .DSL origially stood for digital
subscriber loop.

Sumitted to:- Sumitted by:-

Mr.Dinesh Sir Ravi kumar
Roll no.-B38
Reg.no.- 10804644
Sec:-C2802
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost I thank my teacher Mr.

Dinesh Sir who has assigned me this term
paper to bring out my creative capabilities.
I express my gratitude to my parents for being
a continuous source of encouragement for all
their financial aid.
I would like to acknowledge the assistance
provided to me by the library staff of LOVELY
PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY.
My heartfelt gratitude to my class-mates and
for helping me to complete my work in time.
CONTENT:-

1. Introduction
2. Design of DSL
3. History
4. Types of services
5. Advantage & disadvantage
6. Reference
INTRODUCTION
Digital subscriber line is the transmission
of digital information, usually on a copper
wire pair. Although the transmitted
information is in digital form, the
transmission medium is usually an analog
carrier signal (or the combi- nation of
many analog carrier signals) that is
modulated by the digital infor- mation
signal.
DSL transmission allows high-speed data
transmission over existing twisted pair
telephone wires. This has the potential
providing high-speed data services without
the burden of installing new transmission
lines.
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a family
of technologies that provides digital data
transmission over the wires of a local
telephone network. DSL originally stood
for digital subscriber loop. In
telecommunications marketing, the term
Digital Subscriber Line is widely
understood to mean Asymmetric Digital
Subscriber Line (ADSL), the most
commonly installed technical varieties of
DSL. DSL service is delivered
simultaneously with regular telephone on
the same telephone line as it uses a higher
frequency band that is separated by
filtering.
The data throughput of consumer DSL
services typically ranges from 384 KB/s to
20 MB/s in the direction to the customer,
depending on DSL technology, line
conditions, and service-level
implementation. Typically, the data
throughput in the reverse direction, i.e. in
the direction to the service provider is
lower, hence the designation of
asymmetric service, but the two are equal
for the Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(SDSL) service.
This demand for data services has created
a significant market opportunity for
providers that are willing and able to
invest in technologies that maximize the
copper infrastructure. Both incumbent and
competitive Local Exchange Carriers
(ILECs and CLECs) are capitalizing on
this opportunity by embracing such
technologies. The mass deployment of
high-speed Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
has changed the playing field for service
providers. DSL, which encompasses
several different technologies, essentially
allows the extension of megabit bandwidth
capacities from the service provider central
office to the customer premises. Utilizing
existing copper cabling, DSL is available
at very reasonable costs without the need
for massive infrastructure replacement.
These new DSL solutions satisfy the
business need to provision the network in a
fast, cost-effective manner, while both
preserving the infrastructure and allowing
a planned migration into newer
technologies. DSL has the proven ability
DESIGN OF DSL
History
to meet the customer demand for high
bandwidth right now, at costs that make
sense. ADSL, or Asymmetric DSL, has
emerged as thetechnology of choice for
delivering greater throughputto the
desktop. Currently, the ADSL Lite
specification,also known as g.lite, is
expected to be standardized bythe end of
June, 1999 as a low-cost, easy-to-
installversion of ADSL specifically
designed for the consumer marketplace.
While g.lite is expected to become the
predominant standard for consumer
services, HDSL2 is becoming the protocol
of choice for business services
Implementation of Digital Subscriber Line
technology originally was part of the
Integrated Services Digital Network
(ISDN) specification published in 1984 by
the CCITT and ITU as part of
Recommendation I.120, later reused as
ISDN Digital Subscriber Line (IDSL).
Engineers have developed higher-speed
DSL facilities such as High bit rate Digital
Subscriber Line (HDSL) and Symmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) to
provision traditional Digital Signal 1
(DS1) services over standard copper pair
facilities. Consumer-oriented Asymmetric
Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL), first
tested at Bellcore in 1988, was designed to
operate on existing lines already
conditioned for BRI ISDN services, which
itself is a switched digital service (non-IP),
though most incumbent local exchange
carriers (ILECs) provision Rate-Adaptive
Digital Subscriber Line (RADSL) to work
on virtually any available copper pair
facilitywhether conditioned for BRI or
not.
The development of DSL, like many other
forms of communication, can be traced
back to Claude Shannon's seminal 1948
paper: A Mathematical Theory of
Communication. Employees at Bellcore
(now Telcordia Technologies) developed
ADSL in 1988 by placing wide-band
digital signals above the existing baseband
analog voice signal carried between
telephone company central offices and
customers on conventional twisted pair
cabling facilities.
Contrary to its name, while a DSL circuit
provides digital service, it is actually not a
digital signal. The underlying technology
of transport across DSL facilities uses
high-frequency sinusoidal carrier wave
modulation, which is an analog signal
transmission. A DSL circuit terminates at
each end in a modem which modulates
patterns of bits into certain high-frequency
impulses for transmission to the opposing
modem. Signals received from the far-end
modem are demodulated to yield a
corresponding bit pattern that the modem
retransmits, in digital form, to its
interfaced equipment, such as a computer,
router, switch, etc. Unlike traditional dial-
up modems, which modulate bits into
signals in the 3003400 Hz baseband
(voice service), DSL modems modulate
frequencies from 4000 Hz to as high as 4
MHz. This frequency band separation
enables DSL service and plain old
telephone service (POTS) to coexist on the
same copper pair facility. Generally,
higher bit rate transmissions require a
wider frequency band, though the ratio of
bit rate to bandwidth are not linear due to
significant innovations in digital signal
processing and digital modulation
methods.
TYPES OF DSL SERVICE USE
IN LOCAL TELEPHONE
NETWORK :
ADSL:- which is asymmetric data
service to the Customers premises.
The downstream bandwidth (to the
Customer from the network) is
larger than the upstream bandwidth
(to the network from the
Customer). The Customer
eligibility for these bandwidths
depends upon the distance the user
is from the Central Office. ADSL
is offered in two ways:
o ADSL Line-share service is
provided over a voice
 telephone line at the
Customers premises.
ADSL Direct service (commonly
known as dry loop or dedicated
ADSL) is provided over a
dedicated line without any
telephone voice services to the
IDSL:- which is a symmetric data
service providing up to 144 Kbps
transfer rates in each direction and
is provided via an ISDN grade
dedicated data line from the End-
Users premises to DSL equipment
located in a nearby Central Office.
IDSL allows for longer distances
between Customer locations and
the central office.
Customers premises. In lieu of a
POTs number, a Fictitious
Telephone Number (FTN) is
assigned to the DSL circuit. This
service is only available using
AT&T owned facilities in a
specific geographic footprint.
SDSL:- which is symmetric data
service and is provided via a
dedicated data line from the End-
Users premises to DSL equipment
located in a nearby Central Office.
The downstream bandwidth is
equivalent to the upstream
bandwidth. The maximum speed
varies depending upon the distance
of Customer location from the
Central Office. The further the
distance from the Central Office,
 the slower the bandwidth and/or
speed.
DSL Advantages and
Disadvantages
Each prospective user should be aware of
the issues associated the technology and
method they are using to be better
informed. You need to know if what you
are purchasing is the best choice for what
you wish to accomplish. Remember that
with everything there are tradeoffs
between price, performance and reliability.
DSL is a low price option for an internet
"access and transport" method.
DSL's Advantages
Independent services: Loss of high speed
data does not mean you lose your
telephone service. Imagine your telephone,
television, and Internet access going out
when a cable company amplifier/repeater
dies.
Security: Unlike cable modems, each
subscriber can be configured so that it will
not be on the same network. In some cable
modem networks, other computers on the
cable modem network are left visibly
vulnerable and are easily susceptible to
break ins as well as data destruction.
Integration: DSL will easily interface
with ATM, Nx64, and WAN technology.
Telecommuting may get even easier.
High bandwidth
Cheap line charges from the phone
company.
Good for "bursty" traffic patterns
DSL's Disadvantages
No current standardization: A person
moving from one area to another might
find that their DSL modem is just another
paperweight. Customers may have to buy
new equipment to simply change ISPs.
Expect standardization within 1-2 years.
Currently in U.S. West territory the
version of DSL being implemented is
RADSL or Rate Adaptive DSL.
Expensive: Most customers are not
willing to spend more than $20 to $25 per
month for Internet access. Current
installation costs, including the modem,
can be as high as $750. Prices should come
down within 1-3 years. As with all
computer technology, being first usually
means an emptier wallet.
Distance dependence: The farther you
live from the DSLAM (DSL Access
Multiplexer), the lower the data rate. The
longest run lengths are 18,000 feet, or a
little over 3 miles.
 Access: Once again, rural areas get
shorted. These markets are not as
profitable for the Telco.
Asymmetry. Downstream/Upstream
ratios may be unacceptably high (3 or
more). There is nothing new here, as X.90
(56kbs) and cable modems also suffer in
this area. Expect this to improve within 2-
3 years.
Limited availability
Very new technology
Low or no CIR (Committed
Information Rate). This means that as
traffic across the telco switch increases
your data could in effect, be locked out,
until call volumes and other traffic
subsides.
Downtime after line failure could be
weeks compared with days for ISDN and
hours for data circuits such as Frame Relay
and Point to Point circuits.
U S West DSL service is tarrifed as a
"consumer grade" product. "Commercial
grade" DSL is being planned, but is not yet
defined or available.
Reliability and potential down time
issues makes DSL a very risky choice for
mission critical systems unless backup /
fail over links are put in place.
Reliability and potential down time
issues makes DSL a very risky choice for
mission critical systems unless backup /
fail over links are put in place.
DSL may not be a good choice for you.
REFERENCE:-

1. http://www.it.jcu.edu.au/Subjects/cp2240/2006-2/Summaries/Chapter
4-2.doc

2. www.really-fine.com/DSL.htm

3. infodev-study.oplan.org/the.../7.../7-5-digital-subscriber-line/

4. http://www.iol.unh.edu/services/testing/dsl/training/DSL_Crosstalk_
Simulation_and_Calibration.doc

5. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Subscriber_Line

6. www.informit.com/library/content.aspx?b=Planet...16